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31-05-2016 19.10.23kttt Quang 1 PDF
31-05-2016 19.10.23kttt Quang 1 PDF
K THUT
THNG TIN QUANG 1
Lu hnh ni b
H NI - 2009
HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG
K THUT
THNG TIN QUANG 1
CHNG 1
GII THIU
K thut thng tin quang ngy cng s dng rng ri trong vin thng, truyn s liu,
truyn hnh cp, Trong chng ny chng ta s tm hiu s ra i v pht trin ca thng tin
quang, cu trc tng qut ca h thng thng tin quang, cc u im v nhc im ca cp si
quang, v cc lnh vc ng dng cng ngh thng tin si quang.
2
Chng 1:Tng Quan v K Thut Thng Tin Quang
in thoi in thoi
Fax Fax
E/O O/E E/O O/E
S liu S liu
Tivi Tivi
Hnh 1.1 biu th cu hnh c bn ca mt h thng thng tin quang. Ni chung, tn hiu
in t my in thoi, t cc thit b u cui, s liu hoc Fax c a n b E/O chuyn
thnh tn hiu quang, sau gi vo cp quang. Khi truyn qua si quang, cng sut tn hiu (nh
sng) b suy yu dn v dng sng b rng ra. Khi truyn ti u bn kia si quang, tn hiu ny
c a vo b O/E to li tn hiu in, khi phc li nguyn dng nh ban u m my in
thoi, s liu v Fax gi i.
Nh vy, cu trc c bn ca mt h thng thng tin quang c th c m t n gin
nh hnh 1.2, gm:
B pht quang.
B thu quang.
Mi trng truyn dn l cp si quang.
Tn hiu quang
Tn hiu in Tn hiu in
ng vo ng ra
E/O O/E
3
Chng 1:Tng Quan v K Thut Thng Tin Quang
Nh vy, thc hin truyn dn gia hai im cn c hai si quang.
Nu c ly thng tin qu di th trn tuyn c th c mt hoc nhiu trm lp (Repeater).
Cu trc n gin ca mt trm lp (cho mt hng truyn dn) c minh ha hnh 1.4.
Khi E/O: b pht quang c nhim v nhn tn hiu in a n, bin tn hiu in thnh
tn hiu quang, v a tn hiu quang ny ln ng truyn (si quang). l chc nng
chnh ca khi E/O b pht quang. Thng ngi ta gi khi E/O l ngun quang. Hin nay
linh kin c s dng lm ngun quang l LED v LASER.
Khi O/E: khi tn hiu quang truyn n u thu, tn hiu quang ny s c thu nhn v bin
tr li thnh tn hiu in nh u pht. l chc nng ca khi O/E b thu quang. Cc
linh kin hin nay c s dng lm chc nng ny l PIN v APD, v chng thng c
gi l linh kin tch sng quang (photo-detector).
Trm lp: khi truyn trn si quang, cng sut tn hiu quang b suy yu dn (do si quang c
suy hao). Nu c ly thng tin qu di th tn hiu quang ny c th khng n c u thu
hoc n u thu vi cng sut cn rt thp u thu khng nhn bit c, lc ny ta phi s
dng trm lp (hay cn gi l trm tip vn). Chc nng chnh ca trm lp l thu nhn tn
hiu quang suy yu, ti to chng tr li thnh tn hiu in. Sau sa dng tn hiu in
ny, khuch i tn hiu sa dng, chuyn i tn hiu khuch i thnh tn hiu quang.
V cui cng a tn hiu quang ny ln ng truyn truyn tip n u thu. Nh vy,
tn hiu ng vo v ng ra ca trm lp u dng quang, v trong trm lp c c khi O/E
v E/O.
1.2.2 u nhc im ca h thng thng tin quang
a) u im
Suy hao thp. Suy hao thp cho php khong cch lan truyn di hn. Nu so snh vi cp
ng trong mt mng, khong cch ln nht i vi cp ng c khuyn co l 100 m, th
i vi cp quang khong cch l 2000 m.
Mt nhc im c bn ca cp ng l suy hao tng theo tn s ca tn hiu. iu ny c
ngha l tc d liu cao dn n tng suy hao cng sut v gim khong cch lan truyn
thc t. i vi cp quang th suy hao khng thay i theo tn s ca tn hu.
Di thng rng. Si quang c bng thng rng cho php thit lp h thng truyn dn s tc
cao. Hin nay, bng tn ca si quang c th ln n hng THz.
Trng lng nh. Trng lng ca cp quang nh hn so vi cp ng. Mt cp quang c 2
si quang nh hn 20% n 50% cp Category 5 c 4 i. Cp quang c trng lng nh hn
nn cho php lp t d dng hn
Kch thc nh. Cpsi quang c kch thc nh s d dng cho vic thit k mng cht hp
v khng gian lp t cp.
Khng b can nhiu sng in t v in cng nghip.
4
Chng 1:Tng Quan v K Thut Thng Tin Quang
Tnh an ton. V si quang l mt cht in mi nn n khng dn in.
Bng 1.1. So snh gia cp quang v cp ng.
c tnh Cp ng Cp quang
Si a mode Si n mode
Di thng 100 MHz 1 GHz > 100 GHz
C ly truyn dn 100 m 2000 m 40.000 m
Xuyn knh C Khng
Trng lng Nng hn Nh hn
Kch thc Ln hn Nh hn
6
Chng 1:Tng Quan v K Thut Thng Tin Quang
Trung tm
phn phi
Trung tm
truyn hnh
Trung tm
phn phi
Trung tm
phn phi
Si quang l phng tin l tng cho truyn s liu tc cao. Tn hiu khng b mo
bi nhiu t mi trng xung quanh. Tnh cch in ca si quang to ra mt giao tip an ton
gia cc my tnh, cc thit b u cui, v cc trm lm vic. Rt nhiu trung tm my tnh ang
s dng cp si quang cung cp cc ng truyn s liu tc cao cc mng LAN.
TM TT
Vi c tnh suy hao thp, bng thng rng, kch thc nh, nh, khng b cang nhiu
sng in t v in cng nghip lm cho si quang c s dng trong nhiu lnh vc nh lnh
vc vin thng: vin thng ng di, vin thng quc t s dng cp quang vt i dng,
mng trung k, mng ni ht thu bao; lnh vc cng nghip: ng truyn tn hiu iu khin t
ng trong h thng t ng, cng nghip dt; lnh vc y hc; lnh vc qun s. Si quang ch c
th truyn tn hiu di dng nh sng nn cc ngun tn hiu in c chuyn thnh nh sng
bng cch s dng LED hoc LASER. Qu trnh ny c x l v din ra u pht, v c
gi l b pht quang. Tn hiu quang ny c ghp vo si v truyn n b thu quang. Sau khi
n u thu, cc tn hiu ny c chuyn tr li thnh tn hiu in thng qua linh kin PIN hoc
APD. Mc d si quang c suy hao thp nhng tn hiu vn b suy yu, do i lc trn h
thng cng cn b lp quang, cn gi trm tip vn.
Vi tim nng v bng thng nn h thng truyn dn si quang v ang pht trin
trong h thng truyn dn s ng di, tc cao t hng trm Mega bit/s n hng Tera bit/s
nh s dng cng ngh ghp knh theo bc sng quang WDM.
7
Chng 1:Tng Quan v K Thut Thng Tin Quang
CU HI N TP V BI TP
1.1. Trnh by cu trc tng qut ca mt h thng thngtin quang.
1.2. M t chc nng cc thnh phn trn h thng thng tin quang.
1.3. Nu cc u im ca si quang.
1.4. Nu cc nhc im ca si quang.
1.5. Trnh by cc ng dng ca thng tin bng si quang.
CU HI TRC NGHIM
1.6. Cu trc c bn ca mt h thng thng tin quang bao gm:
a. My pht, my thu v mi trng truyn dn.
b. My pht quang, my thu quang v cp ng trc.
c. My pht quang, my thu quang v cp si quang.
d. C a, b, c u ng
1.7. Tn hiu truyn trn si quang l:
a. Dng in b. .in p.
c. nh sng d. .C a, b, c u ng.
1.8. Linh kin tch sng quang c nhim v:
a. Khuch i nh sng.
b. Bin i tn hiu quang thnh tn hiu in.
c. Bin i tn hiu in thnh tn hiu quang.
d. Sa dng tn hiu quang
1.9. Ngun quang c nhim v:
a. Bin i tn hiu in sang tn hiu quang.
b. Bin i tn hiu quang sang tn hiu in.
c. Khuch i nh sng.
d. Sa dng tn hiu quang
1.10. Mt tuyn truyn dn quang cn s dng t nht my si quang?
a. 1 si quang b. 4 si quang
c. 2 si quang d. 8 si quang
1.11. Si quang c u im g ?
a. D gy b. Suy hao thp
c. Bng thng hp d. D b nhiu
1.12. B E/O c chc nng g?
a. Chuyn i tn hiu in thnh nh sng
b. Chuyn i nh sng thnh tn hiu in
c. Khuch i nh sng
8
Chng 1:Tng Quan v K Thut Thng Tin Quang
d. Chia tn hiu nh sng
1.13. B O/E c chc nng g?
a. Chuyn i tn hiu in thnh nh sng
b. Chuyn i nh sng thnh tn hiu in
c. Khuch i nh sng
d. Chia tn hiu nh sng
[1] J. M. Senior. Optical Fiber Communications: Principles and Practice. Second edition,
Prentice Hall, 1993.
[2] G. Keiser. Optical Fiber Communications . Third edition, McGraw-Hill, 2000.
[3] J. Gowar. Optical Communication Systems. Second edition, Prentice-Hall, 1993.
[4] G. P. Agrawal. Fiber-Optic Communication Systems. Second edition, John Wiley & Sons,
1997.
[5] Max Ming Kang Liu. Principles and Applications of Optical Communications, 2001.
[6] V Vn San. H thng Thng Tin Quang, tp 1. Nh xut bn Bu in, 7-2003.
[7] John G. Proakis. Digital Communications. Third edition, McGrawHill, 1995.
[8] Herbert Taub, Donald L. Schilling. Principles of Communications Systems. McGraw-Hill,
1986.
9
Chng 2: Si Quang
CHNG 2
SI QUANG
GII THIU
Si quang l mt mi trng thng tin c bit c th so snh vi cc mi trng khc
nh cp ng hoc khng gian t do. Mt si quang cung cp mt mi trng truyn dn suy hao
thp trn mt di tn s rng ln t nht l 2.5 THz, hay cao hn vi cc loi si quang c bit,
di thng ca n rng hn di thng ca cp ng hay bt c mi trng truyn dn no. Di
thng ny c th truyn hng trm triu cuc gi ng thi, hoc hng chc triu trang web trong
mt giy. c tnh suy hao thp cho php truyn tn hiu khong cch di vi tc cao trc
khi chng c khuch i. Vi hai c tnh suy hao thp v di thng cao nn h thng thng tin
si quang c s dng rng ri ngy nay.
Khi h thng truyn dn pht trin khong cch xa hn v tc bit cao hn, tn sc
tr thnh mt h s gii hn quan trng. Tan sac la hien tng cac thanh phan
khac nhau cua tn hieu di chuyen vi van toc khac nhau trong si quang. c
bit, tn sc mu l hin tng cc thnh phn tn s (hoc bc sng) ca tn hiu di chuyn vi
vn tc khc nhau. Ni chung, tn sc dn n vic xung b tri rng ra v v vy p ng xung
ca cc bit gn nhau giao thoa vi nhau. Trong h thng thng tin, iu ny dn n s chng
xung ca cc bit gn nhau. Hin tng ny c gi l giao thoa gia cc k t gn nhau
(InterSymbol Interference - ISI). Khi mt h thng pht trin ln mt s lng ln bc sng,
khong cch v tc bit cao hn, cc hiu ng phi tuyn trong si quang bt u xy ra. Nh
chng ta s thy, c s tng tc phc tp ca cc hiu ng phi tuyn vi tn sc mu.
Chng ta bt u chng ny bng cch tho lun cc nguyn l c bn ca s lan truyn
nh sng trong si quang, bt u t m hnh quang hnh hc n gin ti m hnh l thuyt sng
chung da vo phng trnh Maxwell. Sau chng ta phn cn li ca chng ny tm hiu
cc c s tn sc mu v cc hin tng phi tuyn trong si quang.
2.1. MT S VN C BN V NH SNG
2.1.1. Sng in t
nh sng nh l sng in t. Hnh 2.1 l hnh nh tnh ca mt sng in t.
10
Chng 2: Si Quang
Trong mi trng khng gian t do, nh sng l sng in t ngang (TEM ). Khi nim ngang
(transverse) c ngha l c hai vc t - in trng E v t trng H - vung gc vi phng
truyn, trc z trong hnh 2.1.
Tn s:
- K hiu: f .
- n v: Hz (Hertz), hay cps (cycle per second).
Bc sng:
- K hiu:
- n v: m (m, nm).
Gia tn s v bc sng c mi quan h sau:
c c
= hay f = (2.1)
f
c
f = (2.2)
20
Ph sng in t:
Vng hng Vng cc
ngoi tm Tia X ...
f(Hz)
DC VLF LF MF VHF UHF+ Tia
SHF+
EHF
1300
nm
1,6 1,5 1,4 1,3 1,2 1,1 1,0 0,9 0,8 0,7 0,6 0,5 0,4
1550 850
nm nm
Vng nh sng
nh sng dng trong thng tin quang
nhn thy c
11
Chng 2: Si Quang
Bng 2.1 Cc bng sng v tuyn
c
n= (2.3)
v
12
Chng 2: Si Quang
Vi:
n: chit sut ca mi trng, khng c n v.
v: vn tc nhsng trong mi trng, (m/s).
c: vn tc nh sng trong chn khng, (m/s).
Chit sut ca mt vi mi trng thng dng:
- Khng kh: n = 1,00029 1,0.
- Nc: n = 4/3 1,33.
- Thy tinh: n = 1,48.
V v c nn n 1.
2.1.2.2. Phn x, khc x, phn x ton phn v nh lut Snell
nh sng truyn thng trong mi trng ng nht, b phn x v khc x ti bin ngn
cch hai mi trng ng nht khc nhau.
Nh vy, ba c im c bn ca nh sng l:
Truyn thng.
Phn x.
Khc x.
Tng qut, khi mt tia sng ti mt ngn cch gia hai mi trng, tia sng ny b tch ra
lm hai phn: mt phn di li mi trng u (hin tng phn x), mt phn truyn tip qua
mi trng hai. Tia truyn tip b lch hng truyn so vi tia ban u (hin tng khc x).
iu ny c minh ha hnh 2.3.
Tia phn x
Tia ti
1 '
1
n1 Mi trng 1
n2 Mi trng 2
2
Tia khc x
13
Chng 2: Si Quang
Xt hai trng hp sau:
a) n1 < n2:
Hnh 2.4 nh sng i t mi trng chit sut nh sang mi trng chit sut ln.
T phng trnh (2.5) kt hp n1 < n2 suy ra 1 > 2 (xem hnh 2.4).
Nh vy, khi nh sng i t mi trng c chit sut nh sang mi trng c chit sut ln hn,
tia khc x lch v pha gn php tuyn hay lch xa mt ngn cch gia hai mi trng 1 v 2.
b) n1> n2:
Tia ti Tia ti hn
(3) (3')
1 c
n1 Mi trng 1 n1 Mi trng 1
n2 Mi trng 2 n2 Mi trng 2
2 2= 900
Tia khc x
Tia khc x
(a) (b)
n2
sin c = (2.5)
n1
2.1.3. Lng t
Mi nguyn t ch c th chim mt s mc nng lng ri rt. iu ny c din t
bng s mc nng lng nh trn hnh 2.6.
14
Chng 2: Si Quang
E4
E3
Mi trng 1
E2
E1
Trng thi c bn
E0
1,24
E p = hf Ep = (eV )
hay (m) (2.6)
15
Chng 2: Si Quang
Lp th hai cng c dng hnh tr bao quanh li nn c gi l lp bc (cladding),
c ng knh D = 2b, lm bng thy tinh hoc plastic, c chit sut n2 < n1.
Cu trc tng qut ny c minh ha hnh 2.7.
NA = sinmax (2.7)
i vi si SI ta tnh c:
Vi:
n1: chit sut li si quang;
n2: chit sut lp bc si quang;
n12 n 22
= : chnh lch chit sut tng i.
2n12
C th tnh n gin hn nh sau [3]:
= (n1-n2)/n vi n= (n1+n2)/2.
16
Chng 2: Si Quang
n12 n 22 = 0,144
Ta tnh c n1 = 0,1455.
17
Chng 2: Si Quang
Khu s cho ta bit iu kin a nh sng vo si quang. y l thng s c bn nh
hng n hiu sut ghp nh sng t ngun quang vo si quang.
2.2.3. Phn loi si quang
2.2.3.1. S phn b chit sut trong si quang
Chit sut ca lp bc khng i v bng n2.
Chit sut ca li ni chung thay i theo bn knh ca si quang (tm nm trn trc ca
li). S bin thin chit sut theo bn knh c vit di dng tng qut sau [1]:
n 1 r g ra
a
1
n(r ) =
(2.9)
n a r b
2
Vi:
n1: chit sut ln nht li, tc ti r = 0. Hay n(0) = n1.
n2: chit sut lp bc.
r: khong cch tnh t trc si n im tnh chit sut.
a: bn knh li si quang.
b: bn knh lp bc si quang.
g: h s m. Gi tr ca g quyt nh dng phn b chit sut ca si quang, g 1.
g = 1: dng tam gic
g = 2: dng parabol
g = : dng bc thang.
2.2.3.2. Si chit sut bc SI (Step-Index)
Si SI l si n gin nht. C dng phn b chit sut nh sau:
n r a
1
n= (2.10)
n a r b
2
n1
n2
b a 0 a b r
18
Chng 2: Si Quang
2
r
n
11
a r a
n( r ) = (2.11)
n2 a r b
n1
n2
b a 0 a b r
2
V= .a.NA = k.a.NA (2.12)
Vi:
a: bn knh li siquang.
: bc sng lm vic.
2
k= (2.13)
V2 g
N (2.14)
2 g+2
V2
N (g ) (2.15)
2
V2
N (g 2) (2.16)
4
20
Chng 2: Si Quang
(a) Si SI
(b) Si GI
21
Chng 2: Si Quang
truyn ca xung nh sng lan truyn trong si quang. hiu c phng php ny, chng ta
cn gii phng trnh Maxwell cho ng dn sng hnh tr
L thuyt ca Maxwell da trn mt tp bn phng trnh, l cc phng trnh
Maxwell. Tp phng trnh ny, c vit di dng vi phn l [2]:
.D = (2.17)
.B = 0 (2.18)
B
E = (2.19)
t
D
H = J + (2.20)
t
Trong , ngha ca cc thut ng nh sau:
Ton t del c nh ngha:
= ex + ey + ez
x y z
: Mt in tch khi [c/m3]
E: Cng in trng [V/m]
D: Vect cm ng in [c/m2].
H: Cng t trng [A/m].
J: Vect mt dng in mt [A/m2].
B: Vect cm ng t [H/m].
Ta c B= H vi l t thm
Vect cm ng in D c nh ngha vi h thc:
D = 0E + P (2.21)
Vi:
0 l hng s in [F/m].
P l vect phn cc in
i vi mi trng tuyn tnh, ng hng hoc cng trng in khng qu ln ta
c:
D = E (2.22)
Vi:
l thm in ca mi trng [F/m]. 0 chnh l thm in trong chn khng. Ta
c 0 = 8.854x10-12 F/m
22
Chng 2: Si Quang
Tng t i vi mi trng tuyn tnh, ng hng hoc cng trng t khng qu
ln ta c :
B = H (2.23)
J = E (2.24)
.D = 0 (2.25)
.B = 0 (2.26)
B
E = (2.27)
t
D
H = (2.28)
t
23
Chng 2: Si Quang
Thay th D v B t cc phng trnh (2.22) v (2.23) l ly curl cc phng trnh (2.27)
v (2.28) ta c:
2E
( E ) = (2.29)
t 2
2H
( H ) = (2.30)
t 2
p dng nh l nh l divergence cho cc phng trnh (2.25) v (2.26) vi tnh ng
nht vect:
( Y ) = ( .Y ) 2 ( Y )
ta thu c cc phng trnh sng khng tn sc:
2E
E =
2
(2.31)
t 2
2H
( H ) = (2.32)
t 2
Vi 2 l ton t Laplace. i vi h ta vung gc Cartersian v tr, cc phng
trnh sng ni trn cha cc cc thnh phn ca vect trng, mi thnh phn tha mn phng
trnh sng v hng:
1 2
= 2
2
(2.33)
vp t 2
Vi biu din thnh phn trng in E hoc trng t H v vp l vn tc pha (vn tc
lan truyn ca im song c pha c nh) trong mi trng in mi. Vn tc pha c tnh nh
sau:
1 1
vp = = (2.34)
( ) 1 / 2 ( r 0 r 0 )1 / 2
Vi r, r l thm t v thm in t i ca mi trng trng in mi v 0, 0
l hng s t v hng s in ca khng gian t do.
Do vn tc nh sng trong chn khng s l:
1
c = (2.35)
( 0 0 )1 / 2
24
Chng 2: Si Quang
Trong trng hp ng dn sng phng, c biu din bng h ta vung gc
Cartersian (x,y,z) hay si quang hnh tr, c biu din bng h ta tr (r,,z) , bin i
Laplace c dng:
2 2 2
=
2
+ + (2.36)
x2 y 2 z 2
hay
2 1 2 1 2
=
2
+ + + (2.37)
r 2 r r r 2 2 z 2
tng ng.
