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Curs de Limba Turca PDF
Curs de Limba Turca PDF
Smart Way
To Learn
Turkish ...
Mustafa nal Uar
2
I N D E X
3
R e v i e w VII 118 120
EXERCISES VI 121
Chapter 17. Simple past tense 122 130
R e v i e w VIII 131
EXERCISES VII 132
Chapter 18. Simple present tense 133 143
EXERCISES VIII 144
R e v i e w IX 145 157
Chapter 19. Ownership 158 161
EXERCISES IX 162
Chapter 20. Wh. Questions 163 174
Chapter 21. Time expressions 175 179
Chapter 22. What time is it? 179 180
Chapter 23. Adjectives 182 188
Chapter 24. Noun sentences in future & past form 188 190
R e v i e w X 191 193
Chapter 25. Future continuous tense 194 195
Chapter 26. Past continuous tense 196
Chapter 27. Conjuctions 197 200
Chapter 28. May & Can 201 205
Chapter 29. Could 206 207
Chapter 30. Must 208
Chapter 31. Have / has to 209 210
Chapter 32. Verbal nouns 211 213
Chapter 33. Would 214 215
Chapter 34. Prefer 216 217
Chapter 35. Sentence tag 218
Chapter 36. Occupation & profession 219 221
Chapter 37. By & with 222 223
Chapter 38. With & without 224 225
R e v i e w XI 226
ANSWERS I IX 227 243
Trkiyeden gzel manzaralar 244
**************************
********
4
********
UNIT 1
********
Dear learner,
5
PART I HOW TO READ TURKISH
=*=*=*=*=* =======================
ALPHABET............................................ALFABE.
LETTERS.....HARFLER
The vowels can be read as they are ; but the consonants have
to take a vowel which makes them to read possible ;
A Be Ce e De E
Fe Ge e He I
Je Ke Le Me Ne O
Pe Re Se e Te
U Ve Ye Ze.
*******************************
6
A Be Ce e
De E Fe Ge
e He I
Je Ke Le Me
7
Ne O Pe
Re Se e Te
U Ve Ye
Ze
zap.
zenith
************************
8
**Turkish alfabe contains 8 vowels and 21 consonants in total --
29 letters.
a - e - i o - u -
be ce de fe ge he le me ....etc.
*If you study each consonant with eight vowels as shown in below
list; that will help to pronounce entire Turkish words properly.
Example:
Ba be b bi bo b bu b
end the other way............
Ab eb b ib ob b ub b.
--------------------------------------
Ca ce c ci co c cu c
Ac ec c ic oc c uc c
---------------------------------------
a e i o u
A e i o u
---------------------------------------
Da de d di do d du d
Ad ed d id od d ud d
----------------------------------------
Fa fe f fi fo f fu f
Af ef f if of f uf f
------------------------------------
9
Ga ge g gi go g gu g
Ag eg g ig og g ug g
-----------------****--------------------
a e i o u
pronunciation of this letter will be explain
A e i o u
----------------****---------------------
Ha he h hi ho h hu h
Ah eh h ih oh h uh h
-------------------------------------
Ja je j ji jo j ju j
sounds like as in de **ja** v
Aj ej j ij oj j uj j
-------------------------------------
Ka ke k ki ko k ku k
Ak ek k ik ok k uk k
-------------------------------------
La le l li lo l lu l
Al el l il ol l ul l
-------------------------------------
Ma me m mi mo m mu m
*m em m im om m um m
-------------------------------------
Na ne n ni no n nu n
An en n in on n un n
------------------------------------
Pa pe p pi po p pu p
Ap ep p ip op p up p
------------------------------------
10
Ra re r ri ro r ru r
Ar er r ir or r ur r
-----------------------------------
Sa se s si so s su s
As es s is os s us s
-----------------------------------
a e i o u
A e i o u
-----------------------------------
Ta te t ti to t tu t
At et t it ot t ut t
-----------------------------------
Va ve v vi vo v vu v
av ev v iv ov v uv v
------------------------------------
Ya ye y yi yo y yu y
ay ey y iy oy y uy y
------------------------------------
Za ze z zi zo z zu z
Az ez z iz oz z uz z
------------------------------
****Sound of soft g will explain in next chapter.
****As you have noticed the vowels are giving sound to the
consonants.
If you study and learn these consonants in all possible forms ;
You can pronounce any word you like.
******************
****************************************************
11
**Chapter 2 : **SYLLABLES
*=*=*=*=*=*=*= ================
**Examples :
*Sometimes two letters can make a syllable as a meaningful
word, as well as being part of a word;
A Ad Af A Ah Ak
Al An Ar As A At
Av Ay Az Ek El Em
En Es E Et Ev Ey
Ez l n p s
t z Of Oh Ok
Ol On Ot Ov Oy
d f l n p r
t v z U Un Ur
Ut n s t z
Bu Su u Ne Ve Ye .etc.
*************************************
12
*Sometimes three letters can make a syllable as a meaningful
word, as well as being part of a word;
Cep Cet ak al am an
ap ar ay k ek il
ip it iz l p Da
Dal Dam Dar Dik Dil Din
Gez G Gk Gl Gm Gr
Gz Gl Gn Gr Gz Hac
Kep Kes Ke Kl Kr K
Kz Kil Kim Kin Kip Kir
13
Koy Koz Kk Kr Ky Kz
Kul Kum Kur Kl Kp Kr
Ks Laf Laz Ma Mal Mat
********************************************
14
**Sometimes four letters can make a syllable as a meaningful
word, as well as being part of a word;
*****************************
15
* Sometimes even a letter can make syllable ;
Aba Ac A Ada
Aga Aha Ala Ama
Ana An Ara Ar
yi Oba Oto l
Ulu ye ...etc.
Oyun dl kz lm
mr zr Ucuz Uuk
Ulus Umut Uak Uyum
Uzak Uzun rn zm ..etc.
***************************************************
We have learned two, three and four letters syllables which
were meaningful words.
Every syllable has a vowel. If the word contains more than
one syllable, generally it takes similar sound vowels, that makes
the sound of speaking in harmonious.
16
Lets devide the vowels in two groups according to their sounds :
Thick vowels : a o u.
Thin vowels : e i
17
Hyar Horasan Horoz Hortum
Hububat Hukuku Hukuksal Huzurlu
Kabak Kaak Kadavra Kadnlar
***********************
******If you use a vowel from different sound of group in a word,
you will notice that will be difficult to read it as well as spoiling
the sound harmony.
Right wrong
Examples ; Pasakl pasekl
Susuzluk Susizluk
Ulam Ulem .etc.
18
**Examples for thin vowels :
19
Tekstilci Temizlikciler Tketim nc
lke niter retim stnlk
tc yelik Vekil Veresiye
****While you are reading soft g extend the vowel before soft g
little bit longer :
===============================================
*****************************
These words are not in sound harmony because ; They are
either noun compounds ( two nouns used together) or not Turkish
origin.
Examples..rnekler
20
Divan Dizayn Eflatun Efor
Eskimo Entari Ekiyalar Eya
Etamin Fabrika Fakir Fanatik
Ferhat Federal Ferhat Ferhunde
Filo Finans Garanti Garip
****************************************
Exceptional words ; II
*!*!*! These words are Turkish origin but noun compounds ( using
two different nouns together as a word )
21
REVIEW 1
=*=*=*=*=*
*****In chapters one and two, we have learned that we can read
the vowels as they are.
Turkish Language has to be read as its written. Consonants
are soundless letters thats why they have to take a vowel. The
vowel can take place either before or after consonant.
Weve showed on our list every way possible that any
consonant might be used in entire language.
We have learned that Turkish Languge based on syllabic
meter.
Syllables may contain two, three or four letters, and every
syllables have to have a vowel.
If you can read below article without stuttering and your ears
satisfied with the result!! Further lessons will be easier, and your
success rate will be higher End of Part one ***
22
*******
UNIT 2
*******
PURPOSE OF THE COLOURS
*****BLACK : All English explanations are written in black. &
Tense suffixes : As present continuous iyoryoruyoryor,
as simple present rirrurrarer,
as simple past tense diddudtittut,
as future tense ecek acak etc.
*****BLUE : All Turkish explanations are written in blue.
*****GRAY : Plural suffixes ler lar are written in gray.
*****PLUM : Noun cases are highlighted by this colour. &
inclination : e a emphasize : i u
in / at / on : deda from : dendan.
*****RED : Titles head lines important explanations &
infinitive suffixes mek mak
numeral adj. 5er 9ar 10larca 100lerce
grades of adj. kadar ... -daha ... -ki en
*****GREEN : Welding letters are highlighted by this colour,
y n s .
*****ORANGE: Variable letters are highlighted by this colour.
pb c k td &
conjuctions : ken.
*TURQUOISE : Personal suffixes are written in turquoise ;
m m im um m
n sn sin sun sn
dr dir dur dr tr tir tur tr
z iz uz z k
nz niz nuz nz
snz siniz sunuz snz
ler lar
*****PINK : Question suffixes : m mi mu m &
Negative suffixes : me ma
******************
23
PART II HOW TO SPEAK TURKISH
=*=*=*=*=* =======================
**Chapter 3 : NOUNS........SMLER
*=*=*=*=*=*=*= ------------------------------
Nouns are the names of the objects, subjects, and places. Once
more we will distinguish the syllables by using different colours.
24
*****To define a single noun, we use in English :
25
******To be able to make plural noun in Turkish
According to the last vowel of the noun we add :
If the last vowel of the noun is thick vowel.........lar.
If the last vowel of the noun is thin vowel...........ler.
Example :
----------- Single Plural
Room oda odalar
Plate tabak tabaklar.
Chair sandalye sandalyeler
Blanket battaniye battaniyeler ........etc.
