1)

sajaro finansebi sxva araferia, Tu ara rTuli kamaTi individisa da

saxelmwifos urTierTobis Sesaxeb. sajaro finansebi kvalifikaciis
amaRlebis saukeTeso skolaa.
.

sajaro finansebis moqmedebis sfero zogjer bundovania. saxelmwifos

maregulirebeli strategia mniSvnelovan zegavlenas axdens resursebis
ganawilebaze, romlis mizani zogjer saxelmwifos sagadasaxado da
saxarjo politikis ganxorcielebiT miiRweva. ase, magaliTad, Tu
saxelmwifos surs, Seamciros korporaciis sidide, mas SeuZlia, msxvil
korporaciebze maRali gadasaxadi daawesos. garda amisa, saxelmwifo
reglamentirebis ufleba aqvs, romlis mixedviTac, gansazRvrul
moculobaze ufro didi firma aralegalurad CaiTvleba. sajaro finansebi
korporaciebis dabegvris sakiTxs intensiurad swavlobs, xolo
antimonopoliuri sakiTxebi misi mxolod arapirdapiri Seswavlis sagania
(romlebic sawarmoo organizaciis Sesaxeb
masalebSia ganxiluli).

2)
adamianTa Sexedulebani imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor unda awarmoos
saxelmwifom finansuri operaciebi, Rrma politikuri filosofiis nayofia.
erTni uzenaes prioritetad piris Tavisuflebas, meoreni ki _ mTlianad
sazogadoebis keTildReobis sxvadasxva aspeqtebs miiCneven. gansxvavebuli
filosofia ki saxelmwif yvelaze gonivruli ekonomikuri saqmianobis
Taobaze gansxvavebul mosazrebebs badebs.
Tumca politikis Sesaxeb racionaluri mosazrebis Camosayalibeblad
mxolod politikuri filosofia ar kmara. aRniSnuli procesi moiTxovs
saxelmwifos praqtikuli saqmianobis codnas. vin aris uflebamosili,
warmarTos ekonomikuri politika? raze xarjavs saxelmwifo fuls da
saidan
qmnis Semosavals?
1030 weli qristeSobamde. aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi ebraeli tomebi
centraluri xelisuflebis gareSe cxovrobdnen. biblia mogviTxrobs, Tu
rogor evedreboda xalxi winaswarmetyvel samuels: `dagvidgine axla mefe,
rom
sxva xalxebis wesisamebr gangvsjides~ samueli Seecada,
ebraelTaTvis azri Seecvlevinebina. man aRuwera, Tu rogori iqneboda maTi
cxovreba monarqiis farglebSi:

Tumca ebraelebs warbic ar SeuxriaT dramatuli scenaris gamo: `ar

daujera xalxma samuels. Tqves: ara da ara, mefe unda gvesvas, Cvenc iseTebi
unda viyoT, rogoric sxva xalxebi arian. Cveni mefe gangvsjis Cven, win
wagviZRveba da Cveni gulisTvis ibrZolebses bibliuri epizodi zustad
aRwers saukuneebis winandel e. w.
(ormag gancdas) saxelmwifos mimarT. saxelmwifo sistema
aucileblobaa _ yvela ers aqvs igi, Tumca imavdroulad mas arasasurveli
Sedegebis motanac SeuZlia. aseTi Sereuli Sexedulebani saxelmwifos
mimarT
kompleqsurad saxelmwifos sagadasaxado da saxarjo politikasTanaa
dakavSirebuli. mefe mosaxleobas uzrunvelyofs maTTvis saWiro zogierTi
saSualebiT (am SemTxvevaSi, jariT), magram mxolod garkveuli safasuris
gadaxdis Semdeg. saxelmwifo danaxarjebis wyaro sabolood mainc kerZo
seqtoria. samuelis daxvewili ganmartebis Tanaxmad, gadasaxadebi sakmaod
seriozul tvirTad SeiZleba iqces.
mas Semdeg saukuneebma ganvlo, saxelmwifos mimarT msgavsi damokidebuleba
ki kvlav aqtualuria. gansakuTrebuli winaaRmdegoba arsebobs saxelmwifos
finansur operaciebTan dakavSirebiT.
swored amitom zogierTi avtori upiratesobas aniWebs
termins saxelmwifo seqtoris ekonomika an ubralod saxelmwifo ekonomika.
yuradRebis centrSia saxelmwifos mikroekonomikuri funqcia da
resursebis gamoyofasa da Semosavlis ganawilebaze misi zemoqmedebis
xasiaTi.
rac Seexeba saxelmwifos makroekonomikur funqcias (sagadasaxado, saxarjo
da
fulad-sakredito politikis saSualebiT umuSevrobisa da fasebis saerTo
doneze zemoqmedeba), is calke kursSi Seiswavleba.
 3)
saxelmwifo bunebrivi organizmia. TiToeuli individi aris aRniSnuli
organizmis nawili, Tavad saxelmwifo ki _ organizmis guli. iang Cang-Ci,
mao
Ze dunis eTikis maswavlebeli pekinSi, amtkicebda, rom `qveyana mTliani
organizmia. igi adamianis sxeuls hgavs. qveyana ar aris manqana, romelic
SesaZloa daiSalos da kvlav aiwyos~ individi
mniSvnelovania, rogorc mxolod sazogadoebis wevri, da misi sikeTe
sazogadoebis mTliani sikeTis WrilSi ganisazRvreba. amdenad, sazogadoeba
zemoqmedebs individze. ase, magaliTad, platonis `respublikaSi~ moqalaqis
qmedeba gamarTlebulia, Tu igi sazogadoebis keTildReobazea
orientirebuli.
saxelmwifos Sesaxeb organuli Teoriis yvelaze samarcxvino magaliTs
nacistebi gvTavazoben: `nacionalisturi socializmi ar aRiarebs calke
individs, romelic arsebobs sazogadoebisagan damoukideblad da
saimedodaa
daculi saxelmwifo Carevisagan... individis yoveldRiuri moqmedeba
mTlianobas
unda emsaxurebodes. mxolod am gziT iqneba igi Rirebuli~1.
sazogadoebis miznebis avtori saxelmwifoa; igi sazogadoebas maTi
Sesrulebis unars aniWebs. cxadia, miznebis arCevani mniSvnelovnad
gansxvavebulia. platoni Tvlida, rom saxelmwifos mizani aris oqros
Sualedis miRweva, romlis farglebSic adamianis qmedeba ganpirobebuli
iqneba
srulyofili keTilgonierebiT. meore mxriv, adolf hitleri
miiCnevda, rom saxelmwifos mizania rasobrivi siwmindis miRweva
leninis sityvebis Tanaxmad , proletaruli
saxelmwifos mizani `muSa da eqspluatirebul xalxTa maswavlebloba,
winamZRoloba da lideroba da am gziT maTi socializmSi Seyvanaa~.
sazogadoebrivi miznebi metad gansxvavebulia; amdenad, Zalian
mniSvnelovania, gavigoT, Tu rogor unda moxdes maTi SerCeva. organuli
Teoriis mimdevarni amtkiceben, rom garkveul miznebs sazogadoeba
bunebrivad
asrulebs. bunebrivi miznis erT-erTi magaliTi geografiul arealSi
suverenitetisaTvis brZolaa (gavixsenoT nacistebis ltolva evropaSi
dominanturi adgilis mosapoveblad). filosofosebi saukuneebis
ganmavlobaSi
cdilobdnen, aexsnaT termin `bunebrivis~ mniSvneloba, Tumca misi
gansazRvreba
dRemde bundovania.
meqanikuri Teoria saxelmwifos Sesaxeb
meqanikuri Teoriis Tanaxmad, saxelmwifo ar aris sazogadoebis
organuli nawili. igi TiTqos adamianebma Tavisi miznebis misaRwevad
gamoigones. amerikeli politikuri moRvawis, henri kleis, azriT
`saxelmwifos endobian. saxelmwifo moxeleebi ki rwmunebulebi arian.
centralur rgolSi upiratesad dgas individi (da ara jgufi).
yvela adamiani eTanxmeba im
azrs, rom saxelmwifo mosaxleobas Zaladobisagan icavs. amisaTvis ki
saxelmwifos iZulebis uflebis monopolia esaWiroeba. sxva SemTxvevaSi
anarqia
gaZlierdeba da situacia daemsgavseba
. analogiurad, `xalxTa simdidreSi~ adam smiTi amtkicebs, rom
saxelmwifom unda daicvas `Tavisi
sazogadoeba danaSaulisa da sxva, damoukidebeli sazogadoebis
agresiisagan~,
`xolo sazogadoebis TiToeuli wevri _ sxvaTa Cagvrisa da
usamarTlobisagan~
yvelaze SezRuduli Zalauflebis mqone saxelmwifosac ki fizikuri
iZulebisagan moqalaqeebis dacva evaleba. garda amisa, smiTi amtkicebda,
rom saxelmwifom unda ikisros `gansazRvruli saxelmwifo saqmisa da
saxelmwifo institutebis Camoyalibeba-SenarCunebis pasuxismgebloba,
romlebic arasodes ar moemsaxureba individis an individTa mcire jgufis
interesebis stimulirebasa da Sesrulebas~ aq SesaZloa gagvaxsendes gzebi,
xidebi, .
am TvalsazrisiT, meqanikuri Teoriis WrilSi gamefebuli mosazrebani
sakmaod gansxvavebulia. Tavisufali nebis doqtrinis mimdevarni, romlebic
Tvlidnen, rom SezRuduli Zalauflebis mqone saxelmwifo yvelaze
racionaluria, misTvis ekonomikuri rolis miniWebis winaaRmdeg
gamodiodnen.
smiTis sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, `nebismieri adamiani, sanam ar arRvevs
samarTlianobis kanons, absoluturad Tavisufalia sakuTari interesis
dakmayofilebaSi~ Tavisufali nebis doqtrinis
mimdevarni metad skeptikurad uyurebdnen saxelmwifos unars socialuri
keTildReobis gazrdisa.

amis sapirispirod, isini, visac social-demokratebs vuwodebT, miiCneven,

rom mosaxleobis keTildReobis uzrunvelsayofad saWiroa mniSvnelovani
saxelmwifo intervencia, romelic sxvadasxva formiT xorcieldeba:
specialuri reglamenti, romelic samuSao adgilis usafrTxoebas
uzrunvelyofs, kanoni, romelic krZalavs rasobriv da sqesobriv
diskriminacias. anglo-amerikul politikur msoflmxedvelobaSi
saxelmwifos Sesaxeb meqanikuri Teoria gabatonda, Tumca ara totalurad.
adamiani, romelic amtkicebs, rom raime unda gakeTdes `erovnuli
interesis~ WrilSi, da Tanac individis an individTa jgufis keTildReobis
ignorirebas axdens, farulad iziarebs organul Teorias. ufro zogadad,
TviT yvelaze maRalindividualistur sazogadoebaSi adamiani eris saxeliT
gamodis da
samSoblos msxverpladac ki ewireba.
amdenad, meqanikuri Teoriis damkvidreba TavisTavad iseTi
ideologiis Camoyalibebas ar uzrunvelyofs, romelic zustad
migviTiTebda,
unda ganxorcieldes Tu ara konkretuli ekonomikuri intervencia.
aRniSnuli sakiTxi metad mniSvnelovania, radgan ekonomikuri politika
mxolod ekonomikur analizs ar efuZneba. saxelmwifos survili,
ganaxorcielos an ar ganaxorcielos moqmedeba, nawilobriv eTikur da
politikur gadawyvetilebebzea damokidebuli. rogorc sajaro finansebis
Sesaxeb qveyanaSi mimdinare debatebi cxadyofs, am sakiTxebs uamravi gonieri
adamiani ewinaaRmdegeba.

4) ,

mTavrobis zoma
bil klintonma SeerTebuli Statebisadmi cnobil mimarTvaSi ganacxada:
`veeberTela mmarTvelobis epoqa dasrulda~. aRniSnuli gancxadeba
gulisxmobs,
rom arsebobs meTodi, romliTac dadgindeba, aris Tu ara mmarTveloba
`veeberTela~. magram rogor unda ganisazRvros mTavrobis sidide?
politikosebi da Jurnalistebi swored sajaro seqtorSi dasaqmebuli
adamianebis raodenobis mixedviT gansazRvraven mTavrobis sidides _ zomas.
Tumca mTavrobis zomis koeficientma, romelic masSi dasaqmebulTa
raodenobis
mixedviTaa gamoangariSebuli, SesaZloa SecdomaSi Segviyvanos.
warmoidgineT
qveyana, sadac ramdenime sajaro moxele amuSavebs mZlavr kompiuters,
romelic
iRebs yvela ekonomikur gadawyvetilebas. aseT qveyanaSi, mTavrobis
moxeleTa
raodenobis safuZvelze, mTavrobis mniSvneloba saTanadod ver fasdeba.
analogiurad, Zalian martivia, Seiqmnas scenari, romelSic bevri sajaro
moxele SedarebiT sust sajaro ZalauflebasTan iqneba dakavSirebuli.
Tumca
xSirad sajaro seqtoris moxeleTa raodenoba sasargeblo informaciaa.
miuxedavad amisa, igi naTels ar hfens mTavar sakiTxs _ ra masStabiT
akontrolebs mTavroba sazogadoebis resursebs?
arsebobs ufro keTilgonivruli da miRebuli midgoma, mTavrobis zoma
ganisazRvros mis mier wlis ganmavlobaSi gaweuli danaxarjebis
moculobis
mixedviT, romlebic ZiriTadad sami saxisaa:
1. saqonlisa da momsaxurebis Sesyidva. saxelmwifo SeiZens aRniSnuli
kategoriis did odenobas, raketidan metyevis momsaxurebamde.
2. Semosavlis xalxisaTvis, biznes-erTeulebisa da sxva mTavrobebisaTvis
gadacema. saxelmwifo zogierTi pirisa da organizaciisagan iRebs
Semosavals
da mas sxvebs gadascems. amis magaliTad gamodgeba keTildReobis amaRlebis
iseTi programebi, rogoricaa sasursaTo talonebi da fermerTaTvis
garkveuli
saqonlis warmoebisaTvis (an warmoebis SeCerebisaTvis) gadaxdili
subsidiebi.
3. procentebis gadaxda. mTavroba xSirad sesxulobs fuls sakuTari
saqmianobis dasafinanseblad da, rogorc msesxebeli, valdebulia amgvari
privilegiiT sargeblobisaTvis procenti gadaixados.
arsebobs azri, rom informacia saxelmwifo reglamentirebiT gamowveuli
ekonomikis danaxarjebis Sesaxeb wliur maregulirebel biujetSi unda
gamoqveyndes. swored am gziT gaxdeba SesaZlebeli aseTi danaxarjebis
zusti
aRricxva. samwuxarod, maTi gamoTvla Zalian rTulia.
:

saxelmwifo biujetis didi nawili e.w. `uflebrivi

programebisagan~ Sedgeba. esaa programebi, romelTa danaxarji fiqsirebuli
dolariT ki ara, aramed masSi monawileobis uflebis mqone adamianTa
raodenobiT ganisazRvreba. kanonebi, romlebic aregulirebs iseT sferoebs,
rogoricaa socialuri uzrunvelyofa, sazogadoebrivi keTildReobis
amaRlebisken mimarTuli programebi, sasoflo-sameurneo produqciis
fasebis
mxardaWera da a.S., beneficiarTa odenobisa da masStabis gansazRvras
moiTxovs.
amdenad, uflebrivi programebis danaxarjebs moqmedi mTavroba ar
gaiangariSebs, Tu ar Seicvleba kanoni. analogiurad, sesxis momsaxurebis
Tanxis odenoba saprocento ganakveTisa da wina deficitis mixedviT
ganisazRvreba. amdenad, igi TiTqmis ar Sedis amJamad gadawyvetilebaTa
mimRebi
pirebis sakontrolo sferoSi. araerTi Sefasebis Tanaxmad, federaluri
biujetis sami meoTxedi SedarebiT ukontroloa.
sasargeblo iqneboda, mTliani danaxarjebi mTavrobis doneTa mixedviT
gagvenawilebina. federalur mTavrobaze mTliani pirdapiri danaxarjebis
51%,
Statebze _ 21%, xolo adgilobriv mmarTvelobaze _ 28% modis. Statebi da
adgilobrivi mmarTvelobebi aqtiuri moTamaSeebi arian. maTi danaxarjebis
didiwili modis policiaze, saxanZro samsaxurze, ganaTlebasa da
transportirebaze. sazogadoebrivi keTildReobis amaRlebasTan
dakavSirebul danaxarjebs Statebi gasweven.
amonagebi
federalur doneze piradi Semosavlis dabegvra
dRes amonagebis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi wyaroa, romelzedac
mobilizebuli
gadasaxadebis 46% modis. `socialur
dazRvevas~ esaa xelfasze gadasaxadi, romliTac socialuri dazRvevisa da
samedicino momsaxurebis uzrunvelyofa xdeba. maTze dRes federaluri
amonagebis mesamedze meti modis. garkveulwilad sainteresoa korporaciebis
Semosavalze dawesebuli federaluri gadasaxadis mniSvnelobis Semcireba.
1965 wels masze federaluri Semosavlebis daaxloebiT 22% modioda, dRes
ki
aRniSnuli maCvenebeli mxolod 8%-ia. Statebisa da adgilobrivi
mmarTvelobis seqtorSi ori yvelaze saocari cvlileba iyo qonebis
gadasaxadis mniSvnelobis Semcireba da fizikuri piris saSemosavlo
gadasaxadis masStabis zrda. cvlilebebi sesxis realur RirebulebaSi.
kamaTis dros xSirad moismenT azrs imis Sesaxeb, rom gadasaxadebi
saxelmwifos Semosavlis erTaderTi wyaroa. Tumca im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac
saxelmwifo debitoria da fasebis done izrdeba, sesxis realur
RirebulebaSi mimdinare nebismieri cvlileba SesaZloa
Semosavlis mniSvnelovan wyarod iqces. ukeT gasarkvevad, warmoidgineT, rom
wlis dasawyisSi kreditorisagan isesxeT 1000 aSS dolari, romlis
dabruneba wlis bolomde ar mogiwevT. davuSvaT, wlis ganmavlobaSi fasebi
10%-iT gaizarda. amdenad, fulis Rirebuleba, romelsac kreditors
daubrunebT, 10%-iT naklebi iqneba fulis im RirebulebasTan SedarebiT,
romelic misgan isesxeT.saqme isaa, rom inflaciam Tqveni sesxis realuri
Rirebuleba 100 aSS dolariT (1000 aSS dolaris 10%) Seamcira.
5)=6

saxelmwifos mizani Tavisi xalxis keTildReobis uzrunvelyofaa. eris

materialuri winsvla da keTildReoba mxolod maSinaa Rirebuli, Tu mas
TiToeuli Rirseuli moqalaqis moralur da materialur keTildReobamde
mivyavarT.