Li gii c bn cho phng trnh sng ny l sng sin, dng quan trng nht ca n l
sng phng ng dng:
= 0 expj(t-k.r) (2.38)
Vi l tn s gc, t l thi gian, k l vect lan truyn cho bit hng lan truyn v tc
thay i pha theo khang cch, cn r l ta ca im quan st. Nu l bc sng quang
trong chn khng, th bin ca vect lan truyn hay hng s lan truyn pha trong chn khng k
(vi k = k) s c cho bi :
2
k = (2.39)
Cn phi lu rng trong trng hp ny k cn c xem nh l ch s sng ca khng
gian t do.
2.3.2. Phng trnh sng c trng cho s lan truyn ca sng in t (EM) trong mi
trng suy hao
Trong phn ny, chng ta s kho st s lan ca in t ngang (TEM) phng trong mi
trng c suy hao. Trc khi i vo kho st chi tit, ta nhc li khi nim v sng TEM phng
Sng TEM phng
Hnh 2.13 minh ha sng TEM
25
Chng 2: Si Quang
E = e x E x ( z, t )
(2.40)
H = e y H y ( z, t )
Theo [2] trong trng hp sng TEM lan truyn trong mi trng c suy hao, li gii
phng trnh Maxwell cho trng in trong c dng:
E x ( z, t ) = E x0 e z e j ( t z )
(2.41)
Vi E l bin ca trng in, l hng s suy hao, =/v l hng s lan truyn pha,
v: vn tc lan truyn ca nh sang trong mi trng.
Ly phn thc ca (2.41), ta thu c:
E x ( z , t ) = E x 0 e z cos( t z ) (2.42)
H y ( z, t ) = H y0 e z cos( t z ) (2.43)
26
Chng 2: Si Quang
Cc kt qu trn c th phn tch nh sau: trng EM lan truyn trong mi trng c
dng sng tt dn. Hnh 2.14 minh ha iu ny.
27
Chng 2: Si Quang
2E + h2E = 0 (2.44)
2 2
l m
h 2
= + (2.45)
a b
Vi l, m l cc s nguyn, a v b l chiu rng v chiu cao ca ng dn sng.
Li gii cho phng trnh (2.44) cho trng in ngang c dng:
H x ( x, y ) = ( l / b ) H 0 sin( l x / b ) cos( m y / a )
h2
H y ( x , y ) = 2 ( m / a ) H 0 cos( l x / b ) sin( m y / a )
h
H z ( x, y ) = H 0 cos( l x / b ) cos( m y / a ) (2.46)
E x ( x, y ) = ( j / h 2 )( m / a ) H 0 cos( l x / b ) sin( m y / a )
E y ( x , y ) = ( j / h 2 )( l / b ) H 0 sin( l x / b ) cos( m y / a )
E z ( x, y ) = 0
v tng t cho sng t ngang TM.
Phn tch cng thc (2.43), chng ta s thy ngha ca cc s nguyn l v m. Chng l
s lng na chu k m sng EM thc hin qua ng dn sng. V d, sng in ngang TE10 (l = 1
v m = 0) c mt na chu k dc theo trc y v khng c na chu k nodc theo trc x nh c
minh ha trn hnh (2.16) v (2.17).
28
Chng 2: Si Quang
1,0
ng in trng 0,5
ng t trng
(a)
y/a
1,0
0,5
0
0
(b)
x/b
1,0
0,5
0
0
(c)
Hnh
2.17 Cc ng sc sng TE10 trong ng dn sng
T cng thc (2.46) v cc hnh (2.16) v (2.17) c th rt ra hai kt lun quan trng sau:
29
Chng 2: Si Quang
Trng EM lan truyn dc theo ng dn sng c cc dng trng n nh. Cc dng
trng ny gi l mode. y l mt cch gii thch khc v mode m chng ta nh
ngha trong phn 2.2.3.4 nh sau: mt mode sng l mt trng thi truyn n nh ca
nh sng trong si quang.
Khng phi tt c cc sng iu ha u c th tn ti trong ng dn sng. iu kin
tn ti mt sng iu ha l mt na bc sng ca n phi ph hp vi bi s ln
chiu rng v chiu cao cang dn sng. iu kin ny c gi l iu kin cng
hng , n xc nh s lng sng c th lan truyn trong ng dn sng.
iu kin ngng
Chng ta iu bit rng ng dn sng hnh ch nht khng th truyn dng in xoay
chiu nhng li c th truynnh sng. Vy th s khc bit gia dng in xoay chiu v nh
sng l g ? C hai iu l bc x in t nhng chng khc nhau v tn s. R rng, mt ng dn
sng ch c th h tr bc x tn s cao. Nh vy c mt tn s m nh hn n th ng dn sng
s khng h tr c. Tn s ny gi l tn s ct.
T cng thc (2.45) cc nh ngha h2= (2+ k2) vi
= + j
2
k = =
ta thu c:
2 2
l m
= +
2 (2.47)
a b
R rng khi tn s ca trng EM thp, l s thc ( = ) do trng EM tt dn. Khi
tn s trng EM cao, l thun o ( = j) v do trng EM tn ti trong dng lan truyn
sng iu ha khng suy hao.
T ghi nhn trn, chng ta c th xc nh tn s ct fc bng cch t trong cng thc
(2.47) bng khng. Ta thu c:
2 2
1 l m
f c ( Hz ) = c = + (2.48)
2 2 a b
nh ngha bc sng ct, chng ta cn phn bit ba trng hp sau:
Trng hp 1: bc sng trong mi trng khng b gii hn = v/f vi v lv n tc
nh sng trong mi trng khng b gii hn. Trong mi trng chn khng = c/f.
Trng hp 2: bc sng trong ng dn sng g = 2/ vi l hng s lan truyn
(pha). Nu biu din theo , f v fc, ta thu c: g = / [ 1- (f / fc) ]1/2.
Trng hp 3: tn s ct (ti hn) c nh ngha nh sau:
30
Chng 2: Si Quang
v 2
c = =
fc l
2
m
2
(2.49)
+
a b
2.3.4. Phng trnh sng c trng cho si quang
i vi ng dn sng hnh tr ng nht trong iu kin dn hng yu, phng trnh
sng v hng (2.37) c th vit li nh sau :
2 1 1 2
+ + 2 + n 12 k 2 2 ) = 0 (2.50)
r 2
r r r 2
cos l
= E (r ) exp( t z ) (2.52)
sin l
Vi l thnh phn trng in ngang (chim u th).
a li gii trong (2.52) vo phng trnh (2.50), ta thu c:
2E 1 E 2 2 l2
+ + n1 k 2 E = 0
2
(2.53)
r 2 r r r
i vi si quang chit sut bc c chit sut li l c nh, phng trnh (2.53) l phng
trnh vi phn Bessel v cc li gii l cc hm hnh tr. Trng in do c biu din bng
[1]:
31
Chng 2: Si Quang
U = a (n 12 k 2 )
2 1/ 2 (2.55)
W = a ( )
1/ 2
2
n 22 k 2 (2.56)
V = (U )
2 1/ 2
= ka (n 12 n 22 )
1/ 2
2
+W (2.57)
HE11
Hnh 2.19 V d vic kt hp cc mode HE21 + TE01 v HE21 + TM01 thnh cc mode LP11 ( vt
en ch phn bcng ; mi tn ch cc trng TE v TM): (a) Cu to ca hai mode LP11 t
hai mode t nhin v phn b trng TE v cng ca chng; (b) Bn hng trng TE v
TM v cc phn b cng tng ng ca LP11.
33
Chng 2: Si Quang
34
Chng 2: Si Quang
35
Chng 2: Si Quang
phi bng 2k, vi k l mt s nguyn, ti cng mt khong cch trn hai ng zigzag. Cc sng
EM ta mn iu kin ny s c mt kiu n nh hay mode. Cc sng EM khng tha mn iu
kin ny s khng th xut hin. l l do ti sau si quang cc sng Em cc mode c cc
kiu n nh v khng h trc cc mode khc.
2.3.5.3. Cc tia mode- trc v xin
Cc tia mode lan truyn trong si quang chia thnh hai loi: trc v xin. Cc tia trc
l nhng tia ct trc trung tm ca si quang ; cc tia xin lan truyn khng ct trc ny (xem
hnh 2.21).
Sau ny chng ta ch xem xt tia trc. Chng c hai thnh phn: xuyn tm v trc. Chng
c to thnh t cc mode t nhin TE0m v TM0m. Cc tia xin c to thnh t cc mode c
thnh phn dc [2]. Do cc mode xin lcc mode t nhin lai EHlm v HElm.
2.3.5.4. Ba loi mode: dn, bc x v r
Nhng mode m chng ta m t n y l nhng mode dn. Thut ng dn cho thy cc
mode ny c dn bi si quang, c ngha l chng c phn x tan phn bn trong si quang.
Nh tho lun trong phn 2.2.2 khng phi tt c nh sng a vo si quang u c
phn x tan phn bn trong.
Phn tch l thuyt cho thy si quang hnh thnh cc mode khng quan tm n iu kin
phn x bn trong. Ni mt cch khc, nu trng EM bn trong si quang hnh thnh cc kiu n
36
Chng 2: Si Quang
nh, mt si quang s h tr mt loi bc x. Mt nhm mode s chu phi x tan phn bn
trong v cc mode ny s b gom vo trong li si quang. chnh l cc mode dn.
Mt nhm cc mode khc khng b phn x ton phn bn trong v s lan truyn bn
ngai li si quang. chnh l cc mode bc x. V mt l thuyt, cc li gii cho cc phng
trnh ng dn sng m t s lan truyn ca trng EM trong si quang bao gm c cc mode dn
v mode bc x. Cc mode bc x, ngc vi cc mode dnm khng c yu cu 2xk v do l
lin tc. V ngha vt l, cc mode bc x xut pht t ngun quang c a vo si quang ti
gc ti nh hn gc ti hn. Chng lan truyn mt phn trong li v mt phn truyn (khc x)
trong lp bc. Nhng mode lan truyn trong lp bc s gp giao tip lp bc-lp ph v s phn
x ngc li vo lp bc v c th truyn ngc li lp li, chng s ghp vi cc mode dn
bc cao hn. Kt qu l suy hao cng sut cng ln cho cc mode li.
Loi mode th ba gi l mode r. Nhng mode ny khng phi l mt phn ca cc li
gii ca h phng trnh Maxwll p dng cho ng dn sng. Nhng mode ny tha iu kin
2xk nhng khng phn x tan phn. Hu qu l, bin ca chng thay i khi chng lan
truyn dc theo si quang. Lai trng ny khng hnh thnh cc mode c kiu n nh. Chng ta
vn xem xt cc mode ny bi v mc d khng n nh theo khng gian nhng chng nh v
mt thi gian. Phn ln cc mode ny bin mt nhanh chng sau khi b kch thch, nhng mt vi
mode ny c th lan truyn trn mt khang cch xa.
2.3.5.5. Vn tc pha v vn tc nhm
Trong tt c sng in t, c nhng im c pha khng i; tc l (t - z) = const. i
vi sng phng, nhng im pha khng i ny to nn mt b mt c gi l mt sng. i vi
sng nh sng n sc lan truyn dc theo ng dn sng theo phng z (trc ng dn sng),
nhng pha khng i ny di chuyn vi vn tc pha:
dz
vp = = (2.58)
dt
Tuy nhin, thc t khng th to ra mt sng nh sng hon ton n sc v nng lng
nh sng tng qut l tng cc thnh phn c cc tn s khc nhau. Do tnh trng tn ti l mt
nhm cc sng c tn s gn ging nhau lan truyn sao cho dng cui cng c dng b sng. B
sng ny khng lan truyn vn tc pha ca cc sng thnh phn m lan truyn vn tc nhm:
vg = (2.59)
Mt iu quan trng cn c nhn mnh l tn hiu thng tin v cng sut lan truyn
ti vn tc ch khng phi ti vn tc pha. Cng cn phi nh rng vn tc nhm l vn tc m
cng sut nh sng lan truyn dc theo si quang trong mt mode xc nh.
2.3.5.6. S tp trung cng sut v iu kin ngng
Nh xem xt trong phn 2.3.3, iu kin ngng xc nh mode cao nht m si quang
c th h tr. Thut ng h tr ng rng cng sut ca mode ny c tp trung trong li si
quang. Hnh 2.22 minh ha iu ny.
37
Chng 2: Si Quang
0,8
LP32
0,4
0,2
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Tha s V
V = 2,405
38
Chng 2: Si Quang
c1
0
V Vc1
2
c = a .NA (2.60)
Vc
39
Chng 2: Si Quang
P/Pmax
1
V1 > V2 > V3
0,5
V1 V2 V3
1/e
2 1 0 1 p1 2 p2 p3 r/a
2,6
2 p 2a (2.61)
V
Hoc:
3
p
0,65 + 1,619.V 2 + 2,879.V 6 (2.62)
a
V d:
Si n mode c: d = 9 m; c = 1,22 m.
Nu hot ng bc sng 1,3 m th 2p = 10,37 m.
Nu hot ng bc sng 1,55 m th 2p = 12,36 m.
2.3.5.8. Chit sut hiu dng
Nh chng ta bit chit sut ca mt mi trng l t s gia vn tc nh sng lan
truyn trong chn khng vi vn tc ca nh snh lan truyn trong mi trng y; tc l n = c/v.
Chit sut hiu dng l t s gia vn tc trong chn khng vi vn tc lan truyn hay vn tc dn
(vguide) [2].
c
neff = (2.63)
vguide
c
neff = = (2.64)
/ k
Cn lu rng chit sut hiu dng l khc nhau i vi cc mode khc nhau [2].
2.4. CC C TNH TRUYN DN CA SI QUANG
40
Chng 2: Si Quang
C 3 yu t c bn ca si quang nh hng n kh nng ca cc h thng thng tin
quang, bao gm:
Suy hao
Tn sc
Hin tng phi tuyn xy ra trong si quang.
Tuy nhin, i vi cc h thng khc nhau th mc nh hng ca cc yu t ny cng
khc nhau. V d:
i vi cc h thng c ly ngn, dung lng thp th yu t ch yu cn quan tm l
suy hao.
i vi cc h thng tc cao, c ly tng i ln th yu t ch yu cn quan tm
l suy hao v tn sc.
i vi cc h thng c ly di v dung lng rt ln th ngoi 2 yu t trn cn phi
xem xt n c cc hiu ng phi tuyn.
Trong phn ny chng ta s tp trung kho st chi tit cc hin tng suy hao v tn sc.
Cc hin tng phi tuyn trong si quang s c tm hiu chi tit trong Bi ging H thng
thng tin quang 2; cn y ch trnh by mt cch tng quang.
2.4.1. Suy hao
2.4.1.1. Tng quan
Suy hao trn si quang ng mt vai tr rt quan trng trong vic thit k h thng, l
tham s xc nh khong cch gia pha pht v pha thu. nh hng ca n c th c tnh nh
sau: cng sut ng ra Pout cui si quang c chiu di L c lin h vi cng sut ng vo nh
sau :
Pout = Pine-L
vi l suy hao si quang.
Pin
Pout
Pin Pout
[mW] [mW]
L [km]
10 P
(dB / km) = log( in ) (2.65)
L Pout
41
Chng 2: Si Quang
Cc nguyn nhn chnh gy ra suy hao l: do hp th, do tn x tuyn tnh v do un cong
2.4.1.2. Suy hao do hp th
Bao gm hp th ca bn thn vt liu ch to si, cn gi l t hp th, v hp th do vt
liu ch to si khng tinh khit.
Hin tng t hp th
Cc nguyn t ca vt liu ch to si cng phn ng vi nh sng theo c tnh
chn lc bc sng. Tc l, vt liu c bn ch to si quang s cho nh sng qua
t do trong mt di bc sng xc nh vi suy hao rt nh hoc hu nh khng
suy hao. Cn mt s bc sng nht nh s c hin tng cng hng quang,
quang nng b hp th v chuyn ha thnh nhit nng.
Hnh v 2.26 biu th s suy hao do t hp th trong cc vng bc sng (cc
ng hp th cc tm v hp th hng ngoi).
Hin tng hp th do tp cht
Nu vt liu ch to thun ty tinh khit th nh sng truyn qua khng b suy hao.
Thc t, vt liu ch to hon ton khng tinh khit, m ln cc ion kim loi (Fe,
Cu, Cr, ...), v c bit l cc ion OH - ca nc (H2O).
S hp th ca cc tp cht kim loi.
Cc h thng thng tin quang hin nay ch yu lm vic ca s th 2 (2
= 1300 nm) v ca s 3 (3 = 1550 nm). Nhng hai ca s ny nh sng
li rt nhy cm vi s khng tinh khit ca vt liu. Mc hp th ph
thuc vo nng tp cht v bc sng lm vic. Chng hn, nu nng
tp cht khong vi phn triu (10-6) th khong vi dB/Km; mun
< 1dB/Km th nng tp cht phi l 10-8 10-9. V vi cng ngh ch
to si hin nay u ny khng cn lo ngi na.
S hp th ca ion OH-
S c mt ca ion OH - trong si quang gp phn to ra suy hao ng k.
c bit, hp th tng vt ba bc sng: 950 nm, 1240 nm, v 1380
nm. V d: nu nng ion OH - bng 10-6 th 40 dB/Km. V nng
cho php ca ion OH- trong ch to si l < 10-9 (mt phn t).
2.4.1.3. Suy hao do tn x tuyn tnh
Tn x tuyn tnh trong si quang l do tnh khng ng u rt nh ca li si, c th
l nhng thay i nh trong vt liu, tnh khng ng u v cu trc hoc cc khim khuyt
trong qu trnh ch to si. Ngoi ra, do thu tinh c to ra t cc loi oxit nh: SiO2,
GeO2, P2O5 nn c th xy ra s thay i thnh phn gia chng. Hai yu t ny lm tng s
thay i chit sut, to ra tn x. Tn x tuyn tnh lm cho nng lng quang t mt mt lan
truyn c truyn tuyn tnh (t l thun vi cng sut mt) sang mt mt khc. Qu trnh
ny lm suy hao cng sut quang c truyn i v cng sut c truyn sang mt mt r
hay mt bc x (leaky or radiation mode) l nhng mt khng tip tc lan truyn trong li si
quang m bc x ra khi si. Tn x tuyn tnh s khng lm thay i tn s tn x. Tn x
tuyn tnh thng c phn thnh hai loi: tn x Rayleigh v tn x Mie.
42
Chng 2: Si Quang
Tn x Rayleigh: xy ra do s khng ng nht c kch thc nh hn bc sng
(khong 1/10) trong si quang lm cho tia sng b ta ra nhiu hng. H s tn x
Rayleigh c tn nh sau [1]:
8 3 8 2
R = n p c KTF (2.66)
34
Trong :
R: h s tn x Rayleigh,
: bc sng quang c tnh bng mt (m),
n : chit sut mi trng,
p : h s quang n hi trung bnh,
c: nn ng nhit (n v l (m2/N) ti nhit TF ( n v l K) quy nh (fictive
temperature),
K: hng s Boltzman.
H s tn x Rayleigh lin h vi h s suy hao truyn dn (transmission loss factor)
nh sau:
L =exp(-RL) (2.67)
Vi L l di si quang (o bng mt).
H s suy hao truyn dn trn mt kilometre s l Lkm c tnh t cng th (2.3) vi
L=1000 (mt). Do h s suy hao do tn x Rayleigh s l:
43
Chng 2: Si Quang
3n12
Rc =
(
4 n12 n22 )
3/ 2 (2.69a)
T cng thc trn ta thy c th gim suy hao do un cong bng cch:
Thit k si quang c chnh lch chit sut ln;
Hat ng bc sng ngn hn c th
44
Chng 2: Si Quang
3
20
Rcs = 2.748 0.996 (2.69b)
(n
2
1 n22 )
3/ 2
c
Nguyn nhn gy ra un cong: ch to cp (xon rut cp), lp t cp. Khi qun cp cng
nh khi lp t cp, ch nn un cong si vi bn knh R < Rc. Gi tr khuyn co Rc = 30 mm
50 mm.
2.4.1.5. Suy hao v di thng
Di thng c th c xc nh bng hoc f. Chng lin h vi nhau bi phng
trnh [3].
c
f (2.70)
2
Phng trnh ny c th rt ra t quan h f = c/ . Xt cc bc sng 1.3 v 1.5 m, y l
cc bc sng c bn ca h thng thng tin quang ngy nay, di thng hu ch c th c tnh
da trn suy hao dB trn km trong h s 2, c xp x 80 nm bc sng 1.3 m v 180 nm
bc sng 1.55 m. Trong tn s quang, di thng ny ln n khong 35000 GHz. y l mt
di thng rt ln, trong khi tc bit cn cho cc ng dng ngy nay khng vt qu vi chc
Mbps.
Di thng hiu dng ca si quang trong hu ht cc mng ng di ngy nay b gii hn
bi di thng b khuch i EDFA (Erbium Dope Fiber Amplifier). Da vo kh nng sn c ca
b khuch i, suy hao bc sng = 1.55 m c chia lm ba vng nh hnh 2.26. Vng
gia t 1530-1565nm l di C ni m h thng WDM hot ng s dng b khuch i EDFA
thng thng (Conventional). Di t 1565-1625 nm, cha cc bc sng di hn trong di C,
c gi l di L v c s dng trong cc h thng WDM dung lng cao ngy nay s dng b
khuch i GSEDA (Gain-Shifred Erbium-Doped Amplifier). Di di 1530 nm, gm nhng
bc sng ngn hn di C, c gi l di S. B khuch i quang si Raman (Fiber-Raman
Amplifier) c s dng khuch i di ny.
2.4.2. Tn sc
2.4.2.1. Tng quan
Trong mt si quang, nhng tn s nh sng khc nhau v nhng mt khc nhau cn
thi gian khc nhau truyn mt on t A n B. Hin tng ny gi l tn sc v gy ra
nhiu nh hng khc nhau. Ni chung, tn sc dn n s co gin xung trong truyn dn
quang, gy ra giao thoa gia cc k t, tng li bit my thu v dn n gim khong cch
truyn dn.