Let see the nouns in single, plural and numbered form in a list:
****************************************************
26
**Chapter 4 : NOUN COMPOUNDS
*=*=*=*=*=*=*= --------------------------------
Alis father
------- ------- Dawns house Jacks car
Genitive Qualified
case by
s : n ( in /un / n )
We will do it in Turkish :
******************************************************
27
Examples :
Ahmets Ahmetin Alis Alinin
Hasans Hasann Mustafas Mustafann
Orhuns Orhunun Burcus Burcunun
Atatrks Atatrkn Hsns Hsnnn
if the last vowel of the noun is suffix will be if the last vowel of the noun is suffix
will e / i in a/
n
/ n o / u
un
========================
Qualifed by : This element shows the belonging. It doesnt take
any adding in English. But, it takes in Turkish.
s is a welding letter.
28
Alis cat Alinin kedisi
Mustafas table Mustafann masas
Burcus iron Burcunun ts
Hsns overcoat Hsnnn paltosu
----------------------------
***Reminder
****Mentioned earlier, Turkish language is read as its written. If
the pronoun is an English name, we should chose the suffix
according to the sound of reading.
************************
Common noun compound :
29
More examples to the proper noun compounds ;
30
*=*=*=*=*=*=*=**************************=*=*=*=*=*=*
EXERCISE 1
==========
Please translate the below noun compounds in Turkish, as they
are in examples. Remember! if English names will take suffix;
apply it as according to sound of last vowel or consonant.
Youll find the answers of the text at the beginning of the next
unite.
*******************
31
ANSWERS 1 (Matches with exercise 1 )
==========
Noun compounds are in Turkish as in examples. Suffixes of
English noun changed according to the sound of last vowel or
consonant.
*******************
32
*******
UNIT 3
*******
**Chapter 5 : PRONOUNS........
*=*=*=*=*=*=*= -------------------------
POSSESSVE PRONOUNS .
My Benim Our Bizim
Your Senin Your Sizin
His/her/its Onun Their Onlarn
****
My friends Your students His doctors Her cars
Its ears Our neighbours Your houses Their children.etc.
33
**Reminder : Vowel of suffix always changes according to the
last vowel of the main word.
Examples :
Pen : Kalem Orange : Portakal School : Okul
34
Our Bizim arkadamz retmenimiz annemiz
Your Sizin arkadanz retmeniniz anneniz
Their Onlarn arkadalar retmenleri anneleri
35
**Chapter 6 : Special letters
*=*=*=*=*=*=*= ==============
I .. WELDING LETTERS ;
In Turkish language, we do not use neither vowel nor consonant
consecutively. While we are producing a new word by suffix, if
two vowels come together we use welding letter between of them;
Weve three welding letters in entire language! Theyre n - s - y
& theyll be in green color through out the book.
* We use n only in noun compounds. If the genetive case ( he-
she- it or a noun ) ends with a vowel; suffix needs an n !
36
II .. VARIABLE LETTERS ;
In Turkish Language, we can produce different meaning
words by adding suffixes. But in an exceptional situation; it can be
hard to pronounce the word after adding
In this case we soften the last letter of the noun before the
suffix. This enable us to pronounce the word easier. While you are
studying the examples try to read the word first, without changing
the letters, then you will get the point clearer.
If a noun contains two or more syllables end with one of
below letters and additional suffix starts with a vowel theyll
change as in list below, !!! but if either the noun contains just one
syllable or suffix starts with a consonant they dont need to be
changed!
changes to C
K changes to
P changes to B
T changes to D
Examples :
shoe : Pabu sword : Kl
37
ler/lar ( in red) represents ownership suffix for third plural subject.
ler/lar ( in gray) is plural suffix which makes the noun plural.
========================
hammer eki slipper terlik
========================
lighter akmak comb tarak
B U T !
if the noun contains just one syllable; this rule does not need to
apply because of there is no reading difficulty ! Youll see when
you read it!
38
ram ko hair sa
My koum kolarm. sam salarm.
Your koun kolarn. san salarn.
His/her kou kolar. sa salar.
Our koumuz kolarmz. samz salarmz.
Your kounuz kolarnz. sanz salarnz.
Their kolar kolar. salar salar.
========================
ball top tube tp
My topum toplarm. tpm tplerim.
Your topun toplarn. tpn tplerin.
His/her topu toplar. tp tpleri.
Our topumuz toplarmz. tpmz tplerimiz.
Your topunuz toplarnz. tpnz tpleriniz.
Their toplar toplar. tpleri tpleri.
========================
rubbish p cheque ek
My pm plerim. ekim eklerim
Your pn plerin. ekin eklerin
His/her p pleri. eki ekleri
Our pmz plerimiz. ekimiz eklerimiz
Your pnz pleriniz. ekiniz ekleriniz
Their pleri pleri. ekleri ekleri
========================
card kart turnip turp
My kartm kartlarm. turpum turplarm.
Your kartn kartlarn. turpun turplarn.
His/her kart kartlar. turpu turplar.
Our kartmz kartlarmz. turpumuz turplarmz.
Your kartnz kartlarnz. turpunuz turplarnz.
Their kartlar kartlar. turplar turplar.
****************************
Reminder !!! purpose of having rules in a language is not
for to make it complicated ; infact the rules are just for to make it
either to pronounce it easier or to seperate it from similar words.
**************
39
WORDS........................................KELMELER
40
REVIEW 2
=*=*=*=*=*
In above three chapters, we have learned three important
grammar rules separately. Normally three of them can be in same
sentence.
First of all lets remember the plural rules ;
Whatever we want to say in plural form in Turkish language
we add to the noun either lar or ler according to the last
vowel
41
But, if the belonging is plural : Please compare the suffxes
The variable letters are only four and changes all the time in
same manner. They change while taking suffix starts with a vowel
pb td c k-
kitap kitabm kilit kilidin kl klcm bak ban
42
PART III NOUN SENTENCES SM CMLELER
*=*=*=*=*=*=* =============================
--- 1 ---
**Chapter 7 : DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS
----------------------- ARET ZAMRLER
----------------------------
This : Bu
That : u is : dir // dr
It : O
These : Bunlar
Those : unlar are : dirler // drlar
They : Onlar
Bu bir kalemdir.
-------- ---------------------------
Subject explanation+help verb.
In English, while were using other demonstratives we change only
the subjects but rest of the sentence remains same; works out same
in Turkish too!
43
This is a pen ............. Bu bir kalemdir.
That is a pen ............. u bir kalemdir.
It is a pen ................. O bir kalemdir.
**** we are changing only the subject but rest of the sentence
remains same in both languages ;
-----------------------------------------------------------------
Subject explanation + help verb
-----------------------------------------------------------------
44
EXAMPLES :
------------------
*****If the last vowel of the explanation is a - the help verb
comes as dr.
*********************
45
****If the last vowel of the explanation is e - i the help verb
comes as dir.
******************
46
Hasans sheep : Koyun lamb : Kuzu
********************
****If the last vowel of the explanation is - the help verb
comes as dr.
grape : zm rose : Gl
***********************
This is a fruit. Bu bir meyvedir.
That is a fox. u bir tilkidir.
It is an apple. O bir elmadr.
***************************************************
47
*=*=*=*=*=*=*=**************************=*=*=*=*=*=*
EXERCISE 2
==========
Please, translate the below sentences into Turkish as in
examples.
As you will notice in plural form in Turkish Language, if the
subject of the sentence is plural ; Explanation (statement) does not
have to be plural unless it is especially emphasized. Otherwise
both answers will be grammatically correct.
48
ANSWERS 2 (Matches with exercise 2 )
==========
49
*******
UNIT 4
*******
WORDS.................................KELMELER.
50
---- 2 ----
**Chapter 8 PERSONAL PRONOUNS
*=*=*=*=*=*=*= -----------------------AHIS ZAMRLER
---------------------------
Subjects : Auxiliary (help verb)
English : I am a teacher.
---------- ------------- --------------
Subject help verb explanation
51
Examples :
------------- Of course we wont forget the vowel harmony while
we are adding the suffixes.
****If the last vowel of explanation is e i the (personal adding)
suffix will be : im / sin / dir / iz / siniz / dirler.
Teacher retmen
--------- ------------
Student renci
----------- ------------
********************
52
***If the last vowel of explanation is a personal suffix will be
: m / sn / dr / z / snz / drlar.
S architect : mimar painter : boyac
---- ------------------------ ----------------------
I am Ben bir mimarm. Ben bir boyacym.
You are Sen bir mimarsn. Sen bir boyacsn.
He/she is O bir mimardr. O bir boyacdr.
53
***If the last vowel of the explanation is - personal
adding will be dr. m sn dr z snz dr(ler).
54
REVIEW 3
=*=*=*=*=*
Demonstrative pronouns : The most important point of
this topic is ; In Turkish Language, if the subject is plural,
explanation doesnt have to be plural.
But, If the explanation is particularly stressing
out the plurality, that is different!
English : Turkish :
Subject help verb expl. Subject exp+help verb.
********************* *************************
55
***While we are learning new words, we will use different colour
for evey syllable In Turkish side . This will help us to learn ; how
syllables are producing the words.
WORDS..............................KELMELER
56
**Chapter : 9 STRUCTURES OF THE SENTENCE
*=*=*=*=*=*=*=* --------------------------CMLE YAPILARI
--------------------------
******The sentences can be in four different form. Lets study
them one by one.
All the sentences we have learned upto now were in positive form.
The words line up in this form as :
----------------------------------------------
Subject explanation + pers. suffix
----------------------------------------------
This is an apple. Bu bir elmadr.
That is a church. u bir kilisedir.
It is a fox. O bir tilkidir.
These are Ahmets books. Bunlar Ahmetin kitaplardr(lar).
Those are your friends. unlar senin arkadalarndr(lar).
They are my students. Onlar benim rencilerimdir(ler).
*** You have noticed that in above examples, Third plural subject
do not need to have plural explanation. If the plurality is
particularly important, we use it.
****************************************
57
NEGATIVE FORM OLUMSUZ EKL
***************************************************
58
QUESTION FORM SORU EKL
question suffix m / mi / mu / m
-----------------------------------------------
before help verb ( personal suffix). The words line up in this form
as :
-----------------------------------------------------
Subject explanation m + personal suffix
-----------------------------------------------------
*************************************************
59
NEGATIVE QUESTON FORM OLUMSUZ SORU EKL
***************
60
Let see the four sentences together :
In Turkish ; ownership suffix points of the possessive pronouns
thats why we do not need to use them at the same time.
