Short Circuit Calculations

SHORT CIRCUIT CALCULATIONS
REVISITED
FORTUNATO C. LEYNES
Chairman
Professional Regulatory
Board of Electrical Engineering
Professional Regulation Commission
Short Circuit Calculations

IIEE Presentation
Short Circuit (Fault) Analysis
FAULT-PROOF SYSTEM
not practical
neither economical
faults or failures occur in any power system
In the various parts of the electrical network

under short circuit or unbalanced condition,
the determination of the magnitudes and phase
angles
Currents
Voltages
Impedances

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Application of Fault Analysis
1. The determination of the required mechanical
strength of electrical equipment to withstand
the stresses brought about by the flow of high
short circuit currents
2. The selection of circuit breakers and switch
ratings
3. The selection of protective relay and fuse
ratings

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4. The setting and coordination of protective
devices
5. The selection of surge arresters and insulation
ratings of electrical equipment
6. The determination of fault impedances for use
in stability studies
7. The calculation of voltage sags caused resulting
from short circuits

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8. The sizing of series reactors to limit the short
circuit current to a desired value
9. To determine the short circuit capability of
series capacitors used in series compensation of
long transmission lines
10. To determine the size of grounding
transformers, resistances, or reactors

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Per Unit Calculations

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Three-phase Systems
(base voltage, kVL L ) 1000

2
ZB =
base kVA3
2
(base voltage, kVL L )
ZB =
base MVA3

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Per Unit Quantities
actual current
I pu =
Base Current ( I B )
actual voltage (kV )
V pu =
Base Voltage ( kVB )
actual impedance
Z pu =
Base impedance (Z B )

IIEE Presentation
Changing the Base of Per Unit
Quantities
actual impedance, Z ()
Z pu[ old ] =
(base kV[old ] ) 1000
2
base kVA[ old ]

Z pu[ old ] (base kV[ old ] ) 1000
2
Z ( ) =
base kVA[ old ]
Z B[ new] =
(base kV ) 1000
[ new ]
2
base kVA[ new]

Z ( )
Z pu[ new] =
Z B[ new]
IIEE Presentation
Changing the Base of Per
Unit Quantities
actual impedance, Z ()
Z pu [ old ] =
(base kV[old ] )2 1000
base kVA[ old ]
Z pu[ old ] (base kV[ old ] ) 1000
2
Z ( ) =
base kVA[ old ]
Z B[ new] =
(base kV ) 1000
[ new ]
2
base kVA[ new]

Z ( )
Z pu[ new] =
Z B[ new]
IIEE Presentation
kVA Base for Motors
kVA/hp hp rating
1.00 Induction < 100 hp
1.00 Synchronous 0.8 pf
0.95 Induction 100 < 999 hp
0.90 Induction > 1000 hp
0.80 Synchronous 1.0 pf

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SYMMETRICAL
COMPONENTS

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Vc1 Va1 Va 2
Vb 2
Vb1
Vc 2
Positive Sequence Negative Sequence
Va 0
Va 0 = Vb 0 = Vc 0 Va
Vc 0
Vc1
Vc Va 2
Vc 2 Va1
Vb0
Vb
Vb1
Vb2
Zero Sequence Unbalanced Phasors
IIEE Presentation
Symmetrical Components of
Unbalanced Three-phase Phasor
1
Va = Va 0 + Va1 + Va 2 Va 0 = (Va + Vb + Vc )
3
Vb = Va 0 + a Va1 + aVa 2 Va1 = (Va + aVb + a 2Vc )
2 1
3
Vc = Va 0 + aVa1 + a Va 22
Va 2 = (Va + a 2Vb + aVc )
1
3

IIEE Presentation
Symmetrical Components of
Unbalanced Three-phase Phasor
In matrix form:
Va 1 1 1 Va 0 Va 0 1 1 1 Va
V = 1 1 a a 2 V
V

b = 1 a 2
a V
a1 a1 3 b
Vc 1 a a 2 Va 2 Va 2 1 a 2 a Vc


IIEE Presentation
Power System Short Circuit
Calculations
Sequence Networks

IIEE Presentation
Fault Point
The fault point of a system is that point to
which the unbalanced connection is
attached to an otherwise balanced system.