45
Chng 2: Si Quang
Dt = ( o
2
i2 ) (2.71)
Lp bc n2
Tia 1
max 900 c
Li n1
Tia 2
L [km]
Ln1
Dmod e ( SI ) = Tmod e ( SI ) (khi << 1) (2.73)
c
n12 n22 n1 n2
vi (v << 1).
2n12 n2
Suy ra: =
(NA)2
2n1
Do :
L( NA)2
Dmod e ( SI ) = Tmod e ( SI ) (2.74)
2cn1
Hoc
47
Chng 2: Si Quang
d mod e ( SI )
( NA)2
(2.76)
2cn1
Ln1 L( NA)2
mod e ( SI ) (2.78)
2 3.c 4 3.n1c
Phng trnh (2.78) cho php xc nh p ng xung hiu dng ca si a mode chit sut
nhy bc.
S khc nhau gia Tmode (SI) v mode(SI) [1]:
Khi tnh Tmode (SI), gi tr Tmode (SI) l gi tr tri rng xung ln nht m tn
hiu ng ra khng chng lp ln nhau. Khi ny tc bit cc i c th t c
l:
1
BT (max) = (bps ) (2.79)
2Tmod e ( SI )
V d 1
Mt tuyn quang 6Km dng si a mode SI, li c chit sut n1 bng 1,5, chnh lch
chit sut tng i = 1%. Hy xc nh:
(a) Thi gian chnh lch gia mode nhanh nht v mode chm nht .
(b) tri rng xung hiu dng do tn sc mode trn tuyn.
(c) Tc bit cc i c th t c, gi s ch c tn sc mode.
(d) Tch di thng vi chiu di cu (c).
Gii
48
Chng 2: Si Quang
(a) p dng phng trnh (2.72), chnh lch thi gian gia mode nhanh nht v mode
chm nht l:
Ln1 6.10 3 [m] 1,5 0,01
Tmode (SI) = = 300 [ns]
c 3.10 8 [m / s ]
(b) tri rng xung hiu dng do tn sc mode:
Ln1 6.10 3 1,5 0,01
mod e ( SI ) = = 86,7 ns
2 3.c 2 3 3.10 8
(c) Tc bit cc i c th nh gi theo hai cch:
Cch 1:
Tc bit cc i vi gi s khng c s chng lp xung ng ra:
1 1
BT(max) = = 9
= 1,7.10 6 (bps ) = 1,7 Mbps
2Tmose( SI ) 2 300.10
Cch 2:
Tnh tc bit cc i bng cch s dng tri rng xung hiu dng:
0.2 0,2
BT(max) = = = 2,3.10 6 (bps ) = 2,3 Mps
mod e ( SI ) 86,7.10 9
(e) S dng tc bit cc i cu (c), ta c:
BoptL = 2,3 6 = 13, 8 [MHz.Km]
Ln1 2
Dmod e (GI ) = Tmod e (GI ) (2.81)
8c
tri rng xung hiu dng:
Ln12
mod e (GI ) (2.82)
20 3.c
Lu : Cng thc trn thu c khi dng phn b chit sut ca li c dng ti u:
12
g opt . = 2 (2.83)
5
Nu si quang c =1% th g = 1,98: phn b chit sut gn vi dng parabol.
V d 2
Hy so snh tri rng xung hiu dng trn mi Km do tn sc mode ca si a
mode chit sut nhy bc trong v d 1 vi si a mode chit sut gim dn c phn b
chit sut ti u c cng chit sut li n1 v .
Gii
T v d 1, ta suy ra:
49
Chng 2: Si Quang
mod e ( SI ) 86,7[ ns ]
mode (SI)[L = 1Km] = = = 14,4[ ns / Km]
L 6[ km]
S dng cng thc (2.82), tri rng xung hiu dng trn 1Km ca si c chit sut
gim dn l:
2.4.2.3. Tn sc vt liu
Nguyn nhn
Nguyn nhn gy ra tn sc vt liu: do s chnh lch cc vn tc nhm ca cc thnh
phn ph khc nhau trong si. N xy ra khi vn tc pha ca mt sng phng lan truyn trong mi
trng in mi bin i khng tuyn tnh vi bc sng, v mt vt liu c gi l tn ti tn
sc cht liu khi o hm bc hai ca chit sut theo bc sng khc khng (d2n/d2 0). tri
rng xung do tn sc vt liu c th thu c bng cch kho st thi gian tr nhm trong si
quang.
Vn tc pha v vn tc nhm
Trong tt c sng in t, c nhng im c pha khng i. i vi sng phng, nhng
im pha khng i ny to nn mt b mt c gi l mt sng. i vi sng nh sng n sc
lan truyn dc theo ng dn sng theo phng z (trc ng dn sng), nhng pha khng i ny di
chuyn vi vn tc pha:
dz
vp = = (2.84)
dt
50
Chng 2: Si Quang
Tuy nhin, thc t khng th to ra mt sng nh sng hon ton n sc v nng lng
nh sng tng qut l tng cc thnh phn c cc tn s khc nhau. Do tnh trng tn ti l mt
nhm cc sng c tn s gn ging nhau lan truyn sao cho dng cui cng c dng b sng. B
sng ny khng lan truyn vn tc pha ca cc sng thnh phn m lan truyn vn tc nhm:
vg = (2.85)
Nu lan truyn trong mt mi trng v hn c chit sut n1 th hng s lan truyn (c th
c vit nh sau:
2 n1
= n1 = (2.86)
c
T (2.84) suy ra:
c
vp = = (2.87)
n1
Tng t, t (2.85) suy ra vn tc nhm:
d d
vg = = (2.88)
d d
Th t (2.86) vo (2.88) v lu :
2c d
= =
d
Ta c:
1 1
d 2 1 dn1 n1
vg = n1 =
d 2 d 2
c c
vg = =
dn1 N g1 (2.89)
n1
d
Vi :
dn1
N g1 = n1 (2.90)
d
Ng1 gi l chit sut nhm.
Thi gian tr nhm (Group delay)
Thi gian lan truyn (thi gian tr nhm) ca mt xung nh sng lan truyn dc theo mt
n v chiu di si quang:
dn1
n1
1 N g1 d (2.91)
g = = = =
vg c c
d g d 2 g
g = +2 + ... (2.92)
d d 2
dn
d g n 1
d 1 d = dn1 d n1 dn1 = d n1
2 2
= (2.94)
d d c c d d
2
d c d2
d 2 n1
g = 2 (2.95)
c d
Nu si quang di L[Km] th tri rng xung hiu dng hay tn sc cht liu trong si
quang l:
L d 2 n1
m = L g = 2 (2.96)
c d
t:
d g d 2 n1
M= = (2.97)
d c d2
M c gi l h s tn sc cht liu, c n v: [ps/nm.Km].
Vy tn sc vt liu c th vit li nh sau:
m = L..M (2.98)
V d 3
d 2 n1
Mt si thy tinh c tn sc cht liu c cho bi: 2 =0,025. Hy xc nh h
d 2
so tn sc vt liu M bc sng = 0,85 m, v tnh tri rng xung hiu dng trn mi Km
khi ngun quang LED pht ra bc sng 850 nm c rng ph hiu dng = 20nm.
Gii
H s tn sc vt liu:
d 2 n1 1 2 d 2 n1 0,025
= = = 98,1 [ ps / nm.Km]
M= C d 2
C d 2
3.10 8
0,85.10 6
0 t
(a)
0 t
(b)
0 t
(c)
53
Chng 2: Si Quang
C th thy r ngha vt l ca tn sc mu khi so snh s lan truyn anh sng qua mt lng
knh nh minh ha trn hnh 2.32 vi s lan truyn ca nh sng trong si quang nh trn hnh
2.33.
Hnh 2.32 Khi nh sng trng truyn qua lng knh cc bc sng khc nhau s b ung cong vi
cc gc khc nhau to thnh hin tng cu vng. chnh l hin tng tn sc.
54
Chng 2: Si Quang
D LIU VO D LIU RA
B pht B thu
Laser quang
rng L = tri
ph Tn sc mu trong si rng xung
quang lm cho cc bc
= sng lan truyn vi vn
tc khc nhau, v gy ra
tr lan truyn
Laser ng vo
khng phi l n
sc m n gm
nhiu bc sng
hay nhiu mu
Hnh 2.33 nh sng lan truyn trong si quang s b tn sc nh trn hnh 2.32
2.4.2.5. Tn sc phn cc mode
Mc d ta gi si quang l n mt nhng trn thc t n lun truyn 2 mt sng c
gi chung cng mt tn. Cc mt ny l cc sng in t c phn cc tuyn tnh truyn trong
si quang trong nhng mt phng vung gc vi nhau. Nu chit sut ca si quang l khng nh
nhau trn phng truyn ca hai mt trn, hin tng tn sc phn cc mt xy ra. Minh ha trn
hnh 2.34. S khc nhau gia cc ch s chit sut gi l khc x kp hay lng chit si
(Birefringence).
Trn thc t, hng s lan truyn ca mi phn cc thay i theo chiu di si quang cho
nn thi gian tr trn mi on si quang l ngu nhin v c xu hng kh ln nhau. Do tn
sc phn cc mt t l tuyn tnh vi cn bc 2 chiu di si quang [2]:
t PMD = D PMD L (2.101)
55
Chng 2: Si Quang
Mi quan h gia di thng vi tc bit
Hai m thng dng trong h thng thng tin l m tr v khng (RZ) v m khng tr v
khng. Gi B v BT ln lt l di thng v tc ca tn hiu. Ta c [2] :
i vi m NRZ:
1
B= BT (2.102)
2
i vi m RZ
B = BT (2.103)
Mi quan h gia tn sc v di thng
Theo cng thc (2.79) v (2.80) ta c th tnh c tc bit cc i c th t c.Ty
theo loi m ng truyn theo cc cng thc (2.102) v (2.103) ta c th suy ra di thng B.
tri rng xung quyt nh kh nng mang thng tin ca si quang, m tri rng
xung t l tuyn tnh vi chiu di si quang, tc di thng t l nghch vi khong cch thng tin.
iu ny dn n m thng s hu ch hn i vi vic nh gi kh nng mang thng tin ca si
quang, l tch di thng vi chiu di, k hiu l BL hay BxL. n v o: [MHz.Km].
Ta c cng thc lin h gia B v BL:
B = BL.L- (2.104)
Trong cc hiu ng tn x phi tuyn, nng lng t mt sng nh sng c chuyn sang
mt sng nh sng khc c bc sng di hn (hoc nng lng thp hn). Nng lng mt i b
hp th bi cc dao ng phn t hoc cc phonon (loi phonon lin quan n s khc nhau gia
SBS v SRS). Sng th hai c gi l sng Stokes. Sng th nht c th gi l sng bm
56
Chng 2: Si Quang
(Pump) gy ra s khuch i sng Stokes. Khi sng bm truyn trong si quang, n b mt nng
lng v sng Stokes nhn thm nng lng. Trong trng hp SBS, sng bm l sng tn hiu
v sng Stokes l sng khng mong mun c to ra do qu trnh tn x. Trong trng hp SRS,
sng bm l sng c nng lng cao v sng Stokes l sng tn hiu c khuch i t sng
bm.
Ni chung, cc hiu ng tn x c c trng bi h s li g, c o bng m/w
(meters per watt) v rng ph f (i vi li tng ng) v cng sut ngng Pth ca nh
sng ti - mc cng sut m ti suy hao do tn x l 3 dB, tc l mt na cng sut trn ton
b di si quang. H s li l mt i lng ch cng ca hiu ng phi tuyn.
Trong trng hp t iu pha SPM, cc xung truyn b hin tng chirp (tn s xung
truyn i thay i theo thi gian). iu ny lm cho h s chirp (chirped factor) tr nn ng k
cc mc nng lng cao. S c mt ca hin tng chirp lm cho hiu ng gin xung do tn sc
mu tng ln. Do vy, chirp xy ra do SPM (SPM induced chirp) c th gy tng gin xung do
tn sc mu trong h thng. i vi cc h thng tc bit cao, chirp do SPM c th lm tng
mt cch ng k gin xung do tn sc mu thm ch cc mc cng sut va phi. nh
hng ca SPM khng ch ph thuc vo du tham s GVD (Group Velocity Dispersion) m cn
ph thuc vo chiu di ca h thng.
Trong h thng WDM a knh, chirp xy ra trong mt knh ph thuc vo s thay i
chit sut theo cng ca cc knh khc. Hiu ng ny c gi l hiu ng iu ch xuyn
pha (CPM - Cross-Phase Modulation). Khi xem xt hin tng chirp trong mt knh do s thay
i chit sut theo cng ca chnh knh , ta gi l hiu ng ny SPM.
Nhn chung cc nh hng ca cc hiu ng phi tuyn gim i khi s dng si quang c
din tch li hiu dng ln [3].
57
Chng 2: Si Quang
Si quang ang c s dng rng ri hin nay trong cc h thng hin nay l si n
mode SMF-28, G.652. Cc c tnh truyn dn ca si quang ny c m t trong phn 2.4.
Cc ng cong m t tn sc v suy hao ca si n mode cho thy rng suy hao ca si t gi
tr nh nht vng bc sng 1500 nm nhng tn sc c gi tr thp nht (bng khng) li bc
sng 1300 nm. Nu c hai yu t suy hao v tn sc u t gi tr ti u th s c c tuyn
thng tin n knh c ly truyn dn rt xa v tc bit rt ln. t c iu ny, ngi ta
iu chnh cc tham s c bn ca si nhm dch chuyn tn sc ti thiu ti ca s c suy hao
nh nht (ca s 1550 nm). Tn sc trong si n mode ch yu l tn sc vt liu v tn sc ng
dn sng. Tn sc vt liu ca si tiu chun lm t SiO2 thng c gi tr bng 0 ps/km.nm ti
bc sng 1270 nm, nhng nu pha thm mt s tp cht nh GeO2 v P2O5 vo li si th gi tr
tn sc vt liu s dch chuyn v cc bc sng ln hn 1270 nm, nhng li lm tng suy hao
si. Nh vy, s rt kh thay i c tn sc vt liu c bn. Tuy nhin, li hon ton c th thay
i tn sc dn sng bng cch s i mt ct ch s chit sut phn bc n gin li si thnh
mt ct ch s chit sut phc tp hn cho ra c gi tr tn sc mong mun. Si quang dch
chuyn tn sc (DSF, G.653) c tn bng tng bng khng ti bc sng gn 1550 nm c ch
to theo nguyn l ni trn. Hnh 2.35 minh ho mt ct ch s chit sut ca si quang DSF-
G.653
58
Chng 2: Si Quang
ca si DSF. Loi si mi ny ang c xy dng trong cc cng trnh cc tuyn di Bc
M.
Chng hn, si quang LS ca Corning c bc sng tn sc khng bc sng 1560 nm
v tn sc mu nh khong 0.092 ( - 1560) ps/nm.km ca s bc sng 1550 nm v si
TrueWave ca cng ngh Lucent Technologies.
Bi v tt c cc si NZ - DSF c ch to c gi tr tn sc khc khng rt nh di C
nhng vn c gi tr khng ngoi di C, nm trong di L hoc di S. Trong nhng trng hp ny,
mt phn ln ca di bng xung quanh bc sng tn sc s khng dng do hiu ng trn bn
bc sng. Si TeraLight ca Alcatel l mt loi si NZ - DSF c tn sc khng di bn di
bc sng 1440 nm v v vy c s dng c 3 di.
Tn sc mu ngoi vic phi c gi tr nh, cn phi c dc nh (i vi bc sng).
dc nh lm gim tri rng xung do tn sc mu tch ly gia cc knh khc nhau trong
mt h thng WDM. Nu tri rng nh, tc l tn sc mu tch ly trn cc knh khc nhau
gn nh l ng nht, c th b tn sc mu tch ly trn tt c cc knh bng mt b b tn sc
mu duy nht. Phng php ny s r hn khi s dng b b tn sc mu trn mi knh. dc
tn sc mu ca cc loi si TrueWave, TrueWave RS ( dc gim) v LEAF (s cp di
y) c minh ha hnh 2.36. Si TrueWave RS ca Lucent c ch to c gi tr dc tn
sc mu nh hn khong 0.05 ps/nm.km2 so vi cc loi si NZ - DSF khc c dc trong
khong 0.07 0.4 ps/nm.km2.
LEAF
TrueWave
10 TrueWave RS
Tn sc (ps/nm.km)
8
6
4
2
0 Di C Di L
Hnh 2.38 S phn b cng sut trong li ca si DSF v LEAF. Cng sut trong si LEAF c
phn b vi din tch rng hn
Cc si quang tn sc m v dng
Mt s si quang c thit k c c tn sc mu dng v m trong di 1550 nm. Tn
sc mu ca si c tn sc mu dng v m trong di 1550 nm c trnh by trong hnh 2.39.
Si c tn sc mu dng c s dng cho cc h thng trn t lin, cn si tn sc mu m
c s dng cho cc h thng di bin. (i vi vic b tn sc mu th ngc li: si quang
60
Chng 2: Si Quang
c tn sc mu m c s dng trn t lin, si c tn sc mu dng dng cho cc h thng
ngm di bin). C tn sc mu m v dng u gy ra gin xung v gin xung ny ph
thuc vo ln tn sc mu m khng ph thuc vo du ca n (khi khng c mt ca s chirp
v cc s phi tuyn). V vy, ti sao li cn cc loi si quang c tn sc mu khc du nhau, tn
sc mu dng cho h thng t lin v tn sc mu m cho cc h thng di bin. hiu s
tn ng ny, chng ta cn hiu cc hin tng phi tuyn khc: tnh bt n iu ch (Modulation
Instability).
iu ny c th gii thch nh sau [3]: Khi b chirp dng sn sau ca xung b dch n
tn s f < f0 v sn trc ca xung b dch n tn s f > f0. iu ny c ngha l ph ca tn
hiu b gin ra trong qu trnh truyn dn. Khi tn sc mu l dng thnh phn tn s cao (f > f0)
s lan truyn chm hn thnh phn tn s thp (f < f0) nn xung b co li (nguyn l ca truyn
dn soliton). SPM lm cho cc xung chirp dng (xem bi ging H thng thng tin quang 2).
cc mc cng sut cao, s tc ng qua li gia hai hin tng ny - tn sc mu v chirp do
SPM- dn n gy (breakup) xung rng tng i (trong khong thi gian 100 ps, tng ng xp
x vi tc truyn dn 10 Gbps) thnh cc lung xung ngn (khong vi pico giy). Hin tng
ny gi l hin tng khng n nh iu ch v dn n tng ng k t l bit li. S khng n
nh iu ch ch xy ra trong si quang tn sc mu dng v v vy, c th trnh bng cch s
dng si c tn sc mu m. Cc nh hng ca n i vi si quang tn sc mu dng c th
c ti thiu khi dng cc mc cng sut thp hn.
Cc h thng WDM khng th hot ng quanh bc sng tn sc khng ca si quang
do nh hng nghim trng ca hiu ng trn bn bc sng. i vi si quang dch chuyn tn
sc dng, bc sng tn sc khng nm di di bc sng 1550 nm v khng nm trong di L.
Do , cc h thng s dng si quang tn sc mu dng c th nng cp c th s dng di
L (xem hnh 2.26). Tnh nng cp l mt c tnh quan trng ca h thng t lin. Do , si
quang tn sc mu dng th thch hp cho h thng t lin, v mc cng sut c iu khin
s bt n iu ch l khng ng k. Tuy nhin, i vi cc tuyn di bin, vic s dng cc
mc cng sut ln hn th rt quan trng do khong cch tuyn di. Nhng tuyn ny khng c
kh nng nng cp bng bt c phng php no, do n c th di y i dng, v vy s
dng di L i vi nhng si ny th khng c kh nng. Do vy, si quang tn sc mu m c
dng cho cc tuyn di bin.
V si tn sc mu m dng cho cc tuyn di bin, tn sc mu c th c b bng
cch dng si quang n mt chun (SMF) c tn sc mu dng, ngha l vic thay i tun t
cc on si quang SMF c tn sc mu dng v tn sc mu m c th gi cho tn sc mu
tng cng thp. iu ny thch hp s dng si quang b tn sc do chng c nhy hn i
vi cc hiu ng phi tuyn bi v din tch hiu dng li ca n thp.
Ch rng tt c cc si quang xem xt c dc tn sc mu dng, tc l tn sc
mu tng khi bc sng tng. iu ny ch yu l dc tn sc vt liu ca si quang silica l
dng v thng hn hn dc tn sc m ca tn sc ng dn sng (xem hnh 2.31). Si quang
c dc tn sc mu m th hu dng trong vic b dc tn sc mu.
Trong khi c kh nng ch to si quang tn sc mu m (trong di 1550 nm) vi dc
m, th khng c kh nng ch to si c tn sc mu dng vi dc m.
Hnh 2.39 tm tt tn sc mu trong di C v dc tn sc mu ca tt c cc loi tho lun.
61
Chng 2: Si Quang
ng
Tn sc (ps/nm.km)
d
c
ns
i t
S
m
sc
n
S i t
2.6. CP SI QUANG
2.6.1. Sn xut si quang
2.6.1.1. Yu cu i vi si quang
m bo nhng tnh nng truyn dn nh sng tt v c tui th cao, si quang cn p
ng nhng yu cu ngt ngho sau:
V c: bn vng, khng b t, gy vi tc ng ca lc ko, lc ct ngang, v lc
un cong. Khng b dn n qu ln do tc ng ca lc ko thng xuyn. Tc lo
ho chm.
V c tnh truyn dn nh sng:
- Vt liu phi rt tinh khit, khng c tp cht.
- Cu to lp bc v li u n, khng c ch khuyt tt, khng c ch khng
ng nht.
trnh lm tn x nh sng, sinh thm suy hao ph v mo xung.
2.6.1.2. Ch to si quang
Theo vt liu ch to, si quang c th phn loi thnh:
Si Silica (SiO2) (Silica fiber).