aiReT nebismieri yoveldRiuri gazeTi: aucileblad waawydebiT statias

ekonomikaSi saxelmwifos rolze debatebis Sesaxeb. unda Semcirdes Tu ara
saSemosavlo gadasaxadi? saWiroa Tu ara xandazmulTaTvis medikamentebis
Sesasyidad subsidiis gamoyofa? gonivruli iqneba Tu ara saxelmwifo miwis
gamoyeneba alaskaze navTobis saZieblad? _ aseTi CamonaTvali usasruloa.
saxelmwifos ekonomikuri saqmianobis amgvari mravalferovnebis pirobebSi
marTlac aucilebelia im zogadi meTodebis arseboba, romelTa mizani
sxvadasxva saxelmwifo operaciebis racionalobis Sefaseba iqneboda. aseTi
sistemuri CarCos gareSe saxelmwifo programa mTavrdeba da misi Sefaseba
specialuri meTodebiT xdeba, ris Sedegadac saTanado ekonomikuri politikis
ganxorcieleba SeuZlebelia.

keTildReobis ekonomika
sajaro finansebis specialistebis umetesoba aRniSnul CarCod
keTildReobis ekonomikas iyenebs. keTildReobis ekonomika aris ekonomikuri
Teoriis ganStoeba, romlis yuradRebis centrSi sxvadasxva ekonomikuri
formaciebis socialuri sasurvelobaa.
TeoriiT imisTvis sargebloben, rom bazrisaTvis
xelsayreli pirobebi (bazari kargad muSaobs) misTvis araxelsayreli
pirobebisagan (bazari ver aRwevs sasurvel Sedegebs) gavarCioT.

dRes yvelaze cxare kamaTi ekonomikis organizebasTan dakavSirebiT yofil

komunistur qveynebSi mimdinareobs. miuxedavad amisa, igive sakiTxebi dasavleTis
saxelmwifoebSic sakmaod mwvaved dgas: erovnuli Semosavlis ra nawili unda
daeTmos sajaro seqtors? rogor dafinansdeba saxelmwifo danaxarjebi?
pirvel rigSi, ZiriTadi xedva metad individualuria. igi adamianis
sargebelsa da misi maqsimizaciis gzebzea fokusirebuli. aRniSnuli mosazreba
socialuri uzrunvelyofis funqciis formulirebaSic (3.10 gantoleba) moCans.
am gantolebis ZiriTadi azri isaa, rom kargi sazogadoeba bednier adamianTa
erTobliobas warmoadgens.
vinaidan keTildReobis ekonomika adamianis upiratesobas centralur
adgilze ayenebs, igi aRniSnuli upiratesobis seriozul aRqmas moiTxovs.
adamianma yvelaze kargad icis, Tu ra aniWebs mas kmayofilebas. amis
sawinaaRmdego Sexeduleba, erT dros mSvenivrad formulirebuli tomas
onilis mier, aseTi iyo: `xSirad
amerikelebs swored is surT, rac maTTvis kargi ar aris~. Tu vinme daijerebs,
rom individis preferencia arajansaRi da uzneoa, aRmoCndeba, rom Teorias,
romlis mizani individis sargeblis maqsimizaciaa, verasodes gamoviyenebT.
keTildReobis ekonomikis CarCosTvis damaxasiaTebeli kidev erTi SesaZlo
problema misi SedegTan damokidebulebaa. situacia fasdeba resursTa
ganawilebis mixedviT da ara imis mixedviT, Tu rogor ganisazRvra ganawilebis
forma. SesaZloa, sazogadoeba unda ganisajos im procesis mixedviT, romelmac
igi ganawilebis am formamde miiyvana, da ara faqtobrivi Sedegebis mixedviT.
SeuZlia Tu ara adamians Tavisuflad dados kontraqti? aris Tu ara sajaro
procesebi demokratiuli? Tu amgvar mosazrebas avirCevT, keTildReobis
ekonomika Tavis normatiul mniSvnelobas dakargavs.
meore mxriv, keTildReobis ekonomikis seriozuli upiratesoba is aris,
rom igi saxelmwifo politikis Sesafaseblad logikur CarCos uzrunvelyofs.
yovelives Semdeg, saxelmwifos nebismieri intervencia resursTa ganawilebas
gamoiwvevs, keTildReobis ekonomikis mizani ki ganawilebis alternatiuli
formebis Sefasebaa. keTildReobis ekonomikis CarCo gvibiZgebs, rodesac
saxelmwifos mier ganxorcielebul qmedebaze vsaubrobT, davsvaT sami arsebiTi
SekiTxva:
moxdeba Tu ara aRniSnuli qmedebis Sedegad yvelaze sasurveli
formiT ganawileba?
gazrdis Tu ara igi efeqtianobas?
gamoiwvevs Tu ara igi miznobriv danaxarjebs?
Tu pasuxi samive SekiTxvaze uaryofiTia, maSin sasurvelia, bazars
Tavisufleba mivaniWoT. cxadia, aRniSnul SekiTxvebze pasuxis gacema arsebiT
kvlevebs da, pirveli SekiTxvis SemTxvevaSi, subieqtur Sefasebasac moiTxovs.
swori SekiTxvis dasma gadawyvetilebaTa miRebis procesisaTvis faseul
struqturas uzrunvelyofs. igi individs aiZulebs, Tavisi eTikuri faseulobebi
gamoxatos, da zedapiruli da mxolod sakuTari interesebi
dasakmayofileblad moqmedi programebis aRmoCenas amartivebs.
keTildReobis ekonomika aris mecniereba alternatiuli ekonomikuri
formaciebis sasurvelobis Sesaxeb.
resursebi pareto-efeqtianobis mixedviT mxolod maSin nawildeba,
rodesac individs ar SeuZlia gamdidreba ise, rom sxva piris
materialur mdgomareobas ziani ar miayenos. pareto-efeqtianobis
wertili moiTxovs, rom TiToeuli piris SemTxvevaSi ori saqonlis
Senacvlebis zRvruli ganakveTi tranformaciis zRvrul ganakveTs
udrides. pareto-efeqtianoba ekonomikis efeqtianobis Sesafaseblad
ekonomistTa sakontrolo wertilia.
keTildReobis ekonomikis pirveli ZiriTadi Teoria amtkicebs, rom
konkurentuli sabazro meqanizmi garkveul pirobebSi paretoefeqtianobamde
migviyvans.
mTeli momxibvlelobis miuxedavad, pareto-efeqtianobas pretenzia ara
aqvs, eTikur normad CaiTvalos. SesaZlebelia, sazogadoebas
Tanasworobis an sxva kriteriumis safuZvelze araefeqtiani ganawileba
erCios, rac ekonomikaSi saxelmwifos intervenciisaTvis erT-erT
SesaZlebel mizezs uzrunvelyofs.
socialuri uzrunvelyofis funqcia misi TiToeuli wevris sargeblis
mimarT sazogadoebis preferencias ganazogadebs. misi gamoyeneba
imisTvisaa SesaZlebeli, rom moinaxos resursTa ganawilebis iseTi
forma, romelic socialuri uzrunvelyofis masStabs maqsimalurad
gazrdis.
keTildReobis ekonomikis meore ZiriTadi Teoriis Tanaxmad,
sazogadoebam SesaZloa resursebi pareto-efeqtianobis mixedviT
gaanawilos, Tu daniSnulebisamebr gamoiyenebs Tavdapirvel Senatanebs,
Semdeg ki xalxs erTmaneTTan Tavisufali vaWrobis saSualebas miscems.
saxelmwifos intervenciis meore mizezi bazris naklovanebaa (fiaskoa),
romelic sabazro Zalauflebis an bazris ararsebobis dros
aSkaravdeba.
is faqti, rom bazari resursebs srulyofilad ver anawilebs, sulac ar
gulisxmobs, rom amas saxelmwifo ukeT SeZlebs. yvela SemTxveva
damsaxurebis mixedviT unda Sefasdes.
keTildReobis ekonomika individualistur socialur filosofias
efuZneba. igi did yuradRebas ar aqcevs im procesebs, romlebic miznis
misaRwevad gamoiyeneba. amdenad, miuxedavad imisa, rom politikis
gasaanalizeblad igi logikur da sasargeblo CarCos uzrunvelyofs,
keTildReobis ekonomika universaluri mecniereba ar aris

7 ) ;

keTildReobis ekonomika aris ekonomikuri Teoriis ganStoeba, romlis
yuradRebis centrSi sxvadasxva ekonomikuri formaciebis socialuri
sasurvelobaa. TeoriiT imisTvis sargebloben, rom bazrisaTvis
xelsayreli pirobebi (bazari kargad muSaobs) misTvis araxelsayreli
pirobebisagan (bazari ver aRwevs sasurvel Sedegebs) gavarCioT.

SesaZlebelia ki, rom ekonomikam sasurvel mdgomareobas miaRwios?
pasuxi im daSvebazea damokidebuli,romelsac gavakeTebT ekonomikis
operaciebis Sesaxeb. davuSvaT, rom: 1.mwarmoeblebi da momxmareblebi
srulyofili konkurentebi arian (anu, arc erTimaTgani ar flobs sabazro
Zalauflebas); 2. bazari TiToeuli produqciisaTvis arsebobs. aseTi
daSvebis farglebSi e.w. keTildReobis ekonomikis pirveli ZiriTadi Teoria
amtkicebs, rom resursTa ganawileba swored paretoefeqtianobis mixedviT
xdeba. faqtobrivad saocari Sedegi gamovlinda, romelic migviTiTebs, rom
konkurentuli ekonomika resursebis efeqtian ganawilebas
`avtomaturad~ axorcielebs, rasac centralizebuli mmarTveloba ar
esaWiroeba (adam smiTis `uxilavi xelis~ Crdili). keTildReobis pirveli
Teoria im Semecnebis formalizebas axdens, romelic ukve didi xania
aRiarebulia: rodesac saqme saqonlisa da momsaxurebis miwodebaze midgeba,
Tavisufal sawarmoTa sistema Zalian nayofieri xdeba.
Teoriis dasamtkiceblad sakmaod rTuli maTematikaa saWiro. Tumca
SegviZlia qvecnobieri (intuiciuri) dasabuTeba SemogTavazoT. Konkurenciis
ZiriTadi arsi isaa, rom yvela adamianisTvis dawesebulia Tanabari fasebi
_TiToeuli momxmarebeli Tu mwarmoebeli imdenad umniSvneloa bazrisaTvis,
rom igi fasze zemoqmedebas ver axdens.

Tu kargad funqcionirebadi konkurentuli bazari efeqtianad anawilebs
resursebs, maSin ra rols asrulebs ekonomikaSi saxelmwifo? aseT
viTarebaSi racionalurad mxolod saxelmwifos umniSvnelo roli
CaiTvleba. Saxelmwifos mTavari funqcia iqneba sakuTrebis uflebis dacva
ise, rom bazarma imuSaos. saxelmwifo adgens kanons da uzrunvelyofs
wesrigs; igi aRWurvilia sasamarTlo sistemiTa da erovnuli Tavdacvis
meqanizmiT. sxva yvelaferi zedmetia. Tumca aRniSnuli daskvna
keTildReobis pirveli Teoriis zedapirulgaazrebas efuZneba. samyaroSi
yvelaferi gacilebiT rTulia.
unda Sevides Tu ara saxelmwifo uSualod bazarSi imisaTvis, rom ekonomika
keTildReobis maqsimizaciis uzrunvelmyof wertilamde mivides? magaliTad,
unda daawesos Tu ara man zeda zRvruli fasi im saqonelze, romelsac
Raribi mosaxleoba moixmars? pasuxi aseTia _ ara. keTildReobis meore
Teoria mniSvnelovania imdenad, ramdenadac masSi efeqtiani da samarTliani
ganawilebis sakiTxebis gamocalkevebaa SesaZlebeli. Tu sazogadoeba
gadawyvets, rom resursebi dRes usamarTlod nawildeba, igi sabazro
fasebSi ki ar unda Caerios da amiT efeqtianoba Seamciros, aramed
resursebi samarTlianad unda gaanawilos. cxadia, saxelmwifos
resursTaganawilebis garkveuli meTodi esaWiroeba. problemebic swored
maSin Cndeba,rodesac am mizniT xelmisawvdomi meqanizmebi (rogoricaa
gadasaxadebi) araefeqtianobas iwvevs.