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Definition of Sequence
Networks
Positive-sequence Network
Ea1 = Thevenins equivalent
Ia1
voltage as seen at the fault
point
Z1 = Thevenins equivalent
+
impedance as seen from
the fault point Z1
Ea1 Va1
Va1 = Ea1 I a1Z1

-

IIEE Presentation
Networks
Negative-sequence Network
Z2 = Thevenins equivalent
Ia2
negative-sequence
impedance as seen at
the fault point
+
Z2
Va 2 = I a 2 Z 2 Va2
-

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Networks
Zero-sequence Network
Z0 = Thevenins equivalent Ia0
zero-sequence impedance
as seen at the fault point
+
Va 0 = I a 0 Z 0 Z0
Va0
-

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Calculations
Sequence Network Models of
Power System Components

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Synchronous Machines
(Positive Sequence Network)
Z1 = jx' 'd

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(Negative Sequence Network)
Ia2
+
x ' 'd + x ' 'q
Z2 = j Z2
2 Va2
-
Where:
xd = direct-axis sub-transient reactance

xq = quadrature-axis sub-transient reactance

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(Zero Sequence Network)
Solidly-Grounded Neutral
jX0
n
I0
ground

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Impedance-Grounded Neutral
jX0
n
3Zg I0
ground

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Ungrounded-Wye or Delta Connected
Generators
jX0
n
I0
ground

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Two-Winding Transformers
P S P S
ZPS
Equivalent
Standard
Positive-seq. Network
Symbol

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Three-Winding Transformers
ZS
Zp S
S P
P T
T Zt
Standard Equivalent Positive-Sequence

Symbol Network
Z p = (Z ps + Z pt Z st )
1
Z ps = Z p + Z s 2
Z pt = Z p + Z t Z s = (Z ps + Z st Z pt )
1
Z st = Z s + Z t 2
Z t = (Z pt + Z st Z ps )
1
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2
Transformers
The negative-sequence network of two-
winding and three-winding transformers
are modeled in the same way as the
positive-sequence network since the
positive-sequence and negative-sequence
impedances of transformers are equal.

IIEE Presentation
Simplified Derivation of Transformer Zero-
Sequence Circuit Modeling
(Thanks to Engr. Antonio C. Coronel, Retired VP, Meralco, an d form er m em ber, Board of Electrical Engineering)
P Q
Grounded wye S1 = 1 and S3 = 0

or
S2 = 1 or S4 = 0
Delta S1 = 0 and S3 = 1
or
S2 = 0 and S4 = 1
Ungrounded wye S1 = 0 and S3 = 0
or
S2 = 0 and S4 = 0
IIEE Presentation
Simplified Derivation of Transformer
Zero-Sequence Circuit Modeling
Grounded wye Grounded wye
S1 = 1
S2 = 1
S3 = 0
S4 = 0
Z
P S1 S2
Q
S3 S4

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Grounded wye Ungrounded wye
S1 = 1
S2 = 0
S3 = 0
S4 = 0
P Q

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Grounded wye Delta
S1 = 1
S2 = 0
S3 = 0
S4 = 1
P Q

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Delta Delta
S1 = 0
S2 = 0
S3 = 0
S4 = 0
P Q

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Transformers
(Zero-Sequence Circuit Model)
Transformer Zero-Sequence
Connection Circuit Equivalent
P Q
P Q ZPQ
P Q
P Q ZPQ

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Transformers
P Q
P Q ZPQ
P Q
P Q ZPQ

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Transformers
P Q
P Q ZPQ
ZP ZQ
P Q
P Q
ZR
R R

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Transformers
ZP ZQ
P Q
P Q
ZR
R R
ZP ZQ
P Q
P Q
ZR
R R

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Transmission Lines
Z1
ra jXL

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Transmission Lines
The same model as the positive-sequence

network is used for transmission lines
inasmuch as the positive-sequence and
negative-sequence impedances of
transmission lines are the same

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Transmission Lines
The zero-sequence network model for a

transmission line is the same as that of the
positive- and negative-sequence networks.
The sequence impedance of the model is of
course the zero-sequence impedance of the
line. This is normally higher than the
positive- and negative-sequence impedances
because of the influence of the earths
resistivity and the ground wire/s.

