Q

Open System
E-in E-out

Control Volume

Ws
Steady
No Rexn State

Input Output Generation Consumption = Accumulation

Input Output = 0

By-M.Faisal Shaikh (Chemical Engineer)

 Q

E-in E-out

Ws

Input Output = 0

Ei + Q Eo Ws= 0
Q - Ws + ( U + PV + Ek + Ep )i ( U + PV + Ek + Ep )o = 0

Q Ws + ( H + Ek + Ep )i ( H + Ek + Ep )o = 0 where H= U + PV
Nomenclature:
Ei , Eo = Energy In, Out
Q Ws = ( H + Ek + Ep )o ( H + Ek + Ep )i U = Internal Energy
PV = Pressure Volume Work
Ek = Kinetic Energy
Note: All terms are Rate Terms
Ep = Potential Energy
e.g. Vol. Flow rate (V) = mass flow rate (m) * Specific Volume (v)
Ws = Shaft work
m3/s = kg/s * m3/kg
By-M.Faisal Shaikh (Chemical Engineer) Q = Heat In
 Q

E-in E-out

For non mechanical systems,

Q Ws = H + Ek + Ep Work, KE & PE terms can be ignored

Q = H = Ho - Hi

Q = H = m (ho hi)

Where;

=
+

By-M.Faisal Shaikh (Chemical Engineer)

Mechanical Energy Balance

By-M.Faisal Shaikh (Chemical Engineer)

 Q

E-in E-out

Ws

Input Output = 0

Ei + Ws Eo Q= 0
( U + PV + Ek + Ep )i ( U + PV + Ek + Ep )o - Q = - Ws

[ m u + P (m v) + m 2 + m g z ]i [ m u + P (m v) + m 2 + m g z ]o - Q = - Ws

[ m u + P (m. 1/) + m 2 + m g z ]i [ m u + P (m 1/) + m 2 + m g z ]o - Q = - Ws

By-M.Faisal Shaikh (Chemical Engineer)

 Q

E-in E-out

Ws

[u + P ( 1/) + 2 + g z ]i [u + P (1/) + 2 + g z ]o (Q/m) = - (Ws/m)

P / + 2 + g z + ( u Q/m) = (Ws/m)

P / + 2 + g z + F = (Ws/m) Bernoulli Equation

By-M.Faisal Shaikh (Chemical Engineer)

 Q

E-in E-out

Ws

P / + 2 + g z + F = (Ws/m) Bernoulli Equation

P / + 2 + g z + F = (Ws/m)

Ws/m can be replaced in terms of pressure head as g(Hi Ho)

Ignoring friction loss P / + 2 + g z = g(Hi - Ho)

+ + =

By-M.Faisal Shaikh (Chemical Engineer)
 Q

E-in E-out

Ws

+ + =

Using continuity equation Q=A.v, replacing velocity terms,

= + ( ) +

By-M.Faisal Shaikh (Chemical Engineer)