-8 :

rodesac bazari resursebs efeqtianad ver anawilebs,ekonomistebi Cavardnis
SesaZlo mizezebs alyas Semoartyamen xolme. rogorc ukve aRiniSna,
ekonomika SesaZloa ori ZiriTadi mizeziT iyos araefeqtiani _sabazro
Zalaufleba da bazris ararseboba.

keTildReobis pirveli Teoria mxolod maSinaa qmediTi, roca fass
yvela momxmarebeli da firma eTanxmeba. magram Tu zogierTi individi an
firma fass gansazRvravs (maT aqvT fasebze zemoqmedebis unari), resursTa
ganawileba ZiriTadad araefeqtiania. ratom? sabazro Zalauflebis mqone
firmas SeiZleba imis unari aRmoaCndes, rom fasi zRvrul Rirebulebaze
metad gazardos, Tu bazars konkurentTan SedarebiT nakleb produqcias
miawvdis. amdenad, 3.9 gantoleba, pareto-efeqtianobis erT-erTi aucilebeli
piroba, irRveva. saqonlisaTvis arasakmarisi resursebi gamoiyofa.
fasis daweseba, rogorc qmedeba, sxvadasxvagvarad xorcieldeba.
Yvelaze eqstremaluri SemTxveva monopoliaa, rodesac bazarze mxolod
erTi firmaa, sxva firmebisaTvis ki Sesasvleli Caketilia. naklebad
eqstremaluri SemTxvevaa oligopolia (ramdenime gamyidveli), rodesac erTi
tipis warmoebaSi CarTul firmebs SeswevT zRvrul danaxarjze maRali
fasis dawesebis unari. da bolos, arsebobs SemTxveva, rodesac zogierT
warmoebaSi bevri firmaa CarTuli, magram TiToeul maTgans aqvs sabazro
Zalaufleba imdenad, ramdenadac isini diferencirebul produqcias
awarmoeben. ase, magaliTad, bevri firma awarmoebs
sportul fexsacmels, Tumca momxmareblebi ganasxvaveben "Reebok"-is, "Nike"-
isa da
"Adidas"-is produqcias.

keTildReobis pirveli Teoriis mixedviT, bazari

yvela produqciisaTvi arsebobs. Tu bazari garkveuli saqonlisaTvis ar
arsebobs, maSin igi efeqtianad verc resursebs gaanawilebs. realurad,
garkveul produqciaze SesaZloa bazari marTlac ar warmoiqmnas. aviRoT,
magaliTad, dazRveva _ moulodnelobiT aRsavse samyaroSi metad
mniSvnelovani momsaxureba. Miuxedavad iseTi firmebis arsebobisa,
rogoricaa "Aetna" da "Allstate", arsebobs garkveuli movlenebi, romlebic
kerZo bazarze ubralod ar izRveva. ase, magaliTad, warmoidgineT, rom
gsurT, daazRvioT gaRaribebis SesaZlebloba. SesaZlebelia ki, rom firmam,
romelic konkurentul bazarze moqmedebs, momgebianad CaTvalos
`siRaribis dazRveva~? pasuxi aseTia _ ara. Tu dagazRveven siRaribeze,
SeiZleba aRar imuSaoT. amis Tavidan asacileblad ki sadazRvevo firmebi
Tqvens qcevas Seamowmeben, raTa gansazRvron, Tqveni dabali Semosavali
Tqveni uiRblobiTaa gamowveuli Tu ubralod samsaxuris gacdeniT. Tumca
aRniSnuli monitoringis Catareba an Zalian rTuli iqneba an SeuZlebeli.
amdenad, ar arsebobs siRaribis dazRvevis bazari _ misi dazRveva ubralod
SeuZlebelia.

ra gansxvavebaa saxelmwifo Tavdacvasa da picas Soris? SekiTxva
SeiZleba suleluradac ki mogveCvenos, Tumca misi gaanalizebis Sedegad
mivalT daskvnamde, Tu romeli saqoneli unda uzrunvelyos saxelmwifo
seqtorma da romeli _ kerZom. dasawyisisaTvis aRvniSnavT, rom or saqonels
Soris arsebobs erTi uzarmazari gansxvaveba _ ori adamiani ver SeWams
erTdroulad erT picas: Tu erTi Wams picas, maSin imave picaze meore
analogiur qmedebas veRar ganaxorcielebs. amis sapirispirod, dacva,
romelsac armia uzrunvelyofs, individTa mier momsaxurebis erTdroulad
gamoyenebis SesaZleblobas ar zRudavs. meore mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba
isaa, rom erT adamians advilad SeuZlia, meore arc ki gaakaros picas.
magram SeuZlebelia adamianis CamoSoreba saxelmwifo Tavdacvis Sedegad
miRweuli keTildReobisagan (rTulia,
warmovidginoT, rom teroristebs miecemaT erTi individis saxlis darbevis
nebarTva, meoris saxlisa ki aekrZalebaT).
saxelmwifo Tavdacva wminda sazogadoebrivi saqonelia, romelic
Semdegnairad ganisazRvreba:
mas Semdeg, rac saqonliT uzrunvelyofa moxdeba, saqonlis
moxmarebisaTvis sxva piris zRvruli danaxarji nuls udris _ misi
moxmareba konkurencias ar iwvevs.
pirisaTvis saqonliT sargeblobis uflebis warTmeva an Zalian Zviria
an SeuZlebeli _ saqonlis moxmareba gamoricxvis princips ar
eqvemdebareba.

amis sapirispirod, iseTi piradi moxmarebis saqoneli, rogoric picaa,

moxmarebisas konkurencias iwvevs da gamoricxvis princips eqvemdebareba.
wminda sazogadoebriv saqonlad klasifikacia sabazro pirobebsa da
teqnologiur mdgomareobazea damokidebuli. kvlav ifiqreT Suquris
Sesaxeb.rogorc ki naTura inTeba, erTi gemi misi momsaxurebiT sargeblobs,
Tanac meore gems analogiuri momsaxurebiT sargeblobis SesaZleblobas ar
arTmevs. ufro metic, arc erT gems ar SeiZleba signaliT sargeblobis
SesaZlebloba waerTvas. aseT pirobebSi Suqura wminda sazogadoebrivi
saqonelia. davuSvaT, gamoigones SemzRudavi mowyobiloba, romlis
amoqmedebis Sedegad gemi veRar xedavs Suquris signals, vidre specialur
mimReb mowyobilobas ar SeiZens. SemTxvevaSi principi, romlis
mixedviTac, sazogadoebrivi saqoneli gamoricxvisprincips ar
eqvemdebareba, aRar moqmedebs. Tumca aRarc Suquraa wminda sazogadoebrivi
saqoneli.
zogierT cnebas, romelic pirobiTad gansazRvrulia, rogorc `saqoneli~,
sazogadoebrivi saqonlis niSan-Tvisebebi aqvs. patiosneba mniSvnelovani
magaliTia. Tu TiToeuli moqalaqe komerciul garigebebSi patiosani iqneba,
maSin saqmis warmoebis dros fasebis SemcirebiT mTeli sazogadoeba
isargeblebs. aseTi tipis xarjebis Semcireba rogorc arakonkurentuli
moxmarebis, ise gamoricxvis SeuZleblobis principiT xasiaTdeba.
analogiurad, Semosavlis ganawileba sazogadoebrivi saqonelia. Tu
Semosavali `samarTlianad~ nawildeba, maSin TiToeuli individi kmayofilia
imiT, rom jansaR sazogadoebaSi cxovrobs _ Cven ar SegviZlia, romelime
individis aRniSnuli ufleba xelvyoT.

-9 :

saxelmwifo warmoeba Tu kerZo warmoeba?

aeroportis usafrTxoeba 11 seqtembris Semdeg yvelaze mniSvnelovani
sakiTxi gaxda. konsensusi imis Taobaze, rom usafrTxoebis sistema saSinel
mdgomareobaSia da saWiroa misi ganaxleba, miRweulia. debatebi mimdinareobs
imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor unda ganxorcieldes aRniSnuli gadawyvetileba. erTni
amtkiceben, rom saWiroa aeroportis usafrTxoebis warmomadgenlTa
federalizeba, rac imas gulisxmobs, rom isini federaluri mTavrobis
moxeleebi unda iyvnen. meoreni fiqroben, rom mTavrobam aeroportis
usafrTxoeba unda daafinansos, Tumca momsaxureba kerZo firmebs unda
dauTmos, romlebic monitorings daeqvemdebarebian da valdebulni iqnebian,
pasuxi agon Secdomebze.
es debatebi xazs usvams Semdegs: adamianebi Tanxmdebian imaze, rom
garkveuli momsaxureba saxelmwifo seqtorma unda gaswios, Tumca
winaaRmdegobaSi vardebian maSin, rodesac saubroben, Tu sad unda moxdes am
momsaxurebis gaweva _ saxelmwifo Tu kerZo seqtorSi? winaaRmdegoba
nawilobriv im fundamenturi gansxvavebiTaa gamowveuli, romelic ekonomikaSi
saxelmwifos intervenciis masStabs exeba (ix. pirveli Tavi), nawilobriv ki _
saxelmwifo da kerZo miwodebis SedarebiTi fasebis irgvliv Seqmnili
sxvadasxva mdgomareobiT. erTni amtkiceben, rom saxelmwifo seqtoris
menejerebi, kerZo seqtorSi dasaqmebuli kolegebisagan gansxvavebiT, mogebaze
orientirebulni ar arian da imaze ar nerviuloben, rom maTi kompania
likvidirebuli iqneba an gakotrdeba. amdenad, saxelmwifo seqtoris menejerebs
umniSvnelo stimuli aqvT, Tavisi sawarmoebis saqmianoba akontrolon. jer
kidev 1776 wels adam smiTi amtkicebda, rom:
`evropis monarqiul saxelmwifoebSi saxelmwifo miwebis gayidva did fuls
moitanda. am Tanxas saxelmwifo valis gadasaxdelad Tu gamoiyenebdnen, maSin isini
yadaRiT datvirTul im uZrav qonebas gaaTavisuflebdnen, romelic saxelmwifo
sakuTrebaSi odesme arsebul miwaze ufro meti iqneboda. rogorc ki saxelmwifo miwa
kerZo sakuTreba gaxdeba, yovelwliurad gaumjobesdeba misi xarisxi da igi ukeT
damuSavdeba10.
arsebobs uamravi SemTxveva. maTgan cnobili niu-iorkSi moxda: centralur
parkSi sacigurao yinulis moednis xelaxal aSenebaze 12 milioni aSS dolari
daixarja [1980-1986]. mTavari problema is iyo, rom kontraqtorebi yinulis
Sesaqmnelad sruliad axali teqnologiis gamogonebas Seecadnen, magram
teqnologiam ver imuSava. 1986 wels, mas Semdeg, rac 200 aTasi aSS dolari
daixarja imis gamosakvlevad, Tu ra ar keTdeboda sworad, qalaqis pirveli
pirebi mixvdnen, rom yvelaferi Tavidan iyo dasawyebi. 1986 wlis ivnisSi uZravi
qonebis developeri donald j. trampi Seudga proeqtis ganxorcielebas da
imave wlis dekemberSi daasrula daaxloebiT 2,5 milion aSS dolarad. trampma
sacigurao moednis mSenebloba dagegmilze sami kviriT adre daamTavra da
proeqtisaTvis gamiznuli xarjebidan 750 aTasi aSS dolari dazoga. rodesac
CikagoSi mitovebuli manqanebis buqsiriT gasawevad saxelmwifo brigadas kerZo
brigadebi Caenacvla, wliuri wminda danazogi 2,5 milioni aSS dolari
aRmoCnda. 1998 wels kerZo kompaniis sakuTrebaSi gadavida samxreT floridis
saxelmwifo fsiqiatriuli klinika, romelic sakmaod uaryofiTi reputaciiT
sargeblobda, radgan iq pacientebs cudad mkurnalobdnen. gonebrivad
daavadebulTa bediT dainteresebuli adamianebi Sokirebulni iyvnen am
gadawyvetilebiT. erTi wlis Semdeg isinic ki aRiarebdnen, rom hospitalSi
mdgomareoba gaumjobesda. cota xanSi kompaniam aRniSna, rom hospitals ukve
mogeba mohqonda. 2002 wels ki saxelmwifo kvlevis Sedegad dadginda, rom aSSis
sagadasaxado samsaxurma gadauxdeli gadasaxadebi (sul mcire 20 miliardi
aSS dolari) ver amoiRo. aRniSnuli gadasaxadebi sakmaod advili amosaRebi
iqneboda, Tu gadasaxadis akrefis funqcia kerZo samsaxurebs gadaecemoda

privatizaciis oponentebi amtkiceben, rom es magaliTebi kerZo warmoebis

Sedegad danaxarjebis danazogis moculobas azviadebs. faqtobrivad, kerZo da
saxelmwifo warmoebaTa Soris mcire sistemuri gansxvaveba arsebobs.
mniSvnelovani mizezi ki aRniSnuli ori seqtoris mier warmoebuli saqonlis
xarisxis gansxvavebulobaa, rac maT SedarebiT daxasiaTebas arTulebs.
SesaZloa, kerZo klinikaSi ufro dabali fasebi iyos, vidre saxelmwifo
klinikaSi. amis mizezi ki isaa, rom kerZo klinika iseT pacients, romlis
mkurnaloba Zviria, ar mkurnalobs. swored am magaliTis Semdeg mivdivarT
kerZo warmoebis oponentTa mTavar argumentamde: kerZo kontraqtori dabali
xarisxis (meorad) saqonels awarmoebs.
arasrulyofili kontraqtebi. kritikis qarcecxlis gasaneitraleblad
SeiZleba iTqvas Semdegi: kargi iqneba, Tu saxelmwifo kerZo seqtoris
warmomadgenelTan iseT kontraqts dadebs, romelic zustad da srulyofilad
gansazRvravs momsaxurebis im xarisxs, romelic saxelmwifos sWirdeba. Tumca
rogorc harti, Slaiferi da viSni [1997] aRniSnaven, zogjer srulyofils
mimsgavsebuli kontraqtis Sedgena SeuZlebelia, radgan yvela
gauTvaliswinebel garemoebas ver ganWvret. ase, magaliTad, `kontraqtis
safuZvelze saxelmwifo kerZo seqtors sagareo politikas ver gadaabarebs. misi
ZiriTadi aspeqtebi xom gauTvaliswinebeli garemoebebia. kerZo kontraqtori ki
udides Zalauflebas Tavisi simdidris gasazrdelad gamoiyenebs (magaliTad,
jaris romelime adgilas gagzavnaze uaris TqmiT) ise, rom kontraqtis pirobebs
ar daarRvevs~ (gv. 3). meore mxriv, arasrulyofili kontraqti ar aris
seriozuli problema SedarebiT rutinuli saqmianobis (nagvisa da Tovlisagan
gawmenda) kerZo seqtorisTvis gadacemisas. mokled rom vTqvaT, Tu kerZo
seqtorSi fasi ufro dabalia, vidre saxelmwifo seqtorSi, da amave dros
SesaZlebelia SedarebiT srulyofili kontraqtis Sedgena, maSin SeiZleba
sakmaod msxvili funqciis gadacema kerZo seqtorisTvis.
privatizaciis momxreebs sjeraT, rom Tundac SeuZlebeli iyos
srulyofili kontraqtis Sedgena, arsebobs sxva meqanizmebi imisaTvis, rom
kerZo firmebma araefeqtianad ar Seamciron sawarmoo xarjebi. momxmarebeli
yidulobs saqonels; arsebobs bevri mimwodebeli. momxmarebels SeuZlia, sxva
mimwodeblisagan SeiZinos saqoneli, Tu amJamindeli mimwodebeli mas
dabalxarisxian momsaxurebas sTavazobs. am TvalsazrisiT erTi magaliTia
kerZo klinika. garda amisa, reputaciis mopoveba mniSvnelovani aspeqtia _ kerZo
kontraqtori, romelsac surs momavalSi kontraqtebis dadeba, unda Seecados,
ar ganaxorcielos sawarmoo xarjebis araefeqtiani Semcireba mimdinare
periodSi. Slaiferi [1998] amtkicebs, rom kargi reputaciis damkvidrebis
survili mniSvnelovani iyo kerZo seqtoris warmomadgenelTaTvis, romlebic
cixeebs uzrunvelyofdnen.
kerZo seqtori mSvenier avtomanqanas uzrunvelyofs _ Cven viwyebT fiqrs
aeroportis usafrTxoebaze (sakiTxi, romelic zemoT iyo naxsenebi). kerZo
warmoebis momxreni amtkicebdnen, rom iseTi rutinuli davalebis
Sesasruleblad, rogoricaa tvirTis ekranze gaSuqeba, savsebiT SesaZlebelia
srulyofili kontraqti daidos. saxelmwifos SeuZlia, daawesos standartebi
da maTi Sesrulebis monitoringi ganaxorcielos. mogebaze orientirebul kerZo
firmas eqneba stimuli, ukeTesi teqnologiiis danergviT Seamciros adamianur
resursebze gaweuli danaxarji. isini aRniSnavdnen, rom israelis aeroportSi,
romelic msoflioSi erT-erTi saukeTesoa, tvirTis usafrTxoebis kerZo
inspeqtorebi muSaoben. meore mxriv, isini, visac swams, rom aeroportis
usafrTxoeba saxelmwifo seqtorma unda uzrunvelyos, miiCnevdnen, rom kerZo
firma adamianuri resursebis treiningze fuls yovelTvis dazogavs Semosavlis
zrdis mizniT. privatizebuli sistema ki Sedegad sxvadasxva usafrTxoebis
donis mqone gansxvavebul aeroportebs moitanda (Uchitelle, 2001, gv. WK3).
sabolood debatebSi gaimarjves adamianebma, romlebic Tvlidnen, rom ukeTesi
iqneboda, usafrTxoebis inspeqtorebi federaluri samsaxuris warmomadgenlebi
yofiliyvnen.
sabazro garemo. privatizaciis irgvliv arsebuli debatebis bolo
mniSvnelovani sakiTxia is sabazro garemo, romelSic saxelmwifo da kerZo
sawarmoebi funqcionireben. sazogadoebis poziciidan, kerZo sakuTrebaSi
arsebul monopolias metad araefeqtiani Sedegis motana SeuZlia, xolo sajaro
operaciam konkurenciis pirobebSi SesaZloa sakmaod efeqtian maCveneblebs
miaRwios. ukanasknel SesaZleblobasTan dakavSirebiT ifiqreT Phoenix, Arizona-s
SemTxvevaze. sazogadoebrivi samuSaoebis departamentis danaxarjebisa da
Sesrulebis xarisxis gamo Seqmnili ukmayofilebis Sedegad Phoenix-is tenderSi
kerZo kompaniebma daiwyes monawileobis miReba. tenderSi unda SerCeuliyo
firma, romelic mimdebare teritorias nagvisagan gawmendda. sazogadoebrivi
samuSaoebis departamentsac mieca konkursSi monawilebis ufleba. pirvel
etapze misi cda warumatebeli gamodga, radgan kerZo firmebi ukeT da ufro
iafad asrulebdnen samuSaos. Tumca garkveuli drois Semdeg departamentma
sxvadasxva eqsperimentebi (rogoricaa nagvis Segrovebis marSrutis xelaxali
dizainireba) Caatara da kontraqti daibruna. Phoenix-is ambavi cxadyofs, rom
Tu konkurencia arsebobs, saxelmwifo da kerZo sakuTrebebs Soris
gansxvavebebi mniSvnelovani aRaraa. kanadaSi rkinigzis saxelmwifo da kerZo
danaxarjebis skrupulozuri ekonometrikuli Seswavlis safuZvelze kavesi da
kristenseni (1980, gv. 974) imave daskvnamde mividnen: `saxelmwifo sawarmoTa ase
xSirad moxseniebuli araefeqtianoba efeqtiani konkurenciisgan misi
izolaciiTaa gamowveuli da ara misi saxelmwifo sakuTrebiT~. deventeri da
malatesta TavianT gamokvlevaSi privatizaciis saerTaSoriso maCveneblebis
Sesaxeb [2001] akeTeben aRmoCenas, rom im dros, rodesac saxelmwifo firmebi
kerZo firmebTan SedarebiT naklebad Semosavliania, ar arsebobs mtkicebuleba
imisa, rom privatizacia Semosavlianobas zrdis. firmis Semosavlianobis zrda
mis privatizaciamde ramdenime wliT adre iwyeba firmaSi arsebiTi
restruqturizacia xorcieldeba, sanam igi kerZo seqtors mieyideba. am ideis
gansamartavad deventeri da malatesta ambobdnen, rom mTavrobas SeuZlia,
gazardos efeqtianoba, Tumca aRniSnuli Sedegi SeiZleba uazrod gaifantos,
radgan mTavroba konkurenciul zewolas ar ganicdis. Tu marTlac asea, maSin
privatizaciis Sedegad miRebuli WeSmariti sargebeli Sedegis SenarCuneba
iqneba.
-10 : ,