IIEE Presentation
Calculations
Classification of Power System
Short Circuits

IIEE Presentation
Shunt Faults
Single line-to-ground faults
Double line-to-ground faults
Line-to-line faults
Three-phase faults

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Series Faults
One-line open faults

Two-line open faults

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Combination of Shunt and
Series Faults
Single line-to-ground and one-line open

Double line-to-ground and one-line open faults
Line-to-line and one-line open faults
Three-phase and one-line open faults

IIEE Presentation
Combination of Shunt and
Series Faults
Single line-to-ground and two-line open faults

Double line-to-ground and two-line open faults
Line-to-line and two-line open faults
Three-phase and two-line open faults

IIEE Presentation
Balanced Faults
Symmetrical or
Three-Phase Faults

IIEE Presentation
Derivation of Sequence Network Interconnections
A
Ia
B
Ib C
Ic
System A System B
Zf Zf Zf
Va Vb Vc
Vf
Boundary conditions:
Ia + Ib + Ic = 0 Eqn (1)
VF = Va I a Z f = Vb I b Z f = Vc I c Z f Eqn (2)

IIEE Presentation
Zf
Zf
Ia1
I a2 Ia0
+
Z1 + +
Z2 Z0
Va2 Va0
Ea1 Va1
- -
Ea1
I a1 =
Z1 + Z f
I f = I a 0 + I a1 + I a 2
Ea1
I f = I a1 =
Z1 + Z f
Zf = 0,
Ea 1
I f = I a1 =
IIEE Presentation Z1
Unbalanced Faults
Single Line-to-Ground Faults

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A
Ia
B
Ib C
Ic
System A System B
Zf
Va Vb Vc
Ib = Ic = 0
Va = I a Z f = 0
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Ia1
Ea1
I a 0 = I a1 = I a 2 =
Z1
+ Z 0 + Z1 + Z 2 + 3Z f
Ea1 Va1
If Z f = 0
-
E a1
Ia2 I a 0 = I a1 = I a 2 =
Z 0 + Z1 + Z 2
Z2
+
3Zf
Z1 = Z 2
Va2
- Ea1
I a 0 = I a1 = I a 2 =
Ia0 Z 0 + 2 Z1
I f = I a = I a 0 + I a1 + I a 2 = 3I a1 = 3I a 0
+
Z0
Va0 If Z f = 0 and Z1 = Z 2
-
3Ea1
I f = Ia =
Z 0 + 2 Z1

IIEE Presentation
Unbalanced Faults
Line-to-Line Faults

IIEE Presentation
A
Ia
B
Ib C
Ic
System A System B
Va Vb Vc Zf
Ia = 0
Ib = Ic
Vb I b Z f = Vc ; or Vb Vc = I b Z f
IIEE Presentation
Zf
Ia1
Ia2 Ia0
+
Z1
+ +
Ea1 Z2 Z0
Va1 Va2 Va0
- -
-
E a1
I a1 = The fault current
Z1 + Z 2 + Z f
I f = Ib = I c = I a 0 + a 2 I a1 + aI a 2
If Z f = 0 and Z1 = Z 2
I ao = 0; I a1 = I a 2
E a1
I a1 =
2 Z1 ( )
I f = a 2 a I a1 = j 3I a1

