Professional Documents
Culture Documents
ODOT Prestressed Design FINAL PDF
ODOT Prestressed Design FINAL PDF
B id Design
D i
Specifications
Prestressed Concrete
General
1
General
2
5.4 Material Properties
ACI 209
3
5.4 Material Properties
Std. Spec did not have a creep coefficient. Previous versions of LRFD use a
different equation. It is similar to the ACI equation using t0.6 /(10+ t0.6).
July 2007 AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course Do Not Duplicate Prestressed Concrete: Slide #7
Std. Spec. set shrinkage = 0.002. Previous editions of LRFD used an ACI type
equation with a term of t/(35+t).
July 2007 AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course Do Not Duplicate Prestressed Concrete: Slide #8
4
5.4 Material Properties
E c = 33, 000K1w1.5
c f c ' (5.4.2.4-1)
= 0.2
02 (5 4 2 5)
(5.4.2.5)
Where:
K1 = Aggregate factor. Taken as 1.0 unless determined by
5
3.4 - Loads and Load Factors
For prestressed girders, the following service load combinations are most
common:
Service I: Used for compression and transverse tension in prestressed
concrete.
Service III: Used for longitudinal tension in prestressed concrete
girders.
Service IV: Used for tension in prestressed columns, for crack control.
Strength I: Basic load combination.
Fatigue : Fatigue of reinforcement does NOT need to be checked for
fully prestressed components designed using Service III
(A 5.5.3.1)
(Art. 3 1)
6
3.4 - Loads and Load Factors
7
3.4 - Loads and Load Factors
AASHTO-LRFD
AASHTO LRFD
Distribution Factors for Precast/Prestressed
Concrete Elements
8
Distribution Factors for Precast/Prestressed Concrete Elements
Note: Multiple presence factors are NOT used with simplified distribution factors.
July 2007 AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course Do Not Duplicate Prestressed Concrete: Slide #17
This is part of
Table 4.6.2.2.1-1
showing common
precast/
prestressed
concrete bridge
types.
The letter below
the diagram
correlates to a set
of distribution
factors.
9
Distribution Factors for Precast/Prestressed Concrete Elements
10
Distribution Factors for Precast/Prestressed Concrete Elements
11
Distribution Factors for Precast/Prestressed Concrete Elements
g = DFM
de = distance from edge of the traffic railing to the exterior web of the
exterior beam. The term de is positive when the railing is outboard
(shown) and negative when the railing is inboard. -1.0 < de < 5.5 ft.
g = DFV
-1.0 < de < 5.5 ft.
12
Distribution Factors for Precast/Prestressed Concrete Elements
0.25 0.5
K S
c1 = 0.25
12 Lt s L
= Angle of skew; 30o < < 60o;
if <30o, c1 = 0; if >60o then =60o
L = Span, 20 < L < 240 ft
S = Beam Spacing, 3.5 < S < 16 ft
Nb > 4
13
Distribution Factors for Precast/Prestressed Concrete Elements
Lever Rule: Assume a hinge develops over each interior girder and solve for the
reaction in the exterior girder as a fraction of the truck load.
M H 1.2 Pe RS = 0
36k 36k
1.2 Pe 1.2e
R= DF =
S S
In the diagram,
diagram P/2 are the wheel loads; P
is the resultant force. All three loads are
NOT applied at the same time.
8 ft Note that truck cannot be closer than 2
from the barrier (3.6.1.3)
July 2007 AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course Do Not Duplicate Loads & Analysis: Slide #27
NL
X Ext e
NL
DFExt ,Min = + Nb (C4.6.2.2.2d-1)
Nb
x 2
14
Distribution Factors for Precast/Prestressed Concrete Elements
15
Distribution Factors for Precast/Prestressed Concrete Elements
16
Distribution Factors for Precast/Prestressed Concrete Elements
DFV (distribution factor for shear) does not change. It is the same
for Type g structures with and without lateral PT.
DFM is different. For Type g structures without lateral PT, the old
Standard Specifications equations are used.
NOTE: The Standard Specifications equations were based on wheel loads and
the LRFD equations are based on axle loads; so the equations changed by a
factor of 2.
17
Distribution Factors for Precast/Prestressed Concrete Elements
DFM = S/D
S = width of precast beam (ft)
Where:
NL = number of traffic lanes
C = K(W/L) < K
18
Distribution Factors for Precast/Prestressed Concrete Elements
4 A2
J
S
t
Where:
19
Distribution Factors for Precast/Prestressed Concrete Elements
g= DFM
20
Distribution Factors for Precast/Prestressed Concrete Elements
40 g = DFV
21
Distribution Factors for Precast/Prestressed Concrete Elements
= skew angle
If > 600 use = 600
This is optional.
When the skew angle of a bridge is small, say, less than 20o, it is
often considered safe to ignore the angle of skew and to analyze the
bridge as a zero-skew bridge whose span is equal to the skew span.
This approach is generally conservative for moments in the beams,
and slightly unsafe (<5%) for slab-on-girder decks for longitudinal
shears.
The LRFD Specifications Table 4.6.2.2.e-1 lists reduction multipliers
for moments in longitudinal beams.
The previous slide illustrates the multiplier for spread box beams,
adjacent box beams with concrete overlays or transverse post-
tensioning and double tees in multi-beam decks or Types (b), (c), (f)
and (g).
22
Distribution Factors for Precast/Prestressed Concrete Elements
12.0 L
1 .0 + tan
90d
0o< < 60o
20 < L < 240 ft
ft.
17 < d < 60 in d is depth of the girder
5 < Nb < 20
AASHTO-LRFD
S TO
Flexure and Axial Loads
23
Flexure and Axial Loads
Compression Controlled
Transition
24
Flexure and Axial Loads
25
Flexure and Axial Loads
26
Flexure and Axial Loads
27
Flexure and Axial Loads
1.05
Prestressed
1 Prestressed:
0.95 Strain = 0
0.004
004
Phi = 0.92 Reinforced
0.9
Phi Factor
0.85
0.8
0.75
0.7
28
Flexure and Axial Loads
A ps f py
PPR = (5.5.4.2.1-4)
A ps f py + A s f y
29
AASHTO-LRFD
AASHTO LRFD
Prestressed Beams with Bonded Tendons
The value of fps can be found from (if fpe > 0.5fpu):
c f py
f ps = f pu 1 k (5.7.3.1.1-1)
5 7 3 1 1 1) k = 2 1.04
1 04 (5.7.3.1.1-2)
(5 7 3 1 1 2)
d p f pu
Then:
0.85f c ' b a = A ps f ps
a = 1c
c
0.85f c ' b 1c = A ps f pu 1 k
d p
A ps f pu
c=
f
0.85f c ' 1 b + kA ps pu
dp
Stress in the steel, fps, can also be found from strain compatibility analysis.
30
Prestressed Beams with Bonded Tendons
Aps f pu
c=
f pu
0.85 f c ' 1 b + kAps
dp
c = depth of neutral axis
b = width of compression block
Aps= area of TENSILE prestressing steel
dp = depth to centroid of tensile prestressing steel
fpu = tensile strength of prestressing steel
fpy = yield strength of prestressing steel
1 = stress block factor same as Std. Spec.
31
Prestressed Beams with Bonded Tendons
32
Prestressed Beams with Bonded Tendons
a a a
M n = A psf ps d p + Asf y d s A 's f 's d 's
2 2 2
If there is no compression steel:
a a
M n = A psf ps d p + Asf y d s
2 2
If there is no non-prestressed tensile steel:
a
M n = A psf ps d p
2
July 2007 AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course Do Not Duplicate Prestressed Concrete: Slide #65
bw = web width
b = flange width
hf = flange thickness
33
AASHTO-LRFD
AASHTO LRFD
Prestressed Beams with Unbonded Tendons
34
Prestressed Beams with Unbonded Tendons
f ps = f pe + 15 (C5.7.3.1.2-1)
35
AASHTO-LRFD
AASHTO LRFD
Components with Both Bonded and
Unbonded Tendons
36
Components with Both Bonded and Unbonded Tendons
For T-beams:
Apsb f pu + Apsu f pe + As f y As ' f y '0.85 f c ' (b bw )h f
c=
f
0.85 f c ' 1 bw + kAps pu
dp
For rectangular beams:
Apsb f pu + Apsu f pe
c=
f
0.85 f c ' 1 b + kAps pu
dp
July 2007 AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course Do Not Duplicate Prestressed Concrete: Slide #73
AASHTO-LRFD
S TO
Moment Capacity
37
Moment Capacity
Moment Capacity
38
Moment Capacity
Moment Capacity
39
Moment Capacity
c 3 Tension Controlled
t > 0.005
dt 8
c 3
Compression Controlled
dt 5 t <0.002
3 c 3
> > Transition
5 dt 8
July 2007 AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course Do Not Duplicate Prestressed Concrete: Slide #79
Moment Capacity
40
Moment Capacity
Maximum Reinforcement
This is more restrictive that Std. Specification
p or p
previous editions of
LRFD.
For reinforced sections, 0.75bal was used. This was a strain of 0.0037
in the steel.
For prestressed, Std. Spec. c/de ratio was limited to 0.42. This
corresponded to a strain of 0.0041
c Tension Controlled
0.375 > 0.005
dt t
c Previous Editions
0.42
de t >0.0041
c
0.45 Std. Specifications, RC.
de
July 2007 AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course Do Not Duplicate Prestressed Concrete: Slide #81
Moment Capacity
700 e
s 2d c (5.7.3.4-1)
s fs
dc
s = 1+
0.7(h d c )
s = spacing of reinforcement closest to the tension face.
e = exposure factor; 1 for Class 1 and 0.75 for Class 2
ODOT uses 0.75 for decks, 1 for everything else
dc = cover to extreme tension fiber
fs = Steel stress @ service limit state
h = overall thickness or depth
41
Moment Capacity
Moment Capacity
42
Prestressing and Partial Prestressing
At service limit state after losses (fpe) 0.80 fpy 0.80 fpy 0.80 fpy
Table 5.9.4.2-1 Temporary Tensile Stress Limits in Prestressed Concrete Before Losses, Fully
Prestressed Components. (Partial)
43
Debonding and Harping
Table 5.9.4.2.1-1 Compressive Stress Limits in prestressed Concrete at Service Limit State After
Losses, Fully Prestressed Components.
Location Stress Limit
In other than segmentally constructed bridges due to the 0.45fc (ksi)
sum of effective prestress and permanent loads
In segmentally constructed bridges due to the sum of 0.45fc (ksi)
effective prestress and permanent loads
In other than segmentally constructed bridges due to live 0.40fc (ksi)
load and one-half the sum of effective prestress and
permanent loads
Due to the sum of effective prestress
prestress, permanent loads
loads, 0 60wfc (ksi)
0.60
and transient loads and during shipping and handling
44
Prestressing and Partial Prestressing
Table 5.9.4.2.2-1 Tensile Stress Limits in Prestressed Concrete at Service Limit State After Losses,
Fully Prestressed Components. (Partial)
B id T
Bridge Type L
Location
ti St
Stress Li
Limit
it
Other than Tension in the Precompressed Tensile Zone
Segmentally Bridges, Assuming Uncracked Sections
Constructed For components with bonded prestressing 0.19fc (ksi)
Bridges tendons or reinforcement that are subjected to
not worse than moderate corrosion conditions
For components with bonded prestressing 0.0948fc (ksi)
tendons or reinforcement that are subjected to
severe corrosive conditions
For
F components t with
ith unbonded
b d d prestressing
t i N T
No Tension
i
tendons
AASHTO-LRFD
S TO
Loss of Prestressing Force
45
5.9 Prestressing and Partial Prestressing
Post-tensioned Members:
46
5.9 Prestressing and Partial Prestressing
Friction losses:
47
5.9 Prestressing and Partial Prestressing
fpj =
initial jacking stress in the tendon (ksi).
x = length of tendon from the jacking point to the point
= friction coefficient.
48
5.9 Prestressing and Partial Prestressing
Ep
f pES = f cgp (5.9.5.2.3a-1)
Ect
Ect = modulus of elasticity of the concrete at transfer or at time of
load
Elastic Shortening, Post-tensioned Members:
N 1 Ep
f pES = f cgp (5.9.5.2.3b-1)
2N E ci
49
5.9 Prestressing and Partial Prestressing
50
5.9 Prestressing and Partial Prestressing
51
5.9 Prestressing and Partial Prestressing
8 ksi for single Ts, double Ts, hollow core and voided
slabs.
52
AASHTO-LRFD
S TO
Bond/Development Length
For ffully
F ll bbonded
d d strands,
t d th the ttransfer
f llength
th ffrom
the end of the girder is assumed to be 60db,
where db is the bar or strand diameter.
53
5.11 Bond and Development Length
2
l d = f ps f pe d b (5.11.4.2-1)
3
Where:
ld = development length
fps = steel stress at strength limit state
fpe = effective prestressing stress after all losses
db = strand diameter
=1.0 for pretensioned panels, piles and other
pretensioned members with a depth < 24 inches.
= 1.6
1 6 ffor pretensioned
t i d members
b with
ith a d
depth
th > 24 iinches
h
= 2.0 for debonded strand
54
5.11 Bond and Development Length
l px 60d b
f px = f pe +
l d 60d b
(f ps f pe )
(5.11.4.2-4)
Where:
fpx = stress at x from the end of the girder
fpe = effective stress in the steel after all losses
fps = stress in the steel at the strength limit state
lpx = length were the stress is being calculated
ld = development length
db = strand diameter
July 2007 AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course Do Not Duplicate Prestressed Concrete: Slide #110
55
5.11 Bond and Development Length
l px f pe
f px = (5.11.4.2-3)
60db
56
AASHTO-LRFD
S TO
Shear
1
5.8 - Shear and Torsion
Vr = Vn (5.8.2.1-2)
Vu Vr
Vn = nominal shear resistance given in Article 5.8.3.3
(kip)
= 0.9 normal weight concrete
=0 0.7
7 lightweight concrete
Vu = Factored shear at the cross section being
considered. If there is significant torsion present,
this term is modified for torsion.
July 2007 AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course Do Not Duplicate Prestressed Concrete: Slide #4
2
5.8 - Shear and Torsion
3
5.8 - Shear and Torsion
Av f y jd cot Av f y d v cot
Vs = =
s s
(Note that if j = 1 and = 45o, we get the old, familiar equation: Vs = (Avfy d) / s .
Also note that jd = dv)
July 2007 AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course Do Not Duplicate Prestressed Concrete: Slide #8
4
5.8 - Shear and Torsion
If a line is cut
perpendicular to
the cracks, it has a
length of jdcos. It
may cross several
struts. The total
force in the struts
will be the
concrete stress
times the area.
Fc = fc (jd cos) bv
where fc is the concrete stress and bv web width.
July 2007 AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course Do Not Duplicate Prestressed Concrete: Slide #10
5
5.8 - Shear and Torsion
Vc = f c ( jd cos ) sin bv
This is the ACI 318 equation and the old Standard Specification
equation.
The Vc equation, in ksi units, may be used for NON-
PRESTRESSED concrete members (LRFD 5.8.3.4).
6
5.8 - Shear and Torsion
7
5.8 - Shear and Torsion
8
5.8 - Shear and Torsion
9
5.8 - Shear and Torsion
10
5.8 - Shear and Torsion
Av = stirrup area.
11
5.8 - Shear and Torsion
Critical Section
The critical section is defined in Article 5.8.3.2.
Vu V p
vu = (5.8.2.9-1)
bv d v
If the value of vu > 0.18fc, AND the flexural element is NOT integral with
the support,
support then strut and tie model (Article 5.6.3)
5 6 3) must be used for
analysis.
12
5.8 - Shear and Torsion
13
5.8 - Shear and Torsion
This provision does NOT apply to segmental boxes. Different equations are used.
July 2007 AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course Do Not Duplicate Prestressed Concrete: Slide #27
14
5.8 - Shear and Torsion
Mu
+ 0.5Nu + 0.5Vu Vp cot Aps f po
d (5 8 3 4 2 1)
(5.8.3.4.2-1)
x = v
2(Es As + E p Aps )
x = longitudinal strain at 0.5dv . The initial value should
be < 0.001.
This equation ASSUMES cracked section and is only for
beams where at least the minimum amount of transverse
reinforcingg ((stirrups)
p ) is p
provided.
Note: If torsion must be considered, Vu in the equation must be modified for torsion (as
given in Eqns 5.8.2.1-6 and 7). This will be explained later in the torsion section.
Again, this equation is used if at least minimum stirrups are provided, not whether or not
they are required.
July 2007 AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course Do Not Duplicate Prestressed Concrete: Slide #30
15
5.8 - Shear and Torsion
16
5.8 - Shear and Torsion
Mu
+ 0.5 N u + 0.5 Vu V p cot Aps f po
dv
x =
2(Es As + E p Aps )
Mu
+ 0.5 N u + 0.5 Vu V p cot Aps f po
dv
x =
2(Es As + E p Aps )
The second term in the numerator, Nu, is any APPLIED
axial force (not prestressing force). It is assumed that of
the axial load is taken by each flange. If the load is
compressive, Nu is negative.
17
5.8 - Shear and Torsion
Mu
+ 0.5 N u + 0.5 Vu V p cot Aps f po
dv
x =
2(Es As + E p Aps )
The last term in the numerator, Apsfpo corrects for the strain
in the prestressing steel due to prestressing. The term fpo
is the locked in stress in the prestressing steel, usually
taken as 0.7fpu (LRFD Art. 5.4.8.3.2), unless the section
being considered is within the transfer length. If the section
is within the transfer length, the value of fpo must be
reduced to reflect the lack of development (e.g. if the
section is at the transfer length, fpo = 0.35fpu).
July 2007 AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course Do Not Duplicate Prestressed Concrete: Slide #36
18
5.8 - Shear and Torsion
Mu
+ 0.5 N u + 0.5 Vu V p cot Aps f po
dv
x =
2(Es As + E p Aps )
19
5.8 - Shear and Torsion
Once the values of vu /fc and x are calculated, use the table in the
LRFD Specifications to find and . If the value of is close to the
original assumption, use the given. If not, use the table value of as
the next estimate and repeat the calculations of x .
Table 5.8.3.4.2-1 Values of and for Sections with Transverse Reinforcement
x * 1,000
v/f'c -0.20 -0.10 -0.05 0.00 0.125 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.50 2.00
0.075 22.3 20.4 21.0 21.8 24.3 26.6 30.5 33.7 36.4 40.8 43.9
6.32 4.75 4.10 3.75 3.24 2.94 2.59 2.38 2.23 1.95 1.67
0.1
18.1 20.4 21.4 22.5 24.9 27.1 30.8 34.0 36.7 40.8 43.1
3.79 3.38 3.24 3.14 2.91 2.75 2.50 2.32 2.18 1.93 1.69
0.125 19.9 21.9 22.8 23.7 25.9 27.9 31.4 34.4 37.0 41.0 43.2
3.18 2.99 2.94 2.87 2.74 2.62 2.42 2.26 2.13 1.90 1.67
0.15
21.6 23.3 24.2 25.0 26.9 28.8 32.1 34.9 37.3 40.5 42.8
2.88 2.79 2.78 2.72 2.60 2.52 2.36 2.21 2.08 1.82 1.61
0.175 23.2 24.7 25.5 26.2 28.0 29.7 32.7 35.2 36.8 39.7 42.2
2.73 2.66 2.65 2.60 2.52 2.44 2.28 2.14 1.96 1.71 1.54
0.2
24.7 26.1 26.7 27.4 29.0 30.6 32.8 34.5 36.1 39.2 41.7
2.63 2.59 2.52 2.51 2.43 2.37 2.14 1.94 1.79 1.61 1.47
0.225 26.1 27.3 27.9 28.5 30.0 30.8 32.3 34.0 35.7 38.8 41.4
2.53 2.45 2.42 2.40 2.34 2.14 1.86 1.73 1.64 1.51 1.39
0.25
27.5 28.6 29.1 29.7 30.6 31.3 32.8 34.3 35.8 38.6 41.2
2.39 2.39 2.33 2.33 2.12 1.93 1.70 1.58 1.50 1.38 1.29
Notes:
It is NOT necessary to interpolate the previous table
table.
The terms and apply to the range of strains and
shear in the table. Taking higher values of x is
acceptable.
Example from the Commentary: = 34.4o and =2.26 can
be used provided that x < 0.75x 10-3 and vu/fc < 0.125
(Commentary C5.8.3.4.2
C5 8 3 4 2 paragraph 9)9).
If 0.5cot was assumed = 1, the values of and
obtained from the table may be used without further
iteration.
20
5.8 - Shear and Torsion
Av f y d v cot
Vs =
s
Vn = Vc + Vs + Vp < 0.25fc bv dv + Vp
Then Vu < Vn
21
5.8 - Shear and Torsion
1.38
s xe = s x 80 in.
a g + 0.63
sx = lesser of dv or the spacing of longitudinal steel
placed in the web to control cracking. The area of
longitudinal steel in each layer must be at least
0.003 bvsx
ag = maximum aggregate size inch.