Si hp cht thy tinh (Multi-component glass fiber).
Si c lp bc bng plastic (Plastic - clad fiber).
Si ton bng plastic (All - plastic fiber).
Hu ht si dng trong vin thng l si Silica.
Qu trnh ch to si bao gm hai giai on chnh:
To mu tin ch (Preform): Mu tin ch l mt thanh thy tinh c chit sut li n1,
lp bc n2 iu chnh c trong qu trnh ch to bng cch thay i thnh phn v
nng cht ph gia. Hay ni cch khc, mu tin ch c hnh dng si quang trong
tng lai.Nh vy cht lng mu tin ch quyt nh suy hao v tn sc ca si
quang.
62
Chng 2: Si Quang
Ko si (Drawing): Trong qu trnh ko si, nhit t nng phi, tc ko quyt
nh thng s hnh hc v sc bn c hc.
1. CH TO MU TIN CH
C hai phng php c s dng to mu tin ch [4]:
Phng php nu chy thy tinh. Trong phng php ny c chia lm hai phng
php:
- Phng php ng, v
- Phng php ni nu i.
Phng php ng hi ha cht. Trong phng php ny gm c ba phng php:
- ng hi ha cht bn trong IVD (Inside Vapour Deposition). Trong phng php
ny c hai k thut: MCVD (Modified Chemical Vapour Deposition) v PCVD
(Plasma Chemical Vapour Deposition).
- ng hi ha cht bn ngoi OVD (Outside Vapour Deposition).
- ng hi ha cht dc theo trc VAD (Vapour Axial Deposition).
PHNG NU CHY THY TINH
Phng php ng
L mt trong nhng k thut u tin s dng cch y 20 nm. Mt li thy tinh
c tinh khit cao c lng vo ng thy tinh khc c chit sut thp hn. vn ch
yu l to ra c khe h nh nht gia li v lp bc.
63
Chng 2: Si Quang
Nu ring
Thy tinh li si Thy tinh v si
Nu chung
Ko si
Cht ph Ph lp bo v
bo v
Cun si
64
Chng 2: Si Quang
Phng php ng hi ho cht bn trong MVCD
65
Chng 2: Si Quang
(a) Phi sau qu trnh ng hi (b) Mu tin ch sau khi phi c un 2000 C
Hnh 2.42 Sn phm sau qu trnh ng hi.
Mun thay i chit sut, ngi ta s dng thm nhng cht ph gia nh: GeO2,
P2O5, B, F, trong GeO2 v P2O5 lm tng chit sut, B v F lm gim chit sut.
K thut ny c s dng rng ri v cho php to si c suy hao thp nht; gim
c nng OH-; thay i vt liu v gas d dng. V d:
Si SM Silica c = 0,2 dB/Km ( = 1550 nm).
Si Germanium PhosphoSilicate GI c suy hao:
66
Chng 2: Si Quang
Phng php ng hi ho cht bn ngoi (OVD)
SiCl4 BCl3
POCl3
GeCl4 O2
Phng php ny c hng Corning Glass (M) pht trin. Vt liu ban u:
Mt thanh thy tinh tinh khit.
Cc cht lng: SiCl4, TiCl4 (GeCl4).
Cc cht kh: O2, POCl3, BCl3.
Cc ho cht ny c phun ln b mt ca thanh thy tinh, ng thi thanh thy
tinh quay xung quanh trc ca n.
Sau khi ph cc lp yu cu, rt thanh thy tinh ra, cn li phi xp, rng.
Sau nung phi ny n 2000oC c mt phi trong sut, c c dng si quang tng
lai.
Phng php ng hi theo trc (VAD)
y l mt phng php rt tt c pht trin Nht v lun c ci tin.
Cc vt liu to li v lp bc c bc hi v ngng t vo u ca mt thanh
thy tinh xoay trn lin tc. Khi di chuyn thanh dc theo trc s to c phi. Sau
ko phi ny qua l nung to kch thc hnh hc u cho phi si. u im ca
phng php ny l c tc ng hi ln v hiu sut s dng nguyn liu cao ti 60-
80%. Theo phng php ny ngi ta ch c cc loi si c rng bng truyn dn
rt ln.
2. KO SI
K thut ko si t ng kim tra ng knh
Nguyn l ko si c minh ha nh hnh 2.45 [4]
67
Chng 2: Si Quang
L nung nhit
cao (2.0000C)
Bc lp ph
Nhum mu
L sy
My cun
o lc cng
69
Chng 2: Si Quang
Hnh 2.47 Mt ct ngang ca si quang sau khi bc lp ph.
ng nht, b dy v ng tm ca lp ph c nh hng n cht lng ca si
quang. Thng thng ng knh lp ph l 250 m (i vi si c D = 125m).
Lp ph c th c nhum mu hoc c nhng vng nh du. Lp ny c tut b khi
hn ni hoc ghp nh sng.
Lp v (Secondary Coating, Buffer Coating, Jacket)
Lp v c tc dng tng cng sc chu ng ca si quang trc tc dng c hc v s
thay i nhit . Hin nay lp v c cc dng sau: m lng (Loose buffer), m kht (Tight
buffer), dng bng dp (Ribbon). Mi dng c u nhc im ring v c s dng trong nhng
iu kin khc nhau.
Dng ng m lng:
- Si quang ( bc lp ph) c t trong ng m c ng knh trong ln hn
kch thc si quang.
- ng m lng gm hai lp:
Lp trong: c h s ma st nh.
Lp ngoi: che ch si quang trc nh hng ca lc c hc.
v c ch to t cc vt liu polyester v polyamide.
- Vi ng m cha 1 si quang, ng knh: 1,2 2 mm, b dy: 0,15 0,5 mm.
Nu ng m cha nhiu si (2 12 si) th ng knh: 2,4 3 mm.
- Vi dng ng m lng, si quang di chuyn t do trong ng m.
- Cht nhi phi c cc tnh nng sau:
Ngn m.
C tnh nht, khng tc dng ha hc vi cc thnh phn khc ca cp.
Khng ng c hoc nng chy nhit lm vic.
D ty sch khi cn hn ni.
Kh chy.
- ng m lng cng c nhum mu.
- Dng ng m lng c dng trong cc ng truyn dn cht lng cao trong
iu kin mi trng thay i nhiu.
Si quang
Lp cht nhi
Lp v
(a) (b)
70
Chng 2: Si Quang
Hnh 2.48 Minh ha cu trc m lng
(a) ng m mt si quang; (b) ng m nhiu si quang
Dng m kht:
- n gin, lp v m st lp ph.
- Phng php ny lm gim ng knh ca lp v, nn gim c kch thc v
trng lng cp.
- Nhc im: si quang b nh hng trc tip khi cp b ko cng. gim nh
hng ny, ngng ta dng thm mt lp m mm gia lp ph v lp v. Hnh
thc ny gi l m tng hp.
- Dng m khch v m tng hp c dng trong cp t trong nh, dng lm
dy nhy u ni cc trm u cui, ....
- ng knh: 0,50 1 mm.
(d)
Hnh 2.51 V d v cc cu trc cp quang
(a) Cp c cu trc c in.
(b) Cp li trc c rnh.
(c) Cp c cu trc bng dp.
(d) Cp hai si dng trong nh.
72
Chng 2: Si Quang
Trong thc t, khi cn cp nhiu si quang, c th ch to cp gm nhiu nhm,
mi nhm l mt cp nh ca cc loi cp trn.
S lng si trong cp c th t 2 si n hng nghn si, ty theo lnh vc s
dng. V d: trn mng ni ht th cp thu bao v cp trung k gia cc im chuyn
mch th cn rt nhiu si quang; cp truyn dn ng di khng cn c nhiu si v
khng phi r nhnh nhiu.
Tuy nhiu si nhng cp khng qu to. V d: cp c 800 si: ng knh ngoi
35 mm; cp ni ht c 4000 si: ng knh ngoi 85 mm.
Phn loi theo mc ch s dng:c th chia ra cc loi sau:
- Cp dng trn mng thu bao ni ht, nng thn.
- Cp trung k gia cc tng di.
- Cp ng di.
Phn loi theo iu kin lp t: bao gm cc loi sau:
- Cp chn trc tip.
- Cp t trong ng.
- Cp th di nc, th bin.
- Cp dng trong nh.
Cu trc cp quang.
Tuy rng phn chia ra nhiu loi, song s dng ph bin hin nay l cp quang c cu trc
c in. Sau y chng ta xem xt cu to c bn ca mt cp quang c cu trc c in.
Cu trc c in tng qut gm c: thnh phn chu lc trung tm, si quang, bng qun,
cht nhi, lp gia cng ngoi, v cp.
73
Chng 2: Si Quang
(a) (b)
(a) (b)
Hnh 2.53 Cu trc lp.
(a) Cu trc mt lp.
(b) Cu trc hai lp.
- Cu trc n v: c mt si cao nn ph hp vi mng cp ni ht.
74
Chng 2: Si Quang
75
Chng 2: Si Quang
76
Chng 2: Si Quang
l thuyt quang hnh hc n gin (phn 2.2) chng ta tm ra c iu kin nh sng c th
lan truyn c trong si quang thng qua khi nim v khu s (NA).
nh sng l sng in t do c ci nhn todin v s lan truyn ca nh sng trong
si quang, chng ta cn phi ng dng v gii h phng trnh Maxwell cho ng dn sng hnh
tr vi iu kin dn yu ( tc l cho si quang). Cc li gii ca h phng trnh Maxwell chnh
l cc mode sng lan truyn trong si quang. Vic gii phng trnh Maxwell (phn 2.3) cho
chng ta thy r thm bn cht vt l ca mode l g; v sao nh sng lan truyn trong si quang
di dng mt tp ri rt; v quan trng hn na l cc iu kin hnh thnh cc mode ny
thng qua cc khi nim v tn s c chun ha v bc sng ct. Chng ta ng dng cc iu
kin ny ch to cc si quang n mode c s dng rng ri trn mng vin thng hin
nay.
nh sng lan truyn trong si quang s b suy, tn sc v chu nh hng ca cc hiu ng
phi tuyn. Trong phn 2.4 chng ta kho st chi tit bn cht vt l ca hin tng suy hao v
tn st. Chng ta hiu r tn sc lm hn ch di thng truyn dn nh th no v nguyn nhn
thc y vic s dng si quang n mode. Chng ta cng thy mc d tn sc l yu t quan
trng nht gii hn cht lng ca h thng tc 2.5 Gbps v thp hn na, cc hiu ng phi
tuyn tr nn quan trng tc bit cao hn v cc h thng a knh WDM. Chng ta s kho
st chi tit tr li ngun gc v nh hng ca cc hiu ng phi tuyn ny trong Bi ging H
thng thng tin quang 2.
Si n mode tiu chun (SMF-G.652) gip chng ta loi b c tn sc mode nhng
trong vng suy hao nh nht (ca s 1550 nm), tn sc mu vn khng phi l ti thiu. iu ny
dn ti vic ch to si quang dch chuyn tn sc (DFS-G.653) bo m bc sng gn
1550nm khng nhng c suy hao nh nht m cn c tn sc mu bng khng. Phn 2.5 cho thy
nguyn l thc hin vic ny thay i mt ct chit sut li si. Chng ta cng ta cng thy r
cng bng nguyn l ny ngi ta cng ch to ra c cc loi si quang mi khng nhng lm
gim c nh hng ca tn sc mu m cn lm gim nh hng ca cc hiu ng phi tuyn
ng dng cho cc h thng WDM.
Chng ta dnh phn cui cng (2.6) tm hiu cng ngh ch to si quang v cp
quang.
CU HI N TP
2.1 Cho mt tia sng t mi trng 1 vi chit sut n1 ti mt ngn cch mi trng 2 c chit
sut n2. Gi s n1 < n2. Khi :
a. Lun lun c tia khc x.
b. Lun lun c hin tng phn x ton phn.
c. Hin tng phn x ton phn xy ra khi gc ti ln hn gc ti hn.
d. Tt c cc cu trn u ng.
2.2 Cho mt tia sng t mi trng 1 vi chit sut n1 ti mt ngn cch mi trng 2 c chit
sut n2. Gi s n1 > n2.Khi :
a. Lun lun c tia khc x.
b. Lun lun c hin tng phn x ton phn.
c. Hin tng phn x ton phn xy ra khi gc ti ln hn gc ti hn.
d. Khng c hin tng phn x ton phn.
77
Chng 2: Si Quang
2.3 Cho si quang chit sut bc SI. iu kin a tia sng vo si quang l :
a. Tia sng nm trong vng khu s.
b. Tia sng nm ngoi vng khu s.
c. C a v b u ng.
d. C a v b u sai.
n 1 r g r a
1 a
2.4 Cho chit sut si quang c phn b nh sau: n(r ) =
vi
n a r b
2
n1: chit sut ln nht li, tc ti r = 0. Hay n(0) = n1, n2: chit sut lp bc, r: khong cch
tnh t trc si n im tnh chit sut, a: bn knh li si quang, b: bn knh lp bc si.
quang. Si quang l si chit sut bc (SI) khi :
a. g = 1.
b. g = 2.
c. g = 3.
d. g =
2.5 S mode sng truyn c trong si quang khng ph thuc vo:
a. Bc sng cng tc.
b. ng knh li si.
c. ng knh lp bc.
d. Chit sut li si v lp bc.
2.6 Nu nh sng truyn trong si quang c bc sng ln hn bc sng ct th:
a. Si quang l si n mode.
b. Si quang l si a mode.
c. Si quang l n mode hay a mode ph thuc vo ng knh li si quang.
d. Si quang l n mode hay a mode ph thuc vo gc pht sng ca ngun quang.
2.7 Cu no trong nhng cu sau y l ng cho cp si quang:
a. D b nh hng ca in t trng.
b. Mc hn cp ng.
c. Lm cho cc xung quang yu dn v dn ra.
d. Ch c th truyn cc sng nh sng cc tm.
2.8 Cu no trong nhng cu sau y l ng cho hin tng suy hao trong si quang:
a. Hin tng cng sut ca tn hiu quang b suy gim khi lan truyn trong si quang.
b. Hin tng gin xung nh sng khi lan truyn trong si quang.
c. Cc tham s ca tn hiu quang ph thuc vo cng (cng sut) nh sng.
d. Tt c cc cu trn u ng.
2.9 Cu no trong nhng cu sau y l ng cho hin tng tn sc trong si quang:
a. Hin tng cng sut ca tn hiu quang b suy gim khi lan truyn trong si quang.
b. Hin tng gin xung nh sng khi lan truyn trong si quang.
78
Chng 2: Si Quang
c. Cc tham s ca tn hiu quang ph thuc vo cng (cng sut) nh sng.
d. Tt c cc cu trn u ng.
2.10 Cu no trong nhng cu sau y l ng cho hin tng phi tuyn trong si quang:
a. Hin tng cng sut ca tn hiu quang b suy gim khi lan truyn trong si quang.
b. Hin tng gin xung nh sng khi lan truyn trong si quang.
c. Cc tham s ca tn hiu quang ph thuc vo cng (cng sut) nh sng.
d. Tt c cc cu trn u ng.
2.11 Hin tng suy hao c th so snh vi hin tng sau:
a. Khi xe hi chy trn xa l th bnh xng cn dn.
b. Xe hi va chm vi mt xe hi khc khi chy trn xa l.
c. Cc xe hi chy trn cc ln khc nhau ca mt xa l c phn lung.
d. Tt c cc cu trn u ng.
2.12 Hin tng tn sc c th so snh vi hin tng sau:
a. Khi xe hi chy trn xa l th bnh xng cn dn.
b. Xe hi va chm vi mt xe hi khc khi chy trn xa l.
c. Cc xe hi chy trn cc ln khc nhau ca mt xa l c phn lung.
d. Tt c cc cu trn u ng.
2.13 Ca s quang dng cho cc h thng quang SDH/ SONET l 1550nm v:
a. Suy hao ca si quang ca s ny l nh nht
b. Tn sc mu ca si quang ca s l nh nht.
c. Cc hin tng phi tuyn l nh nht.
d. Tt c cc cu trn u ng.
2.14 Suy hao do hp th bi OH- c cc nh:
a. 750nm.
b. 950nm.
c. 1400nm.
d. Tt c cc cu trn u ng.
2.15 Suy hao do tn x tuyn tnh l do:
a. S ph thuc ca chit sut si quang vo cng in trng hot ng.
b. S khng ng u rt nh ca li si quang lm nng lng t mode lan truyn c
truyn sang mt mode khc (gi l mode bc x).
c. Cc tp cht nh OH- hp th nng lng nh sng.
d. Nng lng t mt sng nh sng c chuyn sang mt sng nh sng khc c bc
sng di hn. Nng lng mt i b hp th bi cc phonon.
2.16 Cc hiu ng Kerr bao gm:
a. Hiu ng t iu pha (SPM).
b. Hiu ng iu ch xuyn pha (CPM).
c. Hiu ng trn bn tn s (FWM).
d. Tt c cc cu trn u ng.
79
Chng 2: Si Quang
2.17 Hiu ng tn x phi tuyn bao gm:
a. Tn x do kch thch Brillouin (SBS).
b. Tn x do kch thch Raman (SRS).
c. Tn x Rayleigh.
d. Ch c a v b ng.
2.18 Si quang DSF G.653 c :
a. Suy hao nh nht v tn sc bng khng vng ca s 1300nm.
b. Suy hao nh nht vng ca s 1300nm v tn sc bng khng vng ca s
1550nm.
c. Suy hao nh nht vng ca s 1550nm v tn sc bng khng vng ca s
1330nm.
d. Suy hao nh nht v tn sc bng khng vng ca s 1550nm.
2.19 Cc hiu phi tuyn c th gim c khi s dng:
a. Si quang CSF G.654.
b. Si quang DSF G.653.
c. Si quang NZ-DSF G.655.
d. Tt c cc loi si quang trn.
2.20 Si quang c tn sc m c dng cho cc tuyn di bin l do:
a. Tn sc m lm xung quang co li.
b. Khng xy ra hin tng khng n nh iu ch.
c. Khng cn nng cp s dng di L.
d. Ch c b v c ng.
2.21 gim suy hao do un cong:
a. Thit k si quang c chnh lch chit sut ln v hot ng bc sng ngn
hn c th.
b. Thit k si quang c chnh lch chit sut nh v hot ng bc sng ngn
hn c th.
c. Thit k si quang c chnh lch chit sut nh v hot ng bc sng di
hn c th.
d. Thit k si quang c chnh lch chit sut ln v hot ng bc sng di
hn c th.
2.22 Khi tn sc ln tng c ly truyn dn:
a. Tng cng sut pht quang.
b. Gim cng sut pht quang.
c. Tng tc bit truyn trn si quang.
d. Gim tc bt truyn trn si quang.
2.23 Trong si n mode c th b qua nh hng c tn sc:
a. Tn sc mode.
b. Tn sc vt liu.
80
Chng 2: Si Quang
c. Tn sc ng dn sng.
d. Tn sc phn cc mode.
2.24 Trong h thng thng tin quang, c ly truyn dn s v cng ln:
a. Nu c th tng cng sut pht quang ln v cng ln.
b. Nu gim tn sc tng cng bng khng.
c. C a v b u ng.
d. C a v b u sai.
2.25 Trong cc loi si quang mi, dch chuyn tn sc ti thiu ti vng bc sng 1550
nm, ngi ta :
a. Pha thm mt s tp cht nh Ge2O5 v P2O5 lm gim tn sc vt liu.
b. Thay i mt ct ch s chit sut li thay i tn sc ng dn sng.
c. Kt hp c hai phng php a v b.
d. Khng c phng php no.
BI TP
Cc bi tp sau y c trch t ti liu tham kho [1]
2.1 Cho si quang c chit sut li l n1=1,5 v chit sut lp bc l n2= 1.47. Xc nh:
a) Gc ti hn c ti giao tip lp li v lp bc.
b) Khu s NA ca si quang.
c) Gc tip nhn t khng kh vo si quang a.
2.2 chnh lch chit sut ca si quang l =1%. Chit sut lp li l n1= 1.46. Xc nh:
a) Khu s NA ca si quang.
b) Gc ti hn ti giao tip lp li v lp bc c.
2.3 Cho si quang a mode chit sut bc c ng knh li l 2a = 80 m v chnh lch chit
sut tng i l =1.5% hot ng bc sng = 0.85 m. Xc nh:
a) Tn s c chun ha V ca si quang.
b) S mode sng truyn c trong si quang N
2.4 Cho si quang chit sut bin i theo dng parabol c ng knh li 2a = 50 m. Si quang
c khu s NA = 0.2. Xc nh s mode sng N c th truyn c trong si khi n hot
ng bc sng = 1 m
2.5 Xc nh bc sng ct c si quang chit sut bc hat ng ch n mode nu si
c chit sut li n1 = 1.46, bn knh li a = 4.5 m, v chnh lch chit sut tng i l
= 0.25%.
2.6 Tnh bn knh li a ca si quang n mode SI c ng knh trng mode (MFD) bng 11.6
m khi tn s c chun ha V = 2.2.
2.7 Cho si quang a mode c lch chit chut tng i = 1%, chit sut li n1 = 1.5. s
mode sng truyn c trong si quang ti bc sng = 1.3 m l N = 1100. Tnh ng
knh li si 2a.
81
Chng 2: Si Quang
2.8 Cho t s bng s gia cng sut ng vo v ng ra trn 1 km l 2.5. Tnh cng sut quang
trung bnh thu c trn tuyn quang di 5 km nu cng sut quang trung bnh pht vo si
quang l 1mW (gi s tuyn khng c b kt ni hoc connector).
