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6.1. Definition of traffic control devices

Introduction
Function/purpose of traffic control devices
Basic characteristic of traffic control devices
Important of traffic control devices
Types of devices regulation devices, warning devices, guidance
devices.
Classification of traffic control devices
Colour for traffic control devices

6.2.Road mark
Introduction
Objectives of Road mark
Principles of Road mark

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 Materials used in preparing Road mark
Color used on road Road mark
Types of road Road mark

6.3.Delineator
Introduction
Types of delineator
Materials and design
Colour and applications
Post Mounted

6.4.Road Studs
Introduction
Types of road studs

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6.5.Traffic signboards
Introduction
Effectiveness of Traffic Signs
Basic principles of traffic signboards
Function of traffic signboards
Types and specification materials used on traffic signboards

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Definition: Traffic control devices include all traffic signs,
traffic lights, road signs, and other devices placed on or sight
of the street of highway by the public authorities.

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 The purpose of traffic control devices and warrants for their use is to help
ensure highway safety by providing for the orderly and predictable
movement of all traffic, motorized and non-motorized, and to provide the
necessary guidance and warnings to ensure the safe and informed
operation of every road user on the highway.
Traffic control devices should be reasonable and appropriate for the traffic
requirements at the location used.
Size of the device, shape, colors, contrast with the background, and
lighting or reflect should draw attention.
The sign, marking, or signal should simply and forthrightly convey a clear
and simple message.
The uniformly devices follow the MUTCD (Manual on Uniform Traffic
Control Devices For street and Highway) and Arahan Teknik (Jalan)

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 Functionally, the traffic control devices in use are divided
into the following three groups:
Regulatory devices have the authority to impose precise requirements
upon the actions of road users.
Warning devices call attention to potentially hazardous roadway
conditions or unusual traffic movements which are not readily
apparent to on-coming traffic. They impose the responsibility upon
the individual road user to employ added caution.
Guiding devices show route designations, destinations, directions,
distances,points of interest, and other geographical or cultural
information.

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 To be effective, all traffic control devices should meet the
following five elementary requirements:
They should fulfill an important need.
They should command attention.
They should convey a clear, simple meaning.
They should command the respect of road users.
They should give adequate time for proper response.

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 To ensure these requirements are fulfilled, consideration
must be given to five major factors:
Design of devices
Placement of devices
Operation of devices
Maintenance of devices
Uniformity of devices

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 Follow the specification
Design of devices Size and height are uniform

Do not obstruct sight distance

Placement of devices Easy to see

Operation of devices Can do operation in good condition

Follow needed in any weather

Easy for maintenance

Maintenance of devices Cost is cheaper

Uniformity of devices
Uniform at all location

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 Regulation device
Warning device
Guidance device

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 Traffic Devices

Regulatory Information
Warning devices devices
devices

Prohibitory signs Indication signs

Mandatory Direction and

signs advance
direction signs

Place and route

identification signs
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o They indicate to the traffic an obligation to comply with
statutory regulations and non-compliance of which is
considered an offence.
o Can be divide to:
o Mandatory sign

o Prohibition sign

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o These devices convey to the driver, the conditions ahead
where some caution is required.
o Some signs require motorist to exercise caution, reduce
speed, or make some maneuver in the interest of their own
safety or the others motorist or pedestrians.

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o Provide information and guidance for the drivers.
o These signs are displayed on rectangular boards of specific
size.

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Color Meaning

Red Stop or prohibition

Green Indicated movements permitted, direction guidance
Blue Motorist services guidance
Yellow General warning
Black Regulation
White Regulation
Orange Construction and maintenance warning
Brown Public recreation and scenic guidance

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 Road marking are definitely as lines, symbols, words, numbers
or others material that painted or paste on the surface of the
road.
Markings consist of paint or some other material placed on
the pavement, curb, or object to convey traffic regulations
and warnings to drivers.
May be used alone or in combination with traffic signs or
signals.
Although markings are an effective and essential means of
traffic control, they tend to see in rainy weather and fair day.

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 There are five general classes of markings:
Pavement marking.
Curb markings.
Object markings.
Delineators.
Colored pavement.

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 The most common type of markings, pavement marking,
include longitudinal and transverse line and words and
symbols.
By choice of color, width, and type of longitudinal marking,
the traffic engineer is able to convey a variety of massages to
drivers.
Briefly stated:
Broken lines are permissive in character; solid lines are restrictive;
double line indicate maximum restrictiveness.
White lines delineate separation of traffic flows in the same and
opposing direction; yellow lines delineate no parking area at the both
side of road.
The width of the line indicates degree of emphasis.
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 To show class of road
To provide assistance to directions to road users
As references in tracing/locating to the road authority

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 Paints
Thermoplastic
Preformed plastic tapes

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o They also have short life.
o Water proofing.
o Only road line paints conforming to M.S. 164: 1973,
tested and approved by SIRIM shall be used.
o Paint is best used in situations and on roads where the
markings are not subjected to heavy traffic wear.