22
5.8 - Shear and Torsion
Once the values of sxe and x are calculated, use the table
in the LRFD Code for this case to find and . If the value
of is close to the original assumption, use the given. If
not, use the table value of as the next estimate and
repeat the calculations of x . Iterate (unless 0.5cot is
assumed = 1). Again, interpolation is not necessary. After
finding the value of and :
Vc = 0.0316 f c ' bv d v
Av f y d v cot
Vs =
s
Vn = Vc + Vs + Vp < 0.25fc bv dv + Vp
Then Vu < Vn
July 2007 AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course Do Not Duplicate Prestressed Concrete: Slide #46
23
5.8 - Shear and Torsion
Here is the table for beam with less than minimum stirrups:
Table 5.8.3.4.2-2 Values of and for Sections without Transverse Reinforcement
x * 1
1,000
000
sXE (in)
< -0.20 < -0.10 < -0.05 < 0.00 < 0.125 < 0.25 < 0.50 < 0.75 < 1.00 < 1.50 < 2.00
25.4 25.5 25.9 26.4 27.7 28.9 30.9 32.4 33.7 35.6 37.2
< 5
6.36 6.06 5.56 5.15 4.41 3.91 3.26 2.86 2.58 2.21 1.96
27.6 27.6 28.3 29.3 31.6 33.5 36.3 38.4 40.1 42.7 44.7
< 10
5.78 5.78 5.38 4.89 4.05 3.52 2.88 2.50 2.23 1.88 1.65
29.5 29.5 29.7 31.1 34.1 36.5 39.9 42.4 44.4 47.4 49.7
< 15
5.34 5.34 5.27 4.73 3.82 3.28 2.64 2.26 2.01 1.68 1.46
31.2 31.2 31.2 32.3 36.0 38.8 42.7 45.5 47.6 50.9 53.4
< 20
4.99 4.99 4.99 4.61 3.65 3.09 2.46 2.09 1.85 1.52 1.31
34 1
34.1 34 1
34.1 34 1
34.1 34 2
34.2 38 9
38.9 42 3
42.3 46 9
46.9 50 1
50.1 52 6
52.6 56 3
56.3 59 0
59.0
< 30
4.46 4.46 4.46 4.43 3.39 2.82 2.19 1.84 1.60 1.30 1.10
36.6 36.6 36.6 36.6 41.2 45.0 50.2 53.7 56.3 60.2 63.0
< 40
4.06 4.06 4.06 4.06 3.20 2.62 2.00 1.66 1.43 1.14 0.95
40.8 40.8 40.8 40.8 44.5 49.2 55.1 58.9 61.8 65.8 68.6
< 60
3.50 3.50 3.50 3.50 2.92 2.32 1.72 1.40 1.18 0.92 0.75
44.3 44.3 44.3 44.3 47.1 52.3 58.7 62.8 65.7 69.7 72.4
< 80
3.10 3.10 3.10 3.10 2.71 2.11 1.52 1.21 1.01 0.76 0.62
24
AASHTO-LRFD
S TO
Coming in 2007! - Simplified Shear
modification.
This is the result of a National Co-operative Highway Research
Program (NCHRP) study.
Report 549
Note: Simplified shear has been accepted by the AASHTO Subcommittee on Bridges.
However, no change is official until it is actually published. Article and equation numbers
are from the proposed article, but these may change for editorial reasons in the final
publication.
July 2007 AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course Do Not Duplicate Prestressed Concrete: Slide #50
25
5.8 - Shear and Torsion
26
5.8 - Shear and Torsion
Vci
27
5.8 - Shear and Torsion
Vci
Nominal shear resistance provided by concrete when
A quick reminder.
Exactly what are Vci and Vcw?
28
5.8 - Shear and Torsion
29
5.8 - Shear and Torsion
Vu V
= cre
M u M cre
Vu
Vcre = M cre
Mu
The flexural shear at the time the crack grows into a shear
crack can be written as:
Vci = Vcre + 0.02 f c 'bv d v
M cre
Vci = 0.02 f c 'bv d v + Vu (ksi )
Mu
This form of the equation is valid for non-composite
members with uniform loads. It is NOT valid for bridges.
July 2007 AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course Do Not Duplicate Prestressed Concrete: Slide #60
30
5.8 - Shear and Torsion
31
5.8 - Shear and Torsion
Vi M cre
Vci = 0.02 f c 'bv d v + Vd + 0.06 f c 'bv d v
M max
(5.8.3.4.3-1)
32
5.8 - Shear and Torsion
M cre c M cre
f cpe + f r = =
I Sc
M cre = S c ( f cpe + f r )
Where Sc is the section modulus to the tension fiber.
33
5.8 - Shear and Torsion
34
5.8 - Shear and Torsion
( )
Vcw = 0.06 f c ' + 0.3 f pc bv d v + V p (5.8.3.4.3-3)
35
5.8 - Shear and Torsion
12M dnc
M cre = Sc f r + f cpe (5.8.3.4.3-2)
S nc
This is the old Vci equation, just adjusted to ksi units, rounded off and
with new notations.
36
5.8 - Shear and Torsion
37
5.8 - Shear and Torsion
Mmax = Mu Md Vi = Vu Vd
(C5.8.3.4.3) 7th Paragraph
38
5.8 - Shear and Torsion
39
5.8 - Shear and Torsion
cot = 1
40
5.8 - Shear and Torsion
Lightweight Concrete
4.7 f ct fc '
If the splitting strength is not known, substitute:
Deep Components
Deep Components:
Components may be considered as deep components if:
41
5.8 - Shear and Torsion
42
5.8 - Shear and Torsion
A ps f ps + As f y
Mu Nu V
+ 0 .5 + u V p 0.5Vs cot (5.8.3.5-1)
dv
Note that is the appropriate strength reduction factor for
that specific load effect (e.g. 1.0 for Mu in prestressed
concrete, 0.9 for shear, etc.).
V
Aps f ps + As f y u 0.5Vs Vp cot
(5.8.3.5-2)
43
5.8 - Shear and Torsion
44
5.8 - Shear and Torsion
45
5.8 - Shear and Torsion
Where:
Vni = Nominal Shear Resistance (kip)
Vui = Factored interface shear force due to total load
based on the applicable strength and extreme
event load combinations in Table 3.4.1-1 (kip)
= Resistance factor for shear specified in Article
5.5.4.2.1. In cases where different
ff weights off
concrete exist on different sides of the interface, the
lower of the two values of shall be used.
46
5.8 - Shear and Torsion
Vni = cA cv + A vf f y + Pc (5.8.4.1-3)
Vni K 2 A cv ( 841 )
(5.8.4.1-5)
A cv = b vi L vi (5.8.4.1-6)
47
5.8 - Shear and Torsion
Vu1
v ui = (5.8.4.2-1)
b vid v
Where dv is the previously defined shear depth.
Vui = v ui A cv (5.8.4.2-2)
48
5.8 - Shear and Torsion
If the net (normal) force, Pc , across the interface shear plane is tensile,
additional reinforcement shall be provided:
Pc
A vpc = (5.8.4.2-3)
f y
For beams and girders, the longitudinal spacing of the rows of interface
shear transfer reinforcing bars shall not exceed 24 inches.
K2 = 1.5 ksi
= 1.0
K1 = 0.25
K2 = 1.5 ksi
49
5.8 - Shear and Torsion
K2 = 0.8 ksi
= 0.6
K1 = 0.2
K2 = 0.8 ksi
= 1.0
K1 = 0.25
K2 = 1.0 ksi
= 1.0
K1 = 0.3
50
5.8 - Shear and Torsion
0.05A cv
A vf (5.8.4.4-1)
fy
51
AASHTO-LRFD
S TO
Torsion
5.8.2.1 General
52
5.8 - Shear and Torsion
5.8.2.1 General
5.8.2.1 General
53
5.8 - Shear and Torsion
5.8.2.1 General
5.8.2.1 General
54
5.8 - Shear and Torsion
5.8.2.1 General
General Requirements:
Tr = Tn (5.8.2.1-1)
5.8.2.1 General
Tu 0 . 25 T cr (5.8.2.1-3)
Acp2 f pc
Tcr = 0 .125 fc ' 1+
p 0 .125 f c ' (5.8.2.1-4)
c
55
5.8 - Shear and Torsion
5.8.2.1 General
Acp2 f pc
Tcr = 0.125 f c ' 1+
p 0.125 f c '
(5.8.2.1-4)
(5.8.2.1 4)
c
Tcr = Cracking torsion (k-in)
Acp = Total area enclosed by the outside perimeter of
the concrete cross section (in2)
pc = length of the outside perimeter of the concrete cross
section (in)
fpc = compressivei stress
t in
i concretet (after
( ft allowance
ll for
f
all prestress loses) at centroid of cross section
resisting externally applied loads or at the junction of
the web and the flange when the centroid lies within
the flange (ksi). (This is the same as for Vcw).
July 2007 AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course Do Not Duplicate Prestressed Concrete: Slide #111
5.8.2.1 General
A cp = 789 in
i 2
pc = 26 + 20 + 2 8 + 92 + 92 + 23 + 62 + 62 + 8
pc = 166.4 in
July 2007 AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course Do Not Duplicate Prestressed Concrete: Slide #112
56
5.8 - Shear and Torsion
5.8.2.1 General
pc
A0 = Area enclosed by the shear flow path, including any
holes therein.
5.8.2.1 General
Torsional Design
57
5.8 - Shear and Torsion
58
5.8 - Shear and Torsion
Solid Sections:
A ps f ps + As f y
2 2
Mu Nu V 0.45 p hTu
+ 0 .5 + cot u V p 0.5Vs +
dv 2 A0
(5.8.3.6.3-1)
59
5.8 - Shear and Torsion
Step 1
Determine if torsion must be considered
considered.
IF Tu < 0.25Tcr, torsion may be ignored.
Step 2
Determine the maximum factored shear and
concurrent factored torsion.
Determine the maximum factored torsion and
concurrent factored shear.
60
5.8 - Shear and Torsion
Step 3
Modify Vu to reflect the presence of torsion
torsion.
This is the equivalent factored shear force.
Equations 5.8.2.1-6 or 7
For the Sectional Design Model is used for shear, the
equivalent factored shear force is used for Vu in the
equations for vu and x.
Step 4
Determine the area of transverse shear reinforcement
needed to resist the maximum value of Vu.
Determine the area of transverse shear reinforcement
needed to resist the value of Vu concurrent with the
maximum torsion.
61
5.8 - Shear and Torsion
Step 5
Determine the area of transverse torsion
reinforcement needed to resist the maximum value of
Tu.
Determine the area of transverse torsion
reinforcement needed to resist the value of Tu
concurrent with the maximum shear.
Step 6
Add together the areas of transverse reinforcement
required for torsion and shear.
Add the required areas for the cases of maximum shear and
concurrent torsion and maximum torsion and concurrent
shear. Use the maximum.
Remember, the calculated shear area is for ALL the stirrup
legs; the calculated torsion area is for ONE leg. Be sure to
add
dd th
the areas correctly.
tl
62
5.8 - Shear and Torsion
63
AASHTO-LRFD
S TO
Continuous for Live Load
New in 2007
1
New in 2007
New in 2007
2
New in 2007
New in 2007
3
New in 2007
Over time, creep and shrinkage of the girders may cause additional
camber in the girders. This creates a positive moment at the
diaphragm which often causes cracking, so positive moment
connections are needed. These moments are called restraint
moments.
Experimental evidence shows that this behavior is most prevalent
when the girders are very young.
When the girders are old, theory says shrinkage of the slab causes
the girders to de-camber, resulting in a negative restraint moment at
the diaphragm. However, this is not seen in field measurements.
Field measurements show the girders camber up until the slab is
cast, then every thing locks up no cambering or decambering is
seen.
July 2007 AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course Do Not Duplicate Prestressed Concrete: Slide #7
variable.
Analysis results do not match field data for older
girders.
July 2007 AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course Do Not Duplicate Prestressed Concrete: Slide #8
4
Continuous for Live Load
5
Continuous for Live Load
6
Continuous for Live Load
7
Continuous for Live Load
8
Continuous for Live Load
adequate resistance
resistance. Mechanical connections would
be permitted under this section.
concrete.
9
Continuous for Live Load
10
Continuous for Live Load
11
Continuous for Live Load
12
Continuous for Live Load
where:
dsh = total length of extended strand (IN)
fpsl = stress in the strand at the SERVICE limit state.
Cracked section shall be assumed. (KSI)
fpul = stress in the strand at the STRENGTH limit state
state.
(KSI)
Strands shall project at least 8 IN from the face of the
girder before they are bent.
July 2007 AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course Do Not Duplicate Prestressed Concrete: Slide #25
13
AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications
Design Example 1
Simple Span Prestressed
Adjacent Box Bridge
RICHARD MILLER
This design example demonstrates the design of a single span, 65 ft. long
j
adjacent box ggirder bridge
g with a 30o right
g forward skew,, as shown below. This
example illustrates the design of typical interior and exterior beams at the critical
sections in positive flexure, shear and deflection due to prestressing, dead load,
and live load.
References:
Precast Prestressed Concrete Bridge Design Manual, Published by Precast/Prestressed concrete Institute
1
Design Example - Simple-Span Adjacent Box Girder Bridge
2
Design Example - Simple-Span Adjacent Box Girder Bridge
ODOT Bridge
Design Manual
(BDM) allows a
range
g of strengths.
g
These are chosen
from that range.
[BDM 302.5.1.7]
3
Design Example - Simple-Span Adjacent Box Girder Bridge
4
Design Example - Simple-Span Adjacent Box Girder Bridge
1.2.5 Loads
Diaphragms: 2 - 12 wide at 1/3 points
(ODOT Std. Drawings)
g
Future wearing
surface: 0.060 ksf (ODOT Std. Drawings)
5
Design Example - Simple-Span Adjacent Box Girder Bridge
Material Properties
6
Design Example - Simple-Span Adjacent Box Girder Bridge
1.3.2 Assumptions
7
Design Example - Simple-Span Adjacent Box Girder Bridge
3.5in
DCws = ( 4 ft )( 0.120kcf ) = 0.140klf
12in / ft
8
Design Example - Simple-Span Adjacent Box Girder Bridge
M DC =
(0.764 klf + 0.140 klf )(65 ft ) 65 ft
2
+ 1.75k = 515.3k ft
8 3
M DW =
(0.240 klf )(65 ft )
2
= 126.8 k ft
8
9
Design Example - Simple-Span Adjacent Box Girder Bridge
M LL ,Lane =
(0.640 klf )(65 ft )
2
= 338 k ft
8
The HL-93 truck controls for this span length and, since this
is a simple span, the maximum moment is:
M LL ,Truck = 896k ft
July 2007 AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course Do Not Duplicate Loads & Analysis: Slide #20
10
Design Example - Simple-Span Adjacent Box Girder Bridge
M = 0.5wx(L-x)
w = load (klf)
L = total span
x = point where moment is calculated.
July 2007 AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course Do Not Duplicate Loads & Analysis: Slide #21
11
Design Example - Simple-Span Adjacent Box Girder Bridge
The HL-93 has the same axle loads as the old HS-20 truck.
p
The Standard Specifications p
published moments for simple
p
spans under the old HS-20 loading in Appendix B.
12
Design Example - Simple-Span Adjacent Box Girder Bridge
(3.6.1.1.1)
DFM = S/D
S = width of precast beam (ft)
D = (11.5 -NL)+1.4NL(1-0.2C)2 when C < 5
D = (11.5 -NL) when C > 5
(Table 4.6.2.2.2b-1)
Range of Applicability:
NL 6 Skew 45
13
Design Example - Simple-Span Adjacent Box Girder Bridge
Where:
NL = Number of Lanes = 4
C = K(W/L) < K
W = Clear width of the bridge = 48 ft.
K=
(1 + )I
J
July 2007 AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course Do Not Duplicate Loads & Analysis: Slide #27
( )
2
4 A2 4 1180in 2
J= = = 211625in4
S
t 2 5.5in + 5.5in + 5in
27.75in 42.5in 42.5in
14
Design Example - Simple-Span Adjacent Box Girder Bridge
K=
(1 + 0.2 ) 108150in4 = 0.783
211625in4
48 ft
C = 0.783 = 0.578
65 ft
D = ( 11.5 4Lanes ) + 1.4 ( 4Lanes ) ( 1 0.2 ( 0.578 ) ) = 11.9
2
S 4 ft
= = 0.336
0 336
D 11.9
15
Design Example - Simple-Span Adjacent Box Girder Bridge
16
Design Example - Simple-Span Adjacent Box Girder Bridge
DFV = = 0.445
0 445
130 ( 65 )
211625
Because I/J is raised to a very small power, assuming I/J = 1 changes
the DFV very little. Here, the DFV is about 4% higher if I/J = 1.
July 2007 AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course Do Not Duplicate Loads & Analysis: Slide #33
IM = 33%
Where:
IM = dynamic load allowance, applied only to truck load
17
Design Example - Simple-Span Adjacent Box Girder Bridge
18
Design Example - Simple-Span Adjacent Box Girder Bridge
Unfactored
U f dbbending
di moment d
due to HL
HL-93
93 llane lload,
d
per beam:
MLL,Lane = (bending moment per lane)(DFM)(skew factor)
= (bending moment per lane)(0.336)(0.905)
= 338 k-ft (0.304) = 102.7 k-ft
19
Design Example - Simple-Span Adjacent Box Girder Bridge
Bottom tensile stress due to applied dead and live loads using load
combination Service III:
M DC + M DW + 0.8 M LL+ I
fb =
Sb
Where:
fb = Bottom tensile stresses ksi
MDC = Unfactored bending moment due to DC loads kip-ft
MDW = Unfactored bending moment due to DW loads kip-ft
MLL+I = Unfactored bending moment due to design vehicular live kip-ft
load including impact,
Sb = Section modulus to the bottom fiber in3
Box girders are usually controlled by Strength I, but it is difficult to estimate number of
strands using Strength I. It is easier to estimate the number of strands using Service III
and add a few strands. Final strand patterns can be adjusted, if needed, later.
July 2007 AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course Do Not Duplicate Loads & Analysis: Slide #39
fb =
{515.3 + 126.8 + 0.8 ( 362.3 + 102.7 ) k ftf } (12ini / ftf ) = 1.87ksi
6511in3
20
Design Example - Simple-Span Adjacent Box Girder Bridge
21
Design Example - Simple-Span Adjacent Box Girder Bridge
1.37 ksi
Ppe = = 380 kips
1 14.61in
2
+
733.5in 6511in 3
22
Design Example - Simple-Span Adjacent Box Girder Bridge
At midspan:
23
Design Example - Simple-Span Adjacent Box Girder Bridge
Why 20 strands?
Where:
fpES = loss due to elastic shortening, ksi
fpLT = loss due to long-term
long term shrinkage and creep of
concrete, and relaxation of the steel, ksi
24
Design Example - Simple-Span Adjacent Box Girder Bridge
Ep
f pES = f cgp (5.9.5.2.3a-1)
Ect
Where:
fcgp = The concrete stress at the center of gravity of
prestressing tendons due to the prestressing
force immediately after the transfer and the self-
weight of the member at the section of the
maximum moment (ksi).
Pi Pe 2
M g ec
f cgp = + i c
A I I
July 2007 AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course Do Not Duplicate Loads & Analysis: Slide #49
( 0.764klf )( 65 ft )
2
65 ft
Mg = + 1.75k = 441.4k ft = 5300k in
8 3
25
Design Example - Simple-Span Adjacent Box Girder Bridge
The ES loss is added to the long term losses and the creep
and shrinkage equations used to find the long term losses
are stated in the commentary to only be accurate + 50%.
26
Design Example - Simple-Span Adjacent Box Girder Bridge
(
Pi = 20 strands ( 0.9 )( 202.5ksi ) 0.153in 2 = 558k )
28500ksi
f pES = (1.15
1 15ksi ) = 7.6
7 6ksi
4300ksi
27
Design Example - Simple-Span Adjacent Box Girder Bridge
5
st = (5.9.5.3-3)
1 + f ci '
July 2007 AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course Do Not Duplicate Loads & Analysis: Slide #55
28
Design Example - Simple-Span Adjacent Box Girder Bridge
Assume H = 70%
h = 1.7
1 7 0.01(70)
0 01(70) = 1.00
1 00
5
st = = 0.83
1 + 5.0
So:
( 202.5ksi )( 20 ) ( 0.153in 2 )
f pLT = 10 (1.00
1 00 )( 00.83
83) + 12 (1.00
1 00 )( 0.83
0 83) + 2.5
25
733.5in 2
f pLT = 7.0 + 10.0 + 2.5 = 19.5ksi
29
Design Example - Simple-Span Adjacent Box Girder Bridge
(Table 5.9.4.2.1-1)
Sum of effective prestress + permanent < 0.45fc
loads
1/2(Sum of effective prestress + < 0.4 fc
permanent loads) + live load
Sum of effective prestress + permanent < 0.6
0 6wfc
loads + transient loads
It is
i based
b d on th
the fl
flange or webb llength/thickness
th/thi k
ratio. Since this is for sections with thin
webs/flanges, w term will usually be = 1 for most
beams.
July 2007 AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course Do Not Duplicate Loads & Analysis: Slide #60
30
Design Example - Simple-Span Adjacent Box Girder Bridge
X u = b ( lesser of 2z or 2 y )
2.2.1 w
31
Design Example - Simple-Span Adjacent Box Girder Bridge
f cDL ,top =
[(515.3 + 126.8 )k ft ](12in / ft ) = 1.17 ksi
6599 in 3
f cLL ,top =
{( 362.3 + 102.7 ) k ft} (12in / ft ) = 0.85ksi
6599in3
July 2007 AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course Do Not Duplicate Loads & Analysis: Slide #63
Compression stresses OK
July 2007 AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course Do Not Duplicate Loads & Analysis: Slide #64
32
Design Example - Simple-Span Adjacent Box Girder Bridge
The Service III stress at the bottom due to dead and live
loads, fb, was calculated previously. The allowable tensile
stress of 0.530 ksi was also calculated previously.
fb =
{515.3 + 126.8 + ( 362.3 + 102.7 ) k ft}(12in / ft ) = 2.04ksi
6511in 3
33
Design Example - Simple-Span Adjacent Box Girder Bridge
So what g
gives?? Is this a Service III or Service I load
case??
Strength I:
Q = 11.25(DC)
25(DC) + 11.50(DW)
50(DW) + 11.75(LL
75(LL + IM)
Since the truck load and lane load have been
distributed and impact is included:
34
Design Example - Simple-Span Adjacent Box Girder Bridge
35
Design Example - Simple-Span Adjacent Box Girder Bridge
c=
( )
20 0.153in 2 270ksi + 0 0
= 3.98in.
in < 5.5in.
in
270ksi
(
0.85 ( 7ksi )( 0.7 )( 48in ) + 0.28 ( 20 ) 0.153in 2 ) 31 in
3.98in
f ps = 270ksi 1 0.28 = 260ksi
31 in
36
Design Example - Simple-Span Adjacent Box Girder Bridge
a = 2.79in
a
M n = Aps f ps d p (5.7.3.2.2-1)
2
2 79in
2.79
( )
M n = 20 0.153in 2 ( 260ksi ) 31 in
2
= 23550k in
37
Design Example - Simple-Span Adjacent Box Girder Bridge
38
Design Example - Simple-Span Adjacent Box Girder Bridge
= 1.0 (5.5.4.2.1)
M u M n
19, 780k in < (1.0 )( 23550k in ) OK
39
Design Example - Simple-Span Adjacent Box Girder Bridge
40
Design Example - Simple-Span Adjacent Box Girder Bridge
M cr = Sb ( f r + f cpe ) (5.7.3.3.2-1)
41
Design Example - Simple-Span Adjacent Box Girder Bridge
Tension:
0.0948fci < 0.2 ksi w/o bonded reinforcement
0.24fci w/ bonded reinforcement
Compression: 0.6fci
42
Design Example - Simple-Span Adjacent Box Girder Bridge
fpt = 0.474 ksi tension < 0.24fci = 0.245 ksi = 0.537 ksi
OK w/bonded steel
The first step it to find the tension in the flange. This requires
the location of the neutral axis to be determined. From the
top and bottom stresses at the end, the neutral at the end is:
0.474 ksi(33in )
x= = 6.30in
0.474 + 2.01ksi
July 2007 AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course Do Not Duplicate Loads & Analysis: Slide #86
43
Design Example - Simple-Span Adjacent Box Girder Bridge
44
Design Example - Simple-Span Adjacent Box Girder Bridge
The bonded steel must resist the total tensile force with a
stress not exceeding the lesser of 0.5fy or 30 ksi.