RaribTa daxmareba civilizaciis winaSe arsebuli yvelaze rTuli
Gamocdaa- semiuel jonsoni

`mTavrobis mTeli xelovneba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom mosaxleobis erTi

fenidan maqsimaluri odenobis Tanxa amoiRos da meore fenas gadasces~.
volteris es mtkiceba SesaZloa odnav gadaWarbebulad mogeCvenoT, Tumca
yvela WeSmaritad politikuri sakiTxi Semosavlis ganawilebas ukavSirdeba.
SekiTxvebi imis Taobaze, Tu vin moigebs da vin waagebs, aSkarad Tu
SefarviT, saxelmwifo politikis sadiskusio sagania.
gavaanalizoT informacia Semosavlis mimdinare ganawilebis Sesaxeb.
1960
. 2001 w mosaxleobis umdidresi mexuTedi mTliani Semosavlis
50%-s iRebda, xolo uRaribesi mexuTedi _ 4%-ze naklebs. cxrili aseve
gviCvenebs, rom usamarTloganawilebis done TandaTan gaizarda.
ratom nawildeba Semosavali ase araTanabrad? es SekiTxva didi xania
ekonomikis centralur adgils ikavebs, Tumca masze mkafio pasuxi jer
kidev ar arsebobs2. SeerTebul Statebsa da dasavleTis sxva qveynebSi
ojaxebs Soris Semosavlis usamarTlod ganawilebis mTavari mizezi ojaxis
ufrosTa sxvadasxva xelfasia. gamomuSavebuli gasamrjelo iseT
gansxvavebul faqtorebzea damokidebuli, rogoricaa: fizikuri Zala,
gonebrivi potenciali, energia, janmrTeloba, ganaTlebis done, ojaxuri
mdgomareoba, sqesobrivi da rasobrivi diskriminacia, saxelmwifo
keTildReobis programebi da iRbali.
Semosavali wliurad izomeba. Semosavlis koncefcia mniSvnelovania
mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu igi garkveuli periodis intervaliT izomeba.
Tumca drois zusti grafiki gamokveTili ar aris. dRiuri an kvireuli
Sefaseba absurduli ideaa SesaZloa, TviT yvelaze mdidar adamiansac ki
drois mcire monakveTSi nulovani Semosavali hqondes. yvelaze
racionaluri iqneboda, Semosavali weliwadSi erTxel gagvezoma (swored
wliurad dgeba oficialuri monacemebi). Tumca wliurma Sefasebamac ki
SeiZleba individis WeSmariti ekonomikuri mdgomareoba ver asaxos. wlidan
wlamde Semosavali SesaZlebelia mniSvnelovnad meryeobdes. Teoriuli
TvalsazrisiT, mTeli sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi miRebuli Semosavali
idealuri varianti iqneboda, Tumca praqtikulad am monacemis gamoTvla
warmoudgenelia.
bevri mizezi arsebobs, romlis gamoc adamianis pirad interesSi
Semosavlis ganawileba Sedis. jer erTi, adamians arakontrolirebadi
garemoebis gamo gaRaribebis mudmivad eSinia. Semosavlis ganawilebis
politika ki dazRvevas waagavs. rodesac individis materialuri
mdgomareoba kargia, igi gadasaxadis formiT RaribTa sakeTildReod
`premias~ ixdis. Tu cudi dro dadgeba, gadaxdili Senatani individs ukan
ubrundeba da mis mdgomareobas amsubuqebs.
 garda amisa, Semosavlis ganawilebis programebi socialuri
stabilurobis safuZvelia. Tu Raribi ufro gaRaribda, igi SeiZleba
antisocialuri RonisZiebebis (danaSauli, masobrivi uwesrigobani)
iniciatoradac ki iqces. norvegielma biznesmenma mis saxelmwifoSi
mimdinare ganawilebis uzarmazari programebis Sesaxeb aseTi komentari
gaakeTa: `SesaZloa es Zviri iyos, magram mas socialuri simSvide moaqvs~.
saxelmwifo programas fardobiTi fasebis Secvla SeuZlia, rac
sxvadasxva individebisaTvis danakargsa da mogebas iwvevs. rTulia fasis
yvela cvlilebis aRricxva. amrigad, ekonomistebi, rogorc wesi, ZiriTadad
fokusirebas im sabazro fasebze axdenen, romlebzedac pirdapiri
zemoqmedeba xorcieldeba.
bevri saxelmwifo programa saqonelsa da momsaxurebas (naturiT
transferi) naRdi fuliT daxmarebis nacvlad uzrunvelyofs.
recipientebs miRebuli produqtisa da momsaxurebis legalurad
gayidvis ufleba ara aqvT.
martivi utilitarizmi
tradiciuli keTildReobis ekonomikis postulatis Tanaxmad, sazogadoebis
keTildReoba misi wevrebis keTildReobazea damokidebuli. algebrulad, Tu
sazogadoebaSi arsebobs n raodenobis individi da i-uri individis
sargeblianoba aris Ui , maSin socialuri keTildReoba, W, individebis
sargeblianobis F funqciaa4:
W = F(U1,U 2,...,U n )
gantolebas zogjer utilitaruli socialuri keTildReobis funqcias
uwodeben, radgan igi XIX saukunis socialuri utilitarizmis filosofosebTan
asocirdeba5. Ui-s nebismieri cvlileba sxva T

anabar pirobebSi zrdis W-s.

cvlileba, romlis ganxorcielebis Semdeg erTi individis mdgomareoba
umjobesdeba ise, rom meore individis materialur mdgomareobas ziani ar
adgeba, socialuri keTildReobis dones amrigad, identuri sargeblianobis
funqciis Sesaxeb daSveba imis
garantirebisaTvis, rom saxelmwifo ganawilebis politikis ganxorcielebiT
Tanasworobas miaRwevs, sakmarisi ar aris. pasuxi Semosavlis ganawilebis dros
gamoyenebul meTodebsa da maT mier adamianis qcevaze ganxorcielebul
zemoqmedebazea damokidebuli

M 11)Semosavlebis ganawilebis logikuri safuZveli, martivi utilitarizmi

cxadia, Semosavali usamarTlod nawildeba. individebi ver Tanxmdebian,
saxelmwifom ganawilebis politika unda gaataros Tu ara. ras ambobs
utilitarizmi imis Sesaxeb, saxelmwifom Semosavali unda gaanawilos Tu
ara? pasuxi gulwrfelia, Tumca ara Zalian informaciuli _saxelmwifos
SeuZlia, Semosavali im pirobiT gadaanawilos, rom amis Sedegad
gaizrdeba socialuri keTildReobis done. aRniSnuli socialuri
keTildReobis funqcia, ramdenime daSvebasTan erTad, mkacri Sedegebis
miRebis safuZvels gvaZlevs. davuSvaT, rom:
1. individebs aqvT identuri sargeblianobis funqcia, rac mxolod maT
Semosavalzea damokidebuli
2.individis Semosavlis zrdasTan erTad misi materialuri mdgomareoba
umjobesdeba, magram ufro mcire proporciiT
3. xelmisawvdomi Semosavlis mTliani odenoba fiqsirebulia.
saxelmwifom am daSvebebisa da aditiuri socialuri keTildReobis
funqciis gamoyenebis Sedegad Semosavali imisTvis unda gadaanawilos, rom
srul Tanasworobas miaRwios.
imis dadgena, individebi identuri sargeblianobis funqciiT
xasiaTdebian Tu ara, SeuZlebelia. Cven verasodes gavigebT, individebi
saqonlis moxmarebiT Tanabrad kmayofilni arian Tu ara, radgan
kmayofilebis obieqturad Sefaseba SeuZlebelia. Tumca aRniSnuli daSveba
ori mosazrebiTaa dasabuTebuli:
pirveli: SeuZlebelia davamtkicoT, rom individebi Tanabar
sargeblianobas iReben Semosavlis identuri odenobidan. Tumca es
marTebuli daSvebaa. Tu individebi xiluli maxasiaTeblebiT (wona, simaRle
da a.S.) didad ar gansxvavdebian, ratom iqneba gansxvavebuli maTi
sargeblianobis funqciebi?
meore: daSvebis interpretacia ara fsiqologiuri, aramed eTikuri kuTxiTaa
SesaZlebeli. ganawilebis politikis SemuSavebisas saxelmwifo ise unda
moqmedebdes, TiTqos yvela individi identuri sargeblianobis funqciiT
xasiaTdebodes (miuxedavad imisa, namdvilad asea Tu ara).
cxadia, rom arc erT arguments ar ZaluZs skeptikosis darwmuneba.
amdenad, daSveba kvlav arasaimedod gamoiyureba.

M me-12 sakiTxi: socialuri dazRvevis saWiroeba

cxovreba aRsavsea moulodnelobebiT. iseTi movlenebi, rogoricaa xanZari
da avadmyofoba, uaryofiTad moqmedebs adamianze. mdgomareobis
Semsubuqebisa da Tavdacvis erTaderTi gza sadazRvevo paketis SeZenaa. piri,
romelic gadasaxads uxdis sadazRvevo kompanias, dazRveulia arasasiamovno
moulodnelobebisagan. zaralis kompensacias zogierTi federaluri
saxelmwifo programac iTvaliswinebs, aRniSnuli programebi socialuri
dazRvevis saxelwodebiTaa cnobili.
individs ara aqvs sakmao windaxeduloba imisaTvis, rom sakuTari
keTildReobisaTvis daezRvios; amdenad, mTavrobam unda aiZulos igi,
sadazRvevo paketi SeiZinos. ase magaliTad, arsebobs friad popularuli
azri imis Taobaze, rom socialuri dazRvevis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi
adamianTa umetesoba ver daagrovebda sakmaris fuls (aqtivs) imisaTvis, rom
uzrunveleyo uzrunveli sibere.

13)saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis sistemis

struqtura
 saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofa oficialurad ki `xandazmulTa,
marCenalis gareSe darCenilTa da qmeduunaroTa dazRveva Sida saxsrebiT
dafinansebuli erT-erTi umsxvilesi programaa. sistema aseTi stiliT
muSaobs: sistemis wevrebi da maTi damqiraveblebi samuSao ciklis
ganmavlobaSi ixdian saxelfaso gadasaxads. pensiaze gasvlis Semdeg
sistemis wevrebi iReben daxmarebas, romlis moculoba nawilobriv maT mier
warsulSi ganxorcielebul Senatanebzea damokidebuli. saxelmwifo
sapensio sistema, uzrunvelyofs ra individs wliuri fiqsirebuli
daxmarebiT pensiaze gasvlis momentidan mTeli sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi,
warmoadgens imis garantias, rom individi mokle vadaSi ver amowuravs
dagrovil Tanxas (aqtivebs). sapensio sistema daxmarebas uzrunvelyofs
SromisuunaroTaTvis, agreTve misi da pensioneris meuRlisa da kmayofaze
myofi SvilebisaTvis.
Llibmanma gamoiTvala, rom im afro-amerikelebs Soris, romlebic pensiaze
1990-ian wlebSi gavidnen, mTeli sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi miRebuli wminda
sapensio daxmareba iyo uaryofiTi (2514 aSS dolari), xolo TeTrkanianebSi
ki _ dadebiTi (250 aSS dolari). magram, Tu imave afro-amerikelebs
danarCeni mosaxleobis analogiuri mosalodneli sicocxlis xangrZlivoba
da ganaTleba eqnebodaT, maSin maTi wminda sapensio daxmareba dadebiTi
gaxdeboda (18259 aSS dolari). sasicocxlo ciklis faqtoris
gaTvaliswinebis Sedegad bevr sxva saintereso daskvnamde mivdivarT.
aviRoT, magaliTad, gansxvaveba sqesis mixedviT. qali mamakacze didxans
cocxlobs, amdenad, is daxmareba, romelsac qali mTeli sasicocxlo
ciklis ganmavlobaSi miiRebs, mamakacis mier misaRebi daxmarebis analogiur
maCvenebels aRemateba.
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis sistemis
erT-erTi mTavari mizani xandazmulTa Semosavlis SenarCunebaa. miaRwia
ki programam am mizans? cifrebi sakmaod optimistur istorias
gviamboben. xandazmulTa jgufi SedarebiT araxelsayrel mdgomareobaSi
myof jgufad iTvleba. 1970 wels xandazmulTa oTxi ojaxidan saSualod
erTi ojaxi siRaribis zRvars qvemoT imyofeboda. Semcirda xandazmulTa
siRaribis ganakveTi; ufro metic, dRes igi ufro mcirea, vidre mTliani
mosaxleobis siRaribis ganakveTi.
saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis programasTan dakavSirebiT
sagulisxmoa ori gafrTxileba. pirveli: marTalia, saxelmwifo sapensio
uzrunvelyofis sistemam xandazmulTa Soris orjer Seamcira siRaribis
done, man mainc ver moaxerxa siRaribis sruli aRmofxvra. xandazmuli
qalebi, gansakuTrebiT ki qvrivebi, mZime ekonomikuri siZneleebis winaSe
imyofebian. meore: saxelmwifo pensia yovelTvis ar
warmoadgenspensionerebisaTvis xelmisawvdomi resursebis wminda damatebas.
individmaSesaZloa, sakmaod mcire danazogi gaakeTos saxelmwifo pensiis
imediT,an SesaZloa, miatovos muSaoba da pensiaze gavide

saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis sistemis struqtura

saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofa oficialurad ki `xandazmulTa,
marCenalis gareSe darCenilTa da qmeduunaroTa dazRveva (Old Age,
Survivors, and Disability Insurance - OASDI) _ Sida saxsrebiT dafinansebuli
erT-erTi umsxvilesi programaa. sistema aseTi stiliT muSaobs: sistemis
wevrebi da maTi damqiraveblebi samuSao ciklis ganmavlobaSi ixdian
saxelfaso gadasaxads. pensiaze gasvlis Semdeg sistemis wevrebi iReben
daxmarebas, romlis moculoba nawilobriv maT mier warsulSi
ganxorcielebul Senatanebzea damokidebuli. saxelmwifo sapensio
sistema, uzrunvelyofs ra individs wliuri fiqsirebuli daxmarebiT
pensiaze gasvlis momentidan mTeli sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi,
warmoadgens imis garantias, rom individi mokle vadaSi ver amowuravs
dagrovil Tanxas (aqtivebs). sapensio sistema daxmarebas uzrunvelyofs
SromisuunaroTaTvis, agreTve misi da pensioneris meuRlisa da kmayofaze
myofi SvilebisaTvis. garda amisa, saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis
sistema gamanawilebeli programis formiTac funqcionirebs. dRes vinc
muSaobs, saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis an sxva saxelmwifo
sapensio programis farglebSi yvela dazRveulia.
sistema sakmaod rTulia. misi ZiriTadi debulebebi qvemoTaa mocemuli.
ufro detaluri informaciisaTvis ki saxelmwifo sapensio
uzrunvelyofis sistemis veb-gverds mimarTeT. daxmarebis struqtura. individis
pensia (daxmareba, romelsac
saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis sistema uzrunvelyofs
individisaTvis) damokidebulia misi Semosavlis istoriaze, asaksa da
sxva pirad faqtorebze. pirvel etapze xdeba indeqsirebuli saSualo
Tviuri Semosavlis (Average Indexed Monthly Earnings - AIME) gamoTvla. es
aris individis saSualo xelfasi misi samuSao ciklis ganmavlobaSi1.
daiTvleba wliuri Semosavali da miiReba mxedvelobaSi Semosavlis zeda
zRvari. zeda zRvari igivea, rac xelfasis maqsimaluri moculoba,
romelic warmoadgens sapensio saxelfaso dabegvris sagans (ganxilulia
Semdeg nawilSi).
Semdegi nabiji AIME-s Casmaa daxmarebis gamosaangariSebel formulaSi,
rac saSualebas gvaZlevs, vipovoT individis pensiis daricxvis sabaziso
sidide (primary insurance amount - PIA), rac im sabaziso daxmarebas
warmoadgens, romelic im momuSaves unda gadaexados, romelic pensiaze
normalur sapensio asakSi gadis (65 weli an ufro gvian; damatebiTi
informacia qvemoT ixileT), an romelic Sromisuunaro xdeba. daxmarebis
gamoTvlis formula isea Sedgenili, rom PIA izrdeba AIME-s zrdasTan
erTad, magram ufro dabali ganakveTiT. 2003 wels PIA gamoTvlili iyo
Semdegnairad:
AIME-s pirveli 600 dolaris 90%, plus
600 dolarsa da 3653 dolars Soris AIME-s 32%, plus
3653 dolarze maRali AIME-s 15%
amdenad, pensioneris PIA, romlis AIME 200 dolaria, 180 dolars udris,
im pensioneris PIA ki, romlis AIME 1600 dolaria, daaxloebiT - 863
dolars. gTxovT, SeniSnoT, rom dabali AIME-s mqone momuSaveebi
uflebamosilni arian, aiRon daxmareba SemosavalTan SedarebiT ufro
maRali proporciiT, vidre im momuSaveebma, romlebic maRali AIME-Ti
xasiaTdebian2. faqtobrivad, 2003 wels Cveulebrivi momuSave, romelsac
hqonda dabali Semosavali da pensiaze 65 wlis asakSi gavida, iRebda
saxelmwifo pensias, romlis moculoba AIME-s 64%-s udrida; saSualo
Semosavlis mqone pensionerisaTvis es maCenebeli 48%-s udrida, xolo
maRali Semosavlis mqone pensionerisaTvis ki _ 40%-s
[www.ssa.gov/OACT/COLA/examples.html].
individis faqtobrivi daxmarebis moculoba damokidebulia ara marto
PIA-ze, aramed or sxva faqtorzec.
asaki, rodesac xdeba daxmarebis gamoyofa. asaki, rodesac individi xdeba
uflebamosili, miiRos saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis sistemiT
gansazRvruli sapensio daxmareba, normaluri sapensio asakis
saxelwodebiTaa cnobili. normaluri sapensio asaki damokidebulia
individis dabadebis welze. 1944-sa da 1954 wlebs Soris dabadebuli
piris normaluri sapensio asaki 66 welia. aRniSnuli maCvenebeli yovel
Semdgom weliwadze ori TviT izrdeba _ 1960 welsa da mis Semdgom
dabadebuli pirebisaTvis ki normaluri sapensio asaki 67 welia. momuSave
uflebamosilia, daxmareba miiRos sul mcire 62 wlidan, magram aseT
SemTxvevaSi, Tviuri daxmarebis moculobis permanentuli Semcireba
imdenad, ramdenadac normalur sapensio asakad 67 welia miCneuli,
Semcirebis ganakveTi 30% iqneba. analogiurad, momuSave, romelic
normaluri sapensio asakis dadgomis Semdegac ar miiRebs daxmarebas,
miiRebs daxmarebas, romelic permanentuli zrdis ganakveTiT xasiaTdeba.
1943 welsa da mis Semdgom dabadebuli momuSave, romelic ar gadis
pensiaze normaluri sapensio asakis miRwevis Semdegac ki, miiRebs
daxmarebas, romelsac yovel vadagadacilebul weliwadze emateba 8%.

14)saxelmwifo sapensio sistemaze ganxorcielebuli

grZelvadiani zemoqmedeba
dRes saxelmwifo sapensio sistemaSi gadaxdili saxelfaso gadasaxadi
aRemateba sapensio Tanxas, romelic sistemam pensionerisaTvis unda
uzrunvelyos. aseTi nametis arseboba daaxloebiT 2016 wlamdea
navaraudevi. am momentis Semdeg mTavrobas gadasaxadebis gazrda, pensiis
Tanxis an sxva danaxarjebis Semcireba, an sazogadoebisagan sesxis aReba
mouwevs. mokled rom vTqvaT, arsebuli struqturis fonze saxelmwifo
sapensio uzrunvelyofis sistema finansurad arastabilurad gamoiyureba.
martivi formula dagvexmareba, problemis wyaro warmovaCinoT.
stabiluri sistemis farglebSi, sadac gadasaxadi Semosavlis miRebis
momentSi gadaixdeba, pensioneris mier miRebuli pensiis Tanxa zustad
amJamindeli momuSaveebis mier gadaxdil Tanxas udris. Tu Nb aris
pensionerTa raodenoba, B ki pensioneris mier miRebuli pensiis Tanxaa,
maSin daxmarebaTa mTliani moculoba iqneba N B b . amJamindeli
momuSaveebis mier gadaxdili gadasaxadebi sagadasaxado ganakveTis (t),
momuSaveTa raodenobisa (Nw) da momuSavis saSualo xelfasis namravls:
w t N w w ( ) warmoadgens. amdenad, miRebuli sapensio daxmarebisa da
gadaxdili gadasaxadebis Tanafardoba moiTxovs:
N B t N x bw =
gantolebis gadanacvlebis Sedegad viRebT:
 t Nw= b (9.1)
pirveli monacemi marjvena mxares daqvemdebarebulobis ganakveTi _
pensionerebisa da momuSaveebis proporciuli damokidebuleba aris. meore
monacemi Senacvlebis ganakveTs _ saSualo pensiis proporciul
damokidebulebas saSualo xelfasze warmoadgens. saxelmwifo sapensio
uzrunvelyofis sistemasTan dakavSirebuli grZelvadiani problemebi
swored im faqtis gamo warmoiqmneba, rom amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi
xandazmuli mosaxleobis siWarbiT xasiaTdeba, rac TavisTavad miuTiTebs
imaze, rom daqvemdebarebulobis ganakveTi ganuxrelad izrdeba. dRes es
maCvenebeli erTi mesamedia, rac gulisxmobs imas, rom erT pensionerze
daaxloebiT sami momuSave modis. 2030 wlisaTvis (rodesac `Sobadobis
bumis~ Taoba normalur sapensio asaks miaRwevs), proporcia iqneba 0,5 _
mxolod ori momuSave darCeba erT pensionerze. (9.1) gantolebidan Cans,
rom zrdadi daqvemdebarebulobis ganakveTis SemTxvevaSi, imisaTvis, rom
sistemam (romlis mixedviTac gadasaxadis gadaxda Semosavlis miRebasTan
erTad xdeba), kvlavac uzrunvelyos sapensio Tanxebis igive moculoba
(anu B/w-s mudmivi Rirebuleba), aucilebeli gaxdeba momuSaveTa
gadasaxadebis gazrda. ase magaliTad, dRes damqiraveblisa da
daqiravebulis (momuSavis) mier gadaxdili kombinirebuli sagadasaxado
ganakveTi 12,4%-ia, rac SeiZleba 2030 wels daaxloebiT 20%-mde
gaizardos. alternatiulad, imisaTvis, rom Tavidan iqnas acilebuli
gadasaxadebis gazrda, sapensio Tanxis moculoba erTi mesamediT unda
Semcirdes. imave problemas bevri sxva qveyanac ganicdis.
daqvemdebarebulobis ganakveTi izrdeba kanadaSi, avstraliaSi, dasavleT
evropis, laTinuri amerikisa da aziis rig qveynebSi.

15) ,

janmrTelobis dacva unikaluri momsaxurebaa, romelic sikvdilsicocxlis
sakiTxs ukavSirdeba. gadarCenisaTvis uaRresad
mniSvnelovania kvebisa da TavSesafris sakiTxis mogvarebac, rasac kerZo
bazari optimalurad axerxebs. janmrTelobis dacvis seqtoris kidev
erTi unikaluri niSan-Tviseba is aris, rom misi masStabi ukanasknel
periodSi ganuxrelad farTovdeba: 1970 wels janmrTelobaze gaweuli
danaxarji mTliani Sida produqtis 7,1% iyo, dRes ki daaxloebiT 13,2%-
ia [avadmyofobis kontrolisa da prevenciis centrebi, 2003]. Tavisi arsiT,
is faqti, rom adamianebi am momsaxurebaze araproporciulad bevrs
xarjaven, arc unikaluria da arc sagangaSo. ukanasknel periodSi
cifrul kamerasa da DVD pleierze gaweuli danaxarjebic dramatulad
gaizarda, Tumca aravin dardobs amis Sesaxeb.
ratom ereva saxelmwifo am bazris funqcionirebaSi? _ qvemoT
CamoTvlili ramdenime mizezis gamo: mwiri informacia. momxmarebeli SesaZeni
saqonlis maxasiaTeblebis
Sesaxeb, zogadad, kargadaa informirebuli. ase magaliTad: rodesac
Tqven yidulobT vaSls, Tqven zustad iciT, Tu rogori gemo da sxva
niSan-Tviseba aqvs mas. Tumca avadmyofobis periodSi Cven warmodgena ar
gvaqvs aucilebeli samkurnalo procedurebis Sesaxeb. am SemTxvevaSi Cven
ndobas vucxadebT eqims da miTiTebul rCevas vasrulebT. eqimi ki is
adamiania, romelic Tavis momsaxurebas yidis Cvenze. cxadia, arsebobs
bevri sxva momsaxureba, romlis irgvliv ganusazRvreloba da
asimetriuli informacia (Tundac saxlis saremonto samuSaoebi)
arsebobs. magram aseT viTarebaSi informaciis mosagroveblad bevrad
meti dro gvaqvs xolme, vidre maSin rodesac samedicino daxmareba
gvesaWiroeba.
araxelsayreli SerCeva da moraluri riski. janmrTelobis dacvis
xarji SesaZloa, warmoudgenlad maRali iyos. aseT situaciaSi adamians
dazRveva sWirdeba. kerZo sadazRvevo bazris Sesaxeb Cven mier wina
TavebSi ganxiluli problemebi janmrTelobis dazRvevis mimarTac
Tanabrad aqtualuria.
sadazRvevo kompania mocemuli jgufis (magaliTad, saSualo asakis
qalaqSi macxovrebel qalbatonebze) warmomadgenlebze garkveul
safasurad yidis momsaxurebis pakets. aRniSnul pakets swored is
SeiZens, vinc yvelaze maRali riskis matarebelia. ase magaliTad,
Tu monika gulis Setevis maRali riskis winaSe dgas, xolo
reiCeli ki sruliad janmrTelia, Tu maT sadazRvevo kompania
Tanabari Rirebulebis sadazRvevo pakets SesTavazebs, arsebobs
didi albaToba, rom sadazRvevo pakets swored monika iyidis.
araxelsayreli SerCevis problemis Tanaxmad, sadazRvevo paketis
saSualo myidveli ufro maRali riskiT xasiaTdeba, vidre mis
jgufSi sxva saSualo adamiani. sadazRvevo kompania, romlis bevri
klienti avadaa, dakargavs fuls. imisaTvis, rom kompaniam ar
imuSaos wagebaze, man unda gazardos sadazRvevo Senatani
(gadasaxadi). maRali Senatanebis SemTxvevaSi, SedarebiT
dabalriskiani individi bazars datovebs (maRali gadasaxadis
pirobebSi, monika mxolod im SemTxvevaSi SeiZens sadazRvevo pakets,
rodesac namdvilad darwmunebuli iqneba, rom mas gulis Seteva
emuqreba). amdenad, bazarma sxva Tanabar pirobebSi SesaZloa
saTanado da jerovani janmrTelobis dazRveva ver uzrunvelyos.
dazRveva individis yofaqcevas amaxinjebs. individi, romelmac icis,
rom dazRveulia, naklebad ecdeba, riski aicilos. dazRveulma
individma SesaZloa cxovrebis arajansaR stils misdios: Wamos
bevri junk food-i (maRalkaloriuli, dabali kvebiTi Rirebulebis
sakvebi) da im imediT ar ivarjiSos, rom aseTi qmedebis yvela
SesaZlo uaryofiT Sedegs dazRveva gaaneitralebs. garda amisa,
dazRveul individs surs, Warbi samedicino daxmarebiT isargeblos,
radgan sadazRvevo kompania ixdis yvela an zogierTi momsaxurebis
gadasaxads. aRniSnuli fenomeni moraluri riskis saxelwodebiTaa
cnobili.

16) saxelmwifos roli

janmrTelobis dacvis sferoSi mTavroba mniSvnelovan rols
TamaSobs. igi uflebamosilia eqimebis licenzirebaze, garemoSi
janmrTelobis winaSe arsebuli safrTxis monitoringze, flobs
saavadmyofoebs, daavadebaTa profilaqtikisa da gauvnebelyofis mizniT
afinansebs kvlevebs, saTaveSi udgas bavSvebis imunizaciis programebs da
atarebs bevr sxva RonisZiebas. axla ki kargi iqneba, Tu yuradRebas
gadavitanT saxelmwifos rolze janmrTelobis dazRvevis uzunvelyofis
mimarTulebiT. arsebobs sami ZiriTadi programa: `mediqeidi~, `mediqeari~
da kerZo dazRvevisaTvis aracxadi subsidia, romelic federalur
saSemosavlo sagadasaxado sistemaSi Sedis. `mediqeidi~ federaluri
mTavrobis doneze uzrunvelyofili janmrTelobis dazRvevis programaa,
romelic gansazRvruli dabali Semosavlis mqone individebisaTvis da
bavSvebisaTvis moqmedebs (Cven am programis Sesaxeb ukve visaubreT me-8
TavSi). axla ki ori danarCeni programa ganvixiloT.
`mediqeari
~
programa `mediqeari~ 1965 wels dainerga. igi 65 wlis, 65 wels
gadacilebul individebsa da invalidebs uzrunvelyofs janmrTelobis
dazRveviT. programis mizania, xandazmulTaTvis maTTvis zedmeti
finansuri tvirTis dakisrebis gareSe xarisxiani janmrTelobis dacvis
sistema xelmisawvdomi gaxados. 2002 wels `mediqearze~ gaweulma
xarjebma 254 miliardi aSS dolari Seadgina. es aris meore udidesi
saxelmwifo xarjviTi programa saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis
programis Semdeg.
vidre `mediqearis~ detalebs CavuRrmavdebiT, ganvixiloT, Tu
ratomaa ase eqstensiurad CarTuli saxelmwifo xandazmulTa
janmrTelobis dazRvevis bazarSi. bolos da bolos, cxadia, rom
xandazmulTa mier Semosavlis miRebis unari klebulobs, agreTve
uaresdeba xandazmulTa janmrTeloba. gaixseneT am Tavis dasawyisSi
mocemuli janmrTelobi
s dacvis bazris daxasiaTeba. araxelsayreli
SerCevis faqtoris arsebobis gamo dazRvevis efeqtiani moculobis
uzrunvelyofa saWiro da aucilebeli moculobiT SeuZlebelia.
problemis aRmofxvra SesaZlebelia, Tu sadazRvevo polisis SeZena
yvelasaTvis savaldebulo gaxdeba. garda amisa, janmrTelobis dazRvevis
polisis SeZena maRal administraciul da savaWro danaxarjTanaa
dakavSirebuli. individs yvelaze marTebuli da racionaluri polisis
Zieba uxdeba, saWiro xdeba sxvadasxva samedicino gamokvlevis Catareba
da a.S. xandazmul individTa erT jgufSi gaerTianebis gziT samTavrobo
programa amgvar danaxarjs amcirebs. aseTi erTmniSvnelovani midgomis
naklovaneba ki is aris, rom igi sruliad ugulebelyofs individTa
preferenciebs sadazRvevo momsaxurebis saxeebis mimarT.
`mediqearis~ struqtura. `mediqeari~ moicavs TiTqmis mTel
mosaxleobas, romelic 65 wlis an metisaa. programis daregistrirebul
beneficiarTa raodenoba daaxloebiT 39.6 milion adamians aRwevs. programa
federaluri mTavrobis mieraa administrirebuli da masSi
monawileobis kriteriumi yvela StatSi absoluturad erTgvarovania.
`mediqeidisagan~ (RaribTa janmrTelobis dacvis programa) gansxvavebiT,
`mediqearis~ saWiroeba da racionaluroba ar fasdeba. imisaTvis, rom
miiRos programiT sargeblobis ufleba, ar arsebobs imis saWiroeba,
individma daadasturos, rom misi Semosavali gansazRvrul zRvars
qvemoT imyofeba.
Tu saxelmwifo samedicino seqtorSi monawileobis
miRebas gadawyvets, maSin mas fundamenturi gadawyvetilebis miReba
mouwevs: vin gaswevs (awarmoebs) samedicino momsaxurebas _ saxelmwifo
Tu kerZo seqtori? am mimarTulebiT TiToeuli qveyana Tavis
gadawyvetilebas iRebs. ase magaliTad, did britaneTSi saxelmwifo
flobs da marTavs saavadmyofoebs. aSS-Si ki - piriqiT: jandacva kerZo
seqtoris mier aris uzrunvelyofili. amdenad, `mediqeari~ gulisxmobs
imas, rom saxelmwifo mxolod afinansebs da ara gaswevs (awarmoebs)
jandacvasTan dakavSirebul momsaxurebas.