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 Thermoplastics used shall be of the hot-applied
thermoplastics material conforming to B.S 3262 or the
equivalence.
This material is applied hot and sets on laying.
It has good durability and is recommended to be used in
heavily travelled urban areas and in main highways with high
traffic densities.
All road centre lines shall be in thermoplastics.

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 Advantages of thermoplastic:
It has a longer life.
The ability to fill the interstices of rough textured roads, whereas paint soon
wears from the surface-dressing peaks and the interstice fill with dirt.
A high temperature of application which enable it to fuse with a bituminous
road surface, sometimes even when the road is cold or slightly damp.
It is proud of the road surface, and this assists visibility on a wet night by
facilitating drainage of the water film.
It contains 60 per cent sand and a binder which ensures good skid resistance
as it erodes.
The material has a rough surface when laid which aids immediate diffusion.
It sets almost immediately after being laid.

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 Disadvantages of thermoplastic:
It has a greater initial cost as compared with paint.
Rapid application on a large scale is more difficult because of the large bulk of
material which has to be melted down.
Care is needed to avoid an undue build-up of thickness by successive
application, as this can be hazardous to motorcyclists.
Adhesion is usually poor on concrete road surfaces.
On dirty roads carrying light traffic, thermoplastic discolors more readily than
paint which is relatively smooth and glossy.

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 Tape is simple to apply, will hold up in all weather conditions
and can handle light to moderate traffic.
It comes in white, yellow and black and can be removed if
necessary.
Preformed thermoplastic is extremely rugged and can
handle heavy traffic.
It installs with a basic road or weed burning torch and has an
extremely long life.
Can be applied to both asphalt and cement surfaces.
Advantages: Reflective when applied.

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 All pavement markings shall be white in colour. Yellow paint
may be used at:
Yellow boxes in the urban areas.
Kerbs markings showing parking prohibitions covered by
signs or ordinance.
parking bays for taxis, buses and pedestrian crossings.
Yellow bars at approaches to round abouts and crosswalks.
The standard colour for yellow markings shall be colour
No.356 B.S. 381 C.

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 Pavement markings are divided into the
following types:
Longitudinal lines
Transverse lines
Other markings

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 Road Marking

Transverse lines Other markings

Longitudinal lines

Centre Line Diagonal and

Lane Line Stop Lines Chevron Markings
Climbing Lanes Give Way Lines Message on
Pavement Edges Pedestrians (Word and
Line Crossing Markings numerical)
Continuity Lines Arrows
Parking Space
Limit
Yellow Boxes
Curbs Markings

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 Longitudinal lines
Transverse line
Diagonal and chevron marking
Ordering on pavement
Arrows
Entry sign to railroad crossing
Vehicle parking area limit
Yellow box
Transverse yellow bars
Paved road shoulder sign.
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chevron road sign

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 Delineators are particularly beneficial at locations where the
alignment might be confusing or unexpected, such as at lane
reduction transitions and curves.
Delineators are effective guidance devices at night and
during adverse weather.
An important advantage of delineators in certain locations is
that they remain visible when the roadway is wet or snow
covered.
Delineators may be used on long continuous sections of
highway or through short stretches where there are changes
in horizontal alignment.

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 Three types of delineator that may be used:
Marking
Road Stud

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 Post delineators are simply reflector units mounted on
suitable supports.
Both the reflector units and the supports should be of types
approved by J.K.R.
The reflector units may be of the circular corner-cube
prismatic lens type and shall be not less than 75 mm
diameter.
They can also be made of glass, plastic, or reflective sh
eetings. Reflective sheetings should be of rectangular shape
180mm x 50mm and should be of the high intensity retro-
reflective material.

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 These reflector units must be capable of clearly reflecting
light under normal atmospheric conditions from a distance
of 300 meters when illuminated by the upper beam of
standard automobile lights.
Timber posts should be of hardwood timber painted with
stripes of black and orange.
Detail of the delineator posts is as shown in Fig. 27.(page 37).

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 Delineators on curves shall be of silver or white colour placed
on the left side of the road and shall be of red colour on the
right side of the road, in the direction of travel.
On the immediate approaches, in advance and beyond the
curve, the delineators shall be of silver or white colour, used
in pairs, one on each side of the road directly apposite each
other.
See Fig.28. (page 38)

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 Red delineators are also to be used for delineation of roads
through construction sites or temporary diversions where a
higher degree of danger exists.
They should be used sparingly to command respect an for it
to be more effective.