70.8 kips
As = = 2.36 in 2 (5.9.4.1.2-1)
30 ksi
Use 8 #5
45
Design Example - Simple-Span Adjacent Box Girder Bridge
1.25 Ab f y
ld = 0.4 d b f y (5.11.2.1.1)
f c'
46
Design Example - Simple-Span Adjacent Box Girder Bridge
a 2.79in
d v = de = 31in = 29.6inches (5.8.3.2)
2 2
47
Design Example - Simple-Span Adjacent Box Girder Bridge
DC:
For beam weight:
Vg = w(0.5 L x ) = 0.764 klf (0.5(65 ft ) 3 ft ) = 22.54 k
M g = 0.5 wx(L x ) = 0.5(0.764 klf )(3 ft )(65 ft 3 ft ) = 71.0 k ft
48
Design Example - Simple-Span Adjacent Box Girder Bridge
VLL,Lane = 18.92 k
VLL,Truck = 58.33 k
MLL,Lane = 56.76 k-ft
MLL,Truck = 175.0 k-ft
49
Design Example - Simple-Span Adjacent Box Girder Bridge
50
Design Example - Simple-Span Adjacent Box Girder Bridge
VLL+IM = 0.456(1.2)[58.33(1.33)+18.92]
0 456(1 2)[58 33(1 33) 18 92] = 52.5
52 5 kips
ki
51
Design Example - Simple-Span Adjacent Box Girder Bridge
These two values are used to find and ; which are then
used to find the strength of the concrete and the strength of
the stirrups.
52
Design Example - Simple-Span Adjacent Box Girder Bridge
5.3.1.1 Finding x
dv
Strain at is:
2
Mu
+ 0.5 N u + 0.5 (Vu V p ) cot Aps f po
dv
x = 0.001
2( Es As + E p Aps + Ec Ac )
(5.8.3.4.2-1)
This equation
q assumes the section is uncracked. If the
section is cracked, Ac in the equation above is =0.
This equation also assumes at least minimum stirrups are
used.
5.3.1.1 Finding x
53
Design Example - Simple-Span Adjacent Box Girder Bridge
5.3.1.1 Finding x
Ep = 28,500 ksi
Ac = Area of concrete on the tension half of the in2
beam
2(5.5in)(33in)(0.5) + (48in-11in)(5in) = 366.5
dv = 29.6 in
5.3.1.1 Finding x
3588k in
+ 138k 3.06in 2 (189ksi )
x = 29.6in = 82 x106 0.08 x103
( ) (
2 28500ksi 3.06in + 5072ksi 366.5in
2 2
)
Negative means uncracked, so the assumption of
uncracked is correct.
54
Design Example - Simple-Span Adjacent Box Girder Bridge
5.3.1.2 Finding vu
Vu V p
vu = ((5.8.2.9))
bv d v
Where:
vu = Shear stress in concrete Ksi
bv = Effective web width of the beam = 5.5 in
Vp = Component of the effective prestressing kips
force in the direction of the applied shear = 0
138
vu = = 0.469ksi < 0.18 f c ' = 1.26ksi
0.9(2)(5.5)(29.6)
July 2007 AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course Do Not Duplicate Loads & Analysis: Slide #109
5.3.1.3 and
vu 0.469
'= = 0.067
f
c 7.0
x = 0.08 x103
= 21.0
= 4.10
July 2007 AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course Do Not Duplicate Loads & Analysis: Slide #110
55
Design Example - Simple-Span Adjacent Box Girder Bridge
5.3.1.3 and
x * 1,000
v/f'c
v/f c
<-0.2 <-0.1 <-0.05 <0 <0.125 <0.25 <0.5 <0.75 <1 <1.5 <2
22.3 20.4 21.0 21.8 24.3 26.6 30.5 33.7 36.4 40.8 43.9
<0.075
6.32 4.75 4.10 3.75 3.24 2.94 2.59 2.38 2.23 1.95 1.67
18.1 20.4 21.4 22.5 24.9 27.1 30.8 34.0 36.7 40.8 43.1
<0.1
3.79 3.38 3.24 3.14 2.91 2.75 2.50 2.32 2.18 1.93 1.69
19.9 21.9 22.8 23.7 25.9 27.9 31.4 34.4 37.0 41.0 43.2
<0.125
3.18 2.99 2.94 2.87 2.74 2.62 2.42 2.26 2.13 1.90 1.67
21.6 23.3 24.2 25.0 26.9 28.8 32.1 34.9 37.3 40.5 42.8
<0.15
2.88 2.79 2.78 2.72 2.60 2.52 2.36 2.21 2.08 1.82 1.61
23.2 24.7 25.5 26.2 28.0 29.7 32.7 35.2 36.8 39.7 42.2
<0.175
2.73 2.66 2.65 2.60 2.52 2.44 2.28 2.14 1.96 1.71 1.54
24.7 26.1 26.7 27.4 29.0 30.6 32.8 34.5 36.1 39.2 41.7
<0.2
2.63 2.59 2.52 2.51 2.43 2.37 2.14 1.94 1.79 1.61 1.47
26.1 27.3 27.9 28.5 30.0 30.8 32.3 34.0 35.7 38.8 41.4
<0.225
2.53 2.45 2.42 2.40 2.34 2.14 1.86 1.73 1.64 1.51 1.39
27.5 28.6 29.1 29.7 30.6 31.3 32.8 34.3 35.8 38.6 41.2
<0.25
2.39 2.39 2.33 2.33 2.12 1.93 1.70 1.58 1.50 1.38 1.29
56
Design Example - Simple-Span Adjacent Box Girder Bridge
A v 0.0316 f c '
b vs
= 0.0316 7ksi
(11in )(12in ) = 0.184in 2
fy 60ksi
57
Design Example - Simple-Span Adjacent Box Girder Bridge
Vs =
( 0.4in
0 4in 2 ) ( 60ksi )( 29.6
29 6 ) cot ( 21) + 0 (1)
12in
Vs = 154.2k
58
Design Example - Simple-Span Adjacent Box Girder Bridge
With Vp=0:
Vc + Vs 0.25 f c'bv d v
111.6 + 154.2 0.25(7)(11)(29.6)
265.8 569.8 OK
July 2007 AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course Do Not Duplicate Loads & Analysis: Slide #117
This method brings back Vci and Vcw from the Standard
Specification.
59
Design Example - Simple-Span Adjacent Box Girder Bridge
5.4.1 Vcw
( )
Vcw = 0.06 f c ' + 0.3f pc b v d v + Vp (5.8.3.4.3-3)
Where:
fpc = compressive stress in concrete (after allowance for
all prestress loses) at centroid of cross section
resisting externally applied loads or at the junction
of the web and the flange when the centroid lies
within the flange (ksi)
(ksi).
5.4.1 Vcw
Pe 537k
f pc = = 2
= 0.732ksi
A 733.5in
( )
Vcw = 0.06 7ksi + 0.3 ( 0.732ksi ) (11in )( 29.6in ) = 123.2kips
60
Design Example - Simple-Span Adjacent Box Girder Bridge
5.4.1 Vcw
5.4.1 Vcw
f pc
cot = 1.0 + 3 1.8 (5.8.3.4.3-4)
fc '
0.732ksi
cot = 1.0 + 3 = 1.83 > 1.8; so use 1.8
7ksi
= 29o
61
Design Example - Simple-Span Adjacent Box Girder Bridge
5.4.1 Vcw
V =
( 0.4in ) ( 60ksi )( 29.6in )(1.8 )
2
= 106.5k
s
12in
5.4.2 Vci
DC:
Beam Self-weight:
62
Design Example - Simple-Span Adjacent Box Girder Bridge
DC:
For the diaphragm: V = 11.75
75 k (shear is constant),
constant)
M = 1.75(13) =22.8 k-ft
DW:
0 240klf ( 0.5
Vfws = 0.240klf 0 5 ( 65ft ) 13ft ) = 4.68k
4 68k
M ws = 0.5 ( 0.240klf )(13ft )( 65ft 13ft ) = 81.1k ft
The total UNFACTORED dead load shears and
moments are:
63
Design Example - Simple-Span Adjacent Box Girder Bridge
For the lane load, the shear is maximum when the lane
load is on the right 52 ft. of the girder (see the influence line
from the sectional model):
VLane1 = 13.3k and MLane1 = 173 k-ft = 2076 k-in
64
Design Example - Simple-Span Adjacent Box Girder Bridge
Clearly, the moment is maximum when the lane load is placed along the entire
beam. The truck load is less certain. The moment at X is the value of the
point load times the ordinate of the influence line. Unfortunately, it is not clear
where this product will be maximum!
65
Design Example - Simple-Span Adjacent Box Girder Bridge
In this case, it just happens that both are the same the
rear axle placed at 0.2L as shown in the previous slide.
For the truck load, the maximum shear at the section and
the maximum moment at the section happen to occur
under the same loading the rear wheel of the truck 13 ft.
from the support. In this case, the maximum shear loading
and the maximum moment loading are the same, but that is
NOT always the case. Be sure to carefully check all
reasonable load conditions.
66
Design Example - Simple-Span Adjacent Box Girder Bridge
67
Design Example - Simple-Span Adjacent Box Girder Bridge
12M dnc
M cre = Sc f r + f cpe ((5.8.3.4.3-2))
Snc
Where:
Mdnc Unfactored moment due to dead load on the non-
= composite or monolithic section = 409.2 k-ft
(note in k-ft; 12 in numerator converts to inches)
Snc = non-composite section modulus
Sc = composite section modulus = Snc since this is a non-
composite structure
68
Design Example - Simple-Span Adjacent Box Girder Bridge
12 ( 409.2k ft )
M cre = ( 6511in 3 ) 0.529ksi + 1.94ksi
6511in 3
M cre = 11165k in = 930.5k ft
5.4.2.4 Vci
Vi M cre
Vcii = 0.02 f c 'b
b v d v + Vd + 0.06 f c 'b
bvd v
M max
(5.8.3.4.3-1)
69
Design Example - Simple-Span Adjacent Box Girder Bridge
Vs =
( 0.4in ) ( 60ksi )( 29.6in )(1.0 ) = 59.2k
2
(5.8.3.4.3)
12in
If s=18
Vs = 39.5kips
70
Design Example - Simple-Span Adjacent Box Girder Bridge
Shear Strength
Why are there different values for Vs ?
At each section:
Mu 5N u Vu
00.5N
A ps f ps + As f y + + Vp 0.5Vs cot (5.8.3.5-1)
d v
71
Design Example - Simple-Span Adjacent Box Girder Bridge
l px 60d b
f px = f pe +
l d 60d b
(f ps f pe )
(5.11.4.2-4)
72
Design Example - Simple-Span Adjacent Box Girder Bridge
l ppx 60d b
f px = f pe +
l d 60d b
(f ps f pe )
47.6in 30in
f px = 174.5ksi + ( 260.0ksi 174.5ksi ) = 192.0ksi
114.5in 30in
73
Design Example - Simple-Span Adjacent Box Girder Bridge
Mu 0.5N u Vu
A ps f ps + A s f y + + Vp 0.5Vs cot
d v
3.06in 2 (192.0ksi ) = 588k
3588k in 138k
> + 0.5( 153k ) cot ( 21) = 321k
1.0 ( 29.6in ) 0.9
OK
Note that before the 2005/06 interim, the steel stress was assumed linear with
development length, not bilinear. If the stress were assumed linear here, mild
steel would need to be added. Also note that Vs < Vu/ = 153k
74
Design Example - Simple-Span Adjacent Box Girder Bridge
Vu
Ap f ps 0.5Vs cot
138k
3.06in 2 (104.7 ksi ) = 320k > 0.5( 103k ) cot ( 21) = 265k
0.9
OK
75
Design Example - Simple-Span Adjacent Box Girder Bridge
Mb = = 47.5k ft = 570k in
8
76
Design Example - Simple-Span Adjacent Box Girder Bridge
Note that there is only one DFM, so the one lane e is multiplied by the
DFM. In tthee equation
equat o abo
above,
e, tthe
e ttruck
uc load
oad (36
(362.3
3 k-ft)
t) iss already
a eady
multiplied by the interior DFM and the impact factor; the lane load
(102.7 k-ft) is multiplied by the DFM (no impact on lane load). Thus, it
is only necessary to multiply by the increasing factor.
77
Design Example - Simple-Span Adjacent Box Girder Bridge
fbottom = 1.94 ksi 2.05 ksi = -0.110 ksi = 0.110 tension <
0.503 ksi tension OK
July 2007 AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course Do Not Duplicate Loads & Analysis: Slide #156
78
Design Example - Simple-Span Adjacent Box Girder Bridge
79
Design Example - Simple-Span Adjacent Box Girder Bridge
de
e = 1.125 + 1
20
0.23
e = 1.125 + = 1.137
20
Check:
Two or more lanes: e*DFV
*DFV = 1.234(0.456) 562 controls
1 234(0 456) = 00.562
One Lane: e*DFV = 1.137(0.445) = 0.506
VLL,truck = 58.33k
VLL,lane = 18.92k
IM = 0.33
Skew Factor = 1.2
80
Design Example - Simple-Span Adjacent Box Girder Bridge
X Ext e
NL
DFExt ,Min = + Nb
Nb
x 2
2.5.2.6.2 Deflection
81
Design Example - Simple-Span Adjacent Box Girder Bridge
2.5.2.6.2 Deflection
2.5.2.6.2 Deflection
82
AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications
Design Example 2
2 Span Continuous Prestressed I-Girder Bridge
RICHARD MILLER
98-0 98-0
This design example demonstrates the design of a two-span (98 ft. each)
AASHTO TypeT pe IV I girder with
ith no ske
skew, as sho
shown.n This eexample
ample illillustrates
strates the
design of typical interior beam at the critical sections for positive flexure, negative
flexure, shear, and the continuity connection.
References:
Precast Prestressed Concrete Bridge Design Manual, Published by Precast/Prestressed concrete Institute
1
Design Example - Continuous Two-Span I-Girder Bridge
Type IV
8
AASHTO Type IV girder shown
fc = 7.0 ksi @ 28 days 6
2-2
2
Design Example - Continuous Two-Span I-Girder Bridge
Prestressing Strand
in diameter, low-relaxation
Area of one strand = 0.153 in2
Ultimate strength,
g , fpu = 270.0 ksi
The ODOT BDM allows inch, inch special or 0.6 inch diameter strand
(302.5.2.2a). For this girder, inch diameter is chosen.
Reinforcing Bars
Yield strength, fy = 60 ksi
Modulus of elasticity, Es = 29,000 ksi (BDM 302.5.2.9)
Loads
Future wearing surface: 0.060 ksf (ODOT Std. Drawings)
Barriers: 0.640 k/ft each
Truck: HL 93, including dynamic allowance
3
Design Example - Continuous Two-Span I-Girder Bridge
(0.8019)(96) = 76.98 in
26
Note that only the structural thickness of the deck, 8.5 in, is considered.
A 2 haunch is assumed for calculating weight but not for finding
composite properties (ODOT BDM 302.5.2.3).
July 2007 AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course Do Not Duplicate Loads & Analysis: Slide #8
4
Design Example - Continuous Two-Span I-Girder Bridge
Dead Loads
5
Design Example - Continuous Two-Span I-Girder Bridge
Dead Loads
Dead Loads
6
Design Example - Continuous Two-Span I-Girder Bridge
Dead Loads
Dead Loads
7
Design Example - Continuous Two-Span I-Girder Bridge
Live Loads
According to LRFD Article 4.6.1.2.1 vehicular live loading on
the roadways of bridges or incidental structures, designated
HL-93,, shall consists of a combination of the:
8
Design Example - Continuous Two-Span I-Girder Bridge
Live Loads
Distribution Factors
9
Design Example - Continuous Two-Span I-Girder Bridge
Distribution Factors
Where DFM = distribution factor for moment for interior beam. Provided:
3.5 < S < 16.0 S=8 OK S = Spacing, ft
4.5 < ts < 12.0 ts = 8.5 OK ts = slab thickness, in
20 < L < 240 L = 98 OK L = beam span, ft
Nb > 4 Nb = 5 OK Nb = number of beams
10,000 < Kg < Kg = See next Kg = longitudinal stiffness
7,000,000 slide parameter, in4
10
Design Example - Continuous Two-Span I-Girder Bridge
(
K g = n I + Aeg2 ) (4.6.2.2.1-1)
Where:
n = modular ratio between beam and deck materials
Ec (beam) 5, 072
= = = 1.247
Ec ( slab) 4, 067
A = cross-section area of the beam (non-composite), in2
= 789
I = moment of inertia of the beam (non-composite), in4
= 260,741
eg= Distance between the c.g. of beam and slab, in
= (8.5/2+2.0+29.27) = 35.52
July 2007 AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course Do Not Duplicate Loads & Analysis: Slide #21
K g = 1.247
1 247 260 (
260, 741 + 789 ( 35.52
35 52 )
2
)
K g = 1,566, 480 in 4
11
Design Example - Continuous Two-Span I-Girder Bridge
12
Design Example - Continuous Two-Span I-Girder Bridge
2
8 8
DFV = 0.2 +
12 35
DFV = 0.814
13
Design Example - Continuous Two-Span I-Girder Bridge
Dynamic Allowance
IM = 33%
Where: IM = dynamic load allowance
allowance, applied only to truck
load
14
Design Example - Continuous Two-Span I-Girder Bridge
15
Design Example - Continuous Two-Span I-Girder Bridge
16
Design Example - Continuous Two-Span I-Girder Bridge
Load Combinations
Load Combinations
A reminder:
17
Design Example - Continuous Two-Span I-Girder Bridge
Load Combinations
Load Combinations
Service 1 Service 3 Strength 1 Length
V M V M V M
k k-ft k k-ft k k-ft ft.
200 6
200.6 68 6
68.6 182 72
182.72 58 9 299.125
58.9 299 125 113 1
113.1 Bearing 0
192.6 431.7 175.3 393.72 287.45 644.925 Trans. 2.04
189.8 549.9 172.7 502.76 283.375 817.925 H/2 2.73
164.4 1567.2 149.14 1442.28 246.375 2303.925 0.10L 9.26
126.8 2731.9 114.26 2522.04 191.575 3993.775 0.20L 18.97
90.1 3489 80.08 3228.9 138.4 5077.725 0.30L 28.69
55.9 3872.9 47.92 3590.42 89.575 5615.875 0.40L 38.41
-56.4 3885 -46.74 3607.76 -95.9 5610.625 MidSpan 48.13
-92.4 3542.2 -80.34 3294.38 -147.875 5091.675 0.60L 57.84
-128.5
128 5 2834 7
2834.7 -114.06
114 06 2642.48
2642 48 -199.95
199 95 4041.75
4041 75 0 70L
0.70L 67 56
67.56
-164.2 434 -147.44 589.24 -251.375 -329.31 0.80L 77.28
-199.3 -564.8 -180.3 -389.28 -301.825 -1464.58 0.90L 86.99
-222.3 -1614.4 -201.94 -1375.8 -334.65 -2795.88 H/2 93.52
-224.8 -1742.2 -204.3 -1494.76 -338.2 -2961.82 Trans. 94.21
-231.9 -2140.5 -210.98 -1864.36 -348.325 -3482.75 Bearing 96.25
18
Design Example - Continuous Two-Span I-Girder Bridge
At this point,
point it is necessary to determine the needed
number of strands. Box girders tend to be controlled by the
Strength Limit State, but I girders (this example) tend to be
controlled by service load tensions.
Bottom tensile stress due to applied dead and live loads using load
combination Service III:
Mg + Ms M b + M ws + (0.8)( M LL + I )
fb = +
Sb Sbc
Where:
fb = Bottom tensile stresses ksi
Mg = Unfactored bending moment due to beam self-weight, kip-ft
Ms = Unfactored bending moment due to slab and haunch kip-ft
weights,
i ht
Mb = Unfactored bending moment due to due to barrier weights, kip-ft
Mws = Unfactored bending moment due to future wearing surface, kip-ft
MLL+I = Unfactored bending moment due to design vehicular live kip-ft
load including impact,
July 2007 AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course Do Not Duplicate Loads & Analysis: Slide #38
19
Design Example - Continuous Two-Span I-Girder Bridge
ec = ( yb ybs
b ) = (24.73
(24 73 44.32)
32) = 20.41
20 41in
20
Design Example - Continuous Two-Span I-Girder Bridge
21
Design Example - Continuous Two-Span I-Girder Bridge
Strand Pattern
At midspan:
2 10 Spa. 2
@ 2
July 2007 AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course Do Not Duplicate Loads & Analysis: Slide #44
22
Design Example - Continuous Two-Span I-Girder Bridge
Strand Pattern
ec = yb ybs = 24.73
24 73 4.70
4 70 = 20
20.0
0iin
Prestress Losses
Where:
fpES = loss due to elastic shortening, ksi
fpLT = loss due to long-term shrinkage and creep of
concrete, and relaxation of the steel, ksi
23
Design Example - Continuous Two-Span I-Girder Bridge
Elastic Shortening
Ep
f pES = f cgp
Ect (5.9.5.2.3a-1)
Where:
fcgp = The concrete stress at the center of gravity of prestressing
tendons due to the prestressing force immediately after the
transfer and the self-weight of the member at the section of
the maximum moment (ksi).
