Tp ch Khoa hc 2011:19b 62-69 Trng i hc Cn Th

KHO ST CC YU T NH HNG N QU TRNH

CHNG CT TINH DU GNG
Tng Th nh Ngc1 v Nguyn Vn Kin2

ABSTRACT

The main objectives of this research were to test the effects of storage time after
harvesting and the distillation time on the yield of ginger oil. Further investigation was
carried out to evaluate the chemical, physical properties as well as sensory
characteristics of ginger oils which were extracted by conventional hydrodistillation and
microwave-assisted hydrodistillation. The results showed that the storage time of ginger
rhizomes should be within 4 days before distillation. The total time of distillation was 16
hours and only 80 minutes at 300W, respectively. Moreover, not only the quality of ginger
oils but also the type of components in the essential oils were moderately dependent on
the hydrodistillation methods. The major compounds in ginger oils from both such
hydrodistillation ways consisted of Neral (13,99-24,04%), Zingiberene (10,62-10,88%),
alpha-Farnesene (7,3-8,05%), Nerol (6-7,09%) and beta- Sesquiphellandrene (5,31-
5,37%).
Keywords: Ginger oil, distillation, microwave
Title: Investigation of several parameters affecting hydrodistillation of ginger oil

TM TT

Mc tiu chnh ca nghin cu ny l kho st cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh chng

ct tinh du gng nh thi gian lu tr ( ho) v thi gian chng ct. Bn cnh , nh
hng ca phng php chng ct n gi tr cm quan v cc thng s ha-l ca tinh
du gng cng c tin hnh nh gi. Kt qu nhn thy gng sau khi thu hoch c
lu tr 4 ngy v chng ct trong thi gian 16 gi bng phng php li cun hi nc
hay 80 pht khi c s h tr ca vi sng vi cng sut 300W l ph hp v hiu sut v
cht lng ca tinh du thu c. Cht lng tinh du v hm lng cc cu phn c
trong tinh du gng th ph thuc vo phng php chng ct. Cc cu phn chnh trong
tinh du gng thu c t hai phng php chng ct trn gm Neral (13,99-24,04%),
Zingiberene (10,62-10,88%), alpha-Farnesene (7,3-8,05%), Nerol (6-7,09%) v beta-
Sesquiphellandrene (5,31-5,37%).
T kha: Tinh du gng, chng ct, vi sng

1 T VN
Gng (tn khoa hc: Zingiber officinale Roscoe thuc gii Plantae, ngnh
Magnoliophyta, lp Liliopsida, b Zingiberales, h Zingiberaceae, chi Zingiber,
loi Zingiber officinale) l loi cy tho c trng t rt lu i. Ngy nay, cy
gng c trng khp ni trn th gii, ring Vit Nam gng trng rt ph
bin ng bng sng Cu Long v n c c im trng xen canh trong cc vn
cy n tri v c gi tr kinh t tng i cao ( Huy Bch et al., 2004). Gng
khng nhng c s dng kh ph bin nh mt loi gia v (Ravindram and
Babu, 2005) m cn c b sung vo cc khu phn n cha bnh bun nn

1
Khoa Nng nghip v Sinh hc ng dng, Trng i hc Cn Th
2
Cng ty Savipharm
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Tp ch Khoa hc 2011:19b 62-69 Trng i hc Cn Th

(Kawai, 1994; Vutyavanich et al., 2001; Borrelli, 2005) chng say tu xe

(Chrubasik, 2005); chng oxi ha v khng vim (Shogi et al., 1982). Chnh v c
im trn m dch trch cng nh tinh du t c gng c s dng ph bin trong
ch bin thc phm hay trong dc phm. Dch trch t c gng gm cc hp cht
bay hi v cht tan to ra mi hng c trng v v cay ca gng. Trong , hai
hp cht chc nng 6-gingerol v 6-shogaol th to ra v cay c trng hn cc hp
cht khc c trong gng (Zancan, 2002). Ngoi ra, chnh hai hp cht trn cn
mang tnh khng khun v c s dng trong iu tr cc bnh nhn b suy gim
min dch (Hiserodt et al., 1998). Mt khc, tinh du gng l mt hn hp cha
cc hp cht d bay hi, trong zingiberene l thnh phn chnh to ra mi
hng ca gng, chnh c im ny m tinh du gng thng c s dng nhiu
trong lnh vc dc phm, m phm hay thc phm c th trong cc thc ung,
gia v, kem, ko...
Tinh du gng thng c trch bng phng php li cun hi nc. Vic trch
ly tinh du gng cho hm lng ti u ph thuc nhiu yu t nh phng php
trch hay nguyn liu dng trch. Tuy nhin, cc yu t quan trng c nh
hng n qu trnh trch ly tinh du gng t c quan tm Vit Nam. Do ,
vic kho st phng php trch ly hiu qu v kho st cc thng s ha-l ca
tinh du gng l mc tiu chnh ca nghin cu ny.

