C.

POLLUTANTS (PAPER MAKING)

PROCESS WASTE/POLLUTANTS

REFINING

CHEMICAL Waste water (contains Calcium Carbonate,

ADDITION Titanium dioxide, Dyes, Optical brightening
agents)

CLEANING

FORMING & Waste water (contains Calcium Carbonate,

DEWATERING Titanium dioxide, Dyes, Optical brightening
agents)

DRYING

COATING Minimal Pigments (such as clay,

chalk, talcum), BOD, acetone

CALENDARING

WINDING

Reject papers to be cut into

CUTTING small pieces and sold in
lower price

FINAL Reject papers to be cut

OPERATIONS into small pieces and sold
in lower price
Calcium carbonate is a chemical compound with the formula CaCO3. It is a common substance found in
rocks as the minerals calcite and aragonite (most notably as limestone), and is the main component of
shells of marine organisms, snails, pearls, and egg shells. Calcium carbonate is the active ingredient in
agricultural lime, and is created when calcium ions in hard water react with carbonate ions creating lime
scale. It is commonly used medicinally as a calcium supplement or as an antacid, but excessive
consumption can be hazardous.
Chemical formula: CaCO3
Molar mass: 100.0869 g/mol
Appearance: Fine white powder; chalky taste
Odor: odorless
Density: 2.711 g/cm3 (calcite), 2.83 g/cm3 (aragonite)
Melting point: 1,339 C (2,442 F; 1,612 K) (calcite), 825 C (1517 F; 1,098 K) (aragonite) [1]
Boiling point: decomposes
Solubility in water: 0.013 g/L (25 C)[2][3]

Titanium dioxide, (Chemical Compound) also known as titanium oxide or titania, is the naturally
occurring oxide of titanium, chemical formula TiO 2. When used as a pigment, it is called titanium white,
Pigment White 6, or CI 77891.
Formula: TiO2
Molar mass: 79.866 g/mol
Melting point: 1,843 C
Density: 4.23 g/cm
Boiling point: 2,972 C
IUPAC ID: Titanium dioxide, Titanium (IV) oxide

Optical brighteners are additives that paper manufacturers put into paper in order to help a paper look
"whiter." They are also called optical brightening agents (OBA), or sometimes "artificial whiteners."
Optical brighteners, optical brightening agents (OBAs), fluorescent brightening agents (FBAs) or
fluorescent whitening agents (FWAs) are chemical compounds that absorb light in the ultraviolet and
violet region (usually 340-370 nm) of the electromagnetic spectrum, and re-emit light in the blue region
(typically 420-470 nm) by fluorescence. Fluorescent emission is a short-lived period of light emission by
a fluorophore, unlike phosphorescence, which is long-lived. These additives are often used to enhance the
appearance of color of fabric and paper, causing a "whitening" effect; they make intrinsically
yellow/orange materials look less so, by compensating the deficit in blue and purple light reflected by the
material, with the blue and purple optical emission of the fluorophore.

A dye is a colored substance that has an affinity to the substrate to which it is being applied. The dye is
generally applied in an aqueous solution, and may require a mordant to improve the fastness of the dye on
the fiber.