18 .
.

proeqtis SefasebaSi, rogorc wesi, sxvadasxva periodis danaxarjisa da

sargeblis Sefaseba igulisxmeba. ase magaliTad, Raribi bavSvis skolamdeli
aRzrda moiTxovs mniSvnelovan danaxarjs awmyoSi, Tumca ukugebas momavalSi
uzrunvelyofs.
Tavdapirvelad, warmovidginoT, rom inflacia saerTod
ar xdeba. SemdgomSi ganvixilavT, Tu rogor xdeba gamoTvlebSi inflaciis
faqtoris gaTvaliswineba.

fuladi erTeulis mimdinare Rirebulebis gadayvana fuladi erTeulis

momaval RirebulebaSi

davuSvaT, Tqven 100 aSS dolari SeitaneT bankSi da ganaTavseT iseT

angariSze, romelic wliurad 5% sargebels mogitanT (gadasaxadis gadaxdis
Semdeg). wlis bolos Tqven geqnebaT: (1 + 0,05) X $100 = $105.
ufro zogadad, Tu ganTavsebulia angariSze
wlis ganmavlobaSi, xolo ki saprocento ganakveTia, maSin wlis bolos
misi
moculoba iqneba: X (1 + )
. es formula awmyoSi deponirebuli Tanxis momaval
Rirebulebas gviCevnebs.

fuladi erTeulis momavali Rirebulebis gadmoyvana fuladi erTeulis

mimdinare RirebulebaSi

davuSvaT, rom vinmes surs Tqvengan $100-is sesxis aReba erTi wlis Semdeg
ukan dabrunebis pirobiT. piri, romelic am garigebas gTavazobT, absoluturad
sandoa. gasesxebul 100 dolars xom momavalSic 100 dolaris
msyidvelunarianoba eqneba?! m Tanxis dasadgenad, romelsac dRes gaiRebT
imisaTvis, rom momavalSi (erTi wlis Semdeg) 100 dolari miiRoT, Tqven unda
ipovoT cifri, romlis (1 + 0,05)-ze gamravlebis Sedegad miiRebT 100 dolars.
ganmartebis Tanaxmad, es aris 100 dolari/(1 + 0,05), anu daaxloebiT 95.24
dolari. amdenad, im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac saprocento ganakveTi 5%-ia, erTi
wlis Semdeg misaRebi 100 dolaris fuladi erTeulis mimdinare Rirebulebaa:
$100 / (1 + 0,05).

zogadad, rodesac saprocento ganakveTi warmodgenilia r-is saxiT, T weliwadSi

misaRebi $R Tanxa ubralod udris $R / (1 +r)T2. inflaciis ararsebobis
irobebSic ki momavalSi fuladi erTeulis Rirebuleba ufro naklebia, vidre
fuladi erTeulis mimdinare Rirebuleba dRes da, amdenad, saWiroa misi im
TanxiT `diskontireba~, romelic saprocento ganakveTsa da Tanxis miRebis
drozea damokidebuli. swored amitom r xSirad moiazreba, rogorc
diskontirebis ganakveTi.

analogiurad, (1 + r)T momavalSi T periodis Semdeg misaRebi Tanxis

diskontirebis faqtors warmoadgens. yuradReba miaqcieT, rom ramdenadac
maRalia T, sxva Tanabar pirobebSi miT naklebia mimdinare Rirebuleba, rac
ufro didi xnis ganmavlobaSi giwevT Tanxis miRebis lodini, miT naklebi
Tanxis gadaxdis survili gaqvT dRes. dabolos, ganvixiloT magaliTi, romlis
mixedviTac Tqven giwevT $R0-is gadaxda dRes, erTi wlis Semdeg - $R1-is, ori
wlis Semdeg - $R2-is da a.S. T wlis ganmavlobaSi. ramdenad Rirs am qmedebis
ganxorcieleba? sxvadasxva periodis (TiToeuli wlis) Tanxis Rirebuleba
mimdinare RirebulebaSi gadaviyvanoT da Semdeg mivumatoT erTmaneT

19

proeqtis Sefasebis Semdegi nabijia sargeblisa da danaxarjis Sefaseba. kerZo

firmis SemTxvevaSi, aRniSnuli ori faqtoris Sefaseba SedarebiT ufro
sworxazovnad mimdinareobs. proeqtis sargebeli aris mis Sedegad miRebuli
Semosavali, danaxarji ki firmis gadasaxadi sawarmoo saSualebebze. orive
maTgani sabazro fasis mixedviT ganisazRvreba. saxelmwifo seqtorSi Sefasebis
problema ufro rTulia, radgan sabazro fasi socialur sargebelsa da
danaxarjs ver asaxavs.

ganvixiloT ramdenime meTodi, romlis saSualebiTac saxelmwifo seqtoris

proeqtebis sargeblisa da danaxarjis Sefaseba xdeba.

sabazro fasebi
 srulfasovnad funqcionirebad konkurentul garemoSi saqonlis fasi rogorc
warmoebis zRvrul sazogadoebriv xarjs, agreTve momxmareblisaTvis saqonlis
zRvrul fass asaxavs. Tu saxelmwifo iyenebs iseT sawarmoo saSualebas, an
qmnis iseT produqts, romelic iyideba kerZo bazarze, maSin sargeblisa da
danaxarjis Sesafaseblad sabazro fasebis gamoyeneba upriani iqneba.

ZiriTadi problema is aris, rom realuri samyaro bevri iseTi naklovanebiT

xasiaTdeba, rogoricaa: monopolia, garegani efeqti da a.S. amdenad, fasi
zRvrul socialur danaxarjsa da sargebels ar asaxavs. ekonomistTa didi
nawilis azriT, rom ara aSkara naklovanebani, sabazro fasi saxelmwifo
seqtoris sargeblisa da danaxarjis gamosaTvlelad universaluri saSualeba
iqneboda.

koreqtirebuli sabazro fasebi

fasi saqonelze, romelic iyideba arasrulyofil bazarze, zRvrul

socialur Rirebulebas ZiriTadad ver asaxavs. aseTi produqtis Crdilovani

fasi misi socialuri zRvruli danaxarjis safuZvels warmoadgens. miuxedavad
imisa, rom arasrulyofil bazrebze saqonlis sabazro fasi Crdilovani
fasisagan gansxvavdeba, zogierT SemTxvevaSi sabazro fasi Crdilovani fasis
gamosaTvlelad gamoiyeneba.

umuSevroba. Tu saxelmwifo proeqtis gansaxorcieleblad daiqiraveben

individs kerZo seqtoridan, maSin misi alternatiuli Rirebuleba iqneba
xelfasis is ganakveTi, romelsac mas kerZo seqtorSi uxdidnen. mdgomareoba
rTuldeba, rodesac proeqtSi xdeba iseTi adamianis dasaqmeba, romelic
iZulebiT umuSevaria. umuSevari piris dasaqmebis Sedegad produqtis moculoba
ar mcirdeba, Tumca piris mier proeqtidan misaRebi xelfasi raimes
alternatiul Rirebulebas ar warmoadgens. umuSevari individi, romelsac
daiqiraveben, uars ambobs mxolod Tavisufal droze. miuxedavad amisa, mainc
vawydebiT or sirTules: 1) Tu saxelmwifo axorcielebs stabilizaciis
politikas dasaqmebis mudmivi donis SenarCunebis mimarTulebiT, maSin
umuSevari individis dasaqmeba dasaqmebisa da produqtis sxva adgilas
Semcirebas gamoiwvevs. aseT SemTxvevaSi momuSavis socialuri Rirebuleba misi
xelfasia. 2) im SemTxvevaSi, Tu momuSave iZulebiT umuSevaria proeqtis
dawyebis periodisaTvis, es ar gulisxmobs imas, rom igi aseve umuSevari
darCeboda proeqtis ganxorcielebis mTeli periodis ganmavlobaSi. Tumca
individis momaval samsaxureobriv SesaZleblobaTa prognozireba erTob
rTulia. mniSvnelovani Semcirebis gareSe dausaqmebeli SromiTi resursis
Sefaseba mimdinare xelfasiT praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT yvelaze karg
miaxloebas warmoadgens.
 21.
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25)
. ekonomist artur b. laferis [1979] kargad cnobili mosazrebis
Tanaxmad, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi tA wertilis marjvniv muSaobs.
popularul presaSi sagadasaxado ganakveTisa da sagadasaxado Semosavlis
damokidebuleba laferis mrudis saxeliTaa cnobili. sagadasaxado
ganakveTebis
Semcireba sagadasaxado Semosavlebs ar amcirebs _ ai, miwodebis ekonomikis
axali idea da mniSvnelovani doqtrina, romelic pirvelad reiganis
administraciam danerga da romelic dResac vaSingtonis politikuri
debatebis yvelaze mniSvnelovan faqtorad iTvleba.

laferis mrudis irgvliv sxvadasxva erTob dabneuli da damabneveli

mosazreba arsebobs, romelTa Soris Cven ramdenimes gamovarCevdiT:
Cveni martivi modelis Tanaxmad, sagadasaxado ganakveTis cvlilebis
SemTxvevaSi sagadasaxado Semosavlebis Semcireba an gazrda
ganisazRvreba imis mixedviT, Tu rogor akompensirebs samuSao saaTebis
cvlileba sagadasaxado ganakveTis cvlilebas. es ki Sromis miwodebis
elastiurobis Seswavlis sagani, anu sajaro finansebis ekonomistTa
kompetenciis areali aris. amrigad, laferis mrudis forma wminda
xelfasis mimarT Sromis elastiurobiT ganisazRvreba.

miwodebis ekonomikis zogierTi kritikosi amtkicebs, rom absurdulia

Tavad idea imis Sesaxeb, rom sagadasaxado ganakveTis Semcireba
SesaZloa, iwvevdes sagadasaxado Semosavlebis zrdas. Tumca grafiki
gviCvenebs, rom, saerTod, dabal sagadasaxado ganakveTebs marTla
SeuZlia sagadasaxado Semosavlebis gazrda.
marTlac muSaobs Tu ara amerikis ekonomika tA wertilis marjvniv? es
aris ufro empiriuli xasiaTis SekiTxva. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, is
ekonomistebi, romlebic swavloben gadasaxadebsa da Sromis miwodebas,
SeTanxmdnen imaze, rom TiToeuli elastiurobis koeficienti sakmaod
dabalia. amdenad, Tamamad SegviZlia, ganvacxadoT, rom ekonomika ar
funqcionirebs tA wertilis marjvniv. sagadasaxado ganakveTebis
Semcireba, rogorc wesi, Sromis miwodebis gaTavisuflebis gziT
TviTdafinansebas ise ver axorcielebs, rom sagadasaxado Semosavlebi
ar daeces.
Sromis miwodebaSi ganxorcielebuli cvlileba ar aris erTaderTi
maCvenebeli imisa, Tu rogor zemoqmedebas axdens gazrdili
sagadasaxado ganakveTi sagadasaxado Semosavalze. rogorc viciT,
ganakveTebis zrdis SemTxvevaSi individs SeuZlia, xelfasi Semosavlis
daubegravi formebiT Caanacvlos. gamodis, rom Sromis fiqsirebuli
miwodebis pirobebSic ki sagadasaxado Semosavlebi mcirdeba. garda
amisa, individs (gansakuTrebiT ki maRalSemosavlian individs)
Tavisuflad SeuZlia, dasabegri Semosavali kapitalis Semosavlis
daubegravi formebiT (Semosavali municipaluri obligaciidan)
Caanacvlos. garda amisa, gadasaxadebis zrdis Semdeg individi meti
Semosavlis dafarvas daiwyebs. sagadasaxado ukugebis Sesaxeb arsebuli
monacemebis damuSavebis Semdeg gruberi da saezi [2002] askvnian, rom
sagadasaxado ganakveTi dasabegr Semosavalze mniSvnelovan zemoqmedebas
axdens, gansakuTrebiT maRalSemosavliani individebis SemTxvevaSi. maTi
SefasebiT, 40%-iani zRvruli sagadasaxado ganakveTis 30%-mde
SemcirebiT maRalSemosavliani individis dasabegri Semosavali
daaxloebiT 9%-iT izrdeba. meore mxriv, gadasaxadebis Semcireba
TviTdafinansebas ver uzrunvelyofs. zogierTi mkvlevari fiqrobs, rom
reaqcia sagadasaxado cvlilebaze ufro metia, vidre gruberi da saezi
angariSoben, xolo, zogierTi mkvlevaris azriT, reaqcia naklebia.
Tumca, zogadad, Teoria friad mniSvnelovan politikur postulats
uzrunvelyofs: Semosavlebis maqsimizaciaze orientirebuli
sagadasaxado ganakveTi yvela jgufisa da Semosavlis yvela formis
mimarT Tanabari ar aris.
sagadasaxado ganakveTebis Semcirebis Semdeg sagadasaxado Semosavlebi
Tundac ar gaizardos, es sruliadac ar niSnavs imas, rom Tavad
sagadasaxado ganakveTebis Semcirebis faqti arasasurvelia. rogorc wina
TavebSi iyo aRniSnuli, optimaluri sagadasaxado sistema socialuri da
ekonomikuri faqtorebis farTo asortimentis safuZvelze ganisazRvreba.
vinc fiqrobs, rom saxelmwifo seqtori Zalian gaberilia, albaT,
moxaruli iqneba sagadasaxado ganakveTebis SemcirebiT.
mimoxilva
gadasaxadebisa da Sromis miwodebis ekonomikuri Teoria gvTavazobs
saWiro cvladebs, Tumca ar gveubneba zust pasuxs. ekonometrikuli kvleva
miuTiTebs imaze, rom gadasaxadebi arsebiTad ver axdens zemoqmedebas
axalgazrda mamakacebis samuSao saaTebis raodenobaze. Tumca, meore mxriv,
gadasaxadebi amcirebs daojaxebuli qalis SromiTi monawileobis masStabs da
samuSao saaTebis raodenobas. ar aris kargad gansazRvruli gadasaxadebis
zemoqmedebis masStabi Sromis miwodebis sxva ganzomilebebze.
politikosTa erTi jgufis azriT, sagadasaxado ganakveTebis Semcirebis
SemTxvevaSi individi imdens imuSavebs, rom xazinis sagadasaxado Semosavali
ar
Semcirdeba. Sromis miwodebis Sesaxeb arsebuli codnis safuZvelze Cven
SegviZlia, ganvacxadoT, rom aseTi efeqtis albaToba naklebia. Tumca Tavad
is mosazreba, rom gadasaxadebis Semcireba TviTdafinansebis efeqtiT
xasiaTdeba,misasalmebelia mas Semdeg, rac gaviazrebT, rom individs
dasabegri Semosavlis formebis daubegravi Semosavlis formebiT Canacvleba
Tavisuflad SeuZlia.