2 PHNG TIN V PHNG PHP NGHIN CU

2.1 Chun b mu
Th nghim c tin hnh ti b mn Cng ngh ha hc, Khoa Cng Ngh,
Trng i hc Cn Th.
Nguyn liu c gng 7 thng tui (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) c thu mua trc
tip ti vn Hu Giang, m bo ti, khng dp nt hay thi hng. Sau khi
vn chuyn gng n phng th nghim, tin hnh chn la s b, loi tp cht,
ra sch, xt lt nh, xay nhuyn trc khi thc hin cc nghin cu.
2.2 Phng php b tr th nghim
2.2.1 Chng ct li cun hi nc
Cho gng vi khi lng l 250 g, lng nc chng ct l 400 ml vo bnh ct
ca h thng chng ct Clevenger. Mu c gia nhit bng bp in, khi hn hp
si hi nc to thnh s li cun tinh du i ln v i vo h thng ngng t. Sau
khi ngng t, hn hp lng gm tinh du v nc c chit vi diethyl eter
(Trung Quc sn xut). Hn hp thu c gm tinh du, diethyl ether v mt t
nc. Tinh du c lm khan nc bng mui Na2SO4 (Merck, c sn xut)
khan. Sau hn hp cn li c c quay chn khng ui diethyl ether thu
c sn phm tinh du.
-Kho st nh hng ca thi gian ho n hm lng tinh du gng
Gng 7 thng tui c thu hoch v lu tr ( kh t nhin trnh nh nng mt
tri) vi cc khong thi gian 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 v 7 ngy. Sau mi ngy lu tr,
cn 250 g v tin hnh chng ct trong 4 gi. Sau khi chng ct, loi nc v xc
nh lng tinh du thu c.

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-Kho st hng ca thi gian chng ct n hm lng tinh du gng.

Gng c thu hoch v lu tr theo thi gian xc nh t th nghim trn, sau
tin hnh kho st thi gian chng ct t 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18 v 20 gi.
Tinh du sau chng ct c loi nc v xc nh khi lng. ng thi cc ch
s ha l v cm quan ca tinh du thu c t iu kin chng ct ti u cng
c xc nh.
2.2.2 Chng ct li cun hi nc c h tr ca vi sng
Gng thu hoch thi im 7 thng tui sau lu tr vi thi gian ti u t th
nghim trn (2.2.1). Mu c t vo bnh ct ca h thng chng ct Clevenger
vi khi lng nguyn liu l 250g v lng nc l 400ml, sau h thng
chng ct c t vo l vi sng (Sanyo fan-assisted microwave oven 1200W) v
tin hnh chng ct tinh du cc mc nng lng v thi gian khc nhau:
- Cng sut 300W thi gian chng ct t 40, 50, 60, 70 v 80 pht.
- Cng sut 450W thi gian chng ct t 40, 45, 50, 55 v 60 pht.
- Cng sut 750Wthi gian chng ct t 10, 15, 20, 25 v 30 pht.
Tinh du sau chng ct c kh nc v xc nh khi lng, tinh du thu c
t iu kin chng ct ti u c nh gi cm quan v xc nh cc ch s
ha l.
2.3 Phng php o c v x l s liu
- Xc nh hm lng tinh du bng cn phn tch Sartorius YDK 01
(200 0,0001g). S liu c tnh ton thng k thng qua phn tch phng sai t
chng trnh Statgraphics 4.0 vi s kim tra mc ngha ca cc nghim thc
qua LSD (Least Significant Difference).
- Xc nh ch s vt l:
T trng xc nh bng cn phn tch Sartorius YDK 01 (c sn xut).
Ch s khc x c o bng khc x k HR901 Kruss (c sn xut).
-Xc nh ch s ha hc:
Ch s acid chun bng dung dch KOH 0,1N (Merck, c sn xut).
Ch s savon ha chun bng dung dch HCl 0,1N (Merck, c sn xut).
Ch s ester ha l hiu s ca ch s savon ha v ch s acid.
Thnh phn ho hc ca tinh du c xc nh bng phng php sc k kh
ghp khi ph GC-MS (Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry) ti Trung
Tm Phn Tch Cng Ngh Cao Hon V (S 112A Lng Th Vinh, Phng Tn
Thi Ha, Qun Tn Ph, Thnh Ph H Ch Minh).