Arkadam ( m : benim ) .benim Arkada ( my friend)
My friend is an artist.
Nigel is a carpenter.
P. Nigel bir marangozdur.
N. Nigel bir marangoz deildir.
Q. Nigel bir marangoz mudur?
NQ. Nigel bir marangoz deil midir?
***************************************************
61
*=*=*=*=*=*=*=**************************=*=*=*=*=*=*
EXERCISE 3
==========
*Please, translate the sentences in Turkish as it shown in examples.
Who are they? They are my students. They are good lawyers.
Who is he? He is your manager. He is a rich doctor.
Who are you? I am your teacher. I am a journalist.
******************************
***Translate the below sentences and use them in other two forms
as well please.
62
ANSWERS 3 (Matches with exercise 3 )
==========
Onlar kim? Onlar benim rencimdir. Onlar iyi avukatlardr.
O kim? O senin mdrndr. O zengin bir doktordur.
Siz kimsiniz? Ben sizin retmeninizim. Ben bir gazeteciyim.
u hanm kim? Alann kzkardeidir. O bir mimardr.
Alan kim? Alan Annin babasdr. O bir marangozdur.
Aysun kim? Aysun bizim annemizdir. O bir hemiredir.
******************************
optician author
Sen akll bir gzlksn. O bir yazardr.
Sen akll bir gzlk deilsin. O bir yazar deildir.
Sen akll bir gzlk msn? O bir yazar mdr?
Janes mother little dog
O Janein annesidir. O kk bir kpektir.
O Janein annesi deildir. O kk bir kpek deildir.
O Janein annesi midir? O kk bir kpek midir?
gardeners Ahmets neighbours.
Biz bahvanz. (bahvanlarz). Siz Ahmetin komularsnz.
Biz bahvan deiliz. Siz Ahmetin komular deilsiniz.
Biz bahvan myz? Siz Ahmetin komular msnz?
63
*******
UNIT 5
*******
**Chapter : 9 STRUCTURES OF THE SENTENCE
*=*=*=*=*=*=*=* --------------------------CMLE YAPILARI
--------------------------
******The sentences can be in four different forms. Lets study
them one by one.
64
*** You have noticed that in above examples, third plural subject
do not need to have the explanation in plural form. If the plurality
wants to be stressed particularly ; then we use it.
****************************************
NEGATIVE FORM OLUMSUZ EKL
65
QUESTION FORM SORU EKL
question suffix m / mi / mu / m
-----------------------------------------------
before help verb ( personal suffix ). The words line up in this form
as :
------------------------------------------------
Subject explanation m + pers.suffix
------------------------------------------------
*************************************************
66
NEGATIVE QUESTON FORM OLUMSUZ SORU EKL
***************
67
Let see the four sentences together :
In Turkish ; ownership suffix points the possessive pronouns thats
why we do not need to use them at the same time.
My friend is an artist.
Positive form Arkadam bir ressamdr.
Negative form : Arkadam bir ressam deildir.
Question form : Arkadam bir ressam mdr?
Negative question form : Arkadam bir ressam deil midir?
Nigel is a carpenter.
P. Nigel bir marangozdur.
N. Nigel bir marangoz deildir.
Q. Nigel bir marangoz mudur?
NQ. Nigel bir marangoz deil midir?
***************************************************
68
**Chapter 10 : QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
**************** ------------------------------------------
69
Are you plasterers? Siz svac msnz?
Yes, we are plasterers. Evet, biz svacyz.
No, we arent plasterers. Hayr, biz svac deiliz.
Yes, we are. Evet, svacyz.
No, we arent Hayr, deiliz.
----------------------------------
Are they miners? Onlar madenci midir?
Yes, they are miners. Evet, onlar madencidir.
No, they arent miners. Hayr, onlar madenci deildir.
Yes, they are. Evet, madencidir.
No, they arent. Hayr, deildir.
----------------------------------
Is Ali an author? Ali bir yazar mdr?
Yes, he is an author. Evet, o bir yazardr.
No, he isnt an author. Hayr, o bir yazar deildir.
Yes, he is. Evet, yazardr.
No, he isnt Hayr, deildir.
-----------------------------------
Is my mother a nurse? Benim annem bir hemire midir?
Yes, she is a nurse. Evet, o bir hemiredir.
No, she isnt a nurse. Hayr, o bir hemire deildir.
Yes, she is. Evet, hemiredir.
No, she isnt. Hayr, deildir.
-----------------------------------
Is Ayes father a doctor? Ayenin babas bir doktor mudur?
Yes, he is a doctor. Evet, o bir doktordur.
No, he isnt a doctor. Hayr, o bir doktor deildir.
Yes, he is. Evet, doktordur.
No, he isnt Hayr, deildir.
------------------------------------
Are John and Jack soldiers? John ve Jack asker midir?
Yes, they are soldiers. Evet, onlar askerdir.
No, they arent soldiers. Hayr, onlar asker deildir.
Yes, they are. Evet, askerdir.
No, they arent Hayr, deildir.
---------------------------------------
**************************
70
* MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION :
Or : yoksa / yada / veya
Am I a teacher or student?
Ben bir retmen mi yoksa renci miyim?
71
Are you welders or electrician?
Siz kaynak m yoksa elektriki misiniz?
We are welders. Biz kaynakyz.
We are electrician. Biz elektrikiyiz.
-------------------------------
72
An important note!
-----------------------
***The main reason of changing letters helps us to pronounce
the words easier. As you have noticed in some of above examples ;
the help verb changed ! If any word ends with :
fkpst
while were adding subject suffix, it changes from d to t .
73
What are they? Onlar nedir? These are your keys.
Bunlar senin anahtarlarndr.
----------------------------
What is your name ? Senin adn nedir?
My name is ........... Benim adm ..............dir.
Examples :
74
Isnt that teachers house? u,retmenin evi deil midir?
75
No, he isnt. Hayr, deil.
***************************************************
**Chapter 11 : NOUNS IN THE SENTENCE
=*=*=*=*=*=*= -------------------------------------
1) As they are :
76
*******************************************
Suffix : i u // y - yi - yu - y
77
Me : beni Have you seen me in the market.
You : seni I will inform you immediately.
Him/her : onu They cought him/her yesterday.
**********************************************
78
To London : Londraya To hospital : hastaneye.........etc.
79
Examples :
------------------------------------
80
Noun Emphasized Inclined In/at/on From
***************Above rules apply for all ( common or proper ) nouns exactly the same way
in entire language.**************
81
**** While we are explaining the situation of the subjects or objects ; to give accurate explanation we
can use the prepositions in five different forms ( as we are using the nouns ).
I am going to higlight the addings to understand it easier, but further pages we will use them as
they are.
You will notice that above rules will apply here exactly same ;
PREPOSITIONS ;
============
emphasised within in/on/at from
iiuu ae da de dan dan
82
--- 3 ---
**Chapter 12 : NOUN SENTENCES : ( EXISTENCE )
=*=*=*=*=*=*= VARLIK BLDREN SM CMLELER
***Reminder :
In English ; If the explanation is plural, subject must ( there are ) be
plural as well.
In Turkish ; Subject is always singular (there is) but, explanation can
be either singular or plural.
***Reminder :
-------------------
As we have explained in above lessons ; The words line up in
Turkish sentence as opposite of English sentence.
83
POSITIVE FORM :
--------------------------
There is a nurse near the doctor.
Dokturun yannda bir hemire vardr.
There is a book on the table.
Masann stnde bir kitap vardr.
There is a key under the table.
Halnn altnda bir anahtar vardr.
There are two horses in the field.
Tarlann iinde iki at vardr.
There are three cats among the dogs.
Kpeklerin arasnda kedi vardr.
There are four children behind the wall.
Duvarn arkasnda drt ocuk vardr.
There are six doors in this flat.
Bu dairenin iinde drt kap vardr.
NEGATIVE FORM :
--------------------------
********************************
84
QUESTION FORM :
-------------------------- & Answers :
85
NEGATVE QUESTION FORM :
------------------------------------------
Isnt there a nurse near the doctor?
Doktorun yannda bir hemire yok mudur?
***************************************************
WH questions
==========
86
REVIEW 5
=*=*=*=*=*
There are five possible form to use nouns or pronouns in a
sentence ;
***As they are :
===========
Book kitap television televizyon apple elma
Milk st school okul house ev
zmir Paris England
Ahmet Jack Mary
***As emphasized :
=============== noun takes suffix : i u
-----------------------------------
*He is wraping the book. Kitab
*Well paint the school. Okulu
*She is calling you. Seni
*You spilled the milk. St
-----------------------------------------
in need y comes..
----------------------
*Im cleaning the chair. Sandalyeyi
*She is filling the bucket. Kovay
*The girl is asking the box. Kutuyu
*Im looking for the iron. Uty
------------------------------------------
********************
***As inclined :
============ noun takes suffix : e a
-------------------------------
87
in need y comes...
----------------------
*Im looking at the mirror. Aynaya.
*They are running to the hospital. Hastaneye.
********************************
*** At in on :
=============
noun takes suffix : de da
---------------------------------
*Theyre at home. Evde
*Theres a picture on the book. Kitapta
*He is in Paris. Pariste.
*It is in the bus. Otobste.
*****************************
***From : den - dan
===============
noun takes suffix : den dan
------------------------------------
Hes coming from school. Okuldan.
*Shes coming from home. Evden.
*I learned it from book. Kitaptan.
*She bought it from zmir. zmirden.
-------------------------
***********************
Hasan Hasan Hasana Hasanda Hasandan
Metin Metini Metine Metinde Metinden
Jason Jason Jasona Jasonda Jasondan
Jacop Jacopu Jacopa Jacopta Jacoptan
*****************************************
88
*=*=*=*=*=*=*=**************************=*=*=*=*=*=*
EXERCISE 4
==========
Use the below nouns in four different forms as in examples ;
**************************
Translate the below sentences and use them in the different form
as in example ;
There is a blue bird on the tree. Aacn stnde bir mavi ku vardr.