Pi Pe 2
M g ec
= + i c
A I I
Ep = Elastic Modulus of the prestressing steel (ksi).
Ect = Elastic Modulus of the concrete at the time of transfer or
time of load application (ksi).
Elastic Shortening
Aps f pi ( I g + em2 Ag ) em M g Ag
f pES =
AI E
Aps ( I g + em2 Ag ) + g g ct
Ep
(C5.9.5.2.3a-1)
July 2007 AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course Do Not Duplicate Loads & Analysis: Slide #48
24
Design Example - Continuous Two-Span I-Girder Bridge
Elastic Shortening
Elastic Shortening
6 12* 202
6.12* 5(260 741 + 20.0
202.5(260, 20 02 *789) 20.0*11,
20 0*11 422.8*789
422 8*789
f pES =
789* 260, 741* 4, 067
6.12(260, 741 + 20.02 *789) +
28,500
f pES = 16.24ksi
Note: If the self weight moment is calculated using total beam length
rather than c/c bearing, the moment becomes 11641 k-in. The elastic
shortening loss becomes 16.13 ksi; < 1% different.
25
Design Example - Continuous Two-Span I-Girder Bridge
Long-Term Losses
f pi Aps
f pLT = 10 h st + 12 h st + f pR (5.9.5.3-1)
Ag
In which:
h = 1.7
1 7 0.01
0 01H
H (5 9 5 3-2)
(5.9.5.3-2)
5
st =
1 + f ci ' (5.9.5.3-3)
Long-Term Losses
Where:
26
Design Example - Continuous Two-Span I-Girder Bridge
Long-Term Losses
Assume H = 70%
h = 1.7
1 7 00.01*70
01*70 = 11.00
00
5
st = = 0.91
1 + 4.5
So:
202.5*6.12
f pLT = 10 1.00*0.91 + 12*1.00*0.91 + 2.5
789
f pLT = 14.29 + 10.92 + 2.5
f pLT = 27.71 ksi
f pT = 16.24 + 27.71
f pT = 43.95
f pe = 202.5 43.95 = 158.6
27
Design Example - Continuous Two-Span I-Girder Bridge
Stresses at Transfer
Stresses at Transfer
28
Design Example - Continuous Two-Span I-Girder Bridge
Compression:
2.700 ksi
0.60fcii = 0.60(4.5) = +2.700 (5 9 4 1 1)
(5.9.4.1.1)
Tension:
1. In areas other than the precompressed tensile zone
and without bonded reinforcement
29
Design Example - Continuous Two-Span I-Girder Bridge
Pi Pe M
ft = i + g
A St St
1,140 1,140(20.0) 97.3(12)
ft = +
789 8,909 8,909
f t = 1.44
1 44 22.56
56 + 00.13
13 = 00.99
99ksi
30
Design Example - Continuous Two-Span I-Girder Bridge
Pi Pe M
ft = + i g
A Sb Sb
1,140 1,140(20.0) 97.3(12)
ft = +
789 10,542 10,542
ft = 1.44
1 44 + 2.16
2 16 0.11
0 11 = +3.49
3 49ksi
At Midspan At ends
No. Distance from No. Distance from
Strands bottom (in) Strands bottom (in)
7 8 3 52
11 6 3 50
11 4 3 48
11 2 4 8
8 6
8 4
11 2
31
Design Example - Continuous Two-Span I-Girder Bridge
9 Strands
50
2-6 31 Strands
34-0 14-7
48-7
32
Design Example - Continuous Two-Span I-Girder Bridge
The distance between the center of gravity of the total number of the
strands and the bottom fiber of the precast beam at the end of the
beam is:
9(54 4) + 31(4.32)
= 14.60 in
40
The eccentricity at the end of the beam is:
33
Design Example - Continuous Two-Span I-Girder Bridge
At the bottom:
34
Design Example - Continuous Two-Span I-Girder Bridge
Pi Pe Mg
ft = i +
A St St
1,140 1,140(20.0) 882.7 *12
ft = +
789 8,909 8,909
ft = 1.44 2.56 + 1.19 = +0.07
35
Design Example - Continuous Two-Span I-Girder Bridge
Pi Pe M
fb = + i g
A Sb Sb
1,140 1,140(20.0) 882.7 *12
fb = +
789 10,542 10,542
f b = 1.44
1 44 + 22.16
16 1.00
1 00 = +2.60
2 60
Stresses at Midspan
36
Design Example - Continuous Two-Span I-Girder Bridge
Stresses at Midspan
Hold-Down Forces
34(12)
July 2007 AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course Do Not Duplicate Loads & Analysis: Slide #74
37
Design Example - Continuous Two-Span I-Girder Bridge
Hold-Down Forces
Hold-Down Forces
38
Design Example - Continuous Two-Span I-Girder Bridge
Stresses at Transfer
However, not all fabricators have the ability to harp (the bed wont take
the hold down force). Therefore, before deciding to harp, contact
probable fabricators or the local PCI section for assistance and advice.
Note that the bottom stresses at the harp points are more
critical than the ones at midspan.
No Tension! The entire beam is in compression.
39
Design Example - Continuous Two-Span I-Girder Bridge
0.3
0.25
0.2
Stress (ksi)
0.15
0.1 Transfer
g
Length
0.05 Harp Mid-
Point Span
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Length (ft)
2.5
2
Stress (ksi)
1.5
1 Transfer
Length
0.5 Harp Mid-
Point Span
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Length (ft)
40
Design Example - Continuous Two-Span I-Girder Bridge
f pT = 43.95ksi
Stress in tendon after all losses
41
Design Example - Continuous Two-Span I-Girder Bridge
Compression: (5.9.4.2.1)
F the
For th deck:
d k 0.60
0 60w fc = 0.60(1.0)(4.5) 2 700 ksi
0 60(1 0)(4 5) = +2.700 k i
42
Design Example - Continuous Two-Span I-Girder Bridge
Tension:
For components
p with bonded p
prestressing
g tendons:
Stresses at Midspan
43
Design Example - Continuous Two-Span I-Girder Bridge
Stresses at Midspan
Stresses at Midspan
44
Design Example - Continuous Two-Span I-Girder Bridge
Stresses at Midspan
Concrete stress at the top fiber of the deck, three cases:
1. Under permanent loads:
( M ws + M b )
ftc =
Stc
(245.1 + 153.6) *12
ftc = +
29,534
ftc = +0.162
Compressive stress limit for concrete: +2.025 ksi OK
Note that deck stresses under service loads are almost always well
below allowable for continuous for LL bridges; but they still must be
checked.
July 2007 AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course Do Not Duplicate Loads & Analysis: Slide #89
Stresses at Midspan
45
Design Example - Continuous Two-Span I-Girder Bridge
Stresses at Midspan
( M ws + M b + M LL + I )
f tc =
Stc
(245.1 + 153.6 + 1,386.2) *12
f tc =
29,534
f tc = +0.73
Compressive stress limit for concrete: +2.700 ksi OK
Stresses at Midspan
46
Design Example - Continuous Two-Span I-Girder Bridge
47
Design Example - Continuous Two-Span I-Girder Bridge
f py
2 1.04 (Table C5.7.3.1.1-1)
= f pu
dp = Distance from extreme compression fiber to in.
= the
th centroid
t id off the
th prestressing
t i tendons
t d
h - ybs = 62.5 4.70 = 57.80
c = Distance between the neutral axis and the in.
compressive face
July 2007 AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course Do Not Duplicate Loads & Analysis: Slide #95
48
Design Example - Continuous Two-Span I-Girder Bridge
49
Design Example - Continuous Two-Span I-Girder Bridge
5.28
f ps = 270 1 0.28 = 263.3ksi
57.8
Nominal flexural resistance:
4.39
6 12(263 3) 57
6.12(263.3) 80
57.80
a 2
M n = Aps f ps d p =
2 12
M n = 7, 467k ft
Mr = Mn
Where = resistance factor = 1.0 for flexure and
tension of prestressed concrete
M n = 7,
7 467k ft > M u = 5,
5 615k ft
50
Design Example - Continuous Two-Span I-Girder Bridge
51
Design Example - Continuous Two-Span I-Girder Bridge
S
M cr = Sc ( f r + f cpe ) M dnc c 1 Sc f r (5.7.3.3.2-1)
Snc
Where:
fr = Modulus of rupture = 0.37 fc' = 0.37 7.0 = 0.979 (5.4.2.6) ksi
fcpe Compressive stress in concrete due to effective ksi
= prestresss forces only (after allowance for all
Prestress losses) at extreme fiber of section where
tensile stress is caused by externally applied loads
52
Design Example - Continuous Two-Span I-Girder Bridge
Note: The LRFD Specifications states that this requirement be met at every section.
53
Design Example - Continuous Two-Span I-Girder Bridge
As (60)
3 483(12) = 00.90
3, 58 25
90 As (60) 58.25
1.7(7.0)(26)
0 = 10.47 As2 3145 As + 41, 796
As = 13.94in 2
54
Design Example - Continuous Two-Span I-Girder Bridge
As ( provided ) = 5.58in 2
July 2007 AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course Do Not Duplicate Loads & Analysis: Slide #109
55
Design Example - Continuous Two-Span I-Girder Bridge
56
Design Example - Continuous Two-Span I-Girder Bridge
a=
Asf y
=
(13.94 )( 60 ) = 5.41in
0.85f c ' b 0.85 ( 7 )( 26 )
a 5.41
c= = = 7.72
1 0.7
41
5.41
M r = M n = ( 0.9 )(13.94 )( 60 ) 58.34
2
M r = 41,880k in = 3, 490k ft > M u = 3, 483k ft
July 2007 AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course Do Not Duplicate Loads & Analysis: Slide #113
57
Design Example - Continuous Two-Span I-Girder Bridge
700 e
s 2d c
s fs
The tensile stress in mild reinforcement is computed to be:
M sl
fs =
As jd
July 2007 AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course Do Not Duplicate Loads & Analysis: Slide #115
58
Design Example - Continuous Two-Span I-Girder Bridge
Where:
k = 2 n + ( n) 2 n
k = 2(0.00919)(5.718) + (0.00919 * 5.718) 2 0.00919 * 5.718
k = 0.275
Where:
As 13.94
= = = 0.00919
bd (26)(58.34)
Esteel 29,, 000
n = Modular
M d l R Ratio
i = = = 5.718
5 718
Egirder 5, 072
2,140.5(12)
So: fs = = 34.8ksi
13.94(0.908)(58.34)
July 2007 AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course Do Not Duplicate Loads & Analysis: Slide #117
59
Design Example - Continuous Two-Span I-Girder Bridge
Es
n=
Ec
1) The cracked, transformed section is used.
2) Th neutral
The t l axis
i iis att th
the geometric
t i centroid.
t id
3) Concrete stress is assumed linear.
4) Steel is converted to an equivalent area of concrete by multiplying
by n.
5) Tension in concrete is ignored
July 2007 AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course Do Not Duplicate Loads & Analysis: Slide #119
M sl c
fc =
I tr
The steel stress is: The term M(d-c)/I gives
M sl ( d c )
the equivalent concrete
stress. It is converted to
fs = n steel stress by
I tr multiplying by n.
60
Design Example - Continuous Two-Span I-Girder Bridge
( 26 ( 42 2x ) ) (8)( x 4 ) + 2 12 ( x 8)( x 8) x 8 x 3 8
x
+ x ( 42 2x ) 79.5 ( 58.34 x ) = 0
2
July 2007 AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course Do Not Duplicate Loads & Analysis: Slide #122
61
Design Example - Continuous Two-Span I-Girder Bridge
M sl ( d c )
fs = n
I tr
2140.5 (12 )( 58.34 16.45 )
f s = ( 5.7 ) = 34.6ksi
177200
62
Design Example - Continuous Two-Span I-Girder Bridge
Where:
63
Design Example - Continuous Two-Span I-Girder Bridge
2.31
s = 1 + = 1.055
0 7(62 5 2.31)
0.7(62.5 2 31)
700 0.75
s 2(2.31) = 9.67in
1.055 34.8
6.0in 9.67in
OK
For this example the tensile stress in the mild
reinforcement is less than its allowable. Thus, the
distribution of reinforcement for control of cracking is
adequate.
July 2007 AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course Do Not Duplicate Loads & Analysis: Slide #127
d c 59.9 7.72
t = 0.003 t = 0.003 = 0.020 > 0.005
c 7.72
64
Design Example - Continuous Two-Span I-Girder Bridge
S
M cr = Sc ( f r + f cpe ) M dnc c 1 Sc f r (5.7.3.3.2-1)
Snc
Where:
65
Design Example - Continuous Two-Span I-Girder Bridge
29,534
M cr = (0.785)
12
M cr = 1,932k ft
1.2 M cr = 2,318k ft
At bearing, the factored moment required by the Strength I load
combination is: Mu = -3,483 kip-ft
Therefore, 1.33M u = 4, 631 kip-ft
The connection
Th ti can be b made d either
ith by
b extending
t di mildild steel
t l outt
of the end of the girder into the diaphragm or by leaving strand
extend out of the end of the girder into the diaphragm. This
example illustrates bent strand connections.
66
Design Example - Continuous Two-Span I-Girder Bridge
The strands are bent up 90 into the diaphragm so that the hook
extends 8 inches from the end of the girder. The ends of the girders
are placed 10 inches apart
apart. With the 8 inch projection this leaves 2
inches of clear allowing for construction tolerances. Typically mild steel
is placed in the corner of the hooks to enhance the development length
of the hooks. These bars should be at least #5.
67
Design Example - Continuous Two-Span I-Girder Bridge
68
Design Example - Continuous Two-Span I-Girder Bridge
69
Design Example - Continuous Two-Span I-Girder Bridge
Strength Design
No. of Strand 5.18 6.52 8.00 9.27 13.13
ldsh 42.00 35.00 30.00 27.00 22.00
As 0.79 1.00 1.22 1.42 2.01
Moment 849.70 849.70 849.70 849.70 849.70
d 62.50 62.50 62.50 60.50 60.50
a 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.47
fpul 209 166 135 117 86
70
Design Example - Continuous Two-Span I-Girder Bridge
Shear Design
71
Design Example - Continuous Two-Span I-Girder Bridge
Shear Design
Critical Section
72
Design Example - Continuous Two-Span I-Girder Bridge
d v = d e 0.5(
0 5(a) = 58.34
58 34 0.5(5.41)
0 5(5 41) = 55.63
55 63in
0.9d e = 0.9(58.34) = 52.5in
0.72h = 0.72(62.5) = 45in
73
Design Example - Continuous Two-Span I-Girder Bridge
74
Design Example - Continuous Two-Span I-Girder Bridge
323.1
Vs = 74.4 = 284.6kips
0.9
A
Assume #4 h
hoops Av = 0.4 i 2 = 90 sin
0 4 in i =11 cot =00
Av f y d v cot 0.4(60)(55.63)
0 4(60)(55 63) cot 45
s= = = 4.7 in
Vs 284.6
Use #4@4 in
Vs = 334 kips
75
Design Example - Continuous Two-Span I-Girder Bridge
76
Design Example - Continuous Two-Span I-Girder Bridge
27,880
+ 0.5(0) + (323.1) 0
55.63
x = 0.001
2(29, 000(13.94))
1.0 x103 0.001
Vu V p
vu =
bv dv
Where:
vu = Shear stress in concrete kips
bv = Effective web width of the beam in
= 8
Vp = Component of the effective prestressing force in the kips
direction of the applied shear
= (force per strand)(number of draped strands)(sin )
= 0
77
Design Example - Continuous Two-Span I-Girder Bridge
323.1 0.9(0)
vu = = 0.81 ksi
0 9(8)(55 63)
0.9(8)(55.63)
vu 0.81
'= = 0.115
f c 7.0
Use ((vu / fc)) < 0.125 and x < 1 from LRFD Table
5.8.3.4.2-1:
= 37
= 2.13
July 2007 AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course Do Not Duplicate Loads & Analysis: Slide #155
323.1 0.9(79.3)
Vs = = 280.0 kips
0.9
78
Design Example - Continuous Two-Span I-Girder Bridge
79
Design Example - Continuous Two-Span I-Girder Bridge
27,880
+ 0.5(0) + (323.1 23.6) 1.38(189)
53.6
x = 0.001
2(29, 000(13.94) + 28,500(1.38))
0.63x103 0.001
Vu V p
vu =
bv dv
Where:
vu = Shear stress in concrete kips
bv = Effective web width of the beam in
= 8
Vp = Component of the effective prestressing force in the kips
direction of the applied shear
= (force per strand)(number of draped strands)(sin )
= 23.6
80
Design Example - Continuous Two-Span I-Girder Bridge
323.1 0.9(23.6)
vu = = 0.782 ksi
0 9(8)(53 6)
0.9(8)(53.6)
vu 0.782
'= = 0.111
fc 7.0
Use ((vu / fc)) < 0.125 and x < 0.75 from LRFD
Table 5.8.3.4.2-1:
= 34.4
= 2.26
July 2007 AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course Do Not Duplicate Loads & Analysis: Slide #161
81
Design Example - Continuous Two-Span I-Girder Bridge
(5.8.2.7)
Check which is true:
vu < 0.125 f c' (5.8.2.7-1)
or
vu 0.125 f c' (5.8.2.7-2)
0.125 f c' = 0.125(7.0) = 0.875 ksi
vu = 0.81 ksi
Since vu < 0.125 f c' , Then smax = 0.8d v = 0.8(55.63) = 44.5 24.0 in
24 in CONTROLS
A v 0.0316 f c '
b vs
= 0.0316 7ksi
(8in )( 6in ) = 0.067in 2
<0.4 in2 OK
fy 60ksi
((5.8.2.5))
82
Design Example - Continuous Two-Span I-Girder Bridge
Where:
de = The corresponding effective depth from the in
extreme compression fiber to the centroid of the
tensile force in the tensile reinforcement = 58.2
a = Equivalent depth of the compression block = 3.42 in
h = Total height of section = 62.5 in
July 2007 AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course Do Not Duplicate Loads & Analysis: Slide #165
c=
( 4.74 )( 270 ) = 4.11 in
270
( 0.85)( 4.5)( 0.83)( 96 ) + 0.28 ( 4.74 )
58.2
4.11
f ps = 270 1 0.28 = 264.8 ksi
58.2
a = ( 0.83)( 4.11) = 3.42 in
July 2007 AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course Do Not Duplicate Loads & Analysis: Slide #166
83
Design Example - Continuous Two-Span I-Girder Bridge
84
Design Example - Continuous Two-Span I-Girder Bridge
(5.8.3.3-3)
Vc = 0.0316 f c' bv dv
85
Design Example - Continuous Two-Span I-Girder Bridge
Where (cont.):
Aps Area off prestressing steel on the flexural
f tension in2
= side of the member, as shown in LRFD Figure
5.8.3.4.2-1.
= 31(0.153) = 4.74
As = Area of nonprestressed steel on the flexural in2
tension side of the member = 0
Ac= Area of concrete on the flexural tension half. This in2
term is calculated as the area on the tension side
(bottom in this case) from the tension fiber to h/2.
= 475
86
Design Example - Continuous Two-Span I-Girder Bridge
1,346(12)
+ 0.5(0) + (250 23.6) 4.74(189)
56.5
x = 0.001
2 ( 28,500(4.74) + 5072 ( 475 ) )
0.07 x103 0.001
Shear Stress
Vu V p
vu =
bv d v
Where:
vu = Shear stress in concrete kips
bv = Effective web width of the beam = 8 in
Vp = Component of the effective prestressing force in the kips
direction of the applied shear
= (force per strand)(number of draped strands)(sin )
= 23.6
250 0.9(23.6)
vu = = 0.562ksi
0.9(8)(56.5)
July 2007 AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course Do Not Duplicate Loads & Analysis: Slide #174
87
Design Example - Continuous Two-Span I-Girder Bridge
Values of &
vu 0.562
'= = 0.0803
0 0803
fc 7.0
Use (vu / fc) < 0.1 and x < -0.05 from LRFD Table 5.8.3.4.2-1:
= 21.4
= 3.24
Concrete Contribution
88
Design Example - Continuous Two-Span I-Girder Bridge
Vu = 250 kips > 0.5 (Vc + Vp ) = 0.5 ( 0.9 ) (122.4 + 23.6) = 65.7 kips
89
Design Example - Continuous Two-Span I-Girder Bridge
A v 0.0316 f c '
b vs
= 0.0316 7ksi
(8in )(12in ) = 0.134in 2 (5.8.2.5)
fy 60ksi
ODOT uses #4 bars with 2 legs as standard;
(Av = 2(0.2 in2) = 0.4 in2)
Vc + Vs 0.25 f c'bv d v
90
Design Example - Continuous Two-Span I-Girder Bridge
Assume #4 @ 24:
Av f y dv ( cot + cot ) sin
Vs =
s
Vs =
( 0.4in ) ( 60ksi )( 56.5) cot ( 21.4 ) + 0 (1)
2
24in
Vs = 144.2k
Vr = (Vc + Vs + V p )
Vr = 0.9 (122.4 + 144.2 + 23.6 ) = 261.2 kips
Vr > Vu = 250 kips
91
Design Example - Continuous Two-Span I-Girder Bridge
Vu = 323.1 kips
d v = 55.6 in
92
Design Example - Continuous Two-Span I-Girder Bridge
c = 0.28 (5.8.4.2)
= 1.0
93
Design Example - Continuous Two-Span I-Girder Bridge
0.05(480)
0.40 = 0.40 OK
60
94
Design Example - Continuous Two-Span I-Girder Bridge
K1 f c' Acv
Vni provided = 158.4 k OK
K 2 Acv
95
Design Example - Continuous Two-Span I-Girder Bridge
Mu Nu V
Aps f ps + As f y + 0.5 + u V p 0.5Vs cot
dv
(5.8.3.5-1)
96
Design Example - Continuous Two-Span I-Girder Bridge
(5.11.4.2)
a 3.42
dv = dp = ( 62
62.5 32 )
5 44.32 = 56
56.5in
5in
2 2
97
Design Example - Continuous Two-Span I-Girder Bridge
l px 60d b
f px = f pe +
l d 60d b
(f ps f pe ) (5.11.4.2-4)
73.5in 30in
f px = 158.6ksi
158 6ksi + ( 264.8ksi 158 6ksi ) = 206ksi
264 8ksi 158.6ksi
127.3in 30in
Mu Nu V
Aps f ps + As f y + 0.5 cot
+ u V p 0.5Vs co
d v
( 4.74 )( 206 ) = 977k >
1346 250
+0+ 23.6 0.5 (144.2 ) cot ( 21.4 ) = 488k
1.0 ( 56.5) 0.9
Vu 250k
Vs = 144k < = = 277.8k
0.9
July 2007 AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course Do Not Duplicate Loads & Analysis: Slide #196
98
Design Example - Continuous Two-Span I-Girder Bridge
V
Aps f ps u V p 0.5Vs cot
( 4.74 )( 90 ) = 426k <
250
0.9 23.6 0.5 (144.2 ) cot ( 21.4 ) = 464.6k NG
Assume #4 bars will be used.