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 The top of the post mounted delineator should be 1.2m
above the ground level.
The reflector unit should be 50mm from the top of the
post.
Delineators should be placed at a constant distance from
the edge of the roadway except that, where a guardrail
or other obstructions intrudes into the space between
the pavement edge and the extension of the line of
delineators, the delineators should be in line with or
inside the innermost edge of the obstruction. See Fig. 29
(page 39)

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 Spacing should be adjusted on approaches and throughout
horizontal curves so that several delineators are always
visible to the driver.

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 The `ideal' answer to the wet reflection problem is without
doubt to supplement the reflectorized road lines with
reflectorized road studs.
Road studs used on their own are of relatively little value to
the driver under normal daytime conditions, unless they
have coloured shell and are spaced very close together.

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 Catss eye
Corner cube
Ceramic

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 The cat's eye is a
retroreflective safety device
used in road marking and
was the first of a range of
raised pavement markers

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 The reason for this name is
that the individual
reflectors in each face of
the stud consist of three
sides of a cube, and the
headlight ray is reflected
from all three sides before
returning the eye of the
motorist.

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 Traffic signs are used to regulate, warn; or guide road users.
Signs should be used only where necessary and justified by
facts and studies.
Functionally, traffic signs are classified as follows:
Regulatory signs give notice of traffic laws and regulations (Refer to
Section2A of Arahan Tek.nik 2B/85).
Warning signs call attention to conditions on, or adjacent to, a
highway that are potentially hazardous to traffic operations. (Refer to
Section 2B of Arahan Teknik (Jalan) 2B/85).
Guide signs show route designations,destinations, directions,
distances, services, points of interest, and other geographical,
recreational, or cultural information. (Refer to Section 2C of Arahan
Tekni.k 2B/85).

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 In order to differentiate these functions, traffic signs are
shaped differently, such as those listed below:

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 The effectiveness of any traffic sign depends upon its
attention, meaning, time and respect values.
The increased volume and speed of traffic on our highways
today has made the requirements of directional signing
more exacting.
All unofficial and non-essential traffic signs should be
removed as they weaken the value of the necessary signs.

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a. High visibility, both during night and day
b. Lettering or symbols of adequate size for being read from
far away by a speeding driver without diverting the gaze
through too great and angle.
c. Location at a conspicuous position to be able to be seen by
drivers, without being obscured by vehicle and other
objects.
d. Simplicity and uniformity in design, position and
applications.

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 Mandatory sign
Regulation sign
Prohibition sign
Warning signboards
Information signboards

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 Regulation sign inform drivers of laws and regulations
affecting the user of the highway.
2 types of regulations signboard are: Mandatory sign and
Prohibition sign.

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 Mandatory signs are traffic sign which are used to set the
obligations of all traffic which use a specific area of road.
Example : One Way, Stop

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 Prohibitory traffic signboard are used to prohibit certain
types of maneuvers or some types of traffic.
Example: No entry, No parking, Speed limit, No Overtaking,
No U turn, No left/No right.
This signs ordinary appearance circle shape.

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 Warning signs direct attention to conditions on or adjacent to a street or
highway those are potentially hazardous to traffic operations.
o Example: BERHATI-HATI, SELEKOH TAJAM, KAWASAN
PERSIMPANGAN, KAWASAN TANAH RUNTUH.
Warning signs are generally diamond in shape (square with one diagonal
vertical), however, there are a few which are rectangular.
The colours shall be black symbols and borders on yellow background
except for the signs AWAS, and OBSTRUCTION MARKER.
All warning signs must be in accordance to those shown and specified in
Part 2 of Arahan Teknik (Jalan) 2A/85.

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 Guide signs indicate route designations, directions,
distances, point of interest, and other geographic or cultural
information.
Guide Signs are generally classified into the following four
parts: Destination Signs, Distance Signs, Information Signs,
Route Markers.
Guide Signs are all rectangular in shape, and the colours are
generally either white letters and/or symbol and border on
blue background.

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 Except for signs erected along major highways and all
BERHENTI signs, which uses High Intensity retroreflective
sheeting, the minimum requirement for traffic signs in
Malaysia is a material known as Engineering Grade
retroreflective sheeting.
However, it is recognised that technological progress may
develop new and more satisfactory or superior materials for
traffic signs, particularly in the fields of illumination and
reflectorization.
This Manual should not be interpreted to exclude any new
material that meets the standard requirements for colour
and legibility, both by day and by night.
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