Negative .. Aacn stnde bir mavi ku yoktur.
Question . Aacn stnde bir mavi ku var mdr?
Answers . Evet, vardr. Hayr, yoktur.
*********************************
89
ANSWERS 4 ( Matches with exercise 4 )
==========
**************************
Translate the below sentences and use them in the different form
as in example ;
90
Kitabn altnda bir kalem vardr. Kitabn altnda bir kalem yoktur.
Kitabn altnda bir kalem var mdr? Evet, vardr. Hayr, yoktur.
Halnn altnda bir anahtar vardr. Halnn altnda bir anahtar yoktur.
Halnn altnda bir anahtar var mdr? Evet, vardr. Hayr, yoktur.
Evin nnde bir kpek vardr. Evin nnde bir kpek yoktur.
Evin nnde bir kpek var mdr? Evet, vardr. Hayr, yoktur.
Okulun yannda bir hastane vardr. Okulun yannda bir hastane yoktur.
Okulun yannda bir hastane var mdr? Evet, vardr. Hayr, yoktur.
Evin arkasnda bir bahe vardr. Evin arkasnda bir bahe yoktur.
Evin arkasnda bir bahe var mdr? Evet, vardr. Hayr, yoktur.
91
********
UNIT 6
********
VERBS FLLER
---------------------------------
92
To sleep : uyumak to wake up : uyanmak
To sit down : oturmak to stand up : kalkmak
To cry : alamak to laugh : glmek
To feel : hissetmek to try : denemek
To ask : sormak to want : istemek
To answer : cevap vermek to wish : dilemek
To melt (to do) : eritmek to melt( to be) : erimek
To freeze(to do) : dondurmak to freeze(to be) : donmak
To be born : domak to die : lmek
To rise/ born : domak to set : batmak
To burn : yakmak to be burnt : yanmak
To be extinguish: snmek to extinguish : sndrmek
To play : oynamak to steal : almak
To throw : atmak to catch : yakalamak
To know : bilmek to brake : krmak
To cut : kesmek to mend/repair : tamir etm
To hold : tutmak to release : brakmak
To accept : kabul etmek to refuse : terketmek
To expect : ummak to give up : vaz gemek
To fight : dvmek / savamak to make peace : bar yapmak
To meet : bulumak / tanmak to introduce : tantrmak
To get marry : evlenmek to get divorce : boanmak
To upset : kzdrmak to rent : kiralamak
To wear : giymek to take off : karmak
To prefer : tercih etmek to wish : dilemek
To dream : rya grmek to sing : ark sylemek
To offer : teklif etmek to decide : karar vermek
To ban : yasaklamak to allow : izin vermek
To hunt : avlamak to lie : yalan sylemek
To use : faydalanmak to abuse : suistimal etmek
To keep up : muhafaza etmek to diet : perhiz yapmak
To cost : mal olmak to hang : asmak
To separate : ayrmak to unite : birletirmek
To flee : kamak to kidnap : karmak
To intimidate : tehdit etmek to bleed : kanamak
To bear : katlanmak to kill : ldrmek
To rescue : kurtarmak to wound : yaralamak
93
PART IV ACTION SENTENCES
*=*=*=*=*=* -----------------------FL CMLELER
-------------------------------
In these sentences we express our feelings, thoughts, demands and
actions. Of course the most important words in these sentences are
the verbs (doing words).
*************************************
****TENSES..........ZAMANLAR
***Verbs enable us to talk about actions and states. They also allow
us to talk about the time when the action takes place.
We use the term Tense to talk about the complete form of the
verb phrase and the timescale it expresses.
Past, present and future are the main tenses ; The simple present
tense contains all of them.
We will study these tenses one by one individually.
-------------------------------------------
*********************************
94
**Chapter 13 : ORDER & REQUEST SENTENCES
=*=*=*=*=*=*= ---------------EMR VE RCA CMLELER
--------------------------------------
***The things we want to be done or not to be done, we use the verbs
(doing words) in verb base form :
***In Turkish, We are going to add our negative suffix to the end of
sentence ( to the verb).
Negative suffix : me / ma (according to vowel harmony)
95
Go / dont go git / gitme.
Run / dont run ko / koma.
96
Exercises in negative form
--------------------------------
Dont read the last page please. Ltfen son sayfay okuma.
Dont give him your adress please. Ltfen adresini ona verme.
***************************************************
*********************
97
**Chapter 14 : PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE
=*=*=*=*=*=*= ------------------------- MDK ZAMAN
-----------------------
***We use this form, when we talk about the things happening in a
period around now. The verb takes continuous suffix.
**If there is a vowel at the end of verb, it drops, and the vowel before
that gives us information about the suitable suffix. Study the examples
Examples :
--------------
***If the last vowel of verb is a , suffix comes as yor :
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
98
***If the last vowel of verb is e i, suffix comes as iyor :
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
To come : Gelmek gel geliyor.
To give : Vermek ver veriyor.
***In English we have different help verbs for every different tenses :
am-is-are // do-does // shall-will // did.............etc.
99
***In Turkish we have different suffixes for different tenses but help
verbs (personal adding) will be the same and take place at the end of
predicate (verb ; explanation of action) at all the time.
I Ben am um
You Sen are sun
He / she / it O is ---
We Biz are uz
You Siz are sunuz
They Onlar are lar.
EXAMPLES :
------------------
To learn : renmek
*** Even if we dont use subject ; Our personal adding shows us who
is doing the action.
To teach : retmek
I am teaching. retiyorum.
You are teaching. retiyorsun.
He is teaching. retiyor.
100
To read : okumak To write : yazmak
EXAMPLES :
---------------------
101
You are drinking coffee in Alis office.
Siz Alinin ofisinde kahve iiyorsunuz.
They are coming from cinema.
Onlar sinemadan geliyorlar.
Ahmet is telling a story to the chidren.
Ahmet ocuklara bir hikaye anlatyor.
My mother is baking a cake in the oven.
Benim annem frnda bir pasta piiriyor.
Ayes father cleaning the garden.
Ayenin babas baheyi temizliyor.
They are playing in the garden.
Onlar bahcede oynuyorlar.
102
spend : harca look : bak sell : sat
---------------------------------------------
103
We are Uyuyoruz oynuyoruz kouyoruz.
You are Uyuyorsunuz oynuyorsunuz kouyorsunuz.
They are Uyuyorlar oynuyorlar kouyorlar.
NEGATIVE FORM
---------------------------------------------------------------
verb base+negative suffix+tense suffix+pers.suffix
----------------------------------------------------------------
***We will use negative suffix ( me / ma ) right after verb
base.Continuous suffix starts with a vowel thats why in this particular
tense our negative suffix come as ( m ).You will understand better
when you study through the following examples.
104
We arent Harcamyoruz bakmyoruz satmyoruz.
You arent Harcamyorsunuz bakmyorsunuz satmyorsunuz.
They arent Harcamyorlar bakmyorlar satmyorlar.
105
fugitive : kaak murderer : katil
fear : korku ransom : fidye
hero : kahraman victim : madur
victory : galibiyet victor : galip
science : bilim scientist : bilgin
QUESTION FORM
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Verb base+tense suffix+question suffix+personal suffix
---------------------------------------------------------------------
*** First singular (I) and plural (we) subjects suffixes start with a
vowel thats why they take welding letter, y.
Study following examples carefully.
106
Are we? Harcyor muyuz? bakyor muyuz? satyor muyuz?
Are you? Harcyor musunuz? bakyor musunuz? satyor musunuz?
Are they? Harcyorlar m? bakyorlar m? satyorlar m?
107
Is the boy? Uyuyor mu? oynuyor mu? kouyor mu?
Are the boys? Uyuyorlar m? oynuyorlar m? kouyorlar m?
--------------------------------------------
***We do not use this form often but we will give a few example to
keep it in our knowledge.
***In this form ; time suffix takes place between negative and
question suffixes.
=================
*study above examples once more! Formula of the short answers ;
in English as : In Turkish
Yes, subject-help verb, Evet, verb-time-pers. adding.
No, subject-h.verb-not Hayr, verb-negative-time-pers. adding
================================================
108
Are you writing a letter? Sen bir mektup yazyor musun?
Yes, I am. Evet, yazyorum.
No, I am not. Hayr, yazmyorum.
109
What are you learning? Ne reniyorsun?
I am learning Turkish. Ben Trke reniyorum.
110
**Chapter 15 : PRONOUNS ARE IN THE SENTENCE
=*=*=*=*=*=*= ==========================
Subject pronouns object pronouns
--------------------- emphasized inclined
I : ben me : beni bana
You : ben you : seni sana
He/she : o him / her : onu ona
We : biz us : bizi bize
You : siz you : sizi size
They : onlar them : onlar onlara.
****************************************************
Examples :
111
We are good swimmers. Biz iyi yzcleriz.
--------- --- ---
You are clever students. Siz akll rencilersiniz.
---------- --- ------
They are rich customers. Onlar zengin mterilerdir.
----------- ------- ----
**************************
****************************************
112
Possessive pronouns in sentence ( underlined )
=======================
My father is an arcitect. Benim babam bir mimardr.
------------ ----------------
Babam bir mimardr.
---------
Your father is watching tv. Baban tv. seyrediyor.
------------- -------
His father is a rich man. Babas zengin bir adamdr.
------------ --------
Our father is a famous lawyer. Babamz nl bir avukattr.
------------ -----------
Your father is calling Babanz aryor ..
-------------- ----------
Their father is coming Babalar geliyor ..
-------------- ----------
**************************
**********************************
***********
113
REVIEW 6
=*=*=*=*=*
********************
114
Present continuous tense :
-------------------------------
Do not pass this page before you memorize the knowledge at between
the below bracets:
*!*!*!*!*!*!*!*!*!*!*!*!*!*!*!*!*!*!*!*!*!*!*!*!*!*!*!*!*
*!*!*!--------------------------------------------------------------*!*!*
I am Ben um. We are Biz uz.