26) saxelmwifo valis warmoSobis mizezebi da sididis

gansazRvra

pativi eciT sazogadoebis ndobas _ igi Zlierebisa da

usafrTxoebis umniSvnelovanesi wyaroa.

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vali warmoadgens warsulSi arsebuli
TiToeuli sabiujeto deficitis jams, anu vali aris warsulSi gaweuli xarjis
kumulaciuri siWarbe Semosavlebze. gamodis, rom deficitur weliwads vali
izrdeba, xolo proficitul weliwads ki klebulobs. ekonomistebis enaze,
vali `cvladi kapitalia~ (romelic droSi izomeba)

vali saxelmwifos dafinansebis mniSvnelovani saSualebaa. Tu

periodis ganmavlobaSi danaxarji aRemateba Semosavlebs,
warmoiqmneba deficiti; xolo Tu Semosavlebi aRemateba danaxarjebs,
warmoiqmneba proficiti; vali mocemul periodSi warmoadgens
warsulSi arsebuli deficitisa da proficitis algebrul jams.

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sayovelTaod aRiarebulia is faqti, rom saxelmwifo valis Semcireba

WeSmaritad dadebiTi saqme iqneba. Tumca Cven ratom vidardoT erovnuli
valis
Sesaxeb? ratom unda viyoT dainteresebulni misi gazrdiT an SemcirebiT?
pasuxis gacema am kiTxvaze erTob rTulia da sesxis dafinansebis xarjebis
Sesaxeb sruli informaciis flobas moiTxovs. garda amisa, aucilebelia im
pirebis identificireba, visac akisria valis tvirTi.

valis tvirTi damokidebulia imaze, Tu ramdenad gamodevnis vali

kerZo investicias. Tu marTla gamodevnis, maSin momaval Taobebs
eqneba ufro mcire ZiriTadi kapitali da, amdenad, sxva Tanabar
pirobebSi, dabali realuri Semosavali. rikaridianuli modelis
Tanaxmad, TaobaTa Soris ganxorcielebuli nebayoflobiTi
transferi sesxis politikis zegavlenas aneitralebs ise, rom kerZo
investiciis gamodevna saerTod aRar xdeba.
dasawyisSive unda aRvniSnoT, rom momaval Taobas mouwevs valis gadaxda
an misi refinansireba (refinansireba gulisxmobs axali sesxis aRebas
arsebuli
davalianebis dafarvis mizniT). nebismier SemTxvevaSi xorcieldeba transferi
momavali gadasaxadis gadamxdelisgan obligaciis mflobelze _ valis
refinansirebis SemTxvevaSic ki, aucilebeli iqneba procentis gadaxda
obligaciis axali mflobelebisaTvis. rogorc Cans, valis mTeli tvirTi
momaval Taobas ekisreba. Tumca gadasaxadebis efeqtis Teoria
garkveul eWvqveS ayenebs aseT logikas. mxolod is faqti, rom samarTlebrivi
tvirTi ekisreba momaval Taobas, ar gulisxmobs imas, rom maTve ekisrebaT
realuri tvirTi. rogorc gadasaxadebis ganawilebis SemTxvevaSi, movlenaTa
dinamiurobis Sedegad, tvirTis ekonomikuri ganawileba sruliadac aRar hgavs
xolme tvirTis samarTlebriv ganawilebas. iseve, rogorc ganawilebis sxva
SemTxvevebSi, pasuxi ekonomikur qmedebebTan asocirebul daSvebebzea
damokidebuli.
lerneris mosazreba
warmovidginoT, rom mTavroba fuls sakuTari qveynis moqalaqeebisagan
sesxulobs _ valdebuleba Sida valis saxelwodebiTaa cnobili. lerneris
[1948] Tanaxmad, Sida vali ar warmoqmnis tvirTs momavali TaobebisaTvis.
momavali Taobis warmomadgenlebs ubralod erTmaneTis mimarT eqnebaT
davalianeba. valis gadaxdis dros ganxorcieldeba Semosavlis transferi
mosaxleobis erTi jgufidan (romelic ar flobs obligaciebs) meore jgufSi
(romelic obligaciebis mflobelia). miuxedavad amisa, ar uaresdeba momavali
Taobis, rogorc mTliani sazogadoebrivi fenis, materialuri mdgomareoba _
misi moxmarebis done zustad igive iqneba, rac unda yofiliyo. rogorc me-18
saukunis mwerali, meloni, ityoda: `marjvena xels aqvs marcxena xelis vali~
mdgomareoba radikalurad icvleba, rodesac qveyana mimdinare
danaxarjebis dasafinanseblad meore qveynisagan iRebs sesxs. aseTi vali
sagareo valis saxelwodebiTaa cnobili (aSS-Si federaluri valis 39%
ucxoeli investorebisganaa nasesxebi [prezidentis ekonomikuri angariSi, 2003,
gv. 380). davuSvaT, rom sxva qveynidan nasesxebi vali mimdinare moxmarebis
dasafinanseblad gamoiyeneba. aseT SemTxvevaSi momaval Taobas
erTmniSvnelovnad ekisreba tvirTi _ misi moxmarebis done valisa da
daricxuli procentis (romelic gadaexdeba ucxoel kreditors) TanxiT
klebulobs3. meore mxriv, Tu sesxi kapitalis dasabandeblad gamoiyeneba,
maSin Sedegi proeqtis rentabelobaze sruladaa damokidebuli. Tu
investiciis zRvruli ukugeba ucxoeTSi nasesxebi fuladi saxsrebis zRvrul
Rirebulebas aRemateba, sesxisa da kapitaluri danaxarjebis kombinacia,
faqtobrivad, aumjobesebs momavali Taobis materialur mdgomareobas. Tu
proeqtis ukugebazRvrul Rirebulebaze naklebia, maSin momavali Taobis
finansuri mdgomareoba uaresdeba.
mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom Sida vali ar warmoqmnida tvirTs momavali
TaobebisaTvis, popularuli iyo ekonomistebs Soris 1940-1950 wlebSi. dRes
ekonomistebs ukve sjeraT, rom saqme bevrad ufro rTuladaa.

neoklasikuri modeli
Cven mier aqamde ganxiluli TaobaTaSorisi modelebi ar iTvaliswinebs
imas, rom saxelmwifo sasesxo politikam SesaZloa, zemoqmedeba moaxdinos
ekonomikur gadawyvetilebebze; Secvlili gadawyvetileba ki moqmedebs imaze,
Tu
vis daekisreba valis tvirTi. piriqiT, miCneuli iyo, rom valis dafarvis
mizniT
dawesebuli gadasaxadi zemoqmedebas ar axdenda arc samuSao
gadawyvetilebebze
da arc danazogze. Tu gadasaxadi cvlis aseT gadawyvetilebebs, maSin
ekonomikas realuri xarji ekisreba.
ufro metic, Cven ugulebelvyaviT sesxis dafinansebis potenciurad
mniSvnelovani zemoqmedeba kapitalis formirebaze. sesxis neoklasikuri
modelis Tanaxmad, saxelmwifos mier proeqtis inicirebis SemTxvevaSi (imis
miuxedavad, Tu riTia dafinansebuli igi _ gadasaxadebiT Tu sesxiT) kerZo
seqtoridan fuladi saxsrebi sazogadoebrivi seqtorisaken gadainacvlebs.
rodesac gamoyenebulia sagadasaxado dafinanseba, saxelmwifo seqtorSi
gadatanili Tanxa akldeba moxmarebas. meore mxriv, rodesac saxelmwifo
iRebs
vals, igi ebmeba konkurenciaSi individebTan da firmebTan, romelTac agreTve
esaWiroebaT fuli sakuTari sainvesticio proeqtebis gansaxorcieleblad.
aseT
SemTxvevaSi vali yvelaze did zegavlenas kerZo investiciaze axorcielebs.
sesxis dafinansebis Sedegad momavali Taoba, sxva Tanabar pirobebSi, mcire
moculobis ZiriTadi kapitalis amara rCeba. amdenad, momavali Taoba
naklebad
produqtiuli iqneba da ufro mcire realuri Semosavali eqneba, vidre sxva
SemTxvevaSi eqneboda. amdenad, vali, axdens ra zemoqmedebas kapitalis
formirebaze, warmoqmnis tvirTs, romelic momaval Taobas ekisreba
(aRsaniSnavia, rom erTaderTi ucvleli faqtori saxelmwifo seqtoris
ZiriTadi
kapitali aris. Tu saxelmwifo seqtori rentabelur investicias kerZo
seqtoridan amoRebuli fuladi resursis wyalobiT axorcielebs, mTliani
ZiriTadi kapitali izrdeba).
is mosazreba, rom saxelmwifo vali amcirebs kerZo investicias,
neoklasikuri analizis dros uaRresad mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs.
aRniSnuli fenomeni xSirad gamodevnis (Seviwroebis) hipoTezis
saxelwodebiTaa
cnobili _ rodesac saxelmwifo seqtori iwyebs investiciisaTvis
xelmisawvdomi
resursis gamoyenebas, xdeba kerZo investiciis gamodevna. gamodevna
ganpirobebulia saprocento ganakveTis cvlilebiT. rodesac saxelmwifo
zrdis
moTxovnas kreditze, saprocento ganakveTi (anu kreditis fasi) maSinve
izrdeba;
saprocento ganakveTis zrdis dros ki kerZo investicia ufro
ZviradRirebuli
da, Sesabamisad, ufro naklebad xelmisawvdomi da gamosayenebelia4.
rogorc Cans, am gziT SesaZlebeli iqneba gamodevnis hipoTezis
sworxazovani gaSifvra. ubralod, gavaanalizoT istoriuli kavSiri
saprocento ganakveTsa da saxelmwifo deficits Soris (rogorc proporcia
mTliani Sida produqtis mimarT). or cvlads Soris arsebuli dadebiTi
Tanafardoba xazs usvams gamodevnis hipoTezis marTebulobas da piriqiT.
deficitis zemoqmedebis sakiTxi saprocento ganakveTebis Sesaxeb mwvave
politikuri debatebis obieqtivSi 2003 wels moeqca. buSis administraciis
biujetis proeqtis (romelic iTvaliswinebda mniSvnelovan deficits)
momxreebi
amtkicebdnen, rom mosalodneli iyo umciresi zemoqmedeba saprocento
ganakveTebze, xolo oponentebi amtkicebdnen, rom saprocento ganakveTebi
gaizrdeboda

28 )TaobaTaSorisi Tanasworoba
davuSvaT, rom teqnologiuri progresis wyalobiT, Cveni SviliSvilebi
Cvenze mdidrebi iqnebian. Tuki Taobis SigniT Semosavali nawildeba
mdidridan Raribze, ratom ar nawildeba Semosavali mdidari Taobidan
Rarib Taobaze? cxadia, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mosalodnelia Cveni
STamomavlebis CvenTan SedarebiT gaRaribeba (davuSvaT, araganaxlebadi
resursebis amowurvis Sedegad), maSin Semosavali zustad sawinaaRmdego
mimarTulebiT unda ganawildes.
valis tvirTis problema gadasaxadis ganawilebis problemis analogiuria,
oRond TaobaTaSoris WrilSi. rogorc sxva msgavs SemTxvevebSi, axlac
erTob rTulia valis tvirTis zusti gansazRvra. pirvel rigSi, ar aris
naTeli, Tu rogor unda moxdes tvirTis identificireba. valis tvirTi
fasdeba: (1) erTi Taobis (daaxloebiT Tanabari asakis adamianTa) moxmarebis
potencialis mixedviT an (2) im adamianTa moxmarebis mixedviT, romlebic
cocxlebi arian mocemul momentSi. adekvaturi ganmartebis arsebobis
pirobebSic ki tvirTis
arseboba damokidebulia Semdeg sakiTxebze: Sidaa vali Tu sagareo? ra
zemoqmedebas axdens sesxis politika sxvadasxva ekonomikur
gadawyvetilebaze?ra saxis proeqtebia dafinansebuli sesxiT? am faqtorTa
Seswavlis mizniT amdenime empiriuli kvleva Catarda kidec. Tumca
jerjerobiT raime konsensusi ar arsebobs