2.9 Cho si quang di L= 8 km. Cng sut a vo si quang l Pin=120 W, cng sut quang
ng ra l Pout=3 W. Tnh:
a) Suy hao ton trnh A (dB) ca si quang. Gi s khng c connector hoc mi ni no.
b) H s suy hao ca si quang (dB/km).
c) Cng dng si quang tng t nh trn nhng chiu di l L=10km v c mi ni trn
mi km vi suy hao mi ni l 1 dB. Tnh suy hao ton trnh trong trng hp ny.
d) T s Pin/Pout bng s ca cu (c ).
2.10 Cho cng sut quang trung bnh pht vo tuyn cp si quang l 1.5 mW v si quang c
suy hao 0.5 dB/km. Tnh chiu di ti a ca tuyn m khng cn phi s dng trm lp (gii
s cc connector khng c suy hao) khi mc cng sut trung bnh ti thiu cn c ti b tch
quang l 2 W.
2.11 Cho mt tuyn cp si quang di 15 km c suy hao 1.5 dB/km. Si quang c kt ni
trn tng kilometre bng cc connector c suy hao 0.8 dB/connector. Tnh cng sut trung
bnh ti thiu cn phi pht vo si quang duy tr mc cng sut quang trung bnh ti b
tch quang l 0.3 W.
2.12 Cho si quang silica, c h s nn ng nhit ti nhit TF=1400K l c=7x10-11m2/N.
Chit sut n=1.46, h s quang n hi p=0.286. Xc nh h s suy hao (dB/km) ti cc
bc sng =0.65 m, 1 m, 1.3 m. Hng s Boltzman K=1.381x10-23 J/K.
2.13 Cho si quang li thy tinh K2o-SiO2 c suy hao do tn x Rayleigh = 0.46 dB/km ti
bc sng = 1m. Thy tinh c h s nn ng nhit c=8.4x10-11m2/N ti nhit TF = 758
K, v h s quang n hi p = 0.245. Tnh chit sut ca li si n1.
2.14 Cho si quang n mode SI c chit sut li l n1 = 1.49 c bn knh un cong ti hn
bng 2 mm khi c pht quang bng nh sng c bc sng = 1.30 m. Tnh lch chit
sut tng i nu bc sng ct ca si quang l c = 1.15 m.
2.15 Cho hai si quang c cc tham s sau:
a) Si a mode c chit sut li n1 = 1.5, lch chit sut tng i = 3% v hot ng
bc sng = 0.82 m.
b) Si n mode c ng knh li 2a = 8 m, chit sut li n1 = 1.5, lch chit sut tng
i = 0.3% v hot ng bc sng = 1.55 m.
Tnh bn knh un cong Rc cho php trong hai trng hp ny.
2.16 Cho si quang a mode, chit sut nhy bc c dn xung tng cng trn L=15 km l Dt
= 0.1m.Tnh
a) Di thng ti a c th trn tuyn quang ny khng c giao thoa gia cc k t.
b) tn sc dt (ns/km).
c) Tch di thng chiu di BoptL
82
Chng 2: Si Quang
d 2 n1
2.17 Mt si thy tinh c tn sc cht liu c cho bi: 2 =0,025. Hy xc nh h
d 2
so tn sc vt liu M bc sng = 0,85 m, v tnh tri rng xung hiu dng trn mi
Km m khi ngun quang LED pht ra bc sng 850 nm c rng ph hiu dng =
20nm.
2.18 Tnh tri rng xung hiu dng trn mi km m trong bi tp 2.10 khi ngun quang
c s dng l ngun lsaer c rng ph tng i / = 0.0012 ti bc sng 0.85 m.
2.19 Mt tuyn quang 6Km dng si a mode SI, li c chit sut n1 bng 1,5, chnh lch
chit sut tng i = 1%. Hy xc nh:
a) Thi gian chnh lch gia mode nhanh nht v mode chm nht Tmode (SI).
b) tri rng xung hiu dng do tn sc mode trn tuyn mode(SI).
c) Tc bit cc i c th t c, gi s ch c tn sc mode BT(max).
d) Tch di thng vi chiu di cu (c) BoptxL.
2.20 Hy so snh tri rng xung hiu dng trn mi Km do tn sc mode ca si a mode
chit sut nhy bc trong trong bi tp 2.12 vi si a mode chit sut gim dn c phn b
chit sut ti u c cng chit sut li n1 v .
2.21 Cho si quang a mode chit sut bc c khu s NA = 0.3, chit sut li n1 = 1.45. H
s tn sc vt liu M = 250 ps.nm/km. B qua tn sc ng dn sng. Tnh :
a) tri rng xung hiu dng tng cng t nu s dng ngun LED c rng ph hiu dng
= 50 nm.
b) Tch di thng tng ng vi di BoptxL
2.22 Cho si quang a mode chit sut bc c tri rng xung tng cng l 95 ns trn chiu
di 5 km. Tnh tch di thng chiu di nu m NRZ c s dng.
2.23 Cho si n mode c tch di thng chiu di bng 10 GHz.km. Tnh tri rng xung
hiu dng trn tuyn quang di 40 km khng c cc trm lp, v s dng m RZ.
2.24 Cho si n mode chit sut bc vi chit sut li n1 = 1.49 c bn knh un cong cho
php Rc = 2mm khi c pht sng bc sng = 1.30 m. Tnh chnh lch chit sut
tng i nu bc sng ct c = 1.15m.
2.25 Mt tuyn cp si quang di 8 km khng c trm lp s dng si quang a mode chit
sut bc c tch di thng chiu di bng 400 MHz.km. Tnh :
a) tri rng xung tng cng trn ton tuyn ;
b) tri rng xung tng cng hiu dng trn tan tuyn .
83
Chng 2: Si Quang
84
Chng 3 B pht quang
Eph = hf (3.1)
Ni = N0 e [ Ei / kBT ] (3.3)
Nng lng E
exp(-Ei/kBT)
Ei
E0
Ni N0 Mt in t
90
Chng 3 B pht quang
nng lng bn vng ca in t. Cc in t khi cc trng thi nng lng kch thch lun c
xu hng chuyn v cc trng thi nng lng thp hn sau mt khong thi gian duy tr trng
thi kch thch. Khong thi gian ny c gi l thi gian sng (lifetime) ca in t. Thi gian
sng thay i ty theo loi vt cht, thng thng trong khong vi nano giy n vi micro giy.
Khi in t chuyn t trng thi nng lng cao xung trng thi nng lng thp hn,
theo nh lut bo tan nng lng, n s gii phng mt phn nng lng bng ng chnh
lch gia hai mc nng lng. Nng lng c gii ta ny c th di dng nhit hoc nh
sng. Qu trnh ny din ra t nhin v ngu nhin v y l bn cht t nhin ca vt cht.
E2 E2 E2
hf hf
hf
E1 E1 E1 hf (cng
h )
a. Hp th b. Pht x t pht c. Pht x kch thch
(Absorption) (Spontaneous emission) (Stimulated emission)
Hnh 3.4. Cc hin tng bin i quang in (a). Hp th (b). Pht x t pht
(c). Pht x kch thch
91
Chng 3 B pht quang
sng do hin tng pht x t pht to ra mt cch ngu nhin theo thi gian v khng gian. Do
, pha, tn s, hng truyn cng nh phn cc ca sng nh sng c to ra cng ngu nhin.
V vy, nh sng do hin tng pht x t pht to ra khng c tnh kt hp.
Hnh 3.5 minh ho cc trng thi thay i nng lng ca in t khi xy ra 3 hin tng
bin i quang in nu trn.
Hnh 3.5 Minh ho cc trng thi chuyn i nng lng gia in t v photon [2]
Cc linh kin bin i quang in dng trong thng tin quang s da vo mt trong cc
hin tng ny thc hin qu trnh bin i quang in theo chc nng ca tng loi linh kin.
V d nh:
- Pht x kch thch l nguyn l bin i tn hiu in thnh tn hiu quang xy ra trong
Laser (Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation). Hin tng ny cng
l nguyn l khuch i tn hiu nh sng xy ra trong cc b khuch i quang (Optical
Amplifier). nh sng uc to ra sau Laser cng nh cc b khuch i quang c tnh
kt hp.
Lu rng, trong t nhin, c ba hin tng ny xy ra ng thi vi nhau. Qu trnh hp
th nng lng photon (hin tng hp th) v pht x photon (hin tng pht x t pht v pht
x kch thch) cn bng vi nhau trong iu kin cn bng v nhit (Khi , phn b in t cc
mc nng lng khc nhau l n nh theo phn b Boltzmann). Ty theo mc ch ng dng ca
tng loi kin quang in, mt trong cc hin tng ny s c tp trung, lm tng kh nng xy
ra di cc iu kin nh hng bn ngoi nhm t c hiu sut cao nht. Chi tit v cc iu
kin ny s c phn tch c th trong phn trnh by cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca cc
linh kin bin i quang in.
92
Chng 3 B pht quang
Vu
ng dan
(Conduction band)
Di cm nng lng
(Energy band gap)
Vung hoatr
(Valence band)
93
Chng 3 B pht quang
- Pht ra nh sng c bc sng ph hp vi vng bc sng m si quang c suy hao
thp v tn sc thp, ng thi linh kin thu quang hot ng hiu qu ti cc bc
sng ny.
Loi ngun quang c s dng trong thng tin quang l cc loi ngun quang bn dn v
c th p ng c cc yu cu trn. V vy, cu to cng nh nguyn l hot ng ca ngun
quang (cng nh linh kin thu quang) c trnh by trong phn ny l cc ngun quang bn dn.
Tuy nhin, khng phi cht bn dn no cng c s dng ch to ngun quang trong
thng tin quang. c th c s dng trong thng tin quang, cc cht bn dn cn phi c di
cm nng lng trc tip [3] v rng ca di cm nng lng ph hp sao cho c th to ra
nh sng c bc sng nm trong vng bc sng hot ng ca thng tin quang.
Khi xy ra qu trnh pht x nh sng, nng lng ca photon pht x bng vi chnh
lch nng lng ca in t khi vng dn v vng ha tr. Do , nng lng ca photon:
= h.c/Eg (3.5)
Do mi loi vt liu khc nhau s c phn b cc vng nng lng khc nhau nn c th
ni rng bc sng ca nh sng do ngun quang pht ra ch ph thuc vo vt liu ch to ngun
quang.
Trong thng tin quang, nh sng ch c s dng ti 3 ca s bc sng 850nm, 1300nm
v 1550nm nn vt liu bn dn c s dng ch to ngun quang phi c di cm nng
lng gia vng dn v vng ha tr ph hp vi cc ca s bc sng hot ng ny.
94
Chng 3 B pht quang
Hnh 3.7. (a). Di cm nng lng trc tip (b). Di cm nng lng gin tip [3]
Hnh 3.7. biu din mi quan h gia nng lng v ng lng (hay vector sng) ca
in t ti vng dn v vng ha tr ca hai loi bn dn c di cm trc tip (hnh 3.7.a) v di
cm gin tip (hnh 3.7.b). Qua cho thy,
95
Chng 3 B pht quang
Thc t cho thy rng, cc bn dn thng thng thuc nhm IV nh Si, Ge, khng
tha hai iu kin trn. Vt liu bn dn c dng ch to ngun quang trong thng tin quang
c to ra bng cch kt hp cc vt liu nhm III (Ga, Al, ) v nhm V (As, P, In, ) nh
GaP, GaAsP, AlGaAs, GaAs, InP, InGaAsP
InGaAsP
GaAs/InP
AlGaAs
GaAsP
GaAs
Hnh 3.8. Bc sng nh sng pht x ca mt s loi bn dn nhm III kt hp vi nhm V [6]
Hnh 3.8 cho thy: to ra ngun quang c bc sng 850nm ngi ta s dng bn dn
AlGaAs, GaAs hay InP. Bn dn InGaAsP c s dng ch to ngun quang pht ra nh sng
ti ca s bc sng 1300nm v 1550nm. Gi tr ca bc sng c thay i bng cch thay i
t l gia cc cht kt hp trong bn dn ny In1-xGaxAs1-yPy.
I V -
+
Vung hie
m
p (Depletion region) n
- +
Pha
t xatpha
t - +
- + V>V D
- +
+ - -
- + -
- +
- +
- +
photon - +
- - +
+
- VD +
Ec -
+ Lotro
ng
Eg = Ec - Ev Eph = h E
- ie
n t
Ev +
96
Chng 3 B pht quang
Lu rng: p l cht bn dn c tha l trng (mang in tch dng), n l cht bn dn
c tha in t (mang in tch m) nhng c hai cht bn dn ny u trung ha v in
Cng sut pht quang (nng lng nh sng trn mt n v thi gian) ca LED c th
c xc nh theo s photon pht x nh sau:
P = [(int.Eph)/e].I (3.9)
Trong cng thc trn, Eph c n v l (J). Nu Eph c tnh bng n v (eV), th cng
sut pht quang:
97
Chng 3 B pht quang
P(mW) = [(int.Eph(eV)].I(mA) (3.9)
P(mW)
10
I(mA)
0
100 200
98
Chng 3 B pht quang
E
Vu
ng dan
(Conduction band)
1 2 3 4
Vung hoatr
(Valence band)
Hnh 3.11. Ngun quang bn dn pht ra nh sng trong mt khong bc sng [1]
Cng sut
chun ha
1
0.5
p (nm)
Trong 4 loi LED ny, LED planar v LED dome khng c s dng trong thng tin
quang v cho d c cu to n gin (xem hnh 3.13 v 3.14) nhng hai loi LED ny c vng
pht quang rng, nh sng pht ra khng c tnh nh hng c th ghp nh sng vo trong
si quang mt cch hiu qu. Thay vo , hai loi LED ny c s dng trong cc ng dng
hin th, quang bo trong cc thit b in t, TV, n bng hiu
99
Chng 3 B pht quang
nh sng pht x
bn dn p
in cc
tip xc
bn dn n
nh sng pht x
in cc tip xc
LED pht x mt SLED (Surface LED) l loi LED c nh sng c pht ra pha mt
ca LED. Hnh 3.15 minh ho mt loi SLED, c gi l LED Burrus do cu trc ca LED c
ch to u tin bi Burrus v Dawson [3]. Trong cu trc ny, vng pht x nh sng (vng pht
quang) ca LED c gii hn trong mt vng hp bng cch s dng mt lp cch in hn
ch vng dn in ca tip xc P. Do , ti vng tch cc ca LED c mt dng in cao dn
n hiu sut pht quang ln. nh sng ca SLED c a vo trong si quang ti pha mt tip
xc N. Ti y, tip xc N v lp nn N c ct b i mt phn c kch thc tng ng vi si
quang. Bng cch ny s hn ch c s hp th photon trong lp N v tng hiu sut ghp nh
sng vo trong si quang. Tuy nhin, vn c mt phn ln nng lng nh sng c pht ra
ngoi vng t si quang. Do , hiu sut ghp nh sng vo si quang ca SLED khng cao,
thp hn so vi ELED.
100
Chng 3 B pht quang
LED pht x cnh ELED (Edge LED) l loi LED c nh sng pha cnh ca LED (hnh
3.16). Trong cu trc ny, cc in cc tip xc (bng kim loi) ph kn mt trn v y ca LED.
nh sng pht ra trong lp tch cc (active layer) rt mng. Lp tch cc ny c lm bng cht
bn dn c chit sut ln c kp gia bi hai lp bn dn P v N c chit sut nh hn. Cu
trc ny hnh thnh mt ng dn sng trong ELED. Do vy, nh sng pht ra lp tch cc c
gi li v lan truyn dc theo trong ng dn sng ny. Kt qu l, nh sng c pht ra hai u
ng dn sng, tc l pht x pha cnh ca LED. Si quang s c t mt u ca lp tch
cc ghp nh sng vo. Vi c im cu trc nh vy, ELED c vng pht sng hp v gc
pht quang nh. Do , hiu sut ghp nh sng vo si quang ln hn so vi SLED.
- nh sng ca laser pht ra pha cnh, ging nh LED pht x cnh (ELED)
- hai u lp tch cc l hai lp phn x vi h s phn x R <1. Cu trc ny to
thnh hc cng hng Fabry-Perot. nh sng c to ra v phn x qua li trong hc
cng hng ny. Loi laser c cu trc hc cng hng Fabry-Perot ny c gi l
laser Fabry-Perot (hnh 3.17)
- Anh sng c a ra ngoi qua mt phn c ct nhn ca mt mt phn x
101
Chng 3 B pht quang
- Hin tng pht x kch thch: to ra s khuch i nh sng trong Laser. Khi xy ra
hin tng pht x kch thch, photon nh sng kch thch in t vng dn to ra mt
photon th hai. Hai photon ny tip tc qu trnh pht x kch thch to ra nhiu
photon hn na theo cp s nhn. Cc photon ny c to ra c tnh kt hp (cng tn
s, cng pha, cng hng v cng phn cc). Nh vy, nh sng kt hp c khuch
i..
- Hin tng cng hng ca sng nh khi lan truyn trong laser: qu trnh chn lc tn
s (hay bc sng) nh sng. Theo , ch nhng sng nh sng c tn s (hay bc
sng) tha iu kin v pha ca hc cng hng th mi c th lan truyn v cng
hng trong hc cng hng c. Nh vy, s sng nh sng (c bc sng khc
nhau) do laser Fabry-Perot pht x b gii hn, lm gim rng ph laser so vi LED.
3.3.2- Hc cng hng Fabry-Perot
Hc cng hng Fabry-Perot c to ra bng cch mi bng v song song hai cnh ca
lp tch cc to thnh hai gng phn x c h s phn x R1 v R2 (<100%) (hnh 3.17.a). Hc
cng hng quang ny, ging nh mt b dao ng hn l mt b khuch i do qu trnh hi
tip dng xy ra khi sng nh sng phn x qua li gia hai mt phn x t hai u hc cng
hng. Khi tn hiu quang c phn x nhiu ln, khuch i quang xy ra trong hc cng
hng.
a) Ho
c co
ng hng b) Kho
ng cong hng c) Co
ng h
ng
Fabry-Perot
102
Chng 3 B pht quang
Mt sng nh sng pht x trong lp tch cc c th tn ti v c khuch i trong hc
cng hng khi tha iu kin v pha ca sng nh sng. Khi , sng nh sng phi hnh thnh
nn sng ng gia hai mt phn x ca hc cng hng (hnh 3.18.c). Hay ni cch khc l xy
ra cng hng ca sng nh sng. Cc sng ng ny ch tn ti ti cc tn s m khong cch
gia hai mt phn x bng bi s ca na bc sng [3]:
L = q.(2n/) (3.10)
= q.(2n/L) (3.11)
= 2n/L (3.12)
Lp pha
n x Lp pha
n x
cohesopha
n xaR2 cohesopha
n xaR1
L
p tch cc (active layer)
R1 (1-R1)P(2L) R2R1P(2L)
Hnh 3.19. Cng sut ca nh sng khi lan truyn v phn x qua li trong hc cng
hng Fabry-Perot
Trong qu trnh lan truyn trong hc cng hng, nng lng ca sng nh sng chu
nhng nh hng nh sau:
- Suy hao xy ra trong hc cng hng do hin tng hp th photon, hin tng tn x
nh sng, c biu din bi h s suy hao
- li trong hc cng hng do hin tng pht x kch thch, c biu din bi h
s khuch i g
- Suy hao xy ra ti hai mt phn x c h s phn x R1 v R2 (R1, R2 <1)
Nu gi P(0) l cng sut ca nh sng ti mt phn x R1 th cng sut thu c sau khi
lan truyn c mt chu k trong hc cng hng (lan truyn dc theo hc cng hng, phn x
ti mt phn x R2, truyn ngc v v phn x ti mt phn x R1) l:
103
Chng 3 B pht quang
P(0) = R1.R2.P(2L) = P(0).R1.R2.e(g-).2L (3.13)
R1.R2.e(g-).2L 1 (3.15)
g + (1/2L).ln(1/R1.R2) (3.16)
Nh vy, iu kin nh sng c khuch i trong qu trnh lan truyn v phn x qua
li gia hai hc cng hng l li do pht x kch thch phi ln hn so vi suy hao do hp
th. iu ny c ngha l, s photon c to ra do pht x kch thch (v pht x t pht) phi
nhiu hn s photon b hp th:
104
Chng 3 B pht quang
Da
i thong
ieu che
ac tuyen khuech ai
0
dn J n
= Dns (3.18)
dt ed sp
ds n s
= Dns + (3.19)
dt sp ph
Phng trnh (3.18) cho thy nhng yu t nh hng n mt in t trong vng tch
cc ca laser nh sau:
105
Chng 3 B pht quang
pht, biu din bng biu thc (n/sp) vi sp l thi gian sng ca in t (khi xy ra
hin tng pht x t pht) v hin tng pht x kch thch, c biu din bng biu
thc (Dns) vi D l hng s biu din cho kh nng pht x kch thch, cng nh li
khuch i g, trong laser.
D = vg/n = (c/nri).g/n (3.20)
Qua cho thy, kh nng pht x kch thch (to ra li trong laser) trong laser ph
thuc vo loi bn dn, mt in t v photon trong vng tch cc.
Phng trnh (3.19) cho thy nhng yu t nh hng n mt photon trong vng tch
cc ca laser nh sau:
- Mt photon trng thi pht x laser (lasing mode) tng khi c nhiu photon pht x
do hin tng pht x kch thch. Qu trnh nay biu din bi biu thc (Dns).
- Mt photon cng ln mt lng nh do hin tng pht x t pht. Qu trnh nay
biu din bi biu thc (n/sp). Trong h s rt nh cho thy rng c rt t photon
pht x t pht di chuyn cng hng vi cc photon pht x kch thch trong vng tch
cc.
Ti trng thi ngung, ta c dn/dt=0 v ds/dt=0, J=Jth, n=nth, s0. H phng trnh tc
c th c vit li nh sau:
106
Chng 3 B pht quang
Jth/(ed) = (vgth)/(Dsp) = (v)/(Dsp) (3.25)
Vi l h s giam (confinement factor) ca laser biu din cho vic cc photon c giam gi
trong vng tch cc (lm tng hiu sut pht x kch thch). ph thuc vo cu trc ca laser.
l h s suy hao ca vt liu bn dn.