You are Sen sun. You are Siz sunuz.
He is O ---- They are Onlar lar.
First of all, I advice you to study every single verb you have
learned up to now, as below example :
115
To come : gelmek coming : geliyor
Geliyorum gelmiyorum geliyor muyum?
Geliyorsun gelmiyorsun geliyor musun?
Geliyor gelmiyor geliyor mu?
***We have learned that the elements take place in Turkish, although
subject comes first as exactly opposite English Language.
116
***Now, you have all the knowledge that you need to make a proper
sentence. Write dawn your own sentences in English in present
continuous tense, try to translate it into Turkish as below examples.
***************************************************
117
EXERCISE 5 checking present continuous tense knowledge!
==========
Use the below verbs in present continuous tense and three forms
as in examples please.
**************************
118
ANSWERS 5 ( Matches with exercises 5 )
========== checking present continuous tense knowledge!
To laugh : glmek
positive negative question
I am glyorum glmyorum glyor muyum?
You are ... glyorsun glmyorsun glyor musun?
He is ... glyor glmyor glyor mu?
We are. glyoruz glmyoruz glyor muyuz?
You areglyorsunuz glmyorsunuz glyor musunuz?
They are.. glyorlar glmyorlar glyorlar m?
To read : okumak
To hide : saklamak
To teach : retmek
119
To think : dnmek
To speak : konumak
To listen : anlatmak
To lose : kaybetmek
120
To iron : tlemek
To touch : dokunmak
**********************
Make a question and give answer with the knowledge given
down below as in example.
121
*******
UNIT 7
*******
**Chapter 16 : FUTURE TENSE GELECEK ZAMAN
=*=*=*=*=*=*=* ---------------------------------------------
**We use this sentence, while we are talking about our wishes, future
plans or before the things happened.
Future tense suffix : ecek - acak
122
POSITIVE FORM :
-----------------------------------------------------
verb base + tense suffix + personal suffix
-----------------------------------------------------
bring : getir feed : besle draw : iz
123
laugh : gl swim : yz miss : zle
-------------------------------------
NEGATIVE FORM :
------------------------------------------------------------------
verb base+negative suffix+tense suffix+personal suffix
-------------------------------------------------------------------
Reminder : You will remember that we will bring our negative suffix
( me ma ) after the verb base ( before tense suffix).
124
bring : getir feed : besle draw : iz
125
Ali wont Glmeyecek yzmeyecek zlemeyecek.
Girl wont Glmeyecek yzmeyecek zlemeyecek.
Men wont Glmeyecekler yzmeyecekler zlemeyecekler.
-------------------------------------
QUESTION FORM :
------------------------------------------------------------------
verb base+tense suffix+question suffix+personal suffix
------------------------------------------------------------------
***We will use qestion suffix ( mi m ) after the tense suffix. Only
third plural subject takes the suffix after personal adding.
***First singular ( I ) and plural ( we ) subjects suffixes start with a
vowel thats why they take a welding letter y.
126
Will Ali? Harcayacak m? bakacak m? satacak m?
Will girl? Harcayacak m? bakacak m? satacak m?
Will Men? Harcayacaklar m? bakacaklar m? satacaklar m?
-------------------------------------------
NEGATIVE QUESTION FORM
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
verb base+negative suffix+tense suffix+Q.suffix+pers.suffix
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
**Altough we dont use this form often, we will give a few example to
keep it in our knowledge.
127
***If the subject is noun ( as Ali Jack his father ) ; we should
highlight it even in Turkish.
-------------------------------------------
EXAMPLES :
-----------------
I will teach Turkish and English in the school.
Okulda ngilizce ve Trke reteceim.
You will read a book in the house. Evde bir kitap okuyacaksn.
He / shell feed the birds in the garden. Bahede kular besleyecek.
***** As you have noticed that we havent used subjects in first six
sentences. Because the personal suffixes are helping us to know who
is the subject. ( I you he she we you they )
*If the subject is specific name (as Ali My mother Ayes uncle
Our teacher....) we must use them.
**I advice you to keep the changing letters and welding letters in front
of you at all the time in a seperate page, until you memorise them.
-----------------------------------------------
128
QUESTIONS & ANSWERS SORULAR VE CEVAPLAR
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
129
Will she send a letter or a parcel?
Bir paket mi yoksa bir mektup mu gnderecek?
She will send a parcel. Bir paket gnderecek.
She will send a letter. Bir mektup gnderecek.
Who will buy Alis car? Alinin arabasn kim satn alacak?
My father will buy it. Onu benim babam satn alacak.
Who will help us in the field? Bize tarlada kim yardm edecek?
My students will help. rencilerim yardm edecekler.
--------------------------------------
***************************************************
130
GOING TO
-------------------
***We dont have this tense in Turkish Language. We will give a few
example and you will see that it is exactly the same with future tense.
***As in above examples, they are exactly the same as they were in
future tense.
****************************************************
131
REVIEW 7 Future tense & Going to form
=*=*=*=*=* *********
Personal suffixes :
I im m We iz z.
You sin sn You siniz snz.
He ---- ---- They ler lar.
Tense suffixes :
Verb base + ecek acak
Time expressions :
******************************************
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
***First of all, I advice you to study every single verb youve learned
upto now, as below example :
132
To believe : inanmak going to / will believe : inanacak
133
To trust ; gvenmek going to / will trust ; gvenecek
*********************************************
134
EXERCISE 6 checking Future tense knowledge!
==========
Use the below verbs in future tense and three forms as in
examples please.
Where will Ali live ? Ali will live at his mothers house.
Ali nerede yaayacak ? Ali annesinin evinde yaayacak.
**************************
135
ANSWERS 6 ( Matches with exercise 6 )
========== checking Future tense knowledge!
To laugh : glmek
positive negative question
I gleceim glmeyeceim glecek miyim?
You... gleceksin glmeyeceksin glecek misin?
He ... glecek glmeyecek glecek mi?
We . gleceiz glmeyeceiz glecek miyiz?
You gleceksiniz glmeyeceksiniz glecek misiniz?
They.. glecekler glmeyecekler glecekler mi?
To read : okumak
To hide : saklamak
To teach : retmek
136
To think : dnmek
To speak : konumak
To listen : anlatmak
To lose : kaybetmek
137
To iron : tlemek
To touch : dokunmak
**********************
Making questions and answering them with the given knowledge.
Where will Ali live ? Ali will live at his mothers house.
Ali nerede yaayacak ? Ali annesinin evinde yaayacak.
138
*******
UNIT 8
*******
**Chapter18 : SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE GEN ZAMAN
=*=*=*=*=*=*= ------------------------------- ------------------
***In these sentences, we express our habits, hobbies, or the things we
do regularly.
***In this tense, the time suffixes are little bit more complicated than
other tenses that is why we will give plenty examples.
Easy part of it :
If the last letter of verb base is vowel ; time suffix comes as r .
139
****Difficult part is :
If the last letter of verb base is consonant, the suffix may be ar er
r ir ur r according the last vowel of the verb base. We will give
plenty example. Also youll notice that er/ ar/ ir will be using the most.
140
POSITIVE FORM
---------------------------------------------
verb base+tense suffix+personal suffix
---------------------------------------------
come : gel find : bul give : ver go : git
141
We Boyarz alarz uyuruz koklarz .
You Boyarsnz alarsnz uyursunuz koklarsnz.
They Boyarlar alarlar uyurlar koklarlar.
NEGATIVE FORM
----------------------------------------------------
verb base+negative suffix+personal suffix
----------------------------------------------------
!!!!! Study the following explanation till you understand it very well
please....!!!!!!!
*****************************************************
***Our negative suffix will come after verb base as usual, but If you
remember, when we put negative suffix me ma at the end of verb
base it will be just like negative order (request) sentence :
So !!!
142
**To stop this confusion and distinguish order sentence, from negative
form of simple present tense ;
*****************************************************
143
Ali doesnt Dokunmaz glmez gelmez yazmaz.
Girl doesnt Dokunmaz glmez gelmez yazmaz.
Men dont Dokunmazlar glmezler gelmezler yazmazlar.
--------------------------------------
QUESTION FORM
----------------------------------------------------------
verb base+tense suffix+Q.suffix+personal suffix
----------------------------------------------------------
144
***In this form, question suffix mi m comes in as usual place. Study
the below examples, try to use your own new new verbs by yourself.
145
Do you ? Yazar msnz? boyar msnz? alar msnz?
Do they ? Yazarlar m? boyarlar m? alarlar m?
Does Ali ? Yazar m? boyar m? alar m?
Does the girl? Yazar m? boyar m? alar m?
Do the men? Yazarlar m? boyarlar m? alarlar m?
146
QUESTIONS & ANSWERS SORULAR VE CEVAPLAR
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Do I write a novel? Bir roman yazar mym?
Yes, you do. Evet, yazarsn.
No, you dont. Hayr, yazmazsn.
Does your father smoke cigarette. Senin baban sigara ier mi?
Yes, he does. Evet, ier.
No, he doesnt Hayr, imez.
**************************
Do they drink tea or coffee? Kahve mi yoksa ay m ierler
They drink tea. ay ierler.
They drink coffee. Kahve ierler.
147
Do you live in Turkey or in England?
ngilterede mi yoksa Trkiyede mi yaarsn?
I live in Turkey. Trkiyede yaarm.
I live in England. ngilterede yaarm.
148
To smoke : imek. to climb : trmanmak
To comb : taramak to brush : fralamak
To forget : unutmak to remember : hatrlamak
To cry : alamak to laugh : glmek.
To hit : vurmak to kick : tekmelemek
To hide : saklamak to feed : beslemek
To visit : ziyaret etmek to watch : seyretmek
To bake : piirmek to repair : tamir etmek.
To bite : srmak to swallow : yutmak.
To plant : dikmek. to meet : bulumak.
To realize : farkna varmak to recognize : tanmak
To confuse : armak to solve : halletmek
To affirm : dorulamak to approve : tasvip etmek
To spare : esirgemek to expect : beklemek
To invent : icat etmek to invade : istila etmek
To respond : yantlamak to forbid : yasaklamak
To swop : trampa etmek to expel : kovmak
To expand : geniletmek to expound : aklamak
To separate : ayrmak to reveal : ifa etmek
To tease : dalga gemek to change : deitirmek
To shake : sallamak to shave : tra etmek.