Ab f y 0.2 ( 60 )
l d = 1.25 = 1.25 = 5.7in (5.11.2.1)
fc ' 7
< 0.4db f y = 0.4 ( 0.5 )( 60 ) = 12in
99
Design Example - Continuous Two-Span I-Girder Bridge
Thus:
464.6 426
As = = 0.64in 2
60
4 #4
# works. 3 ##5 also works as a # 5 needs a 15 inch
development length.
100
Design Example - Continuous Two-Span I-Girder Bridge
a 3.42
dv = dp = ( 62
62.5 32 )
5 44.32 = 56
56.5in
5in
2 2
101
Design Example - Continuous Two-Span I-Girder Bridge
l px 60d b
f px = f pe +
l d 60d b
(f ps f pe ) (5.11.4.2-4)
66.5in 30in
f px = 158 6ksi +
158.6ksi ( 264.8ksi
264 8ksi 158 6ksi ) = 198
158.6ksi 198.4ksi
4ksi
127.3in 30in
Mu Nu V
Aps f ps + As f y + 0.5 cot
+ u Vp 0.5Vs co
d v
( 4.74 )(198.4 ) = 940.4k >
1346 250
+0+ 23.6 0.5 (144.2 ) cot ( 21.4 ) = 488k
1.0 ( 56.5) 0.9
Vu 250k
Vs = 144k < = = 277.8k
0.9
July 2007 AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course Do Not Duplicate Loads & Analysis: Slide #204
102
Design Example - Continuous Two-Span I-Girder Bridge
f pe l px 158.6 (10 )
f px = = = 52.9ksi (5.11.4.2-3)
60db 30
V
Aps f ps u V p 0.5Vs cot
( )( )
4.74 52.9 = 250.8 k <
250
0.9 23.6 0.5 (144.2 ) cot ( 21.4 ) = 464.6k
NG
103
Design Example - Continuous Two-Span I-Girder Bridge
104
Design Example - Continuous Two-Span I-Girder Bridge
This is 5 #4 bars.
Anchorage Zone
The bursting resistance of pretensioned anchorage zones
provided by vertical reinforcement in the ends of the
pretensioned beams at the service limit state shall be take
as: P = f A (5.10.10.1-1)
r s s
105
Design Example - Continuous Two-Span I-Girder Bridge
Anchorage Zone
49.6
steel, As =
Solving for the required area of steel = 2.47
2 47 in2
20
At least 2.47 in2 of vertical transverse reinforcement should
be provided at the end of the beam for a distance equal to
one-fourth of the depth of the beam, h/4 = 54/4=13.5 in
Confinement Reinforcement
(5.10.10.2)
106
AASHTO LRFD B Bridge
id DDesign
i SSpecifications
ifi i
Design Example 2
2 Span Continuous Prestressed I-Girder Bridge
EXTERIOR GIRDER
Transverse Section
34-0
Type IV
37-0
107
Design Example - Continuous Two-Span Inelastic I-Girder Bridge
6.5 ft = 78 in
2.5 ft 4.0 ft
108
Design Example - Continuous Two-Span Inelastic I-Girder Bridge
yb= 38.22 in
I= 624512 in4
A= 50457 in2
h= 62.5 in
yTC = 24.28 in
yTG = 15.78 in
Sb= 16340 in3
STG = 39576 in3
STC = 25721in3
Dead Loads
Recall that tributary area was used for the slab weight.
This will DECREASE the dead load moment on the
exterior girders.
109
Design Example - Continuous Two-Span Inelastic I-Girder Bridge
Exterior Beams
Exterior Girders:
One Lane Loaded:
Lever Rule
g= egint
Where:
g = DFMext
gint= DFMint
de
e = 0.77 +
9.1
July 2007 AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course Do Not Duplicate Loads & Analysis: Slide #220
110
Design Example - Continuous Two-Span Inelastic I-Girder Bridge
DFExt = e DFInt
de
e = 0.77 +
9.1
1.0
= 0.77 + = 0.880
9.1
Exterior Beams
Lever Rule: Assume a hinge develops over each interior girder and
solve for the reaction in the exterior girder as a fraction of the truck
load.
This is for one lane loaded. Multiple Presence
Factors apply 1.2 is the MPF
1.5
M H 1.2 Pe RS = 0
36k 36k
1.2 Pe 1.2e
R= DF =
S S
In the diagram,
diagram P/2 are the wheel loads; P
is the resultant force. All three loads are
NOT applied at the same time.
8 ft
Note that truck cannot be closer than 2
from the barrier (3.6.1.3)
July 2007 AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course Do Not Duplicate Loads & Analysis: Slide #222
111
Design Example - Continuous Two-Span Inelastic I-Girder Bridge
Multiple Presence:
36k 36k
MPF = 1.2
N t that
Note th t this
thi only
l uses th
the ttruck.
k
By dividing by the total truck
8 ft
weight of 72 kips, R is given in
lanes/girder
July 2007 AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course Do Not Duplicate Loads & Analysis: Slide #223
NL
X Ext e
NL
DFExt ,Min = +
Nb Nb
(C4.6.2.2.2d-1)
x 2
112
Design Example - Continuous Two-Span Inelastic I-Girder Bridge
1.5 2 6
36k 36k e = 12
2.5 8-0
16-0
NL
DFM Ext , Min = + Nb
Nb
x 2
1 16(12)
DFM = +
( )
Ext , Min
5 2 162 + 82
DFM Ext , Min = 0.50
DFM Ext , Min = MPF ( DF ) = 1.2(0.5) = 0.6
July 2007 AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course Do Not Duplicate Loads & Analysis: Slide #226
113
Design Example - Continuous Two-Span Inelastic I-Girder Bridge
12 Lane 12 Lane
1.5 2 6 4 2 6
e2 = 18.5 - 1.5 - 2 - 6 - 4 - 2 - 3 = 0
e1 = 12
(3.6.1.3)
Note: Truck cannot be closer than 2 from the barrier and the truck
must be 2 feet from the lane edge.
X Ext e
NL
DFM Ext , Min = + Nb
Nb
x 2
2 ( + 0))
16(12
DFM = +
2(162 + 82 )
Ext , Min
5
DFM Ext , Min = 0.70
DFM Ext , Min = MPF ( DF ) = 1.0(0.7) = 0.7 CONTROLS
July 2007 AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course Do Not Duplicate Loads & Analysis: Slide #228
114
Design Example - Continuous Two-Span Inelastic I-Girder Bridge
Exterior Girders:
One Lane Loaded:
Lever Rule
DFM,Ext
M Ext = e DFM,Int
M Int
de
e = 0.60 +
10
115
Design Example - Continuous Two-Span Inelastic I-Girder Bridge
Shear:
Exterior Girder Two or More Lanes Loaded:
DFExt = e DFInt
de
e = 0.6 +
10
10
1.0
= 0.6 + = 0.70
10
DFVEXT = 0.6
116
Design Example - Continuous Two-Span I-Girder Bridge
Length LL+IM
V M Exterior shear and
ft. k k-ft
Bearing 0 76.5 50.9 bending moments.
moments
Trans. 2.04 74.0 199.4
H/2 2.73 73.2 247.5
0.10L 9.26 65.3 655.8 Maximum envelope
0.20L 18.97 53.7 1101.8 values shown.
0.30L 28.69 42.9 1365.5
0.40L 38.41 34.2 1483.0
MidSpan 48.13 -41.3 1455.5 The values shown
0.60L 57.84 -51.6 1301.1
0.70L 67.56 -61.8 1009.2
may not be from the
0.80L 77.28 -71.7 -815.0 same load case.
0.90L 86.99 -81.3 -921.5
H/2 93.52 -87.1 -1252.7
Trans. 94.21 -87.7 -1299.1
Bearing 96.25 -89.5 -1449.7
July 2007 AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course Do Not Duplicate Loads & Analysis: Slide #234
117
Design Example - Continuous Two-Span I-Girder Bridge
Load Combinations
118
Design Example - Continuous Two-Span I-Girder Bridge
Compression: (5.9.4.2.1)
119
Design Example - Continuous Two-Span I-Girder Bridge
Tension:
For components
p with bonded p
prestressing
g tendons:
Stresses at Midspan
120
Design Example - Continuous Two-Span I-Girder Bridge
Stresses at Midspan
Stresses at Midspan
( M LL + I )
ftg 3 = ftg1 +
Stg
1, 455*12
ftg 3 = (1.60) +
39576
ftg 3 = 1.60
1 60 + 0.44
0 44 = +2.04
2 04
121
Design Example - Continuous Two-Span I-Girder Bridge
Stresses at Midspan
Concrete stress at the top fiber of the deck, three cases:
1. Under permanent loads:
( M ws + M b )
ftc =
Stc
(245.1 + 153.6) *12
ftc = +
25271
ftc = +0.186
Compressive stress limit for concrete: +2.025 ksi OK
Note that deck stresses under service loads are almost always well
below allowable for continuous for LL bridges; but they still must be
checked.
July 2007 AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course Do Not Duplicate Loads & Analysis: Slide #243
Stresses at Midspan
122
Design Example - Continuous Two-Span I-Girder Bridge
Stresses at Midspan
Stresses at Midspan
123
Design Example - Continuous Two-Span I-Girder Bridge
Stresses at Midspan
124
Design Example - Continuous Two-Span I-Girder Bridge
The positive moment, under the Strength I limit state, for the exterior
girder is less than that for interior girder. Although the LL increases, the
DL decreases due to the flange (slab) being narrower.
The interior girder design met all the checks for positive moment design.
These were: Nominal Strength, tension controlled, and minimum
reinforcement. All of these checks depend on Mu and/or Mn. Since
MU,ext<Mu,int, the design for the interior girder for POSITIVE MOMENT is
adequate for exterior girder.
This is 4% greater than the moment for the interior girder. This is
because the LL moment increases. At the support, the slab moment is
0 so it has no effect
0, effect. Away from the support,
support the slab moment is
positive, so it would mitigate the negative moment. Thus, the smaller
slab moment has the effect of INCREASING the negative moment, as
compared to the interior girder.
125
Design Example - Continuous Two-Span I-Girder Bridge
As (60)
3 604(12) = 00.90
3, 90 As (60) 58 25
58.25
1.7(7.0)(26)
0 = 10.47 As2 3145 As + 43248
As = 14.5in 2
This is the required amount of mild steel reinforcement required in the
slab to resist the negative
g moment and it is equal
q to 33 #6 bars.
Distributed over a length of 6.5 feet, this would be #6 @ 4 inches top
and bottom! Use 16 bars on the bottom and 17 on the top. As = 14.52
in2
Note: Only 13.98 in2 were required for the interior girder.
July 2007 AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course Do Not Duplicate Loads & Analysis: Slide #251
Location of steel:
Top 17 #6 with 2
2 clear
Btm 16 #6 with 2 5/8 clear.
126
Design Example - Continuous Two-Span I-Girder Bridge
a=
Asf y
=
(14.52 )( 60 ) = 5.63in
0.85f c ' b 0.85 ( 7 )( 26 )
a 5.63
c= = = 8.04
1 0.7
63
5.63
M r = M n = ( 0.9 )(14.52 )( 60 ) 58.6
2
M r = 43740k in = 3, 645k ft > M u = 3, 604k ft
July 2007 AASHTO-LRFD 2007
ODOT Short Course Do Not Duplicate Loads & Analysis: Slide #253
700 e
s 2d c
s fs
Based on the check made for the interior girders (requiring a spacing
of 9 inches)
inches), #6@ 4 inches will clearly satisfy this requirement
requirement. Note
that the service level stress will increase, but not enough to bring the
requirement below 4 inches.
127
Design Example - Continuous Two-Span I-Girder Bridge
d c 59.9 8.04
t = 0.003 t = 0.003 = 0.019 > 0.005
c 8.04
S
M cr = Sc ( f r + f cpe ) M dnc c 1 Sc f r (5.7.3.3.2-1)
Snc
Where:
128
Design Example - Continuous Two-Span I-Girder Bridge
16340
M cr = (0.785)
12
M cr = 1069k ft
1.2 M cr = 1282k ft
At bearing, the factored moment required by the Strength I load
combination is: Mu = -3604 kip-ft
Therefore, 1.33M u = 4793 kip-ft
129
Design Example - Continuous Two-Span I-Girder Bridge
130
E3GUIDED DESIGN EXAMPLE
1.1 This design example demonstrates the design of a single span, 65 ft. long adjacent box
INTRODUCTION girder bridge with a 30o right forward skew, as shown below. This example illustrates
the design of typical interior and exterior beams at the critical sections in positive
flexure and shear due to prestressing, dead load, and live load.
1.1-1
Longitudinal
Section
1.1-2
Transverse Cross
Section
1.1-3
Plan View
1.2.1 Ohio B33-48 box girder. Chosen from preliminary design charts in ODOT Design
Precast Data Sheets. Group B Design (roadway width 36 ft. to 48 ft.).
Beams
ODOT requires the use of minimum span to depth ratios given in LRFD Article
2.5.2.6.3. For a precast box, the limit is 0.03L = 0.03(65ft)(12in/ft) =23.4 inches OK.
1.2.3 AASHTO M203 (ASTM A416) 7 wire, low relaxation, inch dia., Gr. 270.
Prestressing Here, inch strand is chosen, although the BDM allows both inch and 0.6 inch
Strand diameter. [ODOT BDM 301.5.1.2a]
Area of one strand = 0.153 in2
Ultimate strength, fpu = 270.0 ksi
1.3.2 The current ODOT standard is to tie the girders together with tie rods, tightened
Assumptions enough to bring the girders together, but not providing significant lateral post-
tensioning. According to the commentary in the LRFD Specifications, for this bridge
to be considered to have the girders sufficiently connected, a lateral post-tensioning
force causing a stress of 0.25 ksi across the keyway is needed. Therefore, this bridge
will be considered as not being sufficiently connected. In practice, all this does is
change the distribution factor.
1.4.1.1 Since this is a simple span beam, the most critical moment is at midspan.
DL-Unfactored
( 0.764klf + 0.140klf )( 65ft )
2
Bending 65ft
M DC = + 1.75k = 515.3k ft
Moments 8 3
( 0.240klf )( 65ft )
2
M DW = = 126.8k ft
8
1.4.2 According to LRFD Article 4.6.1.2.1 vehicular live loading on the roadways of bridges
Live Loads or incidental structures, designated HL-93, shall consists of a combination of the:
Design truck or design tandem with dynamic allowance. The design truck shall
consists of an 8.0 kip front axle and a pair of 32.0 kip back axles. The first and
second axle are spaced 14-0 apart. The space between the rear axles shall be
varied between 14.0 and 30.0 to porduce extreme force effects. The design
tandem shall consist of a pair of 25.0 kip axles spaced 4.0 apart. [LRFD
Article 3.6.1.2.2 and 3.6.1.2.3]
Design lane load shall consist of a load of 0.64 kip/ft uniformly distributed in
the longitudinal direction. [LRFD Article 3.6.1.2.4]
Since this is a simple span, the maximum moment from the LANE LOAD occurs when
the girder is fully loaded. Thus:
( 0.640klf )( 65ft )
2
M LL,Lane = = 338k ft
8
The HL-93 truck controls for this span length. Since this is a simple span, there is a
simple formula for finding the maximum moment. The position of the resultant load is
found and the midspan of the beam is placed halfway between the resultant and the
nearest axle load. Note that the resultant is NOT used to find the moment, just the
position of the axle loads. Also note that for a simple span, the moment is greatest
when the back axles are as close together as possible, thus the minimum spacing of 14
feet is used.
1.4.2.1 The live load bending moments and shear forces are determined by using the simplified
Distribution distribution factor formulas [LRFD 4.6.2.2]. To use the simplified live load
Factors distribution factor formulas, the following conditions must be met [LRFD 4.6.2.2.1]
The number of design lanes should be determined by taking the integer part of the ratio
w/12, where w is the clear roadway width in ft between curbs and/or barriers.
[LRFD 3.6.1.1.1]
w = 48 ft.
Number of design lanes = integer part of (48/12) = 4
K=
(1 + )I
J
J is not published for ODOT girders. However, it can be approximated by:
( )
2
4 A2 4 1180in 2
J= = = 211625in4
S 27.75in 42.5in 42.5in
t 2 5.5in + 5.5in + 5in
Where:
A = the area enclosed by the centerline of the box walls.
T = wall thickness
S = length of the centerline of a box wall.
K=
(1 + 0.2 ) 108150in4 = 0.783
211625in4
48 ft
C = 0.783 = 0.578
65 ft
D = ( 11.5 4Lanes ) + 1.4 ( 4Lanes ) ( 1 0.2 ( 0.578 ) ) = 11.9
2
S 4 ft
= = 0.336
D 11.9
Note that for boxes, K can be conservatively taken as 1. The DFM = 0.361, a
difference of 8%.
Also note that there is only one distribution factor for this case. This is different from
other cases where there are factors for one lane loaded and two lanes loaded.
Range of Applicability:
5 < Nb < 20 Number of beams
35< b < 60 in Beam width
20< L < 120 ft Span
25000 < J < 610000 in4
40000 < I < 610000 in4
DFV = = 0.445
130 ( 65 )
211625
Because I/J is raised to a very small power, assuming I/J = 1 changes the DFV very
little. In this example, the DFV is about 4% higher if I/J = 1.
1.4.2.2 IM = 33%
Dynamic
Where: IM = dynamic load allowance, applied only to truck load
Allowance
Factor for
Skew The specifications state that the MOMENT DISTRIBUTION FACTOR in a skewed
bridge MAY be reduced by this factor.
Note: Table 4.6.2.2.2e-1 has an inconsistency. It does not include this type of bridge
in the description in the first column, but names it as a cross section type in the second
column. It is assumed the skew factor applies to this structure.
Fatigue: Does not need to be checked for pretensioned beams designed using the
Service III load combination.
1.5 Box girders are usually controlled by Strength I, but it is difficult to estimate number of
ESTIMATE strands using Strength I. It is easier to estimate the number of strands using Service III
REQUIRED and add a few strands. Final strand patterns can be adjusted, if needed, later.
PRESTRESS
1.5.1 Bottom tensile stress due to applied dead and live loads using load combination Service
Service Load III:
Stresses at M + M DW + 0.8M LL + I
Midspan f b = DC
Sb
Where:
fb = Bottom tensile stresses ksi
MDC = Unfactored bending moment due to DC loads kip-ft
MDW = Unfactored bending moment due to DW loads kip-ft
MLL+I = Unfactored bending moment due to design vehicular live kip-ft
load including impact,
Sb = Section modulus to the bottom fiber in3
fb =
{515.3 + 126.8 + 0.8 ( 362.3 + 102.7 ) k ft} (12in / ft ) = 1.87ksi
6511in 3
Box girders are usually controlled by Strength I, but it is difficult to estimate number of
strands using Strength I. It is easier to estimate the number of strands using Service III
and add a few strands. Final strand patterns can be adjusted, if needed, later.
1.5.2 According to LRFD Table 5.9.4.2.2-1 the tensile stress limit at service loads is
Tensile
Stress Limits for
Concrete f b 0.19 f c ' = 0.19 7ksi = 0.503ksi
1.5.3 The difference between the bottom fiber tensile stress due to applied loads and the
Required Number tensile stress limit is the required precompression stress.
of Strands f pb = (1.87ksi 0.503ksi ) = 1.37ksi
Assume the strands are 2 inches from the bottom of the girder.
So the strand eccentricity at the midspan is:
If Ppe is the total prestressing force, the stress at the bottom fiber due to presstress is:
P P e
f pb = pe + pe c
A Sb
Now plug in the required precompression stress, fpb and solve form Ppe:
1.37ksi
Ppe = = 380kips
1 14.61in
2
+
733.5in 6511in 3
Final prestress force per strand = (area of strand)(fpi)(1-losses, %) where fpi = initial
prestressing stress before transfer, ksi. For Grade 270 strand, fpi = 0.75fpu = 202.5 ksi.
Assuming 25% loss of prestress the final prestressing force per strand after losses is:
380kips
# strands = = 16.4
23.2kips
This shows a need for at least (18) in diameter, 270 ksi, low-lax strands as the strand
pattern must be symmetrical.
Using 20 strands allows for the possibility that the Strength Limit State controls. This
pattern should work for exterior girders. Recall that the exterior girders will have the
guardrail load and increased live load because of the exterior girder factor. It is NOT
good design practice to have the exterior girder strand patterns be different than that for
the interior girders. By using the same pattern for all girders, the fabricator has the
option to fabricate exterior and interior girders in the same bed at the same time.
2.1.1 Ep
Elastic f pES = f cgp [LRFD 5.9.5.2.3a-1]
E ct
Shortening
( )
Pi = 20strands ( 0.9 )( 202.5ksi ) 0.153in 2 = 558k
Note: In many example problems, the gravity moment for elastic shortening losses and
stresses at release are calculated using the overall length of the girder. The thought
here is that the girder will sit up on its ends and the span will be the overall length.
In this example, the center of bearing to center of bearing span is used rather than
overall length. This is done for 3 reasons:
1) This value will be needed later for service load calculations. Using it in this
calculation saves a calculation later.
2) It is conservative as it actually results in higher losses and higher stresses in the
concrete.
3) It doesnt make that much of a difference. In this case, using the overall length
increases the gravity moment 6% and decreases the loss 4%. The concrete unit
weight, modulus of elasticity, modulus of rupture and the strength are not
known with an accuracy that justifies being concerned over a few percent
differences in the gravity moment.