Ta thy, trong phng trnh (3.26) trn, Jth ph thuc vo chiu di ca vng tch cc d,
vn tc truyn nh sng trong hc cng hng v=c/nri, h s giam , h s pht x kch thch D,
thi gian sng ca in t sp l cc h s ph thuc vo vt liu bn dn, cu to v cu trc ca
laser. Do , mt dng in ngng c th c xc nh bng cng thc n gin sau:
Vi lu trn, mi quan h gia dng in kch thch v cng sut pht quang trng thi
tnh khi I>Ith c th c xc nh t cc phng trnh tc vi dn/dt=0. Kt qu l [1]:
n = n0 + n(t) (3.29)
s = s0 + s(t) (3.30)
Khi , phng trnh tc tr thnh phng trnh vi phn bc hai biu din dao ng tt
dn ca n(t) [1]:
107
Chng 3 B pht quang
vi = Dn0 + 1/sp l h s tt dn ca laser, r = D.(nth.s0)1/2 l tn s dao ng tt dn, nth l mt
in t ti mc ngng.
Gii phng trnh vi phn bc hai (3.31), ta c kt qu [1]:
Hnh 3.20 biu din mt in t v mt photon thay i theo thi gian khi dng in
c iu ch dng s ly t cc kt qu ca phng trnh tc . Kt qu cho thy, mt in
t v mt photon thay i nh dao ng tt dn. Do t l vi mt photon, cng sut nh
sng pht x cng c p ng tng t nh vy nhng vi t l khc.
Hin tng thi gian tr v dao ng tt dn trn l khng th trnh khi i vi laser
nhng c th c hn ch bng cch dng dng phn cc DC, Ib. Thi gian tr td oc xc nh
bng cng thc sau [1]:
td = .ln[Ip/(Ip+Ib-Ith)] (3.33)
108
Chng 3 B pht quang
c tnh ng ca laser (phn 3.3.5.3) cho thy rng khi s dng k thut iu ch theo
cng IM, gii hn trn ca tc iu ch ca laser c xc nh bi tn s dao ng tt
dn:
Do s0/n l hiu sut lng t ni, phng trnh (3.34) cho thy rng r ph thuc vo thi
gian sng ca photon v ph thuc vo li (cng nh cng sut) ca laser. Do , phng trnh
(3.34) c th vit li nh sau:
r = (MP)/ph (3.35)
109
Chng 3 B pht quang
Phng trnh (3.35) cho thy rng, tn s iu ch cng cao khi cng sut pht quang ca
laser cng ln v thi gian sng ca photon cng ngn.
Nhiu trong laser xy ra khi tn hiu quang pht ra khng n nh v cng sut pht
quang, bc sng pht quang cng nh rng ph khi iu kin hot ng ca laser khng thay
i. Nguyn nhn gy ra nhiu bao gm cc loi sau [3],[1]:
- Dng in phn cc: nhiu gim khi dng in phn cc ln hn dng ngng ca
laser
Hnh 3.22 Nhy mode trong laser n mode v pha bc sng di khi cng sut ng ra tng
110
Chng 3 B pht quang
S phn x ca nh sng vo ngun quang do nh sng phn x ngc v ti cc
connector, mi hn hay do tn x Rayleigh xy ra trong si quang Khi , nh sng phn x s
c khuch i trong vng tch cc v pht x ra ngoi laser cng vi tn hiu quang, gy ra
nhiu. Do vy, suy hao phn hi (return loss) l mt thng s quan trng trong si quang v c th
nh hng cht lng ca tuyn quang. khc phc loi nhiu ny, ngi ta thng dng cc
b cch ly quang (optical isolator)
Nhiu thnh phn (partition noise) trong cc ngun quang a mode xy ra khi cc mode
c pht ra khng n nh. S thay i ca nhit lm thay i phn b cng sut gia cc
mode dc (longitudinal mode) (xem hnh 3.23). iu ny lm tng tn sc trn ng truyn.
Cung tng i
P(mW)
LASER
10
SLED
ELED
5
I(mA)
0
I th 100 200
Hnh 3.24. c tuyn P-I ca 3 loi ngun quang: SLED, ELED v Laser.
c tuyn P-I ca 3 loi ngun quang SLED, ELED v Laser trn hnh 3.24 cho thy:
- Laser ch hot ng ch pht x kch thch khi dng in kch thch ln hn dng
in ngng Ith.
- So vi LED, Laser c cng sut pht quang ln hn vi cng mt dng in kch thch
(vi iu kin I>Ith).
111
Chng 3 B pht quang
- SLED c cng sut pht quang ln hn ELED vi cng mt dng in kch thch. Tuy
nhin, iu ny cha quyt nh nh sng truyn trong si quang do loi ngun quang
no pht ra th ln hn v cn ph thuc vo hiu sut ghp quang.
Cng sut nh sng do ngun quang pht ra cc i trc pht v gim dn theo gc hp
vi trc. Gc pht quang c xc nh mc cng sut quang gim mt na (3dB) so vi mc
cc i (hnh 3.25)
SLED
LASER
ELED
Hnh 3.25 cho thy, SLED pht ra nh sng c dng Lambertian, ngha l phn b cng
sut pht quang c dng:
P = P0. cos
Gc pht quang ca ELED ch c dng Lambertian theo hng song song vi lp tch cc
(2=120o). hng vung gc vi lp tch cc, gc pht quang gim i ch cn 30o. Nh vy,
gc pht quang ca ELED nh hn so vi SLED.
112
Chng 3 B pht quang
nh sng laser pht ra khng c dng Lambertian. Thay vo , mt bao gc pht quang
ca Laser c mt nn c y hnh elip vi:
So vi LED, Laser c gc pht quang nh, ng thi cng sut pht quang ln, do mt
nng lng nh sng do laser pht ra ln rt nhiu so vi LED. Nng lng nh sng c tp
trung. V vy, cng nh sng do laser pht ra rt mnh c th gy hi mt. Do , cc cnh
bo nguy him ca nh sng laser phi c thc hin ti cc thit b quang c ngun pht laser.
- Bc sng nh sng
- SLED: 1-5%
- ELED: 5-15%
- Laser: + 60% i vi si quang n mode (SMF)
So snh hiu sut ghp quang gia SLED v ELED, ta thy rng, d SLED c cng sut
pht quang ln hn so vi ELED nhng do hiu sut ghp quang thp nn cng sut nh sng
thc s c ch (cng sut nh sng truyn trong si quang) thp hn so vi ELED.
113
Chng 3 B pht quang
3.4.4. rng ph:
Ngun quang pht ra cng sut cc i bc sng trung tm v gim dn v hai pha.
rng ph l khong bc sng m cng sut quang khng nh hn phn na mc cng sut
nh
Vi c tnh ca mt laser a mode MLM c rng ph t 2-4nm [4], laser Fabry Perot
c s dng trong cc h thng truyn dn quang SDH, s dng si quang SMF (G.652), truyn
ti bc sng 1310nm. Do ti bc sng 1310nm, tn sc sc th n v ca si quang SMF bng
khng nn yu cu v rng ph ca ngun quang khng nghim ngt lm. Tuy nhin, khi
truyn nh sng ti bc sng 1550nm (c suy hao thp nht i vi si quang bng thy tinh) tn
sc sc th ca si SMF kh ln (20ps/nm.km), tn hiu quang pht ra t ngun quang phi n
mode v c rng ph rt hp. Ngoi ra, trong trong cc h thng ghp knh a bc sng
WDM, vi khong cch cc knh 50GHz (ITU G.694) rng ph yu cu i vi mt ngun
quang phi nh hn 0.1nm [1]. Laser Fabry-Perot khng p ng c cc yu cu ny. Do ,
trong cc h thng truyn dn quang c c ly di v dung lng truyn ln hin nay, ngi ta
khng s dng laser Fabry-Perot. Thay vo l cc ngun quang bn dn n mode (SLM
Single Longitudinal Mode) c rng ph nh nh laser hi tip phn b (DFB), laser hc cng
hng ghp
3.4.5. Thi gian ln (rise time):
Thi gian ln l thi gian cng sut quang ng ra ca ngun quang tng t 10% n
90% mc cng sut n nh khi c xung dng in kch thch ngun quang
Co
ng sua
t tng o
i
1
0.9
0.1 t
tr
114
Chng 3 B pht quang
Khi nhit thay i, cht lng ca ngun quang b nh hng. N lm thay i cc tnh
cht ca ngun quang nh bc sng pht quang v cng sut pht quang. nh hng ca nhit
xy nhiu hn vi laser hn l LED.
Bc sng pht quang thay i khi nhit thay i. i vi laser n mode, dch
chuyn mode thay i trong khong 0.05 0.08 nm/oK nh hng ln n h thng truyn dn
quang ghp knh phn chia theo bc sng (WDM) khi cc laser n mode c s dng lm
ngun quang.
Dng ngng ca Laser thay i khi nhit thay i (hnh 3.28). Khi nhit tng, gi
tr ca dng ngng tng. Do , nu dng in phn cc cho laser khng i, khi nhit tng,
cng sut pht quang ca laser gim (theo c tuyn P-I ca laser). Laser c th khng hot ng
c nu dng in cung cp nh hn dng in ngng tng ln do nhit tng.
Nhit tng
Hnh 3.28. Dng in ngng Ith ca laser thay i khi nhit thay i [3]
Trong , T l nhit tuyt i ca linh kin, T0 l h s nhit ngung cho bit nh hng
ca nhit i vi dng ngng. T0 s ph thuc vo cht lng ca laser, cu trc ca laser v
loi vt liu ch to.
i vi laser AlGaAs:
115
Chng 3 B pht quang
Jth (800C)/Jth (200C) = 9,08/6,24 = 1,46
i vi laser InGaAsP:
B = 2..neff (3.38)
Cc photon nh sng do hin tng pht x kch thch to ra trong vng tch cc phn x
nhiu ln ti cch t (khc vi laser FP ch phn x ti hai mt phn x ca hc cng hng). Ti
mi on dc ca cch t, mt phn nng lng nh sng b phn x. Tng hp nng lng nh
sng phn x ti mi on cch t ny trong laser lm cho phn ln nh sng trong laser c
phn x c bc sng tha iu kin Bragg. Kt qu l, laser DFB ch pht x ra nh sng c bc
sng B tha iu kin Bragg (khc vi laser FP c nhiu bc sng nh sng tha iu kin
phn x trong hc cng hng). V vy, DFB laser ch pht ra mt mode sng c rng ph rt
hp so vi laser FP. Vi c im nh vy, laser DFB v ang c s dng trong cc h
thng thng tin quang c c ly truyn dn di v tc bit truyn cao.
116
Chng 3 B pht quang
Hnh 3.29. (a) Cu trc ca laser DFB; (b). Phn x ti cch t Bragg
(c) rng ph ca laser DFB
3.5.2. Laser phn x Bragg phn b DBR (Distributed Bragg Reflector Laser)
Cu to ca laser DBR cng ng dng cu trc cch t Bragg nh laser DFB. Tuy nhin,
trong laser DBR, cch t Bragg khng c t bn cnh, dc theo lp tch cc nh laser DFB.
Thay vo , cch t Bragg c t hai u vng tch cc, ng vai tr nh gng phn x ca
hc cng hng nh trong laser FP. u im ca cu trc ny l ch c mt bc sng tha iu
Bragg mi c th phn x li v cng hng trong vng tch cc thay v nhiu bc sng nh
laser FP. Kt qu l, ph ca laser DBR ch c mt mode sng vi rng ph hp.
Hnh 3.31. (a) Laser hc cng hng ngoi (external cavity laser), (b) h
s phn x ph thuc bc sng, (c) ph ca laser
Hnh 3.32. v 3.33. trnh by cu trc ca 2 loi hc cng hng ghp bao gm: laser hc
cng hng ngoi (external cavity laser) v laser hc cng hng ct (cleaved cavity laser).
S khi b pht quang in hnh c biu din nh hnh 3.34. Theo , mt b pht
quang bao gm: ngun quang, b ghp tn hiu quang, mch iu ch tn hiu v mch iu khin
cng sut. Tt c cc thnh phn trn c ng gi chung thnh b pht quang nh hnh 3.35.
119
Chng 3 B pht quang
- Mt mch pht quang iu bin cng c biu din trn hnh 3.37. Mch pht
quang ny l s kt hp ca mch iu khin (hnh 3.38) v mch iu ch tn hiu
(hnh 3.39). Hot ng ca mch pht quang iu bin cng c th c phn
tch da trn hot ng ca mch iu khin v mch iu ch tn hiu.
120
Chng 3 B pht quang
121
Chng 3 B pht quang
cp cho laser di dng in p hn l dng in. Dng phn cc cho laser c to ra cn phi
rt n nh vi dng in ngng c th truyn tn hiu d liu khng b li. Tuy nhin, gi tr
tng i ca dng phn cc v dng in ngng thay i ph thuc vo nhit nh trnh
by trong phn 3.4.6. Do vy, dng phn cc cn c iu khin bi tn hiu hi tip t cm ng
nhit.
Trong mch kch thch hnh 3.38, in p iu khin, Vbias+, l in p ng vo ca opamp.
Dng in chy qua in tr R ch ph thuc vo in p ng vo m khng ph thuc vo in
tr ti, trong trng hp ny l laser diode. Do , bng cch thay i Vbias, ngi ta c th iu
khin c dng phn cc Ibias.
Khi nhit thay i, vic n nh cng sut quang ng ra ca laser diode c thc
hin bi tn hiu hi tip t photodiode PD. PD ny thu nh sng t laser pht ra v to ra dng
quang in t l vi cng sut pht quang ca laser. V vy, khi cng sut quang ng ra thay i,
do s thay i ca nhit , dng quang in s thay i lm cho dng in phn cc Ibias cng
thay i theo b li nhng thay i trong trong cng sut quang quang ca laser.
Qu trnh iu ch tn hiu trong mch pht iu bin cng c thc hin bng cch
thay i dng in kch thch t mc phn cc n mc cao nht (xem hnh 3.21). Mch iu ch
tn hiu c biu din trn hnh 3.39. Trong , qu trnh iu ch c iu khin bi dng
phn cc qua Laser. Chc nng chnh ca mch l cung cp dng phn cc cc i cho Laser.
- Khng p dng c trong cc h thng thng tin quang i hi cng sut pht quang
ln (>30mW) nh cc mng truyn dn c ly xa hay mng truyn hnh cp v vic
ch to cc mch pht quang iu ch trc tip hot ng n nh khi iu ch tc
cao vi dng in kch thch ln (>100mA) tr nn phc tp v kh khn hn nhiu.
122
Chng 3 B pht quang
3.6.3. B iu ch ngoi
S khi ca k thut iu ch ngai c biu din trn hnh 3.40. Theo , iu ch
tn hiu quang khng thc hin bn trong laser m c thc hin bi mt linh kin quang bn
ngai gi l b iu ch ngai (external modulator). nh sng do laser pht ra di dng sng lin
tc CW (continuous wave). Vi cu trc nh vy, k thut iu ch ngai khc phc c cc
nhc im ca k thut iu ch trc tip:
123
Chng 3 B pht quang
124
Chng 3 B pht quang
CU HI N TP
3.1. Trnh by khi nim v mc nng lng v vng nng lng?
3.2. Trong thng tin quang, qu trnh bin i nh sng thnh dng in uc thc hin da
trn hin tng g?
3.3. nh sng kt hp l g? Loi ngun quang no c th pht ra nh sng kt hp?
3.4. Hin tng pht x kch thch l g? iu kin xy ra hin tng ny?
3.5. rng ph ngun quang l g? rng ph ngun quang nh hng nh th no n
cht lng ca h thng thng tin quang?
3.6. Ti sao nh sng do ngun quang pht ra trong thng tin quang khng phi ti mt bc
sng m trong mt khang bc sng?
3.7. Trnh by cu to v nguyn l hat ng ca LED?
3.8. Trnh by cu to v nguyn l hat ng ca laser Fabry-Perot?
3.9. Ti sao ngun quang bn dn c s dng trong thng tin quang?
3.10. iu kin mt laser c th hat ng c ch pht x laser?
3.11. Trnh by nh hng ca nhit i vi cht lng ca laser?
3.12. So snh cu to v c tnh k thut ca k thut iu ch ngai v iu ch trc tip?
3.13. So snh cu to, nguyn l hat ng v ng dng ca hai b iu ch ngai MZM v
EA?
3.14. Phn tch nhng hn ch ca k thut iu ch trc tip?
3.15. Chirp l g? Nguyn nhn v nh hng ca chirp?
3.16. Lai ngun quang no c rng ph hp nht:
a. SLED b. laser Fabry-Perot
c. laser DFB d. ELED
3.17. Trong hc cng hng Fabry Perot, s hp th (absorption) biu din cho:
a. kh nng bin i quang in b. s suy hao
c. chn lc tn s d. s khuch i
3.18. Hiu sut ghp quang ph thuc vo :
a. Bc sng nh sng b. Khu s ca si quang
c. Gc pht quang d. a,b v c u ng
3.19. Bc sng nh sng do ngun quang pht ra ph thuc vo:
a. Vt liu ch to ngun quang b. Dng in kch thch ngun quang
c. Cu trc ca ngun quang d. a,b v c u ng
3.20. Lai ngun quang no l ngun quang a mode:
a. Laser FP b. Laser DFB
c. Laser hc cng hung ngai d. Laser hc cng hng ghp
125
Chng 3 B pht quang
[2] C.Breck Hitz, Understanding Laser Technology: An Intuitive Introduction to Basic and
Advanced Laser Concept, Second Edition, PennWell Publishing Company, Oklahoma,
1991.
[3] John M.Senior, Optical Fiber Communications Principles and Practice, Prentice Hall,
Hertfordshire, UK, 1993.
[4] Govind P.Agrawal, Fiber-Optic Communications Systems, John Wiley & Sons, Inc,
2002.
[5 ]V Vn San, H Thng Thng Tin Quang, tp 1, Nh Xut Bn Bu in, 2008.
126
Chng 4: B Thu Quang
CHNG 4
B THU QUANG
GII THIU
B thu c chc nng nhn tn hiu quang, chuyn tn hiu quang thnh in, x l v khi
phc dng tn hiu. Trong chng ny s trnh ny cu trc tng qut ca b thu quang s, cc
mch tin khuch i, kho st nhiu trong b thu quang, v nh gi cht lng ca h thng
quang.
4.1 KHI NIM C BN
4.1.1 Nguyn l chung
Cc linh kin thu quang c nhim v n nhn bc x quang (hay nng lng photon) v
chuyn i thnh tn hiu in. Chng c chia thnh hai nhm:
Nhm 1: Nng lng photon u tin c bin i thnh nhit, sau mi bin i nhit
thnh in. Nguyn l ny hu nh khng c ng dng trong vin thng.
Nhm 2: Bin i trc tip t nng photon sang in, c gi l linh kin tch quang
lng t gi tc l linh kin tch sng quang.
Linh kin tch sng quang c chia lm hai loi (theo c ch): hiu ng quang ngoi
(external photoelectric effect) v hiu ng quang ni (internal photoelectric effect).
Hiu ng quang ngoi: ngha l cc in t c phng thch ra khi b mt kim loi
bng cch hp th nng lng t lung photon ti. Photodiode chn khng v n
nhn quang in (photo-multiplier tube) da vo hiu ng ny.
Hiu ng quang ni: l qu trnh to ra cc ht mang in t do (in t v l trng)
t cc mi ni bn dn bng vic hp th cc photon ti. C 3 linh kin s dng hin
tng ny: photodiode mi ni PN, photodiode PIN v photodiode thc l ADP
(Avalanch PhotoDiode). Ngoi ra cn c phototransistor, nhng phototransistor c
thi gian p ng chm nn t c s dng. Nu c ch xut hin trong cc h thng
c c ly ngn v tc chm.
Cc linh kin tch sng quang hot ng theo nguyn tc: mi ni P-N phn cc ngc.
Khi c nng lng photon E = hf chiu vo. Nng lng ny b hp th v mt electron
s vt qua vng cm i t vng ha tr ln vng dn. Electron ny by gi l dng t do. V
li vng ha tr mt l trng cng dng t do. Electron ny s di chuyn xung vng him v
l trng s di chuyn ln vng him. S di chuyn ny gy nn dng chy mch ngoi.
127
Chng 4: B Thu Quang
hf
Iph
soientctaora n e
= = (4.1)
sophotonti np
re
T suy ra: = (4.2)
rp
Ip =
P0 e(1 r )
hf
[
1 e d
0
] (4.3)
e: in tch electron
r: h s phn x Fresnel mt bn dn khng kh
d: rng vng hp th
Tng qut, < 1, v khng phi ton b photon ti c hp th to ra cp electron
l trng. thng c biu din dng phn trm. Tc l nu = 75%, iu ny tng ng vi
75 electron c to ra trn 100 photon ti. Cui cng, hiu sut lng t l mt hm bc sng
ca photon v do khi ni phi km theo bc sng.
4.1.2.2.p ng (Responsivity)
Biu thc hiu sut lng t khng lin quan n nng lng photon. Do p ng R
thng c s dng hn khi biu th c trng ch tiu mt photodetector. p ng c nh
ngha nh sau:
Ip
R= ( A/ W) (4.4)
P0
Ip: dng photon ng ra, n v l Ampere (A)
P0: cng sut quang ti, n v l W
p ng l mt thng s hu ch, n cho bit c trng chuyn i ca detector (tc l
dng photon trn mt n v cng sut ti)
129
Chng 4: B Thu Quang
Ta biu din R theo :
Ta c: Eg = hf
Do tc photon ti rp c xc nh:
P0
rp = (4.5)
hf
P0: cng sut quang ti
hf: nng lng photon
T phng trnh (4.2) suy ra:
re = rp (4.6)
P0
re = (4.7)
hf
Do dng photon ra l:
P0 e
Ip = (4.8)
hf
Do phng trnh (4.4) c vit li:
Ip e
R= = (4.9)
P0 hf
C0
Ta c quan h: f = (4.10)
e
Suy ra: R= (4.11)
hC 0
Hay R= (4.12)
1,24
nu : m th R: A/W
h = 6,62.10-34 Js: hng s Planck
Nhn xt:
T phng trnh (4.9) ta thy R t l vi mt bc sng c th.
