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Wind Energy 101 PDF
Wind Energy 101 PDF
Fundamentals
Presented by:
Alex Kalmikov and Katherine Dykes
With contributions from:
Kathy Araujo
PhD Candidates, MIT Mechanical
Engineering, Engineering Systems and
U b Planning
Urban Pl i
Torrey, Volta (1976) Wind-Catchers: American Windmills of Yesterday and Tomorrow. Stephen Green Press, Vermont.
Righter, Robert (1996) Wind Energy in America. University of Oklahoma Press, Oklahoma.
Brief History - Rise of Wind Powered Electricity
Torrey, Volta (1976) Wind-Catchers: American Windmills of Yesterday and Tomorrow. Stephen Green Press, Vermont.
Righter, Robert (1996) Wind Energy in America. University of Oklahoma Press, Oklahoma.
Brief History Modern Era
Key attributes of this period:
Scale increase
Commercialization
Competitiveness
Grid integration
Turbine Standardization:
3-blade Upwind
Horizontal-Axis
on a monopole tower
Energy source
Solar radiation differentially
absorbed
b b db by earthth surface
f
converted through convective
processes due to temperature
differences to air motion
Spatial
p Scales
Planetary scale: global circulation
Synoptic scale: weather systems
Meso scale:
M l local
l l ttopographic
hi or
thermally induced circulations
Micro scale: urban topography Source for Graphic: NASA / GSFC
Wind types
Planetary circulations:
Jet stream
Trade winds
Polar jets
Geostrophic winds
Thermal winds
Gradient winds
Katabatic / Anabatic winds topographic winds
Bora / Foehn / Chinook downslope wind storms
Sea Breeze / Land Breeze
Convective storms / Downdrafts
Hurricanes/ Typhoons
Tornadoes
Gusts / Dust devils / Microbursts
Nocturnal Jets
Atmospheric Waves
Wind Resource Availability and Variability
0.1
0.08
0.06
0.04
Nameplate 0.02
Capacity 0
<1
1--2
2--3
3--4
4--5
5--6
6--7
7--8
8--9
9-10
10-11
11-12
12-13
13-14
14-15
15-16
16-17
17-18
18-19
20
19-2
<
Vertical-Axis VAWT
Darrieus / Egg-Beater (lift force driven)
Savonius (drag force driven)
Pitch
control:
http://guidedtour.windpower.org/en/tour/wres/index.htm
Electrical Generator
Generator:
Rotating magnetic field induces current
12000
11000
10000
W ind Production in MW
9000
Wind Forecast
8000 Real Wind Production
7000 Wind Market Program
6000
5000
4000
3000
Time 23-24/01/2009
1: 0
00
3: 0
00
5: 0
6: 0
00
8: 0
00
00
11 0
12 00
13 0
14 00
15 0
16 00
17 00
18 0
19 00
20 0
21 00
22 0
23 00
0
0
0
0
0
:0
:0
:0
:0
:0
:0
:0
0:
2:
4:
7:
9:
:
:
:
:
10
Sky Windpower
Going
g Beyond
y the Science &
Technology of Wind
2400
ation Capacity [MW
1400
900
Delta-Genera
400
-100
1981
1983
1985
1987
1989
1991
1993
1995
1997
1999
2001
2003
2005
US Denmark
1Wiser,
R and Bolinger, M. (2008). Annual Report on US Wind Power: Installation, Cost, and Performance Trends.
US Department of Energy Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy [USDOE EERE].
Policy Options Available
Feed-in Tariff
Guaranteed
G t d Markets
M k t (Public
(P bli lland)
d)
National Grid Development
Carbon Tax/Cap and Trade
Others:
Quota/Renewable Portfolio Standard
Renewable Energy Credits (RECs)/
Green Certificates
Production Tax Credit (PTC)
Investment Tax Credit (ITC)
Communities
Question: At the urban level, do we apply the same level of scrutiny
to flag and light poles, public art, signs and other power plants as we do
wind
i d tturbines?
bi ?
Cambridge, MA
Met station 2
Analysis Method MCP CFD MCP CFD MCP CFD
Height [m] 20 20 26 26 34 34
Mean Wind Speed [m/s] 3.4 2.9 n/a 3.0 4.0 3.2
Power Density [W/m^2] 46.5 51.7 n/a 60.4 74.6 70.9
Annual Energy Output
1,017 1,185 n/a 1,384 1,791 1,609
[kW-hr]
[kW hr]
Research project using Annual Production CFD
[kW-hr]
n/a 1,136 n/a 1,328 n/a 1,558
Annual Production
2010 conference in CFD [kW-hr]
n/a 931 n/a 1,135 n/a 1,377
(b) (d)
Wind Power Density at MIT
Wind
Power
Density
(W/m2)
Wind
Power
Density
(W/m2)
Q&A
THANK YOU
OU