29)decentralizebuli sistemis uaryofiTi

mxareebi da upiratesobebi

decentralizebuli sistemis uaryofiTi mxareebi

ganvixiloT raionuli erTeuli, romelic ramdenime mcire
sazogadoebisagan Sedgeba. TiToeuli sazogadoebis mTavroba iRebs
gadawyvetilebebs im mizniT, rom socialuri keTildReobis funqcia
maqsimumamde mxolod sazogadoebis wevrebis sargeblis safuZvelze gazardos _
mxedvelobaSi ar miiReba gareSe piri6. rogor gansxvavdeba sazogadoebis
mTavrobis mier am gziT miRebuli Sedegebi im Sedegebisgan, romelsac
centraluri mTavroba saxelmwifo socialuri keTildReobis funqciis Sedegad
miiRebs, romlis drosac gaTvaliswinebuli iqneba TiToeuli moqalaqis
sargeblianoba? pirvel rigSi, ganvixiloT efeqtianobis sakiTxebi da mxolod
amis Semdeg mivubrundeT samarTlianobis sakiTxebis ganxilvas.
efeqtianoba. decentralizebuli mTavrobis sistemam SesaZloa, gamoiwvios
resursebis araefeqtiani ganawileba ramdenime mizezis gamo.
garegani efeqti - sazogadoebrivi saqoneli, romliTac sargeblobs
mxolod konkretuli sazogadoebis wevri, adgilobrivi sazogadoebrivi
saqonlis saxelwodebiTaa cnobili. ase magaliTad, ostinSi (texasi) moqmedi
bibiloTeka Zalian mcire efeqts axdens en-arboris (miCigani) mosaxleobaze.
Tumca erTi sazogadoebis qmedeba xSirad axdens zemoqmedebas sxva
sazogadoebis wevrTa keTildReobaze. Tu erT qalaqSi maRali donis swavlebaa,
qalaqidan individis emigraciis Sedegad sargebels miiRebs sxva qalaqi (mas
eyoleba ufro kargad ganswavluli samuSao Zala). qalaqebi erTmaneTze
uaryofiTadac moqmedebs. viqtoria da britanuli kolumbia WuWyian wyals
pirdapir zRvaSi uSveben, narCeni sietlSi (vaSingtoni) Caedineba, romelTa
moqalaqeebi namdvilad wuxan am faqtis gamo. mokled, sazogadoeba axdens
rogorc dadebiT, aseve uaryofiT garegan efeqts meore sazogadoebaze. Tu
TiToeuli sazogadoeba mxolod Tavis wevrTa keTildReobaze zrunavs, maSin,
rogorc wesi, aseTi garegani efeqti ignorirebulia xolme. amdenad,
standartuli argumentis Tanaxmad, resursebi araefeqtianadaa
ganawilebuli.
masStabis ekonomia sazogadoebrivi momsaxurebis gawevis dros.
gansazRvruli sazogadoebrivi momsaxurebis gawevis dros, momxmarebelTa
raodenobis zrdis SemTxvevaSi, sazogadoebis wevris xarji klebulobs. ase
magaliTad, rac ufro meti adamiani sargeblobs biblioTekiT, miT ufro
dabalia TiToeuli momxmareblis mier gasawevi xarji. Tu TiToeuli
sazogadoeba daafuZnebs biblioTekas, maSin momxmareblis danaxarji
aucilebelze maRali iqneba. centralur iurisdiqcias yvela piroba aqvs
biblioTekis dafuZnebisaTvis; xalxi ki masStabis ekonomiiT isargeblebs.
cxadia, sxvadasxva saqmianoba sxvadasxva saxis masStabis ekonomias
eqvemdebareba. biblioTekis momsaxurebis optimaluri masStabi gansxvavdeba
saxanZro momsaxurebis masStabisagan, xolo orive maTganis masStabi ki _
saxelmwifo Tavdacvis optimaluri masStabisagan. am dakvirvebis wyalobiT,
SesaZlebeli xdeba urTierTgadamfari iurisdiqciebis sistemis racionalizeba
_ TiToeuli iurisdiqcia uflebamosilia, masStabis ekonomiiis
gaTvaliswinebiT awarmoos mxolod is momsaxureba, romelic iurisdiqciis
zomas zustad ergeba.
meore mxriv, konsolidacia ar aris sazogadoebebis mier masStabis
ekonomiiT sargeblobis erTaderTi gza. niu-jersis ramdenime sazogadoeba
erTad marTavs saskolo sistemas da biblioTekebs; am gziT sazogadoebebi
sargebloben masStabis ekonomiiT da Tanac inarCuneben damoukideblobas.
kaliforniaSi ki zogierTi qalaqi kontraqts debs mTavrobasTan an kerZo
kompaniasTan gansazRvruli sazogadoebrivi saqonlis da momsaxurebis
uzrunvelyofis mizniT. swored aq sustdeba kavSiri iurisdiqciaTa
gadawyvetilebebs Soris (xolo gadawyvetilebani ki exeba imas, Tu ra
moculobis sazogadoebrivi saqoneli unda iqnes moxmarebuli da ra
moculobisa ki _ warmoebuli).
araefeqtiani sagadasaxado sistema. efeqtiani dabegvra Semdegi principis
dakmayofilebas moiTxovs: is saqoneli, romelic araelastiuri moTxovniT
xasiaTdeba, ufro maRali ganakveTiT unda daibegros da piriqiT davuSvaT, rom
kapitalis miwodeba mTeli qveynis masStabiT fiqsirebulia da
igi mobiluria qvefederaciul iurisdiqciebs Soris. TiToeuli iurisdiqcia
kargad iazrebs imas, rom Tu igi maRali ganakveTiT dabegravs kapitals, maSin
kapitali, ubralod, sxvagan gadainacvlebs, amis Sedegad ki gauaresdeba
iurisdiqciis mdgomareoba. swored amitom keTilgonieri iurisdiqcia Zalian
dabali ganakveTebiT begravs kapitals, zogjer ki gamoyofs subsidiasac. realur
samyaroSi, cxadia, mTliani kapitali ar aris fiqsirebuli.
araferia cnobili imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor reagirebs firmis gadawyvetilebani
adgilmdebareobis Sesaxeb gansxvavebuli adgilobrivi sagadasaxado
ganakveTebis mimarT. Tumca statistika cxadyofs, rom iurisdiqciis farglebSi
dasaqmebis zrda biznesis sagadasaxado ganakveTTan ukuproporciul
damokidebulebaSia]. Tumca ZiriTadi azri mainc
ucvleli rCeba: decentralizebul sazogadoebaTa mier dawesebuli
gadasaxadebi ar aris efeqtiani, saxelmwifo poziciidan gamomdinare.
sazogadoeba gadasaxads imis mixedviT SearCevs, Tu romeli maTganis
eqsportireba iqneba SesaZlebeli sazogadoebis gareT. ase magaliTad, Tu
mocemul sazogadoebaSi qveynis erTaderTi naxSiris sabadoa da es sazogadoeba
awesebs masze gadasaxads, maSin, savaraudod, adgilobrivi sagadasaxado tvirTi
daawveba naxSiris momxmarebels, romelic ar aris am sazogadoebis wevri7.
naxSiris gadasaxadi Zalian momgebiani iqneba sazogadoebisaTvis, Tumca arcTu
yovelTvis momgebiani _ saxelmwifosaTvis8.
gadasaxadebis gadacemis mniSvnelovani Sedegi aris is, rom sazogadoeba
SeiZens Zalian didi raodenobis adgilobriv sazogadoebriv saqonels.
efeqtianobis dasakmayofileblad ki saWiroa adgilobrivi saqonlis SeZena im
wertilamde, sadac zRvruli socialuri sargebeli zRvrul socialur
danaxarjs utoldeba. Tu sazogadoebas SeuZlia, sagadasaxado tvirTis nawili
sxva iurisdiqcias daakisros, maSin sazogadoebis aRqmuli zRvruli xarji
ufro naklebi iqneba, vidre zRvruli socialuri xarji. rodesac sazogadoeba
awesebs iseT zRvrul socialur sargebels, romelic aRqmul zRvrul xarjs
utoldeba, maSin Sedegad viRebT adgilobrivi sazogadoebrivi saqonlis
araefeqtianad did moculobas.
masStabis ekonomia gadasaxadebis amoRebis dros. individualurma
sazogadoebam SesaZloa, ver isargeblos masStabis ekonomiiT gadasaxadebis
Segrovebis saqmeSi. TiToeuli sazogadoeba valdebulia, gansazRvruli fuladi
resursiT uzrunvelyos sagadasaxado samsaxurebi. danazogis akumulireba
SesaZlebelia saerTo sagadasaxado organos funqcionirebis SemTxvevaSi. albaT,
ufro upriania, gavinawiloT erTi kompiuteris xarji, romelic ramdenime
sazogadoebis sagadasaxado deklaraciebs aRricxavs, vidre TiToeulma
sazogadoebam Tavisi kompiuteri SeiZinos. cxadia, aseTi ekonomiis miRweva
SesaZlebelia iurisdiqciaTa TanamSromlobis Sedegad yovelgvari faqtobrivi
konsolidaciis gareSe. zogierT StatSi, magaliTad, qalaqis mier dawesebuli
gadasaxadi saxelmwifo Semosavlebis departamentis mier grovdeba.
samarTlianoba. utilitaruli filosofiuri mosazrebebidan gamomdinare,
socialuri keTildReobis maqsimizaciis mizniT Semosavlis mdidridan Raribze
gadanawileba aucilebelia. warmovidginoT, rom erT konkretul sazogadoebaSi
moqmedebs dabalSemosavliani wevrisaTvis sasargeblo sagadasaxado da
xarjviTi politika. sazogadoebaTa Soris moZraobis dabrkolebis ararsebobis
pirobebSi am sazogadoebaSi moxdeba mTeli qveynis RaribTa migracia. Raribi
mosaxleobis zrda gamoiwvevs gadanawilebiTi fiskaluri politikis xarjebis
zrdas. amave dros, sazogadoebis ufro maRalSemosavliani ojaxebi miiReben
gadawyvetilebas am sazogadoebis datovebis Sesaxeb. ismeva kiTxva: ratom unda
gadaixados mdidarma maRali gadasaxadebi RaribTa nacvlad, rodesac mas
SeuZlia, ufro preferenciuli fiskaluri struqturis mqone sxva
sazogadoebaSi gadavides sacxovreblad? amdenad, sazogadoebis dasabegri bazis
moTxovna izrdeba, misi zoma ki TandaTan mcirdeba. rogorc Cans, unda SeCerdes
gadanawilebiTi programis moqmedeba.
rogorc vxedavT, rom individi iRebs gadawyvetilebas sacxovrebeli
adgilis Sesaxeb imis safuZvelze, Tu romeli iurisdiqcia uzrunvelyofs ufro
momgebian gadasaxadebisa da keTildReobis pakets. am mosazrebis WeSmaritebas
xazs usvams aseTi movlena: 1990-ian wlebSi kalifornieli kanonmdebelni
seriozulad iyvnen Sewuxebulni im sakiTxis gamo, rom maT StatSi Seqmnili
ukeTesi pirobebi (maRali keTildReoba) izidavda Zalian didi raodenobis
migrants. maT miiRes kanoni, romlis safuZvelzec nebismieri migranti
kaliforniaSi cxovrebis pirveli wlis ganmavlobaSi miiRebda mxolod im
sargebels, romelsac misi mSobliuri Stati (anu Stati, saidanac Camovida es
migranti) uzrunvelyofda. Tumca 1999 wels uzenaesma sasamarTlom es kanoni
arakonstituciurad cno.
Cveni msjelobidan gamomdinareobs kidev erTi logikuri daskvna. rogorc
feldSteini da vrobeli [1998] aRniSnavdnen, Tu maRalSemosavlian individs aqvs
araxelsayreli sagadasaxado pirobebidan Tavis daRwevis da im StatSi
gadasvlis ufleba, sadac SedarebiT dabali sagadasaxado ganakveTebi
moqmedebs, maSin maRali gadasaxadebis mqone StatSi damqiravebels
daqiravebulTa SenarCunebis mizniT maRali daubegravi xelfasis gadaxda
mouwevs. wminda efeqti ki iqneba is, rom araviTari cvlilebiT ar dafiqsirdeba
Semosavlis ganawileba. fildSteinma da vrobelma isic aRmoaCines, rom
sakmarisia, Statma gazardos sagadasaxado ganakveTi, rom maSinve izrdeba
daubegravi xelfasi. am aRmoCenis interpretacia odnav frTxilad unda moxdes:
aq SesaZloa fiqsirdebodes mizanmimarTuli qmedeba _ Stati, romlis
moqalaqeebis xelfasi izrdeba, yovelTvis ufro progresiul sagadasaxado
sistemas emxroba. nebismier SemTxvevaSi aucilebulia yuradRebiT movekidoT im
process, rodesac decentralizebuli iurisdiqcia Semosavlis gadanawilebis
funqcias sakuTar Tavze iRebs.

decentralizebuli sistemis upiratesobani

Sedegis morgeba adgilobriv gemovnebaze. zogierT mSobels surs, rom
misma Svilma iseT skolaSi iswavlos, romelSic sportuli programebi
moqmedebs; mSobelTa meore nawili miiCnevs, rom es ar aris saWiro. adamianTa
erT nawils uyvars parkebi; meore nawils _ ara. centralizebuli xelisufleba
uzrunvelyofs erTsa da imave sazogadoebriv momsaxurebas mTeli qveynis
masStabiT, miuxedavad adamianTa gansxvavebuli gemovnebisa. rogorc tokvili
aRniSnavda, `centralizebul saxelmwifoSi kanonebic ki erTgvarovania,
romelic yovelTvis ver ergeba gansxvavebul adaTebsa da raionebs~. cxadia,
sruliad araefeqtiania individis uzrunvelyofa imaze meti an cota
sazogadoebrivi saqonliT, vidre amis survili aqvs Tavad individs (da, Tanac,
Tu arsebobs imis SesaZlebloba, rom zustad movargoT moculoba individis
preferencias). decentralizebuli sistemis farglebSi individebi, romlebic
sazogadoebriv saqonelze msgavsi gemovnebiT xasiaTdebian, erTad ikribebian,
ris Sedegad sazogadoeba sazogadoebrivi saqonlis im saxeobasa da raodenobas
uzrunvelyofs, rac mis macxovrebels (gaixseneT, rogor davaxasiaTeT
sazogadoeba `klubad~) surs.
adgilobrivi xelisufleba ufro axlos imyofeba xalxTan da, amdenad,
mosaxleobis preferenciebis mimarT ufro mgrZnobiarea, vidre centraluri
xelisufleba9. es gansakuTrebiT sagrZnobi did raionSia, sadac yvela
individis gemovnebis Sesaxeb informaciis mopovebisa da gadamuSavebis xarji
Zalian didia. makdonaldsis mTavarma aRmasrulebelma direqtorma erTxel
aseTi ram Tqva: `SeuZlebelia 25000 restornis centralizebuli marTva. bevri
gadawyvetileba gasaRebis adgilas unda iqnes miRebuli~ [barboza, 1999].
gadawyvetilebaTa miRebis procesSi federaciuli sistemac iziarebs am
princips.

logikuri msjelobiT aseT daskvnamde mivdivarT: rac ufro meti

preferencia arsebobs erT arealSi, miT ufro didia decentralizebuli
gadawyvetilebis Sedegi. am mosazrebis dasadastureblad strumfma da
oberholcer-gim [2002] Statebs Soris arsebuli gansxvavebani gamoikvlies. maT
ainteresebdaT, Tu romeli mTavroba aregulirebs liqioriT vaWrobas Statebis
mixedviT. sxvadasxva mrwamsis individebis Sexeduleba liqioriT vaWrobis
akrZalvis Sesaxeb sruliad gansxvavebuli iyo. maSasadame, federalizmis
Teoria cxadyofs, rom religiuri mravalferovnebis mqone StatebSi unda
moxdes alkoholis maregulirebeli politikis decentralizeba (sxva Tanabar
pirobebSi). aRmoCnda, rom realurad zustad ase xdeba _ adgilobrivi
kontroli izrdeba Statis SigniT preferenciaTa varirebis mixedviT.
federalizmis logikis Tanaxmad, saxelmwifos doneze miRebuli
ekonomikuri regulacia SesaZloa, yvela sazogadoebaSi qmediTi ar gamodges.
mTavrobaTaSorisi konkurenciis zrda. xSirad mTavrobebs ara aqvT imis
stimuli, rom gaswion minimaluri xarji warmoebaze .kerZo firmis
menejeri, romelic ar aris orientirebuli danaxarjis minumamde Semcirebaze,
sabolood tovebs bizness. amis sapirispirod, mTavrobis maRali Tanamdebobis
pirebi agrZeleben aseTi meTodiT saqmianobas. Tu moqalaqes sacxovreblad
sazogadoebis amorCevis SesaZlebloba eqneba, maSin igi SearCevs im
sazogadoebas, romelsac kargi menejeri hyavs. aseTma saSiSroebam SesaZloa,
STaagonos mTavrobis maRali Tanamdebobis pirs, rom man unda uzrunvelyos
maqsimalurad efeqtiani warmoeba da iyos ufro metad pasuxismgebeli Tavisi
moqalaqeebis mimarT. aucilebelia, aRiniSnos, rom, sxva Tanabar pirobebSi rac
ufro decentralizebulia qveynis fiskaluri sistema, miT naklebad
korumpirebulia misi mTavroba [Fisman and Gatti, 2002].

msjelobidan aSkarad Cans, rom srulad decentralizebuli sistema

ver uzrunvelyofs socialuri keTildReobis maqsimizacias. efeqtianobis
uzrunvelsayofad aucilebelia Semdegi pirobis dakmayofileba: mTeli
qveynisaTvis Tanabrad mniSvnelovani sazogadoebrivi saqoneli (magaliTad,
saxelmwifo Tavdacva) uzrunvelyofili unda iqnes saxelmwifo doneze,
adgilobrivi sazogadoebrivi saqoneli ki adgilobriv doneze unda iqnes
uzrunvelyofili.
Tumca ra gavakeToT im sazogadoebriv saqonelTan dakavSirebiT, romelic
mniSvnelovania ara mTeli qveynisaTvis, aramed ramdenime sazogadoebisaTvis?
erT-erTi gza erTi regionaluri mTavrobis qveS maTi gaerTianebaa. Teoriulad,
mTavroba izrunebs moqalaqeTa keTildReobaze da, Tanac, daaregulirebs
garegan efeqtebs. Tumca didi mTavrobiTi iurisdiqcia adgilobrivi gemovnebis
gansxvavebaTa mimarT naklebad sensitiuri iqneba.
garegani efeqtis daregulirebis alternatiuli meTodi pigus
gadasaxadebisa da subsidirebis sistemis gamoyenebaa. me-5 Tavi gviCvenebs, rom
saxelmwifos efeqtianobis amaRleba im qmedebaTa dabegvris gziT SeuZlia,
romlebic uaryofiT garegan efeqts warmoqmnis da im qmedebaTa subsidirebiT,
romelic dadebiT garegan efeqts warmoqmnis. centralur xelisuflebas
SeuZlia amgvari meTodis gamoyeneba adgilobrivi mTavrobis mier miRebul
gadawyvetilebebze zemoqmedebis mizniT. ase magaliTad, Tu dawyebiTi da
saSualo ganaTleba qmnis iseT sargebels, romelic iurisdiqciis farglebs
scdeba, maSin centraluri mTavroba sazogadoebebs ganaTlebis subsidiebiT
uzrunvelyofs. adgilobrivi avtonomia SenarCunebulia da, Tanac,
koreqtirebulia garegani efeqti. Cven mogvianebiT vnaxavT, rom
sazogadoebisaTvis gacemuli zogierTi federaluri granti garkveulwilad
misdevs am models.
Cveni Teoriis mixedviT, sakmaod mkafiodaa gamijnuli pasuxismgebloba
sazogadoebrivi saqonlis warmoebaze _ adgilobrivi sazogadoebrivi saqoneli
unda uzrunvelyos adgilobrivma mTavrobam, xolo saxelmwifo sazogadoebrivi
saqoneli ki _ centralurma xelisuflebam. praqtikulad, mTavrobis sxvadasxva
done mniSvnelovnad urTierTqmedebs. ase magaliTad, samarTaldamcavi pirebi
saxelmwifo da adgilobrivi mTavrobis warmomadgenelni arian. maT qmedebaTa
didi nawili federaluri sisxlis samarTlis Tanaxmad imarTeba, romelic
`Zalian gafarTovda imis gamo, rom kongresma brZola gamoucxada iseT
danaSauls, rogoricaa manqanis gataceba da eklesiaTa gadawva, agreTve,
pirutyvis sadgomi adgilebis gapartaxeba []. aseTi
reglamentebis gareSe adgilobriv erTeuls gauWirdeba mdgomareobis
daregulireba. amdenad, maTi arseboba mniSvnelovnad aumjobesebs
keTildReobas.

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