130
Chng 4: B Thu Quang
R (A/W)
0,88
Photodiode
l tng
Photodiode
0,44 in hnh
0 (mm)
0,5 1 c
ne 1,2.1011
= = = 0,4
np 3.1011
0,4.0,85
R= = = 0,274( A / W )
1,24 1,24
V d 2
Mt phpotodiode c = 65% khi cc photon c nng lng 1,5.10-19J ti n.
(a) Photodiode ny ang hot ng bc sng no?
(b) Tnh cht quang ti cn thit t c dng photon 2,5 A khi phhotodiode hot
ng iu kin trn.
Gii
(a) Ta c
hC 0
E = hf =
Suy ra
131
Chng 4: B Thu Quang
Vy photodiode ny ang hot ng bc sng = 1,32m.
(b) Ta c
Ip
Mt khc: R =
P0
e 0,65.1,602.10 19
Suy ra: R= = = 0,694 A / W
hf 1,5.10 19
hC 0
t c = (4.15)
Eg
Phng trnh (4.15) cho php tnh ton bc sng di nht ca nh sng cho php cc
detector tch sng quang.
V d 3
GaAs c Eg = 1,43eV 300oK. Hy xc nh c
Gii
hC 0 1,24
c = = = 0,867 m
Eg 1,43
Iph
Popt
Di ng Vng bo ha
Hnh 4.4 Linh kin thu quang hot ng trong vng tuyn tnh ca di ng.
Trong nhng tuyn truyn dn quang c ly gn c th dng thm b suy hao quang
(optical attenuator) gii hn mc cng sut thu quang trong phm vi di ng ca linh kin thu
quang.
a. Nhiu nhit
Nhiu nhit l nhiu gy ra do in tr ti ca diode thu quang cng nh tr khng u
vo ca b tin khuch i.
Nhiu nhit It ph thuc vo nhit , b rng bng nhiu v in tr ti theo cng thc:
4 KT
< I t2 >= .B (4.16)
R
K = 1,38.10-23J/oK: hng s Boltzman
T: nhit tuyt i, oK
B: b rng bng, Hz
R: in tr ti,
133
Chng 4: B Thu Quang
b. Nhiu lng t
Nhiu lng t sinh ra do s bin ng ngu nhin nng lng ca cc photon p vo diode thu
quang. Dng nhiu lng t c xc nh theo biu thc sau:
c. Nhiu dng ti
Khi cha c cng sut quang a ti photodetector nhng vn c mt lng dng in
nh chy trong mch. Dng ny c gi l dng ti. N phn phi n nhiu ton h thng v
cho s dao ng ngu nhin. Nhiu do dng ti c xc nh:
Id: dng ti
e: in tch ca electron.
134
Chng 4: B Thu Quang
Tn hiu
quang vo B tch B tin B
Equalizer
sng quang khuch i khuch i
90%
50%
10%
tr tf t
135
Chng 4: B Thu Quang
Thi gian ht mang in vt khi vng him c chiu di w c xc nh theo biu thc
sau:
w
t = (4.18)
vd
vi vd l vn tc tri ca ht mang in. w cng nh th t cng nh v s cng t b gii hn n
thi gian tri. Ngc li, w nh s lm gii hn hiu sut lng t.
Chng ta xt v d i vi photodiode PIN Si c rng lp I l 20m, vn tc tri ca cc
ht electron l 105m/s. Do , thi gian vt qua vng I l 200ps. Cn nu vt liu ch to PIN
l InGaAs c rng lp I l 5m th thi gian tri l 50ps. Cc gi tr tnh c trn tng ng
vi thi gian chuyn ln ca photodiode.
Bn cnh , in dung ca photodiode cng ng vai tr ng k. Nu din tch ca diode l
A v vng him c rng l w th in dung mi ni l
A
Cd = (4.19)
w
Trong l hng s in mi ca cht bn dn. Trong mch hnh 4.6, tc p ng c
xc nh bi thi hng RC. Do thi gian ln (10%-90%) l
A
t r = 2,19 RLC d = 2,19 RL (4.20)
w
Trong cng thc trn, gim w gim thi gian tri th s lm tng thi gian ln do in
dung. Chng ta c th cn bng hai i lng ny bng cch gim in tr ti RL. Bng thng ca
photodiode c xc nh bi RL v Cd nh sau:
1
B= (4.21)
2RL C d
R rng c c thi gian ln nh, photodiode phi c din tch A nh, rng vng him
w ln v in tr ti RL nh.
V d: Xt mt PIN Si c ng knh 500m v w = 20m. S dng = 10,510-13F/cm. Ta
c
A
Cd = 4 pF
w
Do nu RL = 1000 th tr = 8,8ns. Bng thng s l B = 40MHz. Gim RL = 100 th tr
gim cn 0,88ns v bng thng tng ln n 400MHz.
136
Chng 4: B Thu Quang
mt cp in t -l trng c to ra. S phn cc ngc mi ni P-N to ra mt in trng ln
trn vng him, in trng ny s lm cho cp in t-l trng ny di chuyn ra khi vng him
v ra mch ngoi to thnh dng in. Dng in ny say khi qua in tr ti RL chuyn thnh
in pVout. Tn hiu ny s c qua cc tn tip theo x l.
S lng cp in t-l trng c to ra trong mt giy ph thuc tuyn tnh vi cng
sut trng nh sng ti, do cng dng in mch ngoi t l vi cng sut nh sng ti.
137
Chng 4: B Thu Quang
Trng in E
x
RL
Cu to bn trong ca PIN:
Vt liu.
Silicon l vt liu cho photodetector thng s dng ca s th nht, khng th s dng
trong ca s th hai (v silicon c Eg = 1,1eV; c = 1,1m). Ge v InGaAs c nhiu nhiu hn
silicon nhng chng p ng trong ca s th hai. Bng 4.1 tng kt cc khong hu dng nht
ca cc vt liu PIN diode.
138
Chng 4: B Thu Quang
Vt liu Khong bc sng (m) Bc sng ca p p ng (A/W)
ng (m)
1,0 1,0
0,8 0,8
Si
0,6 0,6
InGaAs
0,4 0,4
0,2 0,2
0 0
0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0 1,2 (m) 0,9 1,1 1,3 1,5 1,7 1,9 (m)
c tuyn V-I.
c tuyn V-I ca photodiode Si c R = 0,5 A/W c v nh hnh 4.10.
ID: dng ti
V d 4
Hy xc nh cng sut nh nht c th pht hin c ca PIN diode, c R = 0,5A/W v ID
=1nA
Gii
Gi s chng ta c th phn bit c s hin din ca cng sut quang khi dng tn hiu to
ra bng vi dng ti.
Do : P = Ip /R = 2nA
Hnh 4.13 (a) Mch phn cc n gin cho PIN. (b) th phn tch mch
p ng ra c xc nh:
V = R.P.RL (4.22)
Chng ta c th cho diode hot ng cng sut cao hn v tng di ng ca b thu bng cch
tng gi tr tr ti.
V d 4.1:
Cho RL = 10K. Gi s Vs = 20V. Bin dng cc i l VS/VL = 20/104 = 2mA. Cng
sut ng ra cc i tng ng vi dng cc i ny l:
VS
Pmax = (v i = RP) (4.23)
RL PL
140
Chng 4: B Thu Quang
Khi RL thay i th Pmax thay i, do di ng ph thuc vo RL.
C mt mch c th c di ng rng hn khng ph thuc vo tr ti.
id
Rf
id
VS A
Vd = -idRf
P+ P N+
VS R V0
141
Chng 4: B Thu Quang
1
M= (4.24)
1 (vd / VBR ) n
MeP0 MeP0
Ip = = (4.25)
hf hC 0
: h sut lng t khi M = 1.
T y suy ra:
142
Chng 4: B Thu Quang
Ip Me Me
R= = = (4.26)
P0 hC 0 hf
Gi tr in hnh ca R = 20 80 A/W
143
Chng 4: B Thu Quang
4.3.2 Hiu Sut Lng T
Theo nh ngha hiu sut lng t th i lng ny thng c gi tr nh hn 1. Tuy nhin,
trong APD c c ch thc l, v vy hiu sut lng t ca APD c nhn ln M ln.
PIN ADP
4.3.3 p ng
V c c ch thc l trong APD nn p ng R ca APD rt cao, v cao hn p ng ca
PIN hng trm ln.
PIN ADP
Ip e e I p Me Me
R= = = R= = =
P0 hC 0 hf P0 hC 0 hf
Gi tr in hnh: Gi tr in hnh:
R = 0,5 0,7 A/W R = 20 80 A/W
4.3.4 Di ng
Di ng ca ADP rng hn PIN. C th: on tuyn tnh ca ADP c mc cng sut
quang thay i t vi phn nW n vi W (tc di ng thay i vi h s >1000), cn PIN c
di ng vi h s 100.
4.3.5 Dng Ti.
Dng ti l nhiu do linh kin kin tch sng quang to ra. Do APD c c ch nhn thc l nn
dng ti ca APD cng c nhn ln. V vy dng nhiu ca APD ln hn so vi PIN rt nhiu.
PIN ADP
Id c i t vi phn nA Id ln hn
nvi trm nA
Si c dng ti nh nht,
InGaAs ln nhn v Ge c
Id max
4.3.6 n nh.
V h s nhn thc l ca APD ph thuc vo nhit v in p phn cc ngc nn n nh
ca APD kn hn PIN rt nhiu.
PIN ADP
t nhy vi nhit H s nhn M thay i
theo nhit v p phn
cc ngc.
144
Chng 4: B Thu Quang
4.3.8 Tm Tt
Bng cc c tnh c bn ca cc photodiode
Vt liu Cu trc tr (ns) (nm) R (A/W) Id (nA) M
145
Chng 4: B Thu Quang
V+
nh sng Photodiode
AMP
Tn hiu ra
V+
nh sng Photodiode
AMP
Tn hiu ra
146
Chng 4: B Thu Quang
Tin khuch i
Ip RL CT
V+
nh sng Photodiode
Tn hiu ra
AMP
147
Chng 4: B Thu Quang
RL
Tin khuch i
Ip CT
Dng ti l dng sinh ra khi khng c nh sng ti, v dng nysinh ra nhiu. Nu gi ID
l gi tr dng ti th nhiu dng ti c xc nh nh sau:
Trong :
IP l dng photon trung bnh, tc l dng in ng ra ca photodiode;
e l in tch ca in t;
B l bng thng ca b thu;
148
Chng 4: B Thu Quang
M l h s nhn thc l ca APD
F(M) l h s nhiu ca APD v c xc nh theo biu thc:
F(M) = Mx (4.30)
X thng c gi tr t 0,3 n 0,5 i vi APD silicon v t 0,7 n 1 i vi APD germanium.
i vi photodiode PIN th M v F(M) bng 1.
4.5.2 Nhiu nhit
Nhiu nhit sinh ra do s chuyn ng ngu nhin ca cc electron, n lun tn ti bt
k nhit xc nh no.
Xt mt in tr c gi tr RL nhit T. Nu gi It l dng nhiu nhit trn in tr RL
ny th gi tr trung bnh bnh phng dng nhiu nhit trong bng thng B l:
4 KTB
< I t2 >= (4.31)
RL
( I p ) 2 = ( RP0 ) 2 M 2 (4.35)
(I p ) 2 ( RP0 ) 2 M 2
SNR = = (4.36)
< I N2 > 2e( I p + I d ) BM 2 F ( M ) + 4 KTFnB / RL
Nu b thu s dng PIN, t s tn hiu trn nhiu s c xc nh theo biu thc sau:
( RP0 ) 2
SNR = (4.37)
2e( I p + I D ) B + 4 KTFnB / RL
149
Chng 4: B Thu Quang
Trong mt s trng hp thc t, nhiu nhit nh hng ch yu n cht lng b thu,
tc nhiu n l rt b so vi nhiu nhit. Lc ny, t s tn hiu trn nhiu, nh hng ch yu do
nhiu nhit, c vit li nh sau:
RL ( RP0 ) 2
SNR = (4.38)
4 KTFnB
Nh vy, SNR thay i theo (P0)2. Chng ta c th ci thin SNR bng cch tng in tr
ti, y l l do ti sao hu ht cc b thu s dng b tin khuch i c tr khng ng vo cao.
nh hng ca nhiu nhit thng c c trng bi i lng c gi l cng sut nhiu
tng ng NEP (Noise Equivalent Power). Cng sut nhiu tng ng c nh ngha l
mc cng sut ti thiu trn mt n v bng thng cn thit to ra SNR =1 v c cho bi
biu thc sau:
P0 4 KTFn
NEP = = (4.39)
B RL R 2
4.5.4. Mt s v d:
a. V d 4.2:
Mt photo diode PIN c s dng trong b thu quang c hiu sut lng t 60% khi
hot ng bc sng 0,9m. Dng ti ca linh kin hot ng iu kin ny l 3nA v in
tr ti l 4k. Cng sut quang ti bc sng hot ng l 200nW v bng thng ca b thu
5MHz. So snh nhiu n sinh ra trong photodiode vi nhiu nhit sinh ra trong in tr 200C.
Gii:
T cng thc (4.8), dng photon c xc nh nh sau:
P0 e P0 e
Ip = =
hf hC
Th s vo:
< I TS
2
>=< I q2 > + < I d2 >= 2eB( I d + I p ) (4.40)
Th s vo (4.37), ta c:
< I TS
2
>= 2 1,6.10 19 5.10 6 (3 + 87,1).10 9 = 1,44.10 19 A2
Gi tr hiu dng (rms) ca dng nhiu n:
< I TS
2
> = 1,44.10 19 A2 = 3,79.10 10 A
Nh vy trong v d ny, dng nhiu nhit rms ln hn dng nhiu n rms v ln hn 12 ln.
b. V d 4.3:
Nu b thu v d 4.2c b khuch i vi h s nhiu 3dB. Xc nh SNR ng ra ca
b thu di cng iu kin nh v d 4.2.
Gii:
T v d 4.2 ta c:
I p = 87,1.10 9 A
< I TS
2
>= 1,44.10 19 A2
I p2 I p2
SNR = =
2e( I p + I D ) B + 4 KTFnB / RL < I TS
2
> +(< I t2 > Fn )
Th s vo, ta c:
(87,1.10 9 ) 2
SNR = 19 17
= 1,87.10 2
1,44.10 + 2,02.10 2
Hay:
SNR(dB) = 10lg(1,87.102) = 22,72 dB
c. V d 4.4:
Mt APD silicon (x = 0,3) c in dung 5 pF, b qua dng ti v hot ng bng thng
50MHz. Dng photon trc khi khuch i l 10-7 A nhit 180C. Xc nh SNR cc i khi
M=1 v M=Mop (gi tr ti u), gi s cc iu kin hot ng khng thay i.
Gii:
Xc nh gi tr cc i ca in tr ti theo phng trnh (4.21):
1 1
RL = = = 635,5
2C d B 2 5.10 12 50.10 6
Khi M = 1:
151
Chng 4: B Thu Quang
T phng trnh (4.36) SNR s l:
(I p ) 2 I p2
SNR = =
< I N2 > 2eBI p + 4 KTB/ RL
V Id =0 v Fn = 1
Nhiu n c gi tr l:
V nhiu nhit c gi tr l:
Do :
10 14
SNR = = 7,91
1,602.10 18 + 1,253.10 15
V SNR(dB) = 8,98 dB
Vy khi M=1 th SNR = 9dB
Khi M = Mop v x = 0,3:
Mop c xc nh t phng trnh :
4 KTFn
M op2+ x = (4.41)
xeRL ( I p + I d )
(I p ) 2 M 2 I p2
SNR = =
< I N2 > 2eBI p M 2 F ( M ) + 4 KTFnB / RL
152
Chng 4: B Thu Quang
tr mu ny dao ng xung quang gi tr I0 i vi bit 0 v gi tr I1 i vi bit 1. Mch quyt nh
bit s so snh gi tr mu I vi gi tr ngng ID, nu I> ID th quyt nh l bit 1 v nu I < ID
th quyt nh l bit 0. Li xy ra nu I < ID trong trng hp bit 1, v li ny l do nhiu tc
ng vo bin tn hiu nhn c. Tng t li cng xy ra nu I > ID trong trng hp bit 0.
C hai ngun li ny c nh ngha bi xc sut li nh sau:
BER = p(1)P(0/1) + p(0)P(1/0) (4.42)
Trong : p(0) v p(1) l xc sut nhn bit 0 v bit 1.
P(0/1) l xc sut quyt nh bit 0 khi nhn bit 1
P(1/0) l xc sut quyt nh bit 1 khi nhn bit 0
Gi s h thng c p(1) = p(0), tc xc sut nhn bit 1 v 0 bng nhau, BER c th vit li nh
sau:
BER = [P(0/1) + P(1/0)] (4.43)
I1 Tn hiu
P (1/0)
ID
P (0/1)
Tn hiu
I0
tD
Thi gian
Xc sut
(a) (b)
Hnh 4.23 (a) tn hiu ti to c b thu; (b) Mt phn b xc sut Gaussian ca bit 1 v 0.
Phn gch cho cho bit xc sut nhn dng sai bit.
Hnh 4.23 (b) cho thy gi tr P(0/1) v P(1/0) ph thuc vo hm mt xc sut p(I) ca
gi tr mu I. Dng hm p(I) ph thuc vo thng k ngun nhiu tc ng ln dng tn hiu.
Nhiu nhit It thng c thng k dng Gaussian c tr trung bnh bng 0 v phng sai 2t.
Thng k ca nhiu n Is cng xp x dng Gaussian i vi photodiode PIN vi phng sai 2s.
V tng hai bin ngu nhin Gaussian cng l bin ngu nhin Gaussian nn gi tr mu I c hm
mt phn b xc sut Gaussian vi phng sai 2 = 2t + 2s. Tuy nhin gi tr trung bnh v
phng sai ca bit 1 v bit 0 l khc nhau v Ip ph thuc vo bit nhn c. Nu gi 20 v 21
ln lc l phng sai dng tn hiu nhn c ng vi bit 0 v bit 1, ta c:
153
Chng 4: B Thu Quang
1
ID
( I I1 ) 2 1 I ID
P (0 / 1) = 2 12
exp dI = erfc 1 (4.44)
1 2 2 2
1
1
(I I 0 ) 2 1 I I0
P (1 / 0) = 2 02
exp dI = erfc D (4.45)
0 2 I D 2 2
0
Trong erfc l hm li b c nh ngha nh sau:
2
erfc( x) = x exp( z
2
)dz (4.46)
Th vo ta c:
1 I ID I I0
+ erfc D
BER = erfc 1 2
(4.47)
4 1 2 0
Nh vy BER ph thuc vo ngng quyt nh ID. Trong thc t ta phi chn ID sao cho
BER l nh nht. BER nh nht khi ID tha mn phng trnh:
( I D I 0 ) 2 ( I1 I D ) 2
= + ln 1 (4.48)
2 0 2 1 0
2 2
n gin, gi s nhiu tc ng ln dng bit 1 v 0 l xp x nhau, tc 0 = 1 = ; gi
tr trung bnh ca bit 0 l I0 = 0; v chn gi tr ngng nm gia dng ca bit 1 v 0, tc ID = I1/2
T (4.47) v th cc gi tr gi s vo ta c:
1 I1
BER = erfc (4.49)
2 2 2
I 12
SNR = (4.50)
2
So snh (4.49) vi (4.50), ta c th biu din t s li bit BER theo t s tn hiu trn nhiu
SNR nh sau:
1 SNR
BER = erfc
(4.51)
2 2 2
Theo biu thc(4.51), t s li bit BER c mi quan h vi t s SNR. Nh vy ng vi
mi gi SNR ca tn hiu u thu chng ta s c c cht lng ca h thng tng ng c
nh gi qua thng s BER. iu ny s c phn tch chi tit mc di y.
4.6.3 Hm xc sut li
Hm xc sut li c nh ngha nh sau:
154
Chng 4: B Thu Quang
1 u2
Q( x) =
2 exp(
x 2
)du (4.52)
1 x
Q( x) = erfc( ) (4.53)
2 2
hay
SNR
BER = Q
(4.55)
2
Gi tr ca hm xc sut li c th xc nh di dng bng hoc th. Hnh 4.28 l dng
th ca hm xc sut li. Ta nhn thy, nu SNR cng cao th t s li bit cng nh, tc h
thng c cht lng cng cao.