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Tp ch Khoa hc 2011:19b 62-69 Trng i hc Cn Th

3 KT QU V THO LUN
3.1 Chng ct li cun hi nc
Chng ct nhm li cun tinh du bng hi nc l phng php ph bin s dng
tch hn hp khng ln vo nhau nh nc v tinh du khi tip xc trc tip
nhau. Nhm thit lp quy trnh chng ct tinh du hiu qu, mt trong cc yu t
nh hng n hiu sut ca qu trnh chng ct nh thi gian lu tr mu (hay
cn gi l thi gian ho) c kho st v kt qu th hin bng 1.
Bng 1: Hm lng tinh du theo thi gian lu tr
Thi gian lu tr (ngy) Hm lng tinh du (g)
0 0,5707d
1 0,5720d
2 0,6347c
3 0,6478bc
4 0,6922a
5 0,6623b
6 0,6556b
7 0,6524b
Cc ch ci khc nhau trong cng mt ct biu th s khc bit c ngha tin cy 95%

T s liu ca Bng 1 nhn thy hm lng tinh du tng theo thi gian lu tr t
0 n 4 ngy (khong 0,57 g n 0,69 g) nhng sau li gim dn t ngy 5 n
ngy 7 (gim t khong 0,69 g n 0,65 g). Theo cc ti liu nghin cu cho thy
gng sau thu hoch th hm lng cc monoterpene gim xung cn cc
sesquiterpene th tng ln (Sasidharan et al., 2010). C th, thi gian ho t 0
n 4 ngy th hm lng cht kh tng ln v lng cc cu phn sinh ra nhiu
hn cc cu phn mt i; ngc li i vi thi gian ho t 5 n 7 ngy, mt
s cc cu phn b phn hy theo thi gian tn tr nh zingiberene v
-sesquiphellandrene di tc dng ca nh sng v khng kh (Connell v Jordan,
1971) nn hm lng tinh du gim. Theo s liu thng k th thi gian sau thu
hoch 4 ngy c hm lng tinh du cao nht v khc bit c ngha so vi cc
thi im khc. Do , gng sau thu hoch 4 ngy c chn la kho st nh
hng ca thi gian chng ct n hm lng tinh du gng.
Bng 2: Hm lng tinh du theo thi gian chng ct
Thi gian Hm lng tinh du Thi gian Hm lng tinh du
chng ct (gi) (g) chng ct (gi) (g)
2 0,5511g 12 0,7680c
4 0,6922f 14 0,8176b
6 0,7182e 16 1,0858a
8 0,7370d 18 1,0860a
10 0,7540c 20 1,0861a
Cc ch ci khc nhau trong cng mt ct biu th s khc bit c ngha tin cy 95%

T Bng 2 cho thy hm lng tinh du tng theo thi gian chng ct. Thi gian
t 2 gi n 16 gi lng tinh du tng u nhng sau th hm lng tinh du
khng tng khi ko di thi gian chng ct. iu ny cho thy khi thi gian chng
ct ngn th cha trch tinh du c trong mu nn lng tinh du thu c t.
Ngc li, khi thi gian chng ct di th tinh du c trong t bo khuch tn ra
ngoi v c hi hc li cun theo cho n ht tinh du c trong mu. Khi thi
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Tp ch Khoa hc 2011:19b 62-69 Trng i hc Cn Th