IIEE Presentation
thus, with Z1 = Z 2
Ea 1
I f = j 3
2Z1 + Z f
if Z f = 0
3 Ea1 3 Ea1
If = j =
Z
2Z 1 2 1
Ea1
I f [3 ] =
Z1
3
I f [ L L ] = I f [3 ]
2
IIEE Presentation
Unbalanced Faults
Double-to-line Ground Fault

IIEE Presentation
A
Ia
B
Ib C
Ic
System A System B
Zf Zf
Va Vb Vc
Zg (Ib+Ic)
Vf
Ia = 0 Eqn BC-1
Vb = I b Z f + (I b + I c )Z g Eqn BC-2
Vc = I c Z f + (I b + I c )Z g Eqn BC-3
IIEE Presentation
Zf Zf Z f+3Z g
Ia1
Ia2 Ia0
+
Z1 + +
Z2 Z0
Va2 V a0
Ea1 Va1
- -
Ea1
I a1 =
Z1 + Z f +
(Z2 + Z f )(Z 0 + Z f + 3Z g )
Z 2 + Z 0 + 2Z f + 3Z g

IIEE Presentation
Negative-sequence Component:
Z 0 + Z f + 3Z g
Ia 2 = I a1

Z
2 + Z 0 + 2 Z f + 3 Z g
Zero-sequence Component:
Z2 + Z f
Ia0 = I a1
Z + Z + 2 Z + 3Z
2 0 f g
The fault current
I f = I b + I c = (I a 0 + a 2 I a1 + aI a 2 ) + (I a 0 + aI a1 + a 2 I a 2 )
I f = 2 I a 0 + (a 2 + a )I a1 + (a + a 2 )I a 2
I f = 2 I a 0 + ( 1)I a1 + ( 1)I a 2 = 2 I a 0 (I a1 + I a 2 )
but I a 0 + I a1 + I a 2 = 0; or I a 0 = (I a1 + I a 2 )
thus, I f = 3I a 0
IIEE Presentation
If Z f = Z g = 0 and Z1 = Z 2
I a1 =
Ea 1 (Z1 + Z 0 )Ea1
= 2
Z1 +
Z1Z 0 Z1 + 2 Z 1 Z 0
Z1 + Z 0

Z0 Ea1 Z 0 =
I a2 = I a1 =
Z1 + Z 0 Z1Z 0 Z1 + Z 0
Z1 + Z + Z
1 0
Z 0 Ea1
2
Z1 + 2 Z1Z 0
IIEE Presentation
If Z f = Z g = 0 and Z1 = Z 2
I a1 =
Ea 1 (Z + Z 0 )Ea1
= 12
ZZ
Z1 + 1 0 Z1 + 2 Z1Z 0
Z1 + Z 0

Z0 Ea1 Z 0 =
Ia2
= I a1
=
Z1 + Z0 Z1Z0 Z1 + Z 0
Z1 + Z + Z
1 0
Z 0 Ea 1
2
Z1 + 2 Z1Z 0

Z1 Ea1 Z1
I a 0 = I a1 =
Z1 + Z 0 Z + Z1 Z0 Z1 + Z 0
1 Z +Z
1 0
ZE Ea1
= 2 1 a1 =
Z1 + 2 Z1 Z 0 Z1 + 2 Z 0
3 Ea1
I f = 3I a 0 =
Short Circuit Calculations Z1 + 2 Z 0
IIEE Presentation
Voltage Rise Phenomenon
Single-to-line Ground Fault

IIEE Presentation
Unfaulted Phase B Voltage During Single
Line-to-Ground Faults
Vb = Va0 + a 2Va1 + aVa 2
Ea 1 E a1 Ea1
Vb = Z 0 + a Ea1
2
Z1 a Z1
2 Z1 + Z 0 2 Z1 + Z 0 2 Z1 + Z 0
Z0
1
2 Z 0 Z1 Z Z
Vb = Ea1 a = Ea1 a 2 1 1