To share : paylamak to slip : aya kaymak
To built : ina etmek to demolish : ykmak
To live : yaamak to leave : terk etmek
To try : denemek to stay : kalmak
Queen : kralie king : kral
Respect : sayg result : netice
Store : maaza boss : patron
Fool : aptal foolish : aptalca
Fun : elence funny : gln-komik
Novel : roman bill : hesap.
Umbrella : emsiye cigarette : sigara.
Key : anahtar cage : kafes
Cake : pasta field : tarla.
Restaurant : lokanta by / with : ile.
Hotel : otel pansion : pansiyon
Tent : adr hut : kulbe
149
EXERCISE 7 checking Simple past tense knowledge!
==========
Use the below verbs in simple past tense and three forms as in
examples please.
**********************
Make questions and answer them with the knowledge given down
below, as in example.
******************
150
ANSWERS 7 ( Matches with exercise 7)
========== checking Simple past tense knowledge!
positive negative question
To laugh : glmek
I gldm glmedim gldm m?
You ... gldn glmedin gldn m?
He ... gld glmedi gld m?
We .. gldk glmedik gldk m?
You gldnz glmediniz gldnz m?
They.. gldler glmediler gldler mi?
To read : okumak
To hide : saklamak
To teach : retmek
151
To think : dnmek
To speak : konumak
To tell : anlatmak
To lose : kaybetmek
152
To iron : tlemek
To touch : dokunmak
**********************
Making questions and answering them with the given knowledge,
as in sample ;
153
*******
UNIT 9
*******
REVIEW 9 FOUR MAIN TENSE SENTENCES
=*=*=*=*=* ---------------------------------------------
****We have learned four main tenses. Lets have examples which will
show four tenses in four different forms in a same list. Hopefully this
list will enable us to see the lay out of addings and difference between
of them.
POSITIVE FORM :
---------------------------------------------------
Verb base + tense suffix + personal suffix.
----------------------------------------------------
***Welding letter comes whenever and wherever needed!
=!=======!========!========!========!===
continuous future present past
-------------- -------------- ---------- --------
to write : yazmak yaz
154
to read : okumak oku
Okuyorum okuyacam okurum okudum.
Okuyorsun okuyacaksn okursun okudun.
Okuyor okuyacak okur okudu .
Okuyoruz okuyacaz okuruz okuduk.
Okuyorsunuz okuyacaksnz okursunuz okudunuz.
Okuyorlar okuyacaklar okurlar okudular.
to laugh : glmek gl
Glyorum gleceim glerim gldm.
Glyorsun gleceksin glersin gldn.
Glyor glecek gler gld.
Glyoruz gleceiz gleriz gldk.
Glyorsunuz gleceksiniz glersiniz gldnz.
Glyorlar glecekler glerler gldler.
to go : gitmek git
Gidiyorum gideceim giderim gittim.
Gidiyorsun gideceksin gidersin gittin.
Gidiyor gidecek gider gitti.
Gidiyoruz gideceiz gideriz gittik.
Gidiyorsunuz gideceksiniz gidersiniz gittiniz.
Gidiyorlar gidecekler giderler gittiler.
to run : komak ko
Kouyorum koacam koarm kotum.
Kouyorsun koacaksn koarsn kotun.
Kouyor koacak koar kotu.
155
Kouyoruz koacaz koarz kotuk.
Kouyorsunuz koacaksnz koarsnz kotunuz.
Kouyorlar koacaklar koarlar kotular.
to kiss : pmek p
pyorum peceim perim ptm.
pyorsun peceksin persin ptn.
pyor pecek per pt.
pyoruz peceiz periz ptk.
pyorsunuz peceksiniz persiniz ptnz.
pyorlar pecekler perler ptler.
NEGATIVE FORM :
-------------------------------------------------------------------
Verb base +negative suffix+tense suffix+personal suffix.
-------------------------------------------------------------------
***Welding letter comes whenever and wherever needeed!
156
Yazmyoruz yazmayacaz yazmayz yazmadk.
Yazmyorsunuz yazmayacaksnz yazmazsnz yazmadnz.
Yazmyorlar yazmayacaklar yazmazlar yazmadlar.
157
to look : bakmak bakma!
Bakmyorum bakmayacam bakmam bakmadm.
Bakmyorsun bakmayacaksn bakmazsn bakmadn.
Bakmyor bakmayacak bakmaz bakmad.
to go : gitmek gitme!
Gitmiyorum gitmeyeceim gitmem gitmedim.
Gitmiyorsun gitmeyeceksin gitmezsin gitmedin.
Gitmiyor gitmeyecek gitmez gitmedi.
**************************************
158
QUESTION FORM :
-------------------------------------------------------------------
Verb base+tense suffix+qestion suffix+personal suffix?
-------------------------------------------------------------------
***Welding letters come whenever and wherever needed!
*Simple past tense; question suffix comes after subject suffix!
to write : yazmak
Yazyor muyum?` yazacak mym? yazar mym? yazdm m?
Yazyor musun? yazacak msn? yazar msn? yazdn m?
Yazyor mu? yazacak m? yazar m? yazd m?
Yazyor muyuz? yazacak myz? yazar myz? yazdk m?
Yazyor musunuz?yazacak msnz? yazar msnz? yazdnz m?
Yazyorlar m? yazacaklar m? yazarlar m? yazdlar m?
to come : gelmek
Geliyor muyum? gelecek miyim? gelir miyim? geldim mi?
Geliyor musun? gelecek misin? gelir misin? geldin mi?
Geliyor mu? gelecek mi? gelir mi? geldi mi?
Geliyor muyuz? gelecek miyiz? gelir miyiz? geldik mi?
Geliyor musunuz? gelecek misiniz? gelir misiniz? geldiniz mi
Geliyorlar m? gelecekler mi? gelirler mi? geldiler mi?
to read : okumak
Okuyor muyum? okuyacak mym? okur muyum? okudum mu?
Okuyor musun? okuyacak msn? okur musun? okudun mu?
Okuyor mu? okuyacak m? okur mu? okudu mu?
Okuyor muyuz? okuyacak myz? okur muyuz? okuduk mu?
Okuyor musunuz? okuyacak msnz? okurmusunuz? okudunuzmu?
Okuyorlar m? okuyacaklar m? okurlar m? okudular m?
To laugh : glmek
Glyor muyum? glecek miyim? gler miyim? gldm m?
Glyor musun? glecek misin? gler misin? gldn m?
Glyor mu? glecek mi? gler mi? gld m?
Glyor muyuz? glecek miyiz? gler miyiz? gldk m?
Glyor musunuz? glecek misiniz? gler misiniz? gldnz m?
Glyorlar m? glecekler mi? glerler mi? gldler mi?
159
to look : bakmak
Bakyor muyum? bakacak mym? bakar mym? baktm m?
Bakyor musun? bakacak msn? bakar msn? baktn m?
Bakyor mu? bakacak m? bakar m? bakt m?
Bakyor muyuz? bakacak myz? bakar myz? baktk m?
Bakyor musunuz? bakacak msnz?bakar msnz? baktnz m?
Bakyorlar m? bakacaklar m? bakarlar m? baktlar m?
to go : gitmek
Gidiyor muyum? gidecek miyim? gider miyim? gittim mi?
Gidiyor musun? gidecek misin? gider misin? gittin mi?
Gidiyor mu? gidecek mi? gider mi? gitti mi?
Gidiyor muyuz? gidecek miyiz? gider miyiz? gittik mi?
Gidiyor musunuz? gidecek misiniz? gider misiniz? gittiniz mi?
Gidiyorlar m? gidecekler mi? giderler mi? gittiler mi?
to love : sevmek
Seviyor muyum? sevecek miyim? sever miyim? sevdim mi?
Seviyor musun? sevecek misin? sever misin? sevdin mi?
Seviyor mu? sevecek mi? sever mi? sevdi mi?
Seviyor muyuz? sevecek miyiz? sever miyiz? sevdik mi?
Seviyor musunuz? sevecek misiniz? sever misiniz? sevdiniz mi?
Seviyorlar m? sevecekler mi? severler mi? sevdiler mi?
*****************************
160
*****To come : gelmek
Gelmiyor muyuz? gelmeyecek miyiz? gelmez miyiz?
gelmedik mi?
Gelmiyor musunuz? gelmeyecek misiniz? gelmez misiniz?
gelmediniz mi?
Gelmiyorlar m? gelmeyecekler mi? gelmezler mi?
gelmediler mi?
161
REVIEW OF MAIN TENSES
-------------------------------------
162
Example : Positive negative question
=========== ============= =============
163
He (does) koklar koklamaz koklar m?
You (do) koklarsnz koklamazsnz koklar msnz?
164
Hell harcayacak harcamayacak harcayacak m?
Youll harcayacaksnz harcamayacaksnz harcayacak msnz?
*******************************
****************
****
165
**Chapter 19 : OWNERSHIP : SAHPLK -I-
=*=*=*=*=*=*=* -------------------- ----------------
166
***If the subject is a specific noun we use it and it comes at the
beginnig of the sentences.
***In question form ; question suffix comes before personal suffix.
*Personal suffix will come at the end of the sentence after the negative
suffix deil.
*In negative question form : We will add the question suffix just before
the personal suffix .
167
OWNERSHIP : SAHPLK -II-
168
( Onun ) iki kz yok. He doesnt have two daughters.
ki evimiz yok. We dont have two houses.
ok kitaplarnz yok. You dont have many books.
Drt atlar yok. They dont have four horses.
Arkadamn iyi komular yok.
My friend doesnt have good neighbours.
Hasann pahal arabalar yok. Hasan doesnt have expensive cars.
*************************************
169
EXERCISE 8 checking Simple present tense knowledge!
==========
Use the below verbs in simple present tense and three forms as
in examples please.