gian chng ct l 16 gi v ko di n 20 gi th trong mu hu nh ht tinh

du nn lng tinh du thu c hu nh khng i (khong 1,08g). Mt khc, khi
thi gian chng ct t 16 n 20 gi hm lng tinh du thu c khc bit khng
c ngha thng k. Do , tit kim nng lng cng nh thi gian th thi
gian chng ct tinh du thch hp nht l 16 gi.
3.2 Chng ct li cun hi nc c h tr ca vi sng
Bng 3: Hm lng tinh du theo thi gian chng ct cc mc cng sut khc nhau
Cng sut 300W Cng sut 450W Cng sut 750W
Thi gian Hm lng Thi gian Hm lng Thi gian Hm lng
(pht) tinh du (g) (pht) tinh du (g) (pht) tinh du (g)
40 0,5968e 40 0,5264d 10 0,3300e
50 0,6403d 45 0,5868c 15 0,5104d
60 0,6566c 50 0,6379b 20 0,6601a
70 0,6823b 55 0,6461ab 25 0,6012b
80 0,7185a 60 0,6729a 30 0,4780c
Cc ch ci khc nhau trong cng mt ct biu th s khc bit c ngha tin cy 95%

Nhn chung, hm lng tinh du tng theo thi gian chiu vi sng (Bng 3). Khi
chng ct tinh du bng l vi sng, hm lng tinh du cao nht 80 pht ng vi
cng sut 300W hay ch 60 pht mc cng sut 450W. Ngha l, khi chng ct
mc nng lng cao th thi gian cn chng ct ngn. C th, cng sut 750W,
thi gian chng ct l 20 pht s thu c hm lng tinh du cao nht, nu ko
di thi gian chng ct th nguyn liu b kh, tinh du b kht v c mi l. Kt
qu nh vy l do di tc dng ca vi sng, nc trong t bo nng ln, p sut
bn trong gia tng nhanh chng, lm cho cc tuyn tinh du b v ra, kt qu l
tinh du cha trong cc tuyn c gii phng ra ngoi (Wang et al., 2010). Tuy
nhin, cng sut cao 750W, khi tip tc chiu vi sng na th vn tc bc hi ln
nn mt phn hi c ln tinh du b thot ra ngoi. Do , hn ch s tht thot
tinh du khi chng ct mc nng lng cao, cng sut 300W trong thi gian
chng ct 80 pht l ph hp v hiu qu v cht lng ca tinh du thu c.
3.3 c im cm quan v ch s ha l ca tinh du gng
Bng 4: So snh c im cm quan v ch s ha l ca tinh du gng trch ly bng hai
phng php chng ct
c im Chng ct khng h tr vi sng Chng ct c h tr vi sng
Mu sc Vng nht Vng nht
Mi Thm du v c mi rt c trng Mi thm rt c trng ca
ca gng gng nhng hng cay v
nng hn
V Cay Cay
T trng 0,8806 0,8916
Ch s khc x 1,4884 1,4834
Ch s acid 0,8507 1,4210
Ch s savon ha 9,2540 15,1175
Ch s ester 8,4033 13,6965

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Bng 5: So snh thnh phn cc cu t trong tinh du gng trch ly bng hai phng php
chng ct
Thnh phn phn trm khi lng (%)
STT Tn cu phn
Khng h tr vi sng C h tr vi sng
1 2-Heptanol 0,14 -
2 Tricylene 0,11 -
3 alpha-Pinene 2,03 0,31
4 Camphene 5,01 0,90
5 beta-Pinene 0,45 -
6 beta-Myrcene 2,18 0,37
7 2-Thujene 3,38 0,64
8 Eucalyptol 5,67 1,87
9 4-Carene 0,30 -
10 Linalool 1,41 1,18
11 Camphor 0,11 -
12 Citronellal 0,32 0,38
13 Borneol 0,97 1,31
14 4-Terpineol 0,21 0,24
15 alpha-Terpineol 1,44 1,92
16 Citronellol 1,59 1,89
17 Nerol 6,00 7,09
18 Neral 13,99 24,04
19 Bornyl Acetate 0,32 0,38
20 cis-2,6-Dimethyl-2,6-octadiene 0,46 0,43
21 Copaene 0,25 0,21
22 Beta-Farnesene 0,27 0,24
23 Eugenol - 0,21
24 Alloaromadendren 0,23 0,20
25 Curcumene 2,57 2,06
26 Beta-Cubebene - 1,08
27 Zingiberene 10,62 10,88
28 alpha-Farnesene 8,05 7,30
29 Beta-Bisabolene 2,94 2,59
30 Epi-bicyclosesquiphellandrene 0,37 0,39
31 beta-Sesquiphellandrene 5,37 5,31
32 Nerolidol 0,78 0,91
33 gama-Elemene 0,33 0,32
34 beta-Selinol 0,63 0,97
35 Farnesal 0,12 0,28
Theo Bng 5, cc cu phn chnh trong tinh du gng sau khi chng ct bng hai
phng php: chng ct li cun hi nc v khi chng ct li cun hi nc c
h tr ca vi sng gm Neral, Zingiberene, alpha-Farnesene, Nerol, beta-
Sesquiphellandrene. Hn na, tinh du gng sau khi trch ly c mi thm rt c
trng, iu ny l do cc hp phn alpha-Terpineol, beta-Sesquiphellandrene,
Curcumene, Nerolidol, chnh l thnh phn to ra hng thm c trng ca tinh
du gng (Smith v Robinso, 1981). Hm lng v loi tinh du cn ph thuc
nhiu vo tui thu hoch, ging, ngun gc v phng php chng ct
(Bednarczyk et al., 1975). Cc thnh phn km phn cc (alpha-Pinene,
Camphene, beta-Myrcene, Eucalyptol, Copaene, Curcumene, alpha-Farnesene,
beta-Bisabolene, beta-sesquiphellandrene) trong tinh du gng thu c bng
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Tp ch Khoa hc 2011:19b 62-69 Trng i hc Cn Th