2 Z1 + Z 0 Z1 2 + Z 0
Z
1
Z0
1
Z
Vb = Ea1 a 2 1
Z 0
2 +
Z
1
neglecting resistances, R 1 and R 0 ;

X0
1
X
Vb = Ea1 a 2 1
X 0
2 + X
IIEE Presentation
1
Unfaulted Phase B Voltage During
Single Line-to-Ground Faults
Neglecting resistances R0 & R1
50
45
40
35
Phase B Voltage (p.u.)
30
25
20
15
10
0
-10 -6 -3 -2.8 -2.6 -2.4 -2.2 -2 -1.8 -1.6 -1.4 -1.2 -1 0 1 2 5 9 25 45 65 85
X0/X1

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Fault MVA
MVAF = I F MVAbase
where, for E = 1.0 p.u.;
a1
for three phase fault in p.u. :
1
I F ( 3 ) =
Z1
for singe line - to - ground fault in p.u. :
3
I F ( SLG ) =
Z 0 + 2Z1
IIEE Presentation
Fault MVA
Three phase fault MVA :
MVAF ( 3 ) = I F (3 ) ( p.u.) MVAbase
1
Z1 = p.u.
I F (3 )
Single line to ground fault MVA :
MVAF ( SLG ) = I F ( SLG ) ( p.u.) MVAbase
3
2 Z1 + Z 0 = p.u.
I F ( SLG )
3
Z0 = 2Z 1
I F ( SLG )
IIEE Presentation
Assumptions Made to Simplify
Fault Calculations
1. Pre-fault load currents are neglected.
2. Pre-fault voltages are assumed equal to 1.0
per unit.
3. Resistances are neglected (only for 115kV &
up).
4. Mutual impedances, when not appreciable are
neglected.
5. Off-nominal transformer taps are equal to 1.0
per unit.
6. Positive- and negative-sequence impedances
are equal.
IIEE Presentation
Outline of Procedures for
1 Setup the network impedances expressed in per

unit on a common MVA base in the form of a
single-line diagram
2 Determine the single equivalent (Thevenins)
impedance of each sequence network.
3 Determine the distribution factor giving the
current in the individual branches for unit total
sequence current.

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4 Interconnect the three sequence networks for the
type of fault under considerations and calculate
the sequence currents at the fault point.
5 Determine the sequence current distribution by
the application of the distribution factors to the
sequence currents at the fault point
6 Synthesize the phase currents from the sequence
currents.

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7 Determine the sequence voltages throughout the
networks from the sequence current distribution
and branch impedances
8 Synthesize the phase voltages from the sequence
voltage components
9 Convert the pre unit currents and voltages to
actual physical units

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CIRCUIT BREAKING SIZING
(Asymmetrical Rating Factors)
Momentary Rating
Multiplying Factor = 1.6
Interrupting Rating
Multiplying Factor
8 cycles = 1.0
5 cycles = 1.1
3 cycles = 1.2
1 cycles = 1.5
IIEE Presentation
EXAMPLE PROBLEM
In the power system

shown, determine the
momentary and
interrupting ratings for
primary and secondary
circuit breakers of
transformer T2.

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Solution:
Equivalent 69kV system@ 100MVA : T1 :
800 100
I F (3 ) = = 8 pu x = 0 .08 = 0.2667 pu
100 30
1000 G1 :
I F ( SLG ) = = 10 pu
100 100
x" = 0.10 = 0.40 pu
1 25
x1 = = 0.125 pu
8 100
3 x0 = 0.06 = 0.24 pu
x0 = 2 0.125 = 0.05 pu 25
10
T2, T3, T3 :
100
x = 0 .06 = 0.80 pu
75
M1, M2 : kVAB = 0.9 5000 = 4500
or MVAB = 4.5
100
x = 0 .15 = 3 .3333 pu
Short Circuit Calculations 4.5
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Solution:
Positive sequence network:

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Solution:
Zero sequence network:

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Improper Sequence Network Models

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Incorrect Sequence Network Models

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QUESTIONS?

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Short Circuit Calculations

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SHORT CIRCUIT CALCULATIONS