**********************
Make a question and give answer with the knowledge given down
below as in example.
**************************
170
ANSWERS 8 ( Matches with exercise 8 )
========== checking Simple present tense knowledge!
to laugh ; glmek
I glerim glmem gler miyim?
You ... glersin glmezsin gler misin?
He ... gler glmez gler mi?
We .. gleriz glmeyiz gler miyiz?
You glersiniz glmezsiniz gler misiniz?
They... glerler glmezler glerler mi?
to read ; okumak
I okurum okumam okur muyum?
You ... okursun okumazsn okur musun?
He ... okur okumaz okur mu?
We .. okuruz okumayz okur muyuz?
You okursunuz okumazsnz okur musunuz?
They... okurlar okumazlar okurlar m?
to hide ; saklamak
I saklarm saklamam saklar mym?
You... saklarsn saklamazsn saklar msn?
He ... saklar saklamaz saklar m?
We .. saklarz saklamayz saklar myz?
You saklarsnz saklamazsnz saklar msnz?
They... saklarlar saklamazlar saklarlar m?
to teach ; retmek
I retirim retmem retir miyim?
You ... retirsin retmezsin retir misin?
He ... retir retmez retir mi?
171
to think ; dnmek
I dnrm dnmem dnr mym?
You... dnrsn dnmezsin dnr msn?
He ... dnr dnmez dnr m?
to speak ; konumak
I konuurum konumam konuur muyum?
You ... konuursun konumazsn konuur musun?
He ... konuur konumaz konuur mu?
to listen ; anlatmak
I anlatrm anlatmam anlatr mym?
You ... anlatrsn anlatmazsn anlatr msn?
He ... anlatr anlatmaz anlatr m?
to lose ; kaybetmek
I kaybederim kaybetmem kaybeder miyim?
You ... kaybedersin kaybetmezsin kaybeder misin?
He ... kaybeder kaybetmez kaybeder mi?
172
to iron ; tlemek
I tlerim tlemem tler miyim?
You ... tlersin tlemezsin tler misin?
He ... tler tlemez tler mi?
to touch ; dokunmak
I dokunurum dokunmam dokunur muyum?
You ... dokunursun dokunmazsn dokunur musun?
He ... dokunur dokunmaz dokunur mu?
We .. dokunuruz dokunmayz dokunur muyuz?
You dokunursunuz dokunmazsnz dokunur musunuz?
They.... dokunurlar dokunmazlar dokunurlar m?
**********************
**************************
173
********
UNIT 10
********
**Chapter 20 : WH QUESTIONS
=*=*=*=*=*=*=* -----------------------------
WHAT ; NE ?
------------------
In noun sentence : Subject wh.....+help verb.
----------------------------------
174
In verb sentence : Wh..... verb +tense suffix+pers.suffix
-----------------------------------------------
What are you learning? Ne reniyorsun?
I am learning Turkish. Trke reniyorum.
What did the old man give you? Yal adam sana ne verdi?
He gave me an old stamp. O bana eski bir pul verdi.
What did you ask from Alis sister? Alinin kz kardeinden ne istedin?
Ive borrowed her English book. Onun ngilizce kitabn dn aldm.
******************
175
WHERE : NERE
------------------------
WHERE : NEREDE.
-----------------------------
--------------------------------
In noun sentence : Subject where+help verb.
============ ---------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------
In verb sentence: (If noun) where verb+tense suffix+pers.suffix
============ -----------------------------------------------------------
176
Where did they sleep last night? Dn gece nerede uyudular?
Theyve slept in the hotel. Otelde uyudular.
WHERE : NEREYE
-----------------------------------------------------------
(If noun) where verb+tense suffix+pers.suffix
------------------------------------------------------------
Where are you going? Nereye gidiyorsun?
I am going home. Eve gidiyorum.
177
WHERE : NEREDEN
-------------------------------------------------------------
(If noun) where verb+tense suffix+pers.suffix
-------------------------------------------------------------
From where did you buy this car? Bu arabay nereden satn aldn?
Ive bought it from car dealer. Araba tccarndan satn aldm.
WHEN : NE ZAMAN.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
(If noun) explanation when verb+tense suffix+pers.suffix
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
When did they buy their house? Evlerini ne zaman satn aldlar?
They bought it last year. Onu geen yl satn aldlar.
178
When does your father come home? Baban eve ne zaman gelir?
He comes at 7 oclock. Saat yedide gelir.
-------------------------------------
HOW : NASIL
If it is verb sentences:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
(If noun) explanation how verb+time suffix+pers.suffix
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
How did they cut the big tree? Byk aac nasl kestiler?
They cut it with big axe. Byk balta ile kestiler.
How did Ali cross the river? Ali nehiri nasl geti?
He crossed by boat. Sandal ile geti.
179
----------------------------------
WHO : KM
--------------------
Who is that man? u adam kimdir?
He is my father. O benim babamdr.
If it is verb sentences :
--------------------------------------------------------------
Explanation who verb+tense suffix+pers.suffix.
---------------------------------------------------------------
Who is helping to homeless people in England?
ngilterede evsiz insanlara kim yardm ediyor?
Some charities help them.
Onlara baz hayr kurumlar yardm eder.
180
Who will paint our house? Evimizi kim boyayacak?
Alis uncle will paint. Alinin amcas boyayacak.
WHY : NN BECAUSE : NK
--------------------- ------------------------------
***If the subject is proper noun we use it, but if it personal pronoun,
we may ignore to use it because, personal suffix explains us the subject.
--------------------------------------------------------------
Why explanation verb+tense suffix+pers.suffix
--------------------------------------------------------------
Why did you leave the company? Niin irketi terk ettin?
Because, they didnt accept my project.
nk, projemi kabul etmediler.
181
Why did you give your car to your brother?
Niin araban kardeine verdin?
Because, I have bought a new car.
nk, Ben yeni bir araba satn aldm.
WHICH : HANG :
---------------------------
**While were using which explanation comes with question adverb;
which town, which girl which house, which car ......etc.
182
Which hotel did you stay ? Hangi otelde kaldnz?
We stayed in Hilton. Hiltonda kaldk.
-----------------------------------
How many students are there in the course? Kursta ka renci var?
There are ten students. On renci var.
How many dogs are there in your house? Evinizde ka kpek var?
There are 2 dogs in our house. Evimizde iki kpek var.
If it is noun sentence
------------------------------------------------------------
How many(what) verb+tense annex+pers.suffix.
-------------------------------------------------------------
183
How many cars did you sell last month?
Geen ay ka araba sattnz?
We sold four cars. Drt araba sattk.
184
How much is that big house? u ev ne kadar?
It is very expensive. ok pahaldr.
If it is verb sentence :
------------------------------------------------------------
How much(what) verb+tense suffix+pers.suffix.
-------------------------------------------------------------
How much does she earn a month? Bir ayda ne kadar kazanr?
She earns 500 a month. Ayda be yz paund kazanr.
How much water do you drink a day? Bir gnde ne kadar su iersin?
I drink two litres a day. Bir gnde iki litre ierim.
How much did she lose in the casino? Gazinoda nekadar kaybetti?
She has lost too much. ok kaybetti.
***********************
185
**Chapter 21 :
=*=*=*=*=*=*=
TIME EXPRESSIONS : ZAMAN TERMLER
----------------------------------------------------------
Days : Gnler ;
---------------------
Sunday : Pazar
Monday : Pazartesi Tuesday : Sal Wednesday: aramba
Thursday: Perambe Friday : Cuma Saturday : Cumartesi
---------------------------------------
Months : Aylar ;
---------------------
january : ocak february : ubat march : mart
april : nisan may : mays june : haziran
july : temmuz august : austos september: eyll
october : ekim november: kasm december : aralk
---------------------------------------
Seasons : Mevsimler ;
----------------------------
spring : ilkbahar
summer : yaz autumn : sonbahar winter : k
----------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------
186
Last : Geen
----------------- ***We use this word before time expressions,
while we are talking about the past events.
Next : Gelecek
--------------------
***We use this word before time expressions, while we are
talking about the future events.
*************************************
187
NUMBERS : RAKAMLAR
------------------------------------
Ali will marry with the second lady. Ali ikinci hanm ile evlenecek.
-------------------------------------
188
Numeral adjectives : Say sfatlar ( II )
-------------------------------------------------
***********************
189
**Chapter 22 : WHAT TIME IS IT ? SAAT KA ?
=*=*=*=*=*=*=* -----------------------------------------------
***We can ask about the time as saat ka ? and our answer should
be as :
**********************
***********************
***If it is quarter past...... : Saat ......i eyrek geiyor.
==================
***********************
***If it is quarter to........: Saat ........e eyrek var.
================
190
***If it is minute past : Saat ....i ......dakika geiyor.
====================
If its quarter past, emphasize rules apply : i u yi y
*****************************
***If it is minute to ......: Saat ....e ......dakika var.
=================
Just like quarter to,incline rules apply : e a ye ya
Saat bire oniki dakika var. Saat ikiye onsekiz dakika var.
Saat drde onyedi dakika var. Saat altya ondokuz dakika var.
Saat dokuza onbir dakika var. Saat onikiye onyedi dakika var.
*****************************
*** If we want to know exact time about the event, we use ;
191
EXERCISE 9 checking Ownership sentences knowledge!
==========
*************
**************************
192
ANSWERS 9 ( Matches with exercise 9 )
==========
checking ownership sentences knowledge!
Reminder ;
Weve learned that the suffix at the end of noun shows the owner.
So we dont have to use pronouns (benimseninonunbizim .. etc.)
193
Krmz bir arabas var m? Pahal bir arabas var m?
Evet, var. Hayr, yok. Evet, var. Hayr, yok.
**************************
********
UNIT 11
194
********
ADJECTIVES : SIFATLAR :
============ ==========
******************************
195
**Chapter 23 : ADJECTIVES : SIFATLAR :
=*=*=*=*=*=*=* --------------------------------------
******************************
A red rose : bir krmz gl A pretty woman :bir zarif kadn.
---- -------- ------- ------
***In English a an never comes between noun and adjective,
but in Turkish it does.