phng php chng ct c h tr ca vi sng thp hn. Ngc li, nhng thnh
phn phn cc hn do c cha oxi nh: Neral, Borneol, alpha-Terpineol, Nerol,
Bornyl Acetate, Nerolidol, beta-Selinol, Farnesal li chim hm lng cao hn,
bi v vi sng u tin tc dng ln nhng hp cht phn cc, gip nhng thnh
phn ny tng nhit rt nhanh, thot ra t bo v b li cun theo hi nc d
hn. y cng l l do chnh dn n s khc nhau v c tnh cm quan v cc
ch s ha l ca tinh du gng khi chng ct vi cch khc nhau (Bng 4).

4 KT LUN
C gng 7 thng tui c thu hoch, lu tr trong 4 ngy v chng ct trong thi
gian 16 gi hay 80 pht khi chng ct c s h tr ca vi sng vi cng sut 300W
l ph hp v hiu sut v cht lng ca tinh du thu c. Tuy nhin, chng ct
c s h tr ca vi sng c th gia nhit nhanh, tit kim c thi gian nhng
hiu sut trch ly km, c th hiu sut ca qu trnh chng ct tinh du l 0,43432
% so vi chng ct c s h tr ca vi sng l 0,2874 %.
Cc cu phn chnh trong tinh du gng sau khi chng ct bng hai phng php
trn gm Neral (13,99 24,04 %), Zingiberene (10,62 10,88 %), alpha-
Farnesene (7,3 8,05 %), Nerol (6 7,09 %) v beta- Sesquiphellandrene (5,31
5,37 %).

TI LIU THAM KHO

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alcohols from oil of ginger (Zingiber Officinale) (Cis- And Trans-.Beta.-
Sesquiphellandrol) J. Agric. Food Chem., 23, 499.
Borrelli F., Capasso R., Aviello G., Pittler M.H., Izzo A.A., 2005. Effectiveness and safety of
ginger in the treatment of pregnancy-induced nausea and vomiting. Obstet Gynecol; 105,
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Chrubasik S., Pittler M.H., Roufogalis B.D., 2005. Zingiberis rhizoma: a comprehensive
review on the ginger effect and efficacy profiles. Phytomedicine;12, 684-701.
Connell, D.W.; Jordan, R.A.,1971. Composition And Distinctive Volatile Flavor
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Ginger. J. Sci. Food Agric, 22, 9395.
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Magnolia obovata and Zingiber officinale. Planta Med. 60, 17-20.
Ravindran, P.N. ; Nirmal Babu, K. 2005. Ginger: The Genus Zingiber, Medicinal And
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Smith, R. M. and Robinson, J. M., 1981. The essential oil of ginger from Fiji.
Phytochemistry, 20, 203-206.
Vutyavanich T, Kraisarin T, Ruangsri R. 2001. Ginger for nausea and vomiting in pregnancy:
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of Essential Oils from Mango (Mangifera indica L.) Flowers. Molecules, 15, 7715-7723
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