2.1.2 For standard, precast, pretensioned members subject to normal loading and
Long-Term environmental conditions:
Losses
Assume H = 70%
h = 1.7 0.01 ( 70 ) = 1.00
5
st = = 0.83
1+ 5
So:
( 202.5ksi )( 20 ) ( 0.153in 2 )
f pLT = 10 (1.00 )( 0.83) + 12 (1.00 )( 0.83) + 2.5
733.5in 2
f pLT = 7.0 + 10.0 + 2.5 = 19.5ksi
X u = b ( lesser of 2 z or 2 y )
f cLL,top =
{( 362.3 + 102.7 ) k ft} (12in / ft ) = 0.85ksi
6599in 3
Compression stresses OK
2.3.4 The Service III stress at the bottom due to dead and live loads, fb, was calculated
Service Load previously.
Tensile The allowable tensile stress of 0.530 ksi was also calculated previously
Stress Check
Service III 537kips 537k (14.61in )
f pb = + = 1.94ksi
733.5in 2 6511in 3
f b = 1.87ksi
f pb + f b = 1.94ksi 1.87ksi = +0.07ksi = 0.07ksi COMPRESSION
fb =
{515.3 + 126.8 + ( 362.3 + 102.7 ) k ft}(12in / ft ) = 2.04ksi
6511in 3
Now its in tension, which is Service III ? Actually, it is sort of both. For all intents
and purposes, the stress at the bottom of the girder is 0 and this is a dividing line
between Service I and Service III. Because of the 0.8 factor on the LL, there is an
inconsistency between the two load cases. However the stress is so low, that really
doesnt matter we satisfy all allowables in all cases.
3.2 c
Steel Stress f ps = f pu 1 k [LRFD 5.7.3.1.1-1]
dp
At Strength
Limit State Where:
k = 0.28 for low relaxation strands
c=
( )
20 0.153in 2 270ksi + 0 0
= 3.98in. < 5.5in.
270ksi
(
0.85 ( 7ksi )( 0.7 )( 48in ) + 0.28 ( 20 ) 0.153in 2
) 31 in
3.98in
f ps = 270ksi 1 0.28 = 260ksi
31 in
3.3 The moment equation in the LRFD Specification looks like this
Flexural
Resistance a a a a hf
M n = Aps f ps d p + As f y d s As ' f y ' d s ' + 0.85 f c ' ( b bw ) h f
2 2 2 2 2
a a a
M n = Aps f ps d p + As f y d s As ' f y ' d s '
2 2 2
a
M n = Aps f ps d p
2
a = 2.79in
a
M n = A ps f ps d p [LRFD 5.7.3.2.2-1]
2
2.79in
( )
M n = 20 0.153in 2 ( 260ksi ) 31 in
2
= 23550k in
Note: The nominal flange width of 48 inches was used for b. In reality, the flange
area is reduced by the shear key cut-out. However, this is often ignored as this would
require an iterative procedure. If the area is adjusted for the shear key, the nominal
moment, Mn changes by only 0.10%. It may not be appropriate to reduce the area by
the shear key cut-out as this will be filled with grout and the grout may act with the
base concrete to effectively provide the complete flange width. All of this is a matter of
engineering judgment.
dt c 31in 3.98
t = 0.003 = 0.003 = 0.0204
c 3.98
This is a big change from the old balanced method. However, this now makes the LRFD
Specifications consistent with ACI 318. This replaces the maximum reinforcement
provisions.
3.5 M u M n
Determination of
19, 780k in < (1.0 )( 23550k in ) OK
Flexural
Strength
3.6 For minimum reinforcement, the resistance moment, Mr must be at least the lesser of
Maximum and 1.2 times the cracking moment or 1.33 times the factored applied moment.
Minimum 1.33Mu = 1.33(19780 k-in) = 26310 k-in
Reinforcement
For the cracking moment, find the modulus of rupture:
f r = 0.37 f c ' = 0.37 7ksi = 0.979ksi [LRFD 5.4.2.6]
Note that this is a new MOR for minimum reinforcement. It is equal to 11.5fc in psi;
which is the upper bound for MOR.
Next, determine the stress at the bottom of the box due to effective prestressing force:
537kips 537k (14.61in )
f cpe = + = 1.94ksi
733.5in 2 6511in 3
Note: When the number of strands was selected, it was determined that 18 strands
would be needed, but 20 were used. If 18 strands had been used, Mn = 21400 k-in, so
18 strands would NOT meet the minimum requirement.
4.2 Tension: 0.0948fci < 0.2ksi w/o bonded reinforcement [LRFD Table 5.9.4.1.2-1]
Allowable 0.24fci w/bonded reinforcement
Stresses at
Transfer Compression: 0.6fci
These stresses should be calculated at the end of the transfer length = 60db=30 inches.
The dead load stresses 30 inches from the support should be added. However, these
stresses will not be large and it is conservative to use just the stress due to prestressing.
fpt = 0.474 ksi tension < 0.24fci = 0.245ksi = 0.537 ksi OK w/bonded steel
fpb = 2.01 ksi compression < 0.6fci = 0.6(5ksi) = 3 ksi OK
Because the stress is OK, no debonding is needed. However, if debonding was needed,
no more that 25% of the total number of strands could be debonded and no more than
40% in one row can be debonded.
[LRFD 5.11.4.3]
4.3.1 Bonded steel is needed at the top of the girder at the end to take the tensile forces. This
Bonded steel must resist the total tension in the top flange with a stress of no more than 0.5fy
Steel but not more than 30 ksi. [LRFD Table 5.9.4.1.2-1]
The first step it to find the tension in the flange. This requires the location of the
neutral axis to be determined. From the top and bottom stresses at the end, the neutral
at the end is:
0.474ksi ( 33in )
x= = 6.30in
0.474 + 2.01ksi
0.474ksi
( 6.3in 5.5in ) = 0.060ksi
6.30in
0.474ksi + 0.060ksi
T = 0.5 ( 6.30in )( 0.474ksi )( 5.5in )( 2 ) + ( 5.5in ) ( 48in 2 ( 5.5in ) )
2
T = 70.8kips
Again, this tension could be reduced by calculating the force at the end of the transfer
length (including the gravity moment). Including the gravity moment will reduced the
calculated tension, but because bars only come in certain sizes, the reduction may not
change the number of bars needed.
The bonded steel must resist the total tensile force with a stress not exceeding the lesser
of 0.5fy or 30 ksi. [LRFD Table 5.9.4.1.2-1]
70.8kips
As = = 2.36in 2
30ksi
Use 8 #5
The length of the bar is determined by the point where bonded steel is no longer
required. Since 0.0948fci = 0.212 ksi > 0.2ksi; find the point where the dead load
drops the stress below 0.2 ksi.
For simplicity, just consider the beam weight and ignore diaphragms.
The required moment = fc St = (0.474 ksi 0.200 ksi) 6599 in3 = 1808 k-in
= 150.7k-ft
1.25A b f y
ld = 0.4d b f y [LRFD 5.11.2.1.1]
fc '
1.25 ( 0.31in 2 ) 60ksi
ld = = 8.8in < 0.4 ( 0.625in )( 60ksi ) = 15in
7ksi
Where:
Ab = Area of the bar
db = diameter of bar
1.4(15inches) = 21 inches
5.0 The critical section is at dv from the face of the support for a section where the reaction
SHEAR force in the direction of the applied shear introduces compression into the end region of
5.1 the member. [LRFD 5.8.3.2]
Critical
Section For this member with only a single layer of prestressing steel:
a 2.79in
d v = d p = 31in = 29.6inches
2 2
The term dv is not taken less than:
0.9de = 0.9(31 inches)=27.9 inches < 29.6 inches
or
0.72h = 0.72(33 inches) = 23.76 inches < 29.6 inches
Assuming a 1 ft. long bearing pad, the critical section is:
29.6+6 = 35.6 inches from center of bearing. For calculations, use 36 inches = 3 ft.
The difference is only a few percent.
Live Load:
Consider the influence line for shear:
The shear at x is maximized by placing the rear wheel of the truck at x and loading the
right part of the beam with the uniform load. (Note that influence lines are NOT used
for dead loads. Obviously, it is not possible to have the DL on only part of the beam!)
VLL,Lane = 18.92k
VLL,Truck = 58.33k
Mu = 1.25(71.0 k-ft + 5.25 k-ft + 13.0 k-ft) + 1.5(22.3 k-ft) + 1.75(88.0 k-ft)
= 299 k-ft = 3588 k-in
5.3 For shear design, the shear forces at various points along the girder should be
Sectional calculated. Normally, this is done at the critical section, at points where strands are
Design debonded or harped and then at every 0.1L.
Model
For this design example, only the shear at the critical section is analyzed. The same
procedure for the remaining points would be used.
The LRFD Specifications adopted the modified compression field theory for shear
design with Version 1. This was called the Sectional Design Model.
In Version 4 (2007), the Simplified Method was added. The Simplified Method
restores the old Vci and Vcw from the Standard Specifications.
5.3.1 The sectional design model requires the calculation of two factors:
Finding
and Concrete strain at : x
Average shear stress in the concrete: v
These two values are used to find and ; which are then used to find the strength of
the concrete and the strength of the stirrups.
Where:
Nu = Applied factored normal force at the specified section kips
= 0.0
Vp = Strands are not harped = 0.0 kips
fpo = A parameter taken as modulus of elasticity of ksi
prestressing tendons multiplied by the locked-in
difference in strain between the prestressing tendons
and the surrounding concrete
= .7 f pu = 0.7(270.0) = 189 [LRFD
5.8.3.4.2]
Aps = Area of prestressing steel on the flexural tension side in2
of the member, as shown in LRFD Figure 5.8.3.4.2-1.
= 20 strands(0.153) = 3.06
As = Area of nonprestressed steel on the flexural tension in2
side of the member = 0.0
Ac = Ac is the area of concrete on the tension half of the in2
beam; it is the area of the bottom half (h/2).
= 2(5.5in)(33in)(0.5) + (48in-11in)(5in) = 366.5 in2
Ep = 28,500 ksi
dv = 29.6 in
3588k in
+ 138k 3.06in 2 (189ksi )
x = 29.6in = 82x106 0.08x103
2 28500ksi ( 3.06in ) + 5072ksi ( 366.5in )
2 2
5.3.1.2 Vu Vp 138k
Finding vu vu = = = 0.469ksi < 0.18f c ' = 1.26ksi
b v d v ( 0.9 )( 2 )( 5.5in )( 29.6in )
[LRFD 5.8.2.9]
Where:
Vp = 0
= 0.9 [LRFD 5.5.4.2.1]
Since Vu = 138k > Vc = 0.9(111.6k) = 100 k; at least minimum stirrups are needed for
strength. The equations for and assumed minimum stirrups.
Calculate minimum area of steel using a 12 inch spacing to get area of steel per foot:
bs
A v 0.0316 f c ' v = 0.0316 7ksi
(11in )(12in ) = 0.184in 2 [LRFD 5.8.2.5]
fy 60ksi
ODOT uses #4 bars with 2 legs as standard (Av = 2(0.2in2) = 0.4in2) @ 12 inch o.c.
This is adequate to meet minimum.
Vs =
A v f y d v ( cot + cot ) sin
=
( 0.4in ) ( 60ksi )( 29.6 ) cot ( 21) + 0 (1)
2
s 12in
Vs = 154.2k
5.3.5 Maximum The upper limit of Vn, given by following equation, is intended to ensure that the
Nominal Shear concrete in the web of the beam will not crush prior to yield of the transverse
Resistance reinforcement.
Vc + Vs 0.25 f c'bv d v
111.6 + 154.2 0.25(7)(11)(29.6)
265.8 569.8
5.4 In the 2007 LRFD Specification, the simplified shear method is introduced.
Simplified
Shear This method brings back Vci and Vcw from the Standard Specification.
Vcw (web shear) usually controls near the support, so Vcw will be checked at the
critical section.
Vci (flexural shear) doesnt control near the support, so for this example, Vci will be
calculated at 0.2L. However, in practice Vci and Vcw must be checked at all
appropriate sections.
5.4.1
Vcw ( )
Vcw = 0.06 f c ' + 0.3f pc b v d v + Vp
[LRFD 5.8.3.4.3-3]
Where:
fpc = compressive stress in concrete (after allowance for all prestress loses)
at centroid of cross section resisting externally applied loads or at the
junction of the web and the flange when the centroid lies within the
flange (ksi).
( )
Vcw = 0.06 7ksi + 0.3 ( 0.732ksi ) (11in )( 29.6in ) = 123.2kips
The critical section is 29.6 inches from the face of the support. Assuming a 1 ft
bearing pad, the critical section is approximately 3.5 feet from the end of the beam.
The transfer length is 60 bar diameters = 30 inches. Thus, the critical section is past
the transfer length, so fpc does not have to be reduced for lack of bond.
If the critical section is within the transfer length, fpc is reduced linearly.
One difference between LRFD and Standard Specifications is that LRFD uses cot in
the Vs calculation. For Vcw, the term cot must be calculated:
f pc
cot = 1.0 + 3 1.8 [LRFD 5.8.3.4.3-4]
fc '
Vs =
( 0.4in 2 ) ( 60ksi )( 29.6in )(1.8 )
= 106.5k
12in
5.4.2 Vci does not control near supports of simply supported beams. It will be calculated at
Vci 0.2L=13 ft from the center of the support.
5.4.2.1 The equation for Vci requires the calculation of unfactored dead loads.
Unfoactored DC:
Dead Loads For beam weight:
Vg = w ( 0.5L x ) = 0.764klf ( 0.5 ( 65ft ) 13ft ) = 14.9k
M g = 0.5wx ( L x ) = 0.5 ( 0.764klf )(13ft )( 65ft 13ft ) = 258k ft
DW:
Vfws = 0.240klf ( 0.5 ( 65ft ) 13ft ) = 4.68k
M ws = 0.5 ( 0.240klf )(13ft )( 65ft 13ft ) = 81.1k ft
The maximum moment occurs when the lane load is on the entire girder:
VLane2 = 12.5k and MLane2 = 216.3 k-ft = 2596 k-in
Clearly, the moment is maximum when the lane load is placed along the entire beam.
The truck load is less certain. The moment at X is the value of the point load times
the ordinate of the influence line. Unfortunately, it is not clear where this product will
be maximum!
In this case, it just happens that both are the same the rear axle placed at 0.2L as
shown in the previously.
For the truck load, the maximum shear at the section and the maximum moment at the
section happen to occur under the same loading the rear wheel of the truck 13 ft.
from the support. In this case, the maximum shear loading and the maximum moment
loading are the same, but that is NOT always the case. Be sure to carefully check all
reasonable load conditions.
However, this is not always the case. It just happened that way in this example.
Note that the skew factor is NOT applied. The skew factor is applied only at the obtuse
corner and at 0.2L, the section is not at the obtuse corner.
Next, determine the stress at the bottom of the box due to effective prestressing force:
12M dnc
M cre = Sc f r + f cpe [LRFD 5.8.3.4.3-2]
Snc
5.4.2.4 Vi M cre
Vci Vci = 0.02 f c 'b v d v + Vd + 0.06 f c 'b v d v [LRFD 5.8.3.4.3-1]
M max
Vs =
( 0.4in 2 ) ( 60ksi )( 29.6in )(1.0 )
= 59.2k
12in
If s=18
Vs = 39.5kips
Vu = 92.0k < Vn = 0.9 (143.0k + 39.5k ) = 164k
2 2
l d = f ps f pe d b = 1.6 260 (175.4 ) ( 0.5 ) = 114.5in [LRFD 5.11.4.2]
3 3
The terms fps (steel stress at strength limit) and fpe (effective prestressing stress after
losses) were calculated previously. = 1.6 for member over 24 inches deep
The critical section occurs at 47.6 inches from the end of the beam, but the
development length is 114.5 inches. Thus, the steel stress MUST be reduced to
account for lack of development.
l px 60d b
f px = f pe +
l d 60d b
(f ps f pe ) [LRFD 5.11.4.2-4]
47.6in 30in
f px = 174.5ksi + ( 260.0ksi 174.5ksi ) = 192.0ksi
114.5in 30in
0.5N u Vu
Mu
A ps f ps + A s f y +
+ Vp 0.5Vs cot
d v
3.06in (192.0ksi ) = 588k
2
3588k in 138k
> + 0.5( 153k ) cot ( 21) = 321k
1.0 ( 29.6in ) 0.9
OK.
Check the inside face of the bearing pad. Assuming a 12 in pad and one foot from
center of bearing to the end, the inside of the pad is 12+6 = 18 inches from the end of
the girder. This is inside the transfer length:
18in
f px = 174.5ksi = 104.7 ksi
30in
V
Ap f ps u 0.5Vs cot
138k
3.06in 2 (104.7 ksi ) = 320k > 0.5( 153k ) cot ( 21) = 199k
0.9
OK
As in the Standard Specification, LRFD requires bursting stirrups which can resist at
least 4% of the initial prestressing force, with a stress of no more than 20ksi:
This steel must be distributed over h/4 from the end. For this girder, h/4=33/4=8.25
inches. Four #4 double leg stirrups @ 3 provides 1.60 in2 over 8 inches.
The live load moments must be multiplied by the exterior girder factor.
Since the rail is right at the edge of the box, de = half the web width = 2.75 inches =
0.23 ft. Note that de is in FEET.
0.23
e = 1.04 + = 1.049
25
0.23
e = 1.125 + = 1.133 Controls
30
Note that there is only one DFM, so the one lane e is multiplied by the DFM. In the
equation below, the truck load (362.3 k-ft) is already multiplied by the interior DFM
and the impact factor; the lane load (102.7 k-ft) is multiplied by the DFM (no impact
on lane load). Thus, it is only necessary to multiply by the increasing factor:
Stresses at transfer do not need to be checked as these stress occur during fabrication
are independent of the railing load and the live load.
fbottom = 1.94 ksi 2.05 ksi = -0.110 ksi = 0.110 tension < 0.503 ksi tension OK
6.2 This check must be performed at all sections. Only the critical section is shown here.
Exterior Girder The check is also made using Sectional Model.
Shear
At the critical section:
Vg = w ( 0.5L x ) = 0.090klf ( 0.5 ( 65ft ) 3ft ) = 2.65k
M g = 0.5wx ( L x ) = 0.5 ( 0.090klf )( 3ft )( 65ft 3ft ) = 8.37k ft
0.5
48
0.23 + 12 2
e = 1+ = 1.234
40
0.23
e = 1.125 + = 1.137
20
VLL,truck= 58.33k
VLL,lane = 18.92k
IM = 0.33
Skew Factor = 1.2
7.0 Camber calculations are not directly addressed in LRFD (They were not directly
CAMBER AND addressed in the Standard Specifications, either).
DEFLECTION
The same methods used for finding camber and deflection used for Standard
Specifications apply for LRFD Designs.
ODOT invokes Article 2.5.2.6.2,which limits Live Load deflection to L/800 for
precast, simple span girders.
This design example demonstrates the design of a two-span AASHTO Type IV I girder
INTRO with no skew, as shown below. This example illustrates the design of a typical interior and
exterior beam at the critical sections for positive flexure, negative flexure, shear, and the
continuity connection. The superstructure consists of five beams spaced at 8-0 centers as
shown below. Beams are designed to act compositely with the 8.5-in-thick cast-in-place
concrete deck slab to resist all superimposed dead loads, live loads, and impact.
Longitudinal
Section
96-3 96-3
1-9
Transverse
Cross Section 34-0
8.5 structural+
1.0 wearing
Type IV
1-8
6 8
1-11
4-6
2-2
76.98
8.5
54
26
According to LRFD Article 4.6.2.2.1 permanent loads may be distributed uniformly to all
beams if the following conditions are met:
The section meets the criteria, so the loads may be uniformly distributed to the girders.
Future Wearing Surface = 0.060 ksf = (0.060 ksf)(34 ft)/5 beams = 0.408 kips/ft/girder
Barrier = 0.640 klf = 2 each (0.640)/5 girders = 0.256 kips/ft/girder
DL-Unfactored For dead loads the length of the span depends on the construction stage:
Shear Forces &
Bending
Moments
The shear forces and bending moments are given in the table below:
Future Wearing
Beam Weight Deck plus Haunch Barrier Weight Surface [Continuous
Location [Simple Span] [Simple Span] [Continuous Span] Span]
Distance Section Shear Moment Moment Shear Moment Shear Moment
x ft. x/L kips Mg, kip-ft Shear kips Ms, kip-ft kips Mb, kip-ft kips Mws, kip-ft
0.00 0.00 39.6 0 47.7 0 9.2 7.7 14.7 12.4
9.26 0.10 31.9 331 38.5 399.3 6.8 81.8 10.9 130.5
18.97 0.20 24 602.6 28.9 727 4.3 136 6.9 217
28.69 0.30 16 796.5 19.3 961.1 1.8 166 2.9 264.9
38.41 0.40 8 912.9 9.6 1101.5 -0.6 171.9 -1 274.2
48.13 0.50 0 951.9 0 1148.4 -3.1 153.6 -5 245.1
57.84 0.60 -8 912.9 -9.6 1101.5 -5.6 111.2 -8.9 177.5
67.56 0.70 -16 796.5 -19.3 961.1 -8.1 44.7 -12.9 71.3
77.28 0.80 -24 602.6 -28.9 727 -10.6 -46 -16.9 -73.4
86.99 0.90 -31.9 331 -38.5 399.3 -13.1 -160.8 -20.8 -256.7
96.25 Brg. -39.6 0 -47.7 0 -15.4 -292.7 -24.6 -467.1
Live Loads According to LRFD Article 4.6.1.2.1 vehicular live loading on the roadways of bridges or
incidental structures, designated HL-93, shall consists of a combination of the:
Design truck or design tandem with dynamic allowance. The design truck shall
consists of an 8.0 kip front axle and a pair of 32.0 kip back axles. The first and
second axle are spaced 14-0 apart. The space between the rear axles shall be
varied between 14.0 and 30.0 to porduce extreme force effects. The design tandem
shall consist of a pair of 25.0 kip axles spaced 4.0 apart. [LRFD Article 3.6.1.2.2
and 3.6.1.2.3]
Design lane load shall consist of a load of 0.64 kip/ft uniformly distributed in the
longitudinal direction. [LRFD Article 3.6.1.2.4]
For negative moment between inflection points, 90% of the effect of two design
trucks (HL-93 with 14 ft. axle spacing) spaced at a minimum of 50 ft. combined with
90% of the design lane load.