196
That pretty woman is Alis mother.
u zarif kadn Alinin annesidir.
My teacher is leaving in the second house.
retmenim ikinci evde yayor.
My brother lives in a crowded city.
Kardeim kalabalk bir ehirde yaar.
She will buy an expensive car.
O pahal bir araba satn alacak.
They are sleeping in the big room.
Onlar byk odada uyuyorlar.
He bought a new car last week.
Geen hafta yeni bir araba satn ald.
He didnt stop at the red light.
Krmz kta durmad.
197
***In Turkish : we will use kadar daha en
198
IN SUPERIOR FORM : Than ( from ) : den dan.
199
IN SUPERLATIVE FORM :
In this form noun comes with highest level of adjective in its own field
in a particular area. We use this form in two different way :
OR
200
Moskow is the coldest city in the world.
Moskova dnyadaki en souk ehirdir.
Moskova dnyann en souk ehiridir.
*******************************
201
**Chapter 24 : NOUN SENTENCES
=*=*=*=*=*=*=* ----------------------------------
--- V ---
NOUN SENTENCES IN FUTURE TENSE
-----------------------------------------------------
202
You will be good friends. yi arkada olacaksnz.
yi arkada olacak msnz?
Evet, olacaz. Hayr, olmayacaz.
203
--- VI ---
NOUN SENTENCES IN PAST TENSE
-------------------------------------------------
204
REVIEW 10
*=*=*=*=*=*
*** Now we can complete the noun sentences. We can describe or give
information about something or someone; in past, in present or in future
form. We have learned all of them.
Now, lets study them together and see the difference between of them.
You were in the port an hour ago. Bir saat nce limandaydnz.
You are on the ship now. imdi gemidesiniz.
Youll be at your home tomorrow. Yarn evinizde olacaksnz.
205
**********
UNIT 12
********
To recognize : tanmak to release : serbest brakmak
To confuse : armak to solve : halletmek.
To tease : dalga gemek to change : deitirmek.
To melt : erimek(to be) to melt : eritmek(to do)
To boil : kaynamak(be) to boil : kaynatmak(do)
To build : ina etmek to demolish: ykmak
To live : yaamak to leave : terketmek
To try : denemek to stay : kalmak
To condemn : ayplamak to arrive : varmak
To cost : mal olmak to waste : ziyan olmak
To need : ihtiyac olmak to press : basmak
To grove : yetitirmek to hang : asmak
To lead : ynetmek to become : olumak
To deal : anlamak to feed : beslemek
To stink : kokmak to sting : sokmak(bcek)
To swear : yemin etmek to upset : kzdrmak
To steal : almak to thrive : gelimek.
To hurt : incitmek to knit : rmek
To kneel : diz kmek to know : bilmek
To dig : kazmak to fill : doldurmak
To lean : eilmek to spit : tkrmek
To split : blmek to swell : imek
To swing : sallanmak to whet : bilemek
To wed : evlenmek to weave : dokumak
To pour : dkmek to flow : akmak
To deceive : aldanmak to cheat : aldatmak
To (do) strangle : bomak to(be)strangle : boulmak
To twist : bkmek to remove : karmak
To chew : inemek to drip : damlamak
To brew : demlemek to balance : dengelemek
To pray : dua etmek to sneeze : haprmak
To rule : hkmetmek to respect : hrmet etmek
To resign : istifa etmek to convince: ikna etmek
206
To approve : onamak to delay : gecikmek
To kill : ldrmek to be killed : ldrlmek
To sprinkle : serpmek to be sprinkled : serpilmek
To arrest : tutuklamak to be arrested : tutuklanmak.
Outside : dar inside : ieri
Possible : mmkn result : sonu
Costumer : mteri consumer : tketici
Decision : karar citizen : vatanda
Noise : grlt offer : teklif
Ocean : okyanus sea : deniz
Order : sipari goose : kaz
Duck : rdek chicken : tavuk
Visitor : ziyareti cashier : kasiyer
Poem : iir novel : roman
Theatre : tiyatro cinema : sinema
Emigrant : gmen local : yerli
Island : ada peninsula : yarmada
Agreement : anlama gallery : galeri
Conference : konferans congregation : cemaat
Mosque : cami anthem : mar
Business : ticaret businessman : iadam
Any : hi many : pek ok
Less : az some : baz/ biraz
Pavement : kaldrm street : cadde
Motorway : otoban accident : kaza
Lock : kilit key : anahtar
Fast : hzl slow : yava
Ticket : bilet token : jeton
Head : kafa face : yz
Eyebrow : ka eyelash : kirpik
Eye : gz ear : kulak
Nose : burun mouth : az
Tongue : dil lip : dudak
Cheek : yanak chin : ene
Moustache : byk beard : sakal
Arm : kol elbow : dirsek
Shoulder : omuz knee : diz
Wrist : bilek hand : el
207
**Chapter 25 : FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE :
=*=*=*=*=*=*=* -------------------------------------------
***If, it will be a continuity about the future events, we will use this
sentence. We can use future time expressions :
208
It will be raining tonight. Bu gece yamur yayor olacak.
It will be snowing tomorrow. Yarn kar yayor olacak.
209
**Chapter 26 : PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE
=*=*=*=*=*=*=* --------------------------------------
*** Also this tense usually comes connected to another sentences.
It doesnt give a full statement or complete sentence. We will learn it
but, we will use it with conjuctions in more appropriate manner.
If there is a continuity in past events we use this tense. In need
we may use a past time expressions.
210
**Chapter 27 :
*=*=*=*=*=*=* CONJUCTIONS I ; BALALAR I
--------------------------------------------------
*** These words connect the sentences. We express the events that
happened, happens, happening or will happen at the same period of
time.
IF : EER.
---------------
The main verb of If clause takes adding se sa . It takes place
after time suffix. But with third singular / plural subject; it takes place
after personal suffix.
I m You n he -- Ali --
We k you niz they lar children lar
**********************
211
Examples ;
If you come to Bodrum, youll stay in my house.
212
WHILE : KEN
--------------------
The main verb of while clause takes adding ken it takes place after
time suffix, but here (be extra careful please!) with third singular/plural
subject it comes after personal suffix.
We use this word very limited in English. In Turkish it always
comes in simple present form and It can be use with almost all tenses.
While clause doesnt take personal suffix, thats why we must use
the subject.
Youll understand this form better when you study below examples :
*** We know now that while clause is used exactly same with all
the other sentences but we also know that it takes its meaning from the
main clause. Study below examples carefully.!!!
213
While the teacher were talking,the students were not listening.
retmen konuurken, renciler dinlemiyorlard.
While the baby was sleeping, her mother cleaned the house.
Bebek uyurken, annesi evi temizledi.
While they were going to hospital, they saw an accident.
Onlar hastaneye giderken, bir kaza grdler.
While Ali was painting his house, his brother helped him.
Ali evini boyarken, kardei ona yardm etti.
While Aye was cooking meal, her sister watched tv.
Aye yemek piirirken, kardei tv izledi.
While they were walking in the forest, they saw a big snake.
Koruda yrrlerken, byk bir ylan grdler.
While I was living in the Isle of Man, I wrote this book.
Isle of Mande yaarken, bu kitab yazdm.
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**Chapter 28 : MAY & CAN
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In English, we use ;
May : while expressing positive & negative possibilities
or request & permissions.
Can : To express abilities.
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In Turkish, we use ;
ebil & abil : for the both expressions. But well treat
our sentences as in simple present (do/does : ir /r / r) form all the time.
ebilir & abilir.
As youll notice in below notice may & can translate exactly the same;
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He may go to London. Londraya gidebilir.
She may visit us at school. Okulda bizi ziyaret edebilir.
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May in request sentences ;
This sentence should be in question form. The question suffix comes
within usual rules. We usually use it with either 1st singular or plural
subjects, dont we?
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!*!*!* Weve learned that, negative suffix is me ma (according to
vowel harmony).
!*!*!* We can use this with almost all tenses, if the situation is not in
your control, you may explain the situation in this form.
!*!*!* Also we can use this form, saying anything more polite way or
to refuse any request or demand in any tenses.
Lets give some examples :
If it is Simple present :
If it is in Present continuous :
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If it is in Future tense :
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**Chapter 29 :
*=*=*=*=*=*=*= COULD
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It seems like past form of can. So we will bring our past tense suffix
di d after time suffix ( can ). Study the examples carefully!!!
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***We generally use these clauses connected with another sentences to
complete the statements. Trying to explain the situation by using ;
They could come to the theatre, but they didnt have tickets.
Tiyatroya gelebilirlerdi, ama biletleri yoktu.
They couldnt come to the theatre, because theyve missed the bus.
Tiyatroya gelemediler, nk otobs kardlar.
I could lend you some money, but I didnt get my sallary yet.
Sana biraz bor verebilirdim, Ama henz maam almadm.
I couldnt lend you money, because my wallet wasnt on me.
Sana dn para veremedim, nk czdanm stmde deildi.
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**Chapter 3O :
*=*=*=*=*=*=* WOULD
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***The modal verb would commonly used together with like as a polite
form of want :
***As it showed in above sentences the main verb takes present tense
suffix ( r ir r . ect), then past tense suffix ( di d ).
Question, negative or personal suffixes come in as usual form and
places.
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*!*!*! We have learned that when we used wh question, our main
verb was coming in positive form ;
***It would be more polite to ask below questions with would but to
answer them by want to in continuous form is more common and
sensible.
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**Chapter 31 : MUST : MEL / MALI
*=*=*=*=*=*=*= ----------------------------------
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**Chapter 32 : HAVE TO HAS TO : ZORUNDA
*=*=*=*=*=*=*= --------------------------------------------------
!!! You will notice that, this is the only verb sentence we will use
deil instead of me ma in negative form.
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Do we have to pay our bill in advance?
Hesabmz pein demek zorunda myz?
No, you dont have to. Hayr, deilsiniz.
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REVIEW 11
*=*=*=*=*=*
We are going to give examples that we have learned upto now.
Study them carefully and do more, in same way with different
sentences.
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