Inflection points are determined by loading all spans with a uniform load.
Distribution The live load bending moments and shear forces are determined by using the simplified
Factors distribution factor formulas [LRFD 4.6.2.2]. To use the simplified live load distribution
factor formulas, the following conditions must be met [LRFD 4.6.2.2.1]
For a precast concrete I-girder with CIP deck, the bridge type is (k) [LRFD 4.6.2.2.1-1]
The number of design lanes should be determined by taking the integer part of the ratio
w/12, where w is the clear roadway width in ft between curbs and/or barriers. [LRFD
3.6.1.1.1]
w = 34 ft.
Number of design lanes = integer part of (34/12) = 2
Note: It could be argued that this should be designed as a three lane bridge because 3 11
ft lanes would fit and the minimum lane width is 10ft. However, the distribution factor is for
2 or more lanes loaded and the number of lanes isnt in the equation so it doesnt matter.
Distribution For all limit states except for fatigue limit state. [LRFD Table 4.6.2.2.2b-1]
Factors for For two or more lanes loaded:
Bending 0.6 0.2 0.1
S S Kg
Moment DFM = 0.075 + 3
9.5 L 12 Lts
Where DFM = distribution factor for moment for interior beam. Provided that:
(
K g = n I + Aeg2 ) [LRFD 4.6.2.2.1-1]
Where:
n = modular ratio between beam and deck materials
E (beam) 5, 072
= c = = 1.247
Ec ( slab) 4, 067
A = cross-section area of the beam (non-composite), in2 = 789
I = moment of inertia of the beam (non-composite), in4 = 260,741
eg = Distance be c.g. of beam and slab, in = (8.5/2+2.0+29.27) = 35.52
The haunch is included in this calculation as this results in the most conservative DFM.
Using L = 98 ft:
0.6 0.2 0.1
8 8 1,566, 480
DFM = 0.075 + 3
9.5 98 12*98*8.5
DFM = 0.665
The case of two design lanes loaded controls, DFM = 0.665 lanes/beam
DFV = 0.2 +
12 35
Where DFV = distribution factor for shear for interior beam. Provided that:
The case of two design lanes loaded controls, DFV = 0.814 lanes/beam
Dynamic IM = 33%
Allowance Where: IM = dynamic load allowance, applied only to truck load
Unfactored Unfactored shear forces and bending moment due to HL-93 truck load, per beam:
Shear Force
VLT = (shear force per lane)(DFV)(1+IM)=(shear force per lane)(0.814)(1.33)
and Bending
=(shear force per lane)(1.083) kips
Moments
MLT = (bending moment per lane)(DFM)(1+IM)=(bending moment per lane)(0.665)(1.33)
=( bending moment per lane)(0.884) kips-ft
Unfactored shear forces and bending moment due to HL-93 lane load, per beam:
VLT = (shear force per lane)(DFV)(1+IM)=(shear force per lane)(0.814)
MLT = (bending moment per lane)(DFM)(1+IM)=(bending moment per lane)(0.665)
This table, obtained from a structural analysis program, is truck load + lane load, with
dynamic effect and distribution factor included.
Shown in this table are maximum values of shear, positive moment, and negative moment.
The maximum values at a given location are not necessarily from the same load case.
ESTIMATE The required number of strands is usually governed by Service III load combination at the
REQUIRED section of maximum moment or harp points.
PRESTRESS
In a continuous for live load structure, the maximum moments do not occur at the same
place for each load. The point of maximum moment depends on whether the load was
applied to the continuous or simple structure. Thus, each point must be checked for the
combinations of loads.
In this structure, the maximum flexural Service Load stresses occur at 48.13 ft. (although
this is NOT where the continuous load moments are maximum). It is inappropriate to
simply take maximum moments without regard to location along the length of the girder.
Service 1 Service 3 Strength 1 Length
V M V M V M
k k-ft k k-ft k k-ft ft.
200.6 68.6 182.72 58.9 299.125 113.1 Bearing 0
192.6 431.7 175.3 393.72 287.45 644.925 Trans. 2.04
189.8 549.9 172.7 502.76 283.375 817.925 H/2 2.73
164.4 1567.2 149.14 1442.28 246.375 2303.925 0.10L 9.26
126.8 2731.9 114.26 2522.04 191.575 3993.775 0.20L 18.97
90.1 3489 80.08 3228.9 138.4 5077.725 0.30L 28.69
55.9 3872.9 47.92 3590.42 89.575 5615.875 0.40L 38.41
-56.4 3885 -46.74 3607.76 -95.9 5610.625 MidSpan 48.13
-92.4 3542.2 -80.34 3294.38 -147.875 5091.675 0.60L 57.84
-128.5 2834.7 -114.06 2642.48 -199.95 4041.75 0.70L 67.56
-164.2 434 -147.44 589.24 -251.375 -329.31 0.80L 77.28
-199.3 -564.8 -180.3 -389.28 -301.825 -1464.58 0.90L 86.99
-222.3 -1614.4 -201.94 -1375.8 -334.65 -2795.88 H/2 93.52
-224.8 -1742.2 -204.3 -1494.76 -338.2 -2961.82 Trans. 94.21
-231.9 -2140.5 -210.98 -1864.36 -348.325 -3482.75 Bearing 96.25
At this point, it is necessary to determine the needed number of strands. Box girders tend to
be controlled by the Strength Limit State, but I girders (this example) tend to be controlled
by service load tensions.
The initial estimate of number of strands will be found from the Service III combination.
Recall that Service III ONLY applies to tension in prestressed sections.
Stress Limits According to LRFD Table 5.9.4.2.2-1 the tensile stress limit at service loads is
for Concrete = 0.19 f c'
= 0.19 7.0 = 0.503ksi
Required The difference between the bottom fiber tensile stress due to applied loads and the tensile
Number of stress limit is the required precompression stress.
Strands f pb = (3.47 0.503) = 2.97 ksi
At this point, the number of rows of strands is unknown. Assume a strand center of gravity
at midspan as 8% of the height of the girder.
ybs = 0.08(54) = 4.32 in
So the strand eccentricity at the midspan is:
ec = ( yb ybs ) = (24.73 4.32) = 20.41 in
If Ppe is the total prestressing force, the stress at the bottom fiber due to prestress is:
P P e
f pb = pe + pe c
A Sb
Now plug in the required recompression stress, fpb and solve form Ppe:
P P (20.41)
2.97 = pe + pe
789 10,542
Ppe = 927 kips
Final prestress force per strand = (area of strand)(fpi)(1-losses, %) where fpi = initial
prestressing stress before transfer =0.75 fpu = 202.5 ksi
Assuming 25% loss of prestress the final prestressing force per strand after losses is:
927
Number of strands required = = 39.9 strands
23.2
Strand Pattern See figure below for the assumed strand pattern at the midspan:
2 10 Spa. 2
@ 2
Where:
Elastic Ep
Shortening f pES = f cgp [LRFD 5.9.5.2.3a-1]
Ect
Where:
fcgp = The concrete stress at the center of gravity of prestressing tendons due
to the prestressing force immediately after the transfer and the self-
weight of the member at the section of the maximum moment (ksi).
Pi Pe 2
M e
+ i c g c
A I I
Ep = Elastic Modulus of the prestressing steel (ksi).
Eci = Elastic Modulus of the concrete at the time of transfer or time of load
application (ksi).
According to the LRFD Commentary for pretensioned member the loss due to elastic
shortening may be determined by the following alternative equation (This is the calculation
of elastic shortening loss by transformed section):
Aps f pi ( I g + em2 Ag ) em M g Ag
pES = [LRFD C5.9.5.2.3a-1]
AI E
Aps ( I g + em2 Ag ) + g g ct
Ep
So:
Note: If the self weight moment is calculated using total beam length rather than c/c
bearing, the moment becomes 11641 k-in. The elastic shortening loss becomes 16.13 ksi; <
1% different.
Long-Term For standard, precast, pretensioned members subject to normal loading and environmental
Losses conditions:
f pi Aps
f pLT = 10 h st + 12 h st + f pR [LRFD 5.9.5.3-1]
Ag
In which:
5
st = [LRFD 5.9.5.3-3]
1 + f ci '
Assume H = 70%
So:
202.5*6.12
f pLT = 10 1.00*0.91 + 12*1.00*0.91 + 2.5
789
f pLT = 14.29 + 10.92 + 2.5
f pLT = 27.71
2. In areas with bonded reinforcement sufficient to resist the tensile force in the
concrete computed assuming an uncracked section, where reinforcement is
proportioned using a stress of 0.5fy, not to exceed 30 ksi.
0.24 f ci'
0.24 4.5
-0.509 ksi
Stresses at Stresses at this location need only be checked at release since this stage almost always
Transfer governs. Also, losses with time will reduce the concrete stresses making them less critical.
Length Section
Transfer length = 60(strand diameter) = 60(0.5) = 30 in = 2.5 ft [LRFD 5.8.2.3]
The bending moment at a distance 2.5 ft from the end of the beam due to beam self-weight
is:
At Midspan At ends
No. Distance from No. Distance from
Strands bottom (in) Strands bottom (in)
7 8 3 52
11 6 3 50
11 4 3 48
11 2 4 8
8 6
8 4
11 2
Compute the center of gravity of the prestressing strands at the transfer length using the
harped pattern.
The distance between the center of gravity of the 9 harped strands at the end of the beam
and the top fiber of the precast beam is:
3(2) + 3(4) + 3(6)
= 4.00 in
9
The distance between the center of gravity of the 9 harped strands at the harp point and the
bottom fiber of the precast beam is:
3(4) + 3(6) + 3(8)
= 6.00 in
9
The eccentricity at the end of the beam is: 24.73 14.60 = 10.13 in
Recompute top and bottom stresses at the transfer length section using the harped pattern:
Concrete stress at the top fiber of the beam:
1,140 1,140(10.86) 97.3(12)
ft = +
789 8,909 8,909
ft = 1.44 1.39 + 0.13 = +0.18
Compressive stress limit for concrete: +2.700 ksi OK
At the bottom:
1,140 1,140(10.86) 97.3(12)
ft = +
789 10,542 10,542
ft = 1.44 + 1.17 0.11 = +2.50
Compressive stress limit for concrete: +2.700 ksi OK
Stresses at The strand eccentricity at the harp points is the same as at the midspan, ec = 20.0 in
Harp Points The bending moment due to beam self-weight at a distance 34.00 ft. from the end of the
beam is:
Stresses at The maximum moments due to non-composite loads and composite load do not occur at the
Midspan same place. In this example, the maximum combined stresses occur at midspan. The
bending moment due to beam self-weight at a distance 48-7 from the end of the beam is:
34(12)
Therefore, hold-down force per strand = 1.05(force per strand)(sin )
=1.05(31.0) sin 6.2 = 3.5 kips per strand
ODOT BDM States that the following limits are not to be exceeded:
Summary of At transfer, stresses at the end of girder tend to exceed allowables if the strand is straight.
Stresses at
Transfer Stresses can be brought within the allowable stress range either by harping or debonding the
strand. The question arises as to which is better, harping or debonding?
Boxes tend to use debonding because harping isnt practical as the strand would go through
the void. I and Bulb T girders tend to use harping.
However, not all fabricators have the ability to harp (the bed wont take the hold down
force). Therefore, before deciding to harp, contact probable fabricators or the local PCI
section for assistance and advice.
Due to permanent and transient loads (i.e. all dead loads and live loads), for service limit
states:
For the precast beam:0.60wfc = 0.60(1.0)(7.0) = +4.200 ksi
For the deck: 0.60wfc = 0.60(1.0)(4.5) = +2.700 ksi
w = 1.0 [LRFD 5.7.4.7.2]
Note: w is a factor for slender webs/flanges. It is not really meant for I girders. If the
calculations required for w are done, w=1.
Tension:
For components with bonded prestressing tendons:
For the precast beam: 0.19 f c' = 0.19(7.0) = 0.503 ksi
Stresses at Concrete stress at the top fiber of the beam, three cases:
Midspan-
Compression 1. Under permanent loads, Service I:
Use bending moments given in table in Section 1.4.1.1.
Ppe Ppe ec (M g + M s ) ( M ws + M b )
ftg1 = + +
A St St Stg
972 972(20.0) (951.9 + 1,148.4) *12 (153.6 + 245.1) *12
ftg1 = + +
789 8,909 8,909 47,376
ftg1 = 1.23 2.18 + 2.83 + 0.10 = +1.98
( M ws + M b + M LL + I )
ftc =
Stg
(245.1 + 153.6 + 1,386.2) *12
ftc =
29,534
ftc = +0.73
Stresses at Tension stress at the bottom fiber of the beam, Service III:
Midspan-
Tension Ppe Ppe ec (M g + M s ) ( M ws + M b ) + 0.8M LL + I
fb = +
A Sb Sb Sbc
972 972(20.0) (951.9 + 1,148.4) *12 [ (245.1 + 153.6) + (0.8*1,386.2) ] *12
fb = +
789 10,542 10,542 16, 694
fb = 1.23 + 1.84 2.39 1.08 = 0.40
STRENGTH Total Ultimate bending moment for Strength I is: [LRFD Tables 3.4.1-1&2]
LIMIT STATE
Positive M u = 1.25( DC ) + 1.5( DW ) + 1.75( LL + IM )
Moment
Section The maximum moments for non-composite and composite loads do not occur at the same
places. Here, the maximum factored moment occurs at 0.4L (although midspan is only 5k-ft
lower).
To compute c, assume rectangular section behavior, and check if the depth of the equivalent
compression stress block, a, is equal to or less than ts:
Note: a =1c
Aps f pu + As f y As' f y'
c= [LRFD 5.7.3.1.1-4]
f pu
0.85 f c b + kAps
'
dp
Where:
Aps = Area of prestressing steel in2
= 40 * 0.153 = 6.12
fpu = Specified tensile strength of prestressing steel ksi
= 270
As = Area of mild steel tension reinforcement in2
= 0.0
Therefore, the assumption of rectangular section behavior is valid and the average stress in
prestressing steel is:
5.28
f ps = 270 1 0.28 = 263.3 ksi
57.80
NOTE: The equation given above for Mn is not the exact equation 5.7.3.2.2-1. Equation
5.7.3.2.2-1 assumes T-beam behavior, the presence of non-prestressed tensile steel,
prestressed tensile steel and non-prestressed compression steel. When the section is
rectangular and the non-prestressed reinforcement is ignored, equation 5.7.3.2.2-1
simplifies to the one used above.
Maximum The old max requirement has been deleted. The LRFD Specifications now require that be
Reinforce- determined based on whether the section is tension controlled, compression controlled or a
ment Positive transition section. In the calculation of Mr, tension control was assumed.
Moment Section
Check the strain in the extreme tensile steel:
d t = 54.0 + 8.5 2.0 = 60.5
d c 60.5 5.28
t = 0.003 t = 0.003 = 0.032 > 0.005
c 5.28
This is a tension controlled section, so = 1.0 [LRFD 5.7.2.1 and 5.5.4.2]
S
M cr = Sc ( f r + f cpe ) M dnc c 1 Sc f r [LRFD 5.7.3.3.2-1]
S nc
Where:
fr = Modulus of rupture ksi
= 0.37 f = 0.37 7.0 = 0.979
'
c [LRFD 5.4.2.6]
fcpe = Compressive stress in concrete due to effective ksi
prestresss forces only (after allowance for all
Prestress losses) at extreme fiber of section where
tensile stress is caused by externally applied loads
Ppe Ppe ec 972 972(20.0)
= + = + = 1.23 + 1.84 = 3.07
A Sb 789 10,542
Mdnc= Total unfactored dead load moment acting on the kip-ft
non composite section
= M g + M s = 951.9 + 1,148.4 = 2,100.3
Sc= Section modulus for the extreme fiber of the in3
composite section where tensile stress is caused by
externally applied loads
= 16,694
Snc= Section modulus for the extreme fiber of the in3
noncomposite section where tensile stress is caused
by externally applied loads
= 10,542
At midspan, the factored moment required by the Strength I load combination is:
Mu = 5,610 kip-ft
Note: The LRFD Specifications requires that this provision be met at every section.
Design of Total Ultimate bending moment for Strength I is: [LRFD 3.4.1-1&2]
Negative M u = 1.25( DC ) + 1.5( DW ) + 1.75( LL + IM )
Moment
Section At the pier section:
M u = 1.25(292.7) + 1.5(467.1) + 1.75(1,380.7) = 3, 483 kip-ft
Longitudinal
Deck Notes:
Reinforcement 1. At the negative moment section, the compression face is the bottom flange of the
beam and is 26 in wide.
2. This section is a nonprestressed reinforced concrete section, thus = 0.9 for flexure.
Assume the deck reinforcement is at the mid-height of the deck.
As f y [LRFD 5.14.1.2.7j]
M u = As f y d
1.7 f c'b
54 + 0.5(8.5) = 58.25
As (60)
3, 483(12) = 0.90 As (60) 58.25
1.7(7.0)(26)
0 = 10.47 As2 3145 As + 41, 796
As = 13.94in 2
This is the required amount of mild steel reinforcement required in the slab to resist the
negative moment and it is equal to 18 #5 bars and 19 #6 bars.
1.9.2.3 The additional area of deck reinforcement required, As ( additional ) = 13.93 5.58 = 8.35 in2.
Negative The reinforcement layout is shown in the figure below. The additional reinforcement bars
Moment Deck are placed between the longitudinal reinforcement.
Reinforcement
The table below is a summary of the negative moment continuity calculations.
Typical longitudinal deck No. 5 @ 12 Top = 8 bars
reinforcement No. 5 @ 8 Btm. = 10 bars
Total Area of longitudinal 5.58 in2
reinforcement provided
Factored negative design -3,483 kip-ft
moment
Total area required to resist 13.93 in2
negative moment
Additional area of deck 8.35 in2
reinforcement required
Additional reinforcement 19 No. 6 Bars
provided
Additional area of deck 8.36 in2
reinforcement provided
Total As provided 13.94 in2 > 13.93 in2 OK
Note: Epoxy coated steel assumed. Min. cover is 1.5 in. [LRFD 5.124.]
a=
As f y
=
(13.94 )( 60 ) = 5.41in
0.85f c 'b 0.85 ( 7 )( 26 )
a 5.41
c= = = 7.72
1 0.7
5.41
M r = M n = ( 0.9 )(13.94 )( 60 ) 58.34
2
M r = 41,880k in = 3, 490k ft > M u = 3, 483k ft
Effective The effective tension flange width is the lesser of: [LRFD 5.7.3.4]
Tension Flange 1. The effective flange width, specified in LRFD Art. 4.6.2.6 = 96 in CONTROLS
Width 2. A width equal to 1/10 of the average of adjacent spans between bearings =
0.10(96.25)(12) = 115.5in
Where:
k = 2 n + ( n)2 n
k = 2(0.00919)(5.718) + (0.00919 * 5.718) 2 (0.00919)(5.718)
k = 0.275
Where:
As 13.94
= = = 0.00919
bd (26)(58.34)
n = Modular ratio
= Esteel 29, 000
= = 5.718
Egirder 5, 072
2,140.5(12)
fs = = 34.8ksi
13.94(0.908)(58.34)
The previous calculation made the simplifying assumption that the section was rectangular.
If this assumption is NOT made, the neutral axis, calculated using working stress concepts,
can be calculate as 16.5 inches from the bottom of the beam. The cracked, transformed
moment of inertia is 177,600 in4. The steel stress is found to be 34.6ksi which compares to
35.4 ksi using the rectangular assumption.
Where:
dc = Thickness of concrete cover measured in
from extreme tension fiber to center of the
flexural reinforcement located closest
therto
= 2.00 + 5/8 (1/2) = 2.31
h = Overall height on the composite section in
= 62.5
2.31
s = 1 + = 1.055
0.7(62.5 2.31)
700 ( 0.75 )
s 2(2.31) = 9.67in
1.055 ( 34.8 )
6.0in 9.67in OK
For this example the tensile stress in the mild reinforcement is less than its allowable. Thus,
the distribution of reinforcement for control of cracking is adequate.
29,534
M cr = (0.785)
12
M cr = 1,932k ft
1.2 M cr = 2,318k ft
At bearing, the factored moment required by the Strength I load combination is:
Mu = -3,483
Note: The LRFD Specifications states that this requirement be met at every section.
Positive Continuous for live load bridges are covered in Article 5.14.1.4.4. Much of this article is
Moment new in 2007 (4th Ed.).
Connection
One requirement of this article is for a positive moment connection. These positive
moments are caused by the upward camber of the prestressed girders due to creep and
shrinkage. The positive moment connection is needed to provide continuity at the pier.
The connection can be made either by extending mild steel out of the end of the girder into
the diaphragm or by leaving strand extend out of the end of the girder into the diaphragm.
This example illustrates bent strand connections.
Positive moments develop at the connection between girders at in interior supports due to
live-load effects (if more than two spans) and restraint caused by temperature, creep, and
Development The strands are bent up 90 into the diaphragm so that the hook extends 8 inches from the
Extended end of the girder. This distance is required to use the equations in the following section.
Strands The ends of the girders are placed 10 inches apart. With the 8 inch projection this leaves 2
inches of clear allowing for construction tolerances. Typically mild steel is placed in the
corner of the hooks to enhance the development length of the hooks. These bars should
have a minimum area equal to that of the bent strand or bar.
Required Area The design moment used for the working stress check is Mcr while the design moment for
of Strand the strength check is 1.2Mcr. According to LRFD 5.14.1.4.9c the stress in the strands used
for design as a function of the total length of the strand shall not exceed:
(ldsh 8)
f psl = 150ksi [LRFD 5.14.1.4.9c-1]
0.288
(l 8)
f pul = dsh [LRFD 5.14.1.4.9c-2]
0.163
Where:
The design moments, parameters, and results for the design of the positive moment
connection using bent strand are found in following table. The cracking moment is found
using the gross, composite cross section, but assuming that cracking occurs at the
diaphragm. Thus the diaphragm concrete strength is used. For these calculations the
effective width of 96 inches, 0.5 inch strand, and concrete strength of 4.5 ksi were used.
In this example working stress design governs. Multiple iterations are performed to
determine the least length of extension of the strand required.
If the results indicate an odd number of strands they are rounded up to an even
number to provide symmetry in the connection.
It may be more desirable to have a larger number of shorter strands as opposed to
fewer longer strands. Girder fabrication may be more difficult with longer strand
extensions as this may require excessive space between girders in the bed. In
addition, if a larger number of shorter strands are used the stress can be distributed
throughout a larger area.
Also note that, consistent with the design examples in NCHRP Report 519, the haunch has
been included.
SHEAR The area and spacing of shear reinforcement must be determined at regular intervals along
DESIGN the entire length of the beam. In this design example, transverse shear design procedures are
demonstrated below by determining these values at the critical section near the supports.
Where:
Vu = Total factored shear force kips
Vc = Shear strength provided by concrete kips
Vp = Component of the effective prestressing kips
force in the direction of the applied shear
= Resistance factor [LRFD 5.5.4.2.1]
Critical Section Critical Section near the supports is at dv. [LRFD 5.8.3.2]
Negative
Moment Where:
dv = Effective shear depth
= Distance between resultants of tensile and
compressive forces, (d e a / 2) , but not
less than 0.9d e or 0.72h. [LRFD 5.8.2.9]
Where:
de = The corresponding effective depth from the extreme in
compression fiber to the centroid of the tensile force
in the tensile reinforcement
= 58.34
a = Equivalent depth of the compression block in
= 5.41
h = Total height of section in
= 62.5
Therefore, dv = 55.63 in
Calculation of The critical section near the support is dv = 55.63 in from the FACE of the support.
Critical Section Note: Assume the length of the bearing pad is 10 inches.
Using values from previous tables (linearly interpolated), the factored shear force and
bending moment at the critical section for shear, according to Strength I load combinations.
323.1
Vs = 74.4 = 284.6
0.9
Assume #4 hoops Av = 0.4 in2 = 90 sin =1 cot =0
A f d cot 0.4(60)(55.63) cot 45
s= v y v = = 4.69 in
Vs 284.6
Use #4 at 4 in
Vs = 334 kips
If dv < 60db = 30 in, Vp and fpo must be reduced for lack of bond. dv = 55.63 from center
bearing, so it is 66.63 from end of girder > 30 in. OK:
Assume 0.5cot = 1.
27,880
+ 0.5(0) + (323.1) 0
55.63
x = 0.001
2(29, 000(13.94))
1x103 0.001
Vu V p
vu =
bv d v
Where:
vu = Shear stress in concrete kips
bv = Effective web width of the beam in
= 8
Vp = Component of the effective prestressing force in the kips
direction of the applied shear
= (force per strand)(number of draped strands)(sin )
= 0
323.1 0.9(0)
vu = = 0.81 kips
0.9(8)(55.63)
Use (vu / fc) < 0.125 and x < 1 from LRFD Table 5.8.3.4.2-1:
= 37
= 2.13
323.1 0.9(79.3)
Vs = = 280 kips
0.9
Av f y d v cot
0.4(60)(55.63) cot 37
s= = = 6.32
Vs 280
So #4 hoops at 6 in
Vs = 295.0 kips
Mu = 27,880 kip-in
dv = 53.6 In.
Nu = Applied factored normal force at the specified section kips
= 0
Vu = 323.1 kips
As = Area of nonprestressed steel on the flexural tension in2
side of the member
= 13.94
Ap = 9(0.153) = 1.38 in2
Ep = 28,500 ksi
Es = 29,000 ksi
Note, when the prestressing steel in included, de = 57 inches. The term c = 9.76 in and a =
6.77in. Thus, dv = 53.6 in.
If dv < 60db = 30 in, Vp and fpo must be reduced for lack of bond. dv = 55.63 from face of
support so this > 30 in from the end of the girder, so:
Assume 0.5cot = 1.
27,880
+ 0.5(0) + (323.1 23.6) 1.38(189)
53.6
x = 0.001
2(29, 000(13.94) + 28,500(1.38))
0.63x103 0.001
Vu V p
vu =
bv d v
Where:
vu = Shear stress in concrete kips
bv = Effective web width of the beam in
= 8
Vp = Component of the effective prestressing force in the kips
direction of the applied shear
= (force per strand)(number of draped strands)(sin )
= 23.6
323.1 0.9(23.6)
vu = = 0.782 kips
0.9(8)(53.6)
vu 0.782
'= = 0.11
fc 7.0
Use (vu / fc) < 0.125 and x < 0.75 from LRFD Table 5.8.3.4.2-1:
= 34.4
= 2.26
Av f y d v cot
0.4(60)(53.6) cot 34.4
s= = = 7.5
Vs 251.3
So #4 hoops at 6 in
Vs = 313.0 kips
Since vu < 0.125 f c' , Then smax = 0.8d = 0.8(55.63) = 44.5 24.0 in : 24 in CONTROLS
Where:
de = The corresponding effective depth from the extreme in
compression fiber to the centroid of the tensile force
in the tensile reinforcement
= 58.2 = dp
a = Equivalent depth of the compression block in
= 3.42
h = Total height of section in
= 62.5
In this area, the positive moment properties are needed. However, since this section is
where the strand is harped, the positive moment properties must be recalculated using 31
strands. Ap = 4.74 in2 and dp = 62.5-4.32 = 58.2 inches. The value of 4.32 inches as the
centroid of 31 strands was calculated earlier in Section 1.7.2. Refer to previous section for
the equations below:
c=
( 4.74 )( 270 ) = 4.11 in
270
( 0.85 )( 4.5)( 0.83)( 96 ) + 0.28 ( 4.74 )
58.2
4.11
f ps = 270 1 0.28 = 264.8 ksi
58.2
a = ( 0.83)( 4.11) = 3.42 in
Effective Shear
Depth d v = d e 0.5(a ) = 58.2 0.5(3.42) = 56.5in
0.9d e = 0.9(58.2) = 52.4in
0.72h = 0.72(62.5) = 45in
Using values from previous tables, the factored shear force and bending moment at the
critical section for shear, according to Strength I load combinations.
It is conservative to take the highest factored moment that will occur at that section, rather
than the moment corresponding to maximum Vu, [LRFD 5.8.3.4.2]. Therefore,
Vu = 250.0 kips
M u = 1,346 kip-ft
The values used to find Vu and Mu are linearly interpolated from the table of shears and
moments in previous section.
Contribution of The contribution of the concrete to the nominal shear resistance is:
Concrete to Vc = 0.0316 f c' bv d v [LRFD 5.8.3.3-3]
Nominal Shear
Resistance
Note that either can be assumed OR 0.5cot can be assumed =1. Assume 0.5cot=1:
1,346(12)
+ 0.5(0) + (250 23.6) 4.74(189)
56.5
x = 0.001
2 ( 28,500(4.74) + 5072 ( 475 ) )
0.07 x103 0.001
Shear Stress Vu V p
vu =
bv d v
Where:
vu = Shear stress in concrete kips
bv = Effective web width of the beam in
= 8
Vp = Component of the effective prestressing force in the kips
direction of the applied shear
= (force per strand)(number of draped strands)(sin )
= 23.6
250 0.9(23.6)
vu = = 0.562 kips
0.9(8)(56.5)
vu 0.562
'= = 0.0803
fc 7.0
Values of & Use (vu / fc) < 0.1 and x < -0.05 from LRFD Table 5.8.3.4.2-1:
= 21.4
= 3.24
vu = 0.562 ksi
Since vu < 0.125 f c' , Then smax = 0.8d = 0.8(56.5) = 45.2 24.0 in : 24 in CONTROLS
Calculate minimum area of steel using a 12 inch spacing to get area of steel per foot:
bs
A v 0.0316 f c ' v = 0.0316 7ksi
(8in )(12in ) = 0.134in 2 [LRFD 5.8.2.5]
fy 60ksi
ODOT uses #4 bars with 2 legs as standard; (Av = 2(0.2in2) = 0.4in2)
#4@ 24 inch o.c. = 0.2 in2 / ft.
Maximum The upper limit of Vn, given by following equation, is intended to ensure that the concrete in
Nominal Shear the web of the beam will not crush prior to yield of the transverse reinforcement.
Resistance Vn = 0.25 f c'bv d v + V p [LRFD 5.8.3.3-2]
Comparing this previous equation with equation LRFD 5.8.3.3.-1:
Vc + Vs 0.25 f c'bv d v
Vs =
Av f y d v ( cot + cot ) sin
=
( 0.4in ) ( 60ksi )( 56.5) cot ( 21.4 ) + 0 (1)
2
s 24in
Vs = 144.2k
Vr = (Vc + Vs + V p )
Vr = 0.9 (122.4 + 144.2 + 23.6 ) = 261.2 kips
Vr > Vu = 250 kips
INTERFACE It will be assumed that the critical section is the same as for vertical shear. Using load
SHEAR combination Strength I:
TRANSFER Vu = 323.1 kips
Factored d v = 55.6 in
Horizontal
Shear
Both of these values were found in the preceding section. This is shear at the critical section
near the pier.
Begin by exploring what happens when the shear reinforcement is the minimum used
anywhere in the girder. The shear reinforcement was previously calculated to be #4 @ 24
inches minimum. The shear width is bvi = 20 inches as this is the width of the top of the
girder. If Lvi = 24 inches:
142.6
vui ,max = = 0.297 ksi
480
Vu1
vui = [LRFD 5.8.4.2-1]
bvi d v
Therefore, #4 @ 24 is adequate anywhere that Vu < 330 kips. Note that the critical section,
the reinforcement is actually #4 @ 4 inches or #4 @ 6; depending on the model used. Note
that #4 @ 24 would be adequate for horizontal shear, so it is NOT necessary to extend every
shear stirrup into the slab.
0.05(480)
0.40 = 0.40 OK
60
K1 = 0.3 and K2 = 1.8 (for normal weight concrete) are found in Article 5.8.4.3.
MINIMUM At each section the tensile capacity of the longitudinal reinforcement on the flexural tension
LONG- side of the member shall be proportioned to satisfy: [LRFD 5.8.3.5-1]
ITUDINAL
REIN- Mu Nu V
FORC- Aps f ps + As f y + 0.5 + u V p 0.5Vs cot
d v
EMENT
REQUIRE-
MENT According to Article 5.8.3.5, it is not necessary to provide any steel beyond that to resist
moment if there is a compressive reaction on the flexural compression face; in other words,
in a negative moment zone over a support, the equation in this article does not need to be
satisfied. However, it makes an exception for a continuous for live load bridge; saying that
this equation must be checked for a continuous for live load bridge.
This provision will be checked at the simply supported end, using positive moment
properties. The check at the continuous end is made in a similar manner.
2 2
l d = f ps f pe d b = 1.6 264.8 (158.6 ) ( 0.5 ) = 127.3in [LRFD 5.11.4.2]
3 3
a 3.42
dv = dp = ( 62.5 4.32 ) = 56.5in
2 2
So the critical section is 56.5 inches from face of support. Allowing for a 10 inch bearing
pad and that the center of bearing is 12 inches from the girder end, the critical section is
56.5+10/2+12=73.5 inches from the end of the girder.
l px 60d b
f px = f pe +
l d 60d b
(f ps f pe ) [LRFD 5.11.4.2-4]
73.5in 30in
f px = 158.6ksi + ( 264.8ksi 158.6ksi ) = 206ksi
127.3in 30in
Mu Nu V
Aps f ps + As f y + 0.5 + u V p 0.5Vs cot
d v
( 4.74 )( 206 ) = 977k >
1346 250
+0+ 23.6 0.5 (144.2 ) cot ( 21.4 ) = 488k
1.0 ( 56.5 ) 0.9
This is OK. Note that Vs may not be taken as greater than Vu/ [LRFD 5.8.3.5].
Vu 250k
Vs = 144k < = = 277.8k
0.9
The steel is not fully developed. Since the bearing pad is assumed 10 inches and the center
of bearing is 12 inches from the end of the girder, this section is 12+10/2 =17 inches from
the end of the girder. This is within the transfer length, so:
f pe l px 158.6 (17 )
f px = = = 90ksi [5.11.4.2-3]
60db 30
Ab f y 0.2 ( 60 )
l d = 1.25 = 1.25 = 5.7in
fc ' 7 [LRFD 5.11.2.1]
< 0.4db f y = 0.4 ( 0.5 )( 60 ) = 12in
464.6 426
As = = 0.64in 2
60
V
Aps f ps u V p 0.5Vs cot
( 4.74 )( 90 ) = 426k >
250
0.9 23.6 0.5 ( 277.8 ) cot ( 21.4 ) = 294.2k
In the previous calculations, the assumption was made that the center of bearing was 12
inches from the end of the girder.
What if the bearing pad is placed right at the end of the girder? That is, what if the center of
bearing is only 5 inches from the end? What effect does that have on longitudinal steel?
So the critical section is 56.5 inches from face of support. Allowing for a 10 inch bearing
pad, the critical section is 66.5 inches from the end of the girder.
Since this is less than the development length, the stress in the steel must be reduced for lack
of development.
66.5in 30in
f px = 158.6ksi + ( 264.8ksi 158.6ksi ) = 198.4ksi
127.3in 30in
Mu Nu V
Aps f ps + As f y + 0.5 + u V p 0.5Vs cot
d v
( 4.74 )(198.4 ) = 940.4k >
1346 250
+0+ 23.6 0.5 (144.2 ) cot ( 21.4 ) = 488k
1.0 ( 56.5 ) 0.9
This is OK. Note that Vs may not be taken as greater than Vu/ [LRFD 5.8.3.5].
Vu 250k
Vs = 144k < = = 277.8k
0.9
V
Aps f ps + As f y u V p 0.5Vs cot [LRFD 5.8.3.5.-2]
The steel is not fully developed. Since the bearing pad is assumed 10 inches, this section is
10 inches from the end of the girder. This is within the transfer length, so:
f pe l px 158.6 (10 )
f px = = = 52.9ksi [LRFD 5.11.4.2-3]
60db 30
10
f sx = ( 60 ) = 50ksi
12
464.6 250.8
As = = 4.3in 2
50
V
Aps f ps u V p 0.5Vs cot
( 4.74 )( 52.9 ) = 250.8k <
250
0.9 23.6 0.5 ( 277.8 ) cot ( 21.4 ) = 294.2k
294.2 250.8
As = = 0.87in 2
50
So decrease stirrup spacing from the end of the girder to the critical section (this will be 66.5
inches from the end of the girder) to #4 @ 12. Add 5 #4 bars longitudinal in the bottom
flange.
PRE- The bursting resistance of pretensioned anchorage zones provided by vertical reinforcement
TENSIONED in the ends of the pretensioned beams at the service limit state shall be take as:
ANCHORAG Pr = f s As [LRFD 5.10.10.1-1]
E ZONE Where:
Anchorage As = Total area of transverse reinforcement in2
Zone located within the distance h/4 from the end
of the beam
fs = Stress in steel, but not taken greater than 20 ksi
Pr = Bursting resistance, should not be less than kips
4% of Fpi
40(0.153)(202.5)(0.04) = 49.6
49.6
Solving for the required area of steel, As = = 2.47 in2
20
At least 2.47 in2 of vertical transverse reinforcement should be provided at the end of the
beam for a distance equal to one-fourth of the depth of the beam, h/4 = 54/4=13.5 in
Therefore, for a distance of 13.5 in from the end of the member, use 7 #4 bars at 2 inches on
center. The reinforcement provided 7(2)0.2 = 2.8 > 2.47 OK. This may be unrealistic, so
larger bars may be needed.
EXTERIOR
GIRDER
Therefore, the effective flange width for the exterior girder is: (96/2) + 30 = 78 in.
From the previous calculation of beff, the center to center distance controls.
beff Trans = nbeff = (0.8015) 78 in = 62.5 in
Exterior Girder From the previous calculation of beff, the center to center distance controls.
Properties beff Trans = nbeff = (0.8015) 78 in = 62.5 in
yb= 38.22 in
I= 624512 in4
A= 50457 in2
h= 62.5 in
yTC = 24.28 in
yTG = 15.78 in
Sb= 16340 in3
STG = 39576 in3
STC = 25721in3
Recall that tributary area was used for the slab weight. This will DECREASE the dead load
moment on the exterior girders.
0.00 35.3 0
48.13 0 849
96.25 -35.3 0
Where:
g = DFMext
gint= DFMint
d
e = 0.77 + e
9.1
Lever Rule Assume a hinge develops over each interior girder and solve for the reaction in the exterior
girder as a fraction of the truck load.
M H 1.2 Pe RS = 0
1.2 Pe 1.2e
R= DF =
S S
Multiple Presence:
MPF = 1.2
Where:
Note: Only the truck is used and it cannot be closer than 2 from the barrier
NL
X Ext e
NL
DFM Ext , Min = + Nb
Nb
x 2
1 16(12)
DFM = +
( )
Ext , Min
5 2 162 + 82
DFM Ext , Min = 0.50
Note: Truck cannot be closer than 2 from the barrier and the truck must be 2 feet from the
lane edge.
X Ext e
NL
DFM Ext , Min = + Nb
Nb
x 2
2 16(12 + 0)
DFM = +
2(162 + 82 )
Ext , Min
5
DFM Ext , Min = 0.70
DFM Ext , Min = MPF ( DF ) = 1.0(0.7) = 0.7 CONTROLS
The controlling DFM is the minimum DFM with two lanes loaded DFM = 0.7
This is a 5% increase from the interior girder (DFM = 0.665)
DFM,Ext = e DFM,Int
d
e = 0.66 + e
10
de 1.0
e = 0.6 + = 0.6 + = 0.70
10 10
Shea
Shear Mg , Shear Ms, Shear Mb, r Mws,
x ft. x/L kips kip-ft kips kip-ft kips kip-ft kips kip-ft
9.26 0.10 31.9 331 28.5 295.2 6.8 81.8 10.9 130.5
67.56 0.70 -16 796.5 -14.2 710.4 -8.1 44.7 -12.9 71.3
77.28 0.80 -24 602.6 -21.4 537.3 -10.6 -46 -16.9 -73.4
86.99 0.90 -31.9 331 -28.5 295.2 -13.1 -160.8 -20.8 -256.7
Length LL+IM
V M
ft. k k-ft
Bearing 0 76.5 50.9
Trans. 2.04 74.0 199.4
H/2 2.73 73.2 247.5
0.10L 9.26 65.3 655.8
0.20L 18.97 53.7 1101.8
0.30L 28.69 42.9 1365.5
0.40L 38.41 34.2 1483.0
MidSpan 48.13 -41.3 1455.5
0.60L 57.84 -51.6 1301.1
0.70L 67.56 -61.8 1009.2
0.80L 77.28 -71.7 -815.0
0.90L 86.99 -81.3 -921.5
H/2 93.52 -87.1 -1252.7
Trans. 94.21 -87.7 -1299.1
Bearing 96.25 -89.5 -1449.7
Maximum envelope values shown. The values shown may not be from the same load case.
( M ws + M b )
ftc =
Stc
(245.1 + 153.6) *12
ftc = +
25271
ftc = +0.186
Note that deck stresses under service loads are almost always well below allowable for
continuous for LL bridges; but they still must be checked.
Positive Total Ultimate bending moment for Strength I i: [LRFD Tables 3.4.1&2]
Moment
Section M u = 1.25( DC ) + 1.5( DW ) + 1.75( LL + IM )
The positive moment, under the Strength I limit state, for the exterior girder is less than that
for interior girder. Although the LL increases, the DL decreases due to the flange (slab)
being narrower.
The interior girder design met all the checks for positive moment design. These were:
Nominal Strength, tension controlled, and minimum reinforcement. All of these checks
depend on Mu and/or Mn. Since MU,ext<Mu,int, the design for the interior girder for
POSITIVE MOMENT is adequate for exterior girder.
Stresses at transfer of prestressing force is independent of whether the girder is interior or
exterior, so no check is needed.
Negative Total Ultimate bending moment for Strength I is: [LRFD Tables 3.4.1&2]
Moment
Section M u = 1.25( DC ) + 1.5( DW ) + 1.75( LL + IM )
This is 4% greater than the moment for the interior girder. This is because the LL moment
increases. At the support, the slab moment is 0, so it has no effect. Away from the support,
the slab moment is positive, so it would mitigate the negative moment. Thus, the smaller
slab moment has the effect of INCREASING the negative moment, as compared to the
interior girder.
As (60)
3, 604(12) = 0.90 As (60) 58.25
1.7(7.0)(26)
0 = 10.47 As2 3145 As + 43248
As = 14.5in 2
This is the required amount of mild steel reinforcement required in the slab to resist the
negative moment and it is equal to 33 #6 bars. Distributed over a length of 6.5 feet, this
would be #6 @ 4 inches top and bottom! Use 16 bars on the bottom and 17 on the top. As =
14.52 in2
Note: Only 13.98 in2 were required for the interior girder.
17(0.44)(2.375) + 16(0.44)(8.5 3)
x=
14.52
56.48
x= = 3.9
14.52
d = 58.6 in
a=
As f y
=
(14.52 )( 60 ) = 5.63in
0.85f c 'b 0.85 ( 7 )( 26 )
a 5.63
c= = = 8.04
1 0.7
5.63
M r = M n = ( 0.9 )(14.52 )( 60 ) 58.6
2
M r = 43740k in = 3, 645k ft > M u = 3, 604k ft
Control of According to LRFD 5.7.3.4 the spacing of the mild steel reinforcement in the layer closest to
Cracking by the tension face shall satisfy equation 5.7.3.4-1.
Distribution
Reinforcement 700 e
s 2d c
s fs
Based on the check made for the interior girders (requiring a spacing of 9 inches), #6@ 4
inches will clearly satisfy this requirement. Note that the service level stress will increase,
but not enough to bring the requirement below 4 inches.
Minimum S
Reinforcement M cr = Sc ( f r + f cpe ) M dnc c 1 Sc f r [LRFD 5.7.3.3.2-1]
Negative S nc
Moment Where:
Section
fr = f r = 0.37 f c' = 0.37 4.5 = 0.785 ksi
16340
M cr = (0.785)
12
M cr = 1069k ft
1.2M cr = 1282k ft
At bearing, the factored moment required by the Strength I load combination is:
Mu = -3604 kip-ft
Note: The LRFD Specifications states that this requirement be met at every section.
The design of the exterior section meets all requirements for positive and negative bending
under both Service and Strength Limit States.
This compares Strength I shears and moments for the interior and exterior girders. Note that
the exterior girder shears are LESS than the interior girder
shears. Thus, the previous design works for vertical and horizontal shear. The longitudinal
steel requirements are also met.