BER
100
10-2
10-4
10-6
10-8
10-10
10-12 SNR
9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 (dB)
155
Chng 4: B Thu Quang
0.0 0.5000 0.4960 0.4920 0.4880 0.4840 0.4801 0.4761 0.4721 0.4681 0.4641
0.1 0.4602 0.4562 0.4522 0.4483 0.4443 0.4404 0.4364 0.4325 0.4286 0.4247
0.2 0.4207 0.4168 0.4129 0.4090 0.4052 0.4013 0.3974 0.3936 0.3897 0.3859
0.3 0.3821 0.3783 0.3745 0.3707 0.3669 0.3632 0.3594 0.3557 0.3520 0.3483
0.4 0.3446 0.3409 0.3372 0.3336 0.3300 0.3264 0.3228 0.3192 0.3156 0.3121
0.5 0.3085 0.3050 0.3015 0.2981 0.2946 0.2912 0.2877 0.2843 0.2810 0.2776
0.6 0.2743 0.2709 0.2676 0.2643 0.2611 0.2578 0.2546 0.2514 0.2483 0.2451
0.7 0.2420 0.2389 0.2358 0.2327 0.2296 0.2266 0.2236 0.2206 0.2177 0.2148
0.8 0.2119 0.2090 0.2061 0.2033 0.2005 0.1977 0.1949 0.1922 0.1894 0.1867
0.9 0.1841 0.1814 0.1788 0.1762 0.1736 0.1711 0.1685 0.1660 0.1635 0.1611
1.0 0.1587 0.1562 0.1539 0.1515 0.1492 0.1469 0.1446 0.1423 0.1401 0.1379
1.1 0.1357 0.1335 0.1314 0.1292 0.1271 0.1251 0.1230 0.1210 0.1190 0.1170
1.2 0.1151 0.1131 0.1112 0.1093 0.1075 0.1056 0.1038 0.1020 0.1003 0.0985
1.3 0.0968 0.0951 0.0934 0.0918 0.0901 0.0885 0.0869 0.0853 0.0838 0.0823
1.4 0.0808 0.0793 0.0778 0.0764 0.0749 0.0735 0.0721 0.0708 0.0694 0.0681
1.5 0.0668 0.0655 0.0643 0.0630 0.0618 0.0606 0.0594 0.0582 0.0571 0.0559
1.6 0.0548 0.0537 0.0526 0.0516 0.0505 0.0495 0.0485 0.0475 0.0465 0.0455
1.7 0.0446 0.0436 0.0427 0.0418 0.0409 0.0401 0.0392 0.0384 0.0375 0.0367
1.8 0.0359 0.0351 0.0344 0.0336 0.0329 0.0322 0.0314 0.0307 0.0301 0.0294
1.9 0.0287 0.0281 0.0274 0.0268 0.0262 0.0256 0.0250 0.0244 0.0239 0.0233
2.0 0.0228 0.0222 0.0217 0.0212 0.0207 0.0202 0.0197 0.0192 0.0188 0.0183
2.1 0.0179 0.0174 0.0170 0.0166 0.0162 0.0158 0.0154 0.0150 0.0146 0.0143
2.2 0.0139 0.0136 0.0132 0.0129 0.0125 0.0122 0.0119 0.0116 0.0113 0.0110
2.3 0.0107 0.0104 0.0102 0.0099 0.0096 0.0094 0.0091 0.0089 0.0087 0.0084
2.4 0.0082 0.0080 0.0078 0.0075 0.0073 0.0071 0.0069 0.0068 0.0066 0.0064
2.5 0.0062 0.0060 0.0059 0.0057 0.0055 0.0054 0.0052 0.0051 0.0049 0.0048
2.6 0.0047 0.0045 0.0044 0.0043 0.0041 0.0040 0.0039 0.0038 0.0037 0.0036
2.7 0.0035 0.0034 0.0033 0.0032 0.0031 0.0030 0.0029 0.0028 0.0027 0.0026
2.8 0.0026 0.0025 0.0024 0.0023 0.0023 0.0022 0.0021 0.0021 0.0020 0.0019
2.9 0.0019 0.0018 0.0018 0.0017 0.0016 0.0016 0.0015 0.0015 0.0014 0.0014
3.0 0.0013 0.0013 0.0013 0.0012 0.0012 0.0011 0.0011 0.0011 0.0010 0.0010
3.1 0.9676 0.9354 0.9043 0.8740 0.8447 0.8164 0.7888 0.7622 0.7364 0.7114 *1.0e-03
3.2 0.6871 0.6637 0.6410 0.6190 0.5976 0.5770 0.5571 0.5377 0.5190 0.5009 *1.0e-03
3.3 0.4834 0.4665 0.4501 0.4342 0.4189 0.4041 0.3897 0.3758 0.3624 0.3495 *1.0e-03
3.4 0.3369 0.3248 0.3131 0.3018 0.2909 0.2803 0.2701 0.2602 0.2507 0.2415 *1.0e-03
3.5 0.2326 0.2241 0.2158 0.2078 0.2001 0.1926 0.1854 0.1785 0.1718 0.1653 *1.0e-03
3.6 0.1591 0.1531 0.1473 0.1417 0.1363 0.1311 0.1261 0.1213 0.1166 0.1121 *1.0e-03
3.7 0.1078 0.1036 0.0996 0.0957 0.0920 0.0884 0.0850 0.0816 0.0784 0.0753 *1.0e-03
3.8 0.7235 0.6948 0.6673 0.6407 0.6152 0.5906 0.5669 0.5442 0.5223 0.5012 *1.0e-04
3.9 0.4810 0.4615 0.4427 0.4247 0.4074 0.3908 0.3747 0.3594 0.3446 0.3304 *1.0e-04
4.0 0.3167 0.3036 0.2910 0.2789 0.2673 0.2561 0.2454 0.2351 0.2252 0.2157 *1.0e-04
4.1 0.2066 0.1978 0.1894 0.1814 0.1737 0.1662 0.1591 0.1523 0.1458 0.1395 *1.0e-04
4.2 0.1335 0.1277 0.1222 0.1168 0.1118 0.1069 0.1022 0.0977 0.0934 0.0893 *1.0e-04
4.3 0.8540 0.8163 0.7801 0.7455 0.7124 0.6807 0.6503 0.6212 0.5934 0.5668 *1.0e-05
4.4 0.5413 0.5169 0.4935 0.4712 0.4498 0.4294 0.4098 0.3911 0.3732 0.3561 *1.0e-05
156
Chng 4: B Thu Quang
4.5 0.3398 0.3241 0.3092 0.2949 0.2813 0.2682 0.2558 0.2439 0.2325 0.2216 *1.0e-05
4.6 0.2112 0.2013 0.1919 0.1828 0.1742 0.1660 0.1581 0.1506 0.1434 0.1366 *1.0e-05
4.7 0.1301 0.1239 0.1179 0.1123 0.1069 0.1017 0.0968 0.0921 0.0876 0.0834 *1.0e-05
4.8 0.7933 0.7547 0.7178 0.6827 0.6492 0.6173 0.5869 0.5580 0.5304 0.5042 *1.0e-06
4.9 0.4792 0.4554 0.4327 0.4111 0.3906 0.3711 0.3525 0.3348 0.3179 0.3019 *1.0e-06
5.0 0.2867 0.2722 0.2584 0.2452 0.2328 0.2209 0.2096 0.1989 0.1887 0.1790 *1.0e-06
5.1 0.1698 0.1611 0.1528 0.1449 0.1374 0.1302 0.1235 0.1170 0.1109 0.1051 *1.0e-06
5.2 0.9964 0.9442 0.8946 0.8476 0.8029 0.7605 0.7203 0.6821 0.6459 0.6116 *1.0e-07
5.3 0.5790 0.5481 0.5188 0.4911 0.4647 0.4398 0.4161 0.3937 0.3724 0.3523 *1.0e-07
5.4 0.3332 0.3151 0.2980 0.2818 0.2664 0.2518 0.2381 0.2250 0.2127 0.2010 *1.0e-07
5.5 0.1899 0.1794 0.1695 0.1601 0.1512 0.1428 0.1349 0.1274 0.1203 0.1135 *1.0e-07
5.6 0.1072 0.1012 0.0955 0.0901 0.0850 0.0802 0.0757 0.0714 0.0673 0.0635 *1.0e-07
5.7 0.5990 0.5649 0.5326 0.5022 0.4734 0.4462 0.4206 0.3964 0.3735 0.3519 *1.0e-08
5.8 0.3316 0.3124 0.2942 0.2771 0.2610 0.2458 0.2314 0.2179 0.2051 0.1931 *1.0e-08
5.9 0.1818 0.1711 0.1610 0.1515 0.1425 0.1341 0.1261 0.1186 0.1116 0.1049 *1.0e-08
6.0 0.9866 0.9276 0.8721 0.8198 0.7706 0.7242 0.6806 0.6396 0.6009 0.5646 *1.0e-09
6.1 0.5303 0.4982 0.4679 0.4394 0.4126 0.3874 0.3637 0.3414 0.3205 0.3008 *1.0e-09
6.2 0.2823 0.2649 0.2486 0.2332 0.2188 0.2052 0.1925 0.1805 0.1693 0.1587 *1.0e-09
6.3 0.1488 0.1395 0.1308 0.1226 0.1149 0.1077 0.1009 0.0945 0.0885 0.0829 *1.0e-09
6.4 0.7769 0.7276 0.6814 0.6380 0.5974 0.5593 0.5235 0.4900 0.4586 0.4292 *1.0e-10
6.5 0.4016 0.3758 0.3515 0.3288 0.3076 0.2877 0.2690 0.2516 0.2352 0.2199 *1.0e-10
6.6 0.2056 0.1922 0.1796 0.1678 0.1568 0.1465 0.1369 0.1279 0.1195 0.1116 *1.0e-10
6.7 0.1042 0.0973 0.0909 0.0848 0.0792 0.0739 0.0690 0.0644 0.0601 0.0561 *1.0e-10
6.8 0.5231 0.4880 0.4552 0.4246 0.3960 0.3692 0.3443 0.3210 0.2993 0.2790 *1.0e-11
6.9 0.2600 0.2423 0.2258 0.2104 0.1960 0.1826 0.1701 0.1585 0.1476 0.1374 *1.0e-11
7.0 0.1280 0.1192 0.1109 0.1033 0.0961 0.0895 0.0833 0.0775 0.0721 0.0671 *1.0e-11
7.1 0.6238 0.5802 0.5396 0.5018 0.4667 0.4339 0.4034 0.3750 0.3486 0.3240 *1.0e-12
7.2 0.3011 0.2798 0.2599 0.2415 0.2243 0.2084 0.1935 0.1797 0.1669 0.1550 *1.0e-12
7.3 0.1439 0.1336 0.1240 0.1151 0.1068 0.0991 0.0920 0.0853 0.0791 0.0734 *1.0e-12
7.4 0.6809 0.6315 0.5856 0.5430 0.5034 0.4667 0.4326 0.4010 0.3716 0.3444 *1.0e-13
7.5 0.3191 0.2956 0.2739 0.2537 0.2350 0.2176 0.2015 0.1866 0.1728 0.1600 *1.0e-13
V d 4.5:
Hy xc nh x BER = 10-9.
Gii:
Theo v d ny, y l bi ton bit Q(x) tm gi tr x.
Theo bi, BER = 10-9 tc l Q(x) = 10-9. Ta tm trong bng 4.1 xem no c gi tr
bng hoc gn bng 10-9. Mun vy ta thc hin nh sau: tm ct bn phi (Multi-factor) hng
no c h s bng 1.0e-9. D trn hng tm gi tr bng 1 hoc gn bng 1. Nu d trn cc
dng c h s 1.0e-9 m khng tm ra c gi tr 1 hoc gn bng 1 th chng ta chuyn sang d
trn cc hng c h s 1.0e-8 v tm gi tr 0,1 hoc gn bng 0,1. Chng ta thc hin u ny v
Q(x) = 10-9 = 110-9 = 0,110-8.
Tra bng ta tm c c gi tr 0,9866*1.0e-9.
Vi ny l tng ng vi x = 6.0 + 0.00.
Vy x = 6.
157
Chng 4: B Thu Quang
Ta xt mt v d khc.
V d 4.6:
Hy xc nh x BER = 10-12.
Gii:
BER = 10-12 tc l Q(x) = 10-12. Ta tm trong bng 4.1 xem no c gi tr gn bng 1
ng vi dng c h s (Multi-factor) bng 1.0e-12 hoc no c gi tr gn bng 0,1 ng vi
dng c h s bng 1.0e-11 v Q(x) = 10-12 = 110-12 = 0,110-11.
Tra bng ta thy c gi tr l: 0,1033*1.0e-11.V suy ra: x = 7.0 + 0.03.
Hay x = 7,03.
V d 4.7:
Hy xc nh Q(x) nu x =5.
Gii:
y l bi ton ngc vi v d 4.1 v 4.2, tc l tm Q(x) khi bit x. Vic xc nh
Q(x) d dng hn l tm x.
Theo bi:
x = 5 tc l x = 5.0 + 0.00
T bng 4.1, ta xc nh giao gia hng x = 5.0 v ct x = 0.00 v kt qu c c l
Q(5) = 0,286710-6 (v dng ny c h s (Multi-factor) l 1.0e-6)
I p2 Ip
SNR = = (4.56)
2eBI p 2eB
158
Chng 4: B Thu Quang
zm e
Ip = (4.57)
Th (4.57) vo (4.56) ta c:
zm
SNR = (4.58)
2 B
Suy ra s photon trung bnh cn thit ti b thu s dng PIN t c SNR cho trc
l:
2 B
zm = SNR (4.59)
b. B thu s dng APD
Mt b thu s dng APD tt v c gi tr M (h s nhn thc l) ln th chng ta c th
gi s b thu ch b nh hng bi nhiu lng t. Lc ny SNR ca b thu s dng APD c th
c vit li nh sau:
( MI p ) 2 Ip
SNR = 2
= (4.60)
2eBI p M F ( M ) 2eBF ( M )
vi F(M) c xc nh nh sau:
1
F ( M ) = kM + (2 )(1 k ) (4.61)
M
k c gi l t s tc ion ho sng mang.
Th (4.57) vo (4.60), chng ta c:
zm
SNR = (4.62)
2 BF ( M )
T (4.62) ta s c biu thc xc nh s photon trung bnh cn thit n b thu trong
khong thi gian tch bit 1 khi c SNR ca b thu APD:
2 BF ( M )
zm = SNR (4.63)
Khi tnh ton, tch B thng ly gn bng 0,6 i vi tn hiu c ph dng cosin (hnh 4.25).
Hnh 4.25: (a) Ph dng cosine. (b) Ng ra ca h thng c ph ng ra dng cosine ca 1 xung
ng vo
159
Chng 4: B Thu Quang
Mi quan h gia cng sut vi s photon trung bnh c din gii nh sau:
Nng lng quang E0 c th nhn trc tip t s photon trung bnh cn thit duy tr
BER nh sau:
E 0 = zm hf (4.64)
bit 1 c nhn dng b thu th nng lng ny phi n trong khong thi gian
rng bit . Chng ta gi s h thng c mt bit 1 v bit 0 l bng nhau nn cng sut quang ti
b thu c tnh trn chu k bng rng 2 bit:
E0
P0 = (4.65)
2
Th (4.64) vo(4.65), ta c:
zm hf
P0 = (4.66)
2
Gi BT l tc bit ca h thng, suy ra:
zm hfBT
P0 = (4.67)
2
P0 y chnh l nhy ca my thu. Tmli, xc nh nhy ca my thu, trc tin
chng ta xc nh s photon trung bnh cn thit n b thu quang ng vi SRN cho trc (hoc
BER cho trc). Sau s dng phng trnh (4.67) tnh cng sut quang ti thiu cn thit
ng vi s photon trung bnh trn.
Di y l mt s v d minh ha vic p dng cc cng thc trn.
4.6.5 Mt s v d
a. V d 4.8:
S dng xp x Gaussian hy xc nh t s tn hiu trn nhiu (quang v in) cn thit
duy tr BER = 10-9 trn tuyn si quang s nh phn di nn. Gi s rng ngng quyt nh c
chn gia mc 1 v 0.
Gii:
Theo bi, xc sut li bit l BER = 10-9. T phng trnh (4.55), ta c:
SNR
BER = Q =10-9
2
Tra bng 4.1 (xem theo v d 4.5), ta c kt qu:
SNR
= 6. Suy ra : SNR = 12
2
SNR quang c nh ngha l t s gia dng tn hiu nh vi dng nhiu hiu dng
rms, tc l:
160
Chng 4: B Thu Quang
I1
SNROptical = = SNR = 12 hay 10,8 dB
SNR in c nh ngha theo phng trnh (4.50), do :
I 12
SNRElectrical = = SNR = 144 hay 21,6 dB
2
b. V d 4.9:
Mt APD c s dng tch sng quang trong b thu PCM c thit k truyn tn
hiu di nn c ngng quyt nh nm gia mc 1 v 0. APD c hiu sut lng t 80%, t s
tc ion ho 0,02 v h s nhn thc l 1000. Gi s ph tn hiu c dng cosine. Xc nh s
photon trung bnh phi ti APD c th nhn dng c bit 1 vi t s li bit l 10-9.
Gii
S photon trung bnh phi ti APD c tnh theo cng thc (4.63). Theo biu thc ny chng ta
cn xc nh SNR v F(M).
Trc ht chng ta tnh SNR. SNR c tnh nh v d 4.8. p dng kt qu v d 4.8, t s tn
hiu trn nhiu in cn thit duy tr BER = 10-9 b thu l:
SNR =144 hay 21,6 dB.
K tip chng ta xc nh h s nhiu thc l F(M).
F(M) c tnh theo biu thc (4.61):
1 1
F ( M ) = kM + (2 )(1 k ) = 0,02 100 + ( 2 )(1 0,02) = 3,95
M 100
By gi th s vo biu thc (4.63) tnh s photon trung bnh:
2 BF ( M ) 2 0,6 3,95
zm = SNR = 144 = 864 photon
0,8
(gi s B = 0,6)
Vy s photon trung bnh phi ti APD b thu duy tr BER = 10-9 l 864.
c. V d 4.10:
B thu ca v d 4.9 hot ng bc sng 1 m. Xc nh cng sut quang ti thiu n
b thu ( nhy) h thng c th nhn dng bit 1 vi t s BER = 10-9 tc 10Mbit/s v
140Mbit/s. Gi s h thng s dng m nh phn c t l bit 1 v 0 l bng nhau.
Gii
Theo iu kin trn, cng sut quang cn thit c tnh theo biu thc (4.67):
zm hfBT zm hCBT
P0 = =
2 2
tc 10Mbit/s:
161
Chng 4: B Thu Quang
Trong TS l thi gian chuyn ca ngun quang, TD l thi gian chuyn ca linh kin
tch sng quang, TC l thi gian chuyn tnh theo tn sc sc th, Tn l thi gian chuyn tnh theo
tn sc mode. Tt c u tnh theo n v ns.
Tc bit cc i ca h thng BT thng c nh ngha theo Tsys bng cch kho st
thi gian chuyn trng thi ca b lc RC (hnh 4.25). Vi p ng vo c dng bc thang vi bin
V, p ng ra c dng vout(t) nh sau:
V
C
t t
162
Chng 4: B Thu Quang
H( )
Tn s ( )
-B 0 B
2,2 0,35
tr = = (4.73)
2B B
Kt qu ny c s dng trong trng hp tng qut, nhng hng s s khc cho cc
mch lc khc nhau. Tuy nhin tnh thi gian chuyn trng thi cho h thng thng tin quang,
hng s 0,35 thng c s dng, tc tr = Tsys. Nu b lc l tng th hng s trong phng
trnh (4.73) s l 0,44. Cho d hng s no i na th dng xung ph hp vi mch RC th bng
thng 3dB phi ln tha iu kin B =1, vi l rng xung.
Th iu kin ny vo (4.73), ta c:
Tsys = t r = 0,35 (4.74)
1
BT = B = (4.75)
Th (4.75) vo (4.74) ta c quan h:
0,35
BT (max) = (4.76)
Tsys
163
Chng 4: B Thu Quang
1
BT = B / 2 = (4.77)
2
V tc bit cc i s l :
0,7
BT (max) = (4.78)
Tsys
V d 4.11 :
Mt h thng quang si c thit k hot ng c ly 8Km khng c trm lp. Thi
gian chuyn trng thi ca cc thnh phn ca h thng nh sau :
Ngun quang (LED) : 8 ns
Si quang: tn sc mode: 5 ns/Km
tn sc sc th : 1 ns/Km
B thu quang (PIN) : 6 ns
T cc iu kin trn, hy xc nh tc bit cc i ca h thng khi dng xung l NRZ.
Gii :
Tng thi gian chuyn trng thi ca h thng l:
0,7 0,7
BT (max) = = = 15,2 Mbit / s
Tsys 46,2.10 9
164
Chng 4: B Thu Quang
din biu mt l tng v biu mt i vi tn hiu c nhiu v suy hao. Thi im ly mu
tt nht l ti im mt m to nht.
Khe bit
TM TT
Hai linh kin thng s dng b thu quang l PIN v APD. Mi linh kin u c u
nhc im ca mnh. u im ca PIN l n nh cao, dng ti nh (gy nhiu thp). u
im ca APD l di ng rng, nhy cao, p ng ln. Ty theo mc ch s dng ca h
thng m chng ta s la chn linh kin s dng ph hp. Cc thng s ca b thu cn xem xt l
nhy, dng ti, di ng, in p phn cc, p ng v n nh. i lng nhy l mt
torng cc thng s c nh hng n c ly truyn dn. B thu c nhy cng cao th c ly
truyn dn cng di.
Mt thng s nh gi cht lng h thng truyn dn s l t s li bit BER. H thng
c cht lng tt nu BER thp. i vi h thng truyn dn quang, t s BER thng l 10-9 v
c th t c gi tr BER thp hn, c th t n mc 10-12. T s SNR ca tn hiu n b thu
s quyt nh BER theo quan h:
SNR
BER =
1
erfc = Q SNR
2 2
2 2
H thng quang m chng ta kho st trong mn hc ny l h thng quang IM/DD.
y l h thng iu ch cng v tch sng trc tip. Th hin ca iu ch cng l tn
hiu quang s l tn hiu nh phn c hai trng thi l sng (1) v ti (0) v phn bit hai trng
thi ny, bit 1 c iu ch c cng sut quang ln cn bit 0 c ch vi mc cng sut ti
thiu. Tn hiu c cng sut cng ln th c ly truyn dn cng xa. duy tr h thng quang hot
ng mc t s li bit BER khng i mc no th tn hiu ti b thu cn c mc cng sut
quang ti thiu, c bit vi tn l nhy. Mi h thng quang s hot ng tc bit xc
nh, duy tr BER cho trc th nhy ca b thu s c xc nh theo quan h:
zm hfBT
P0 =
2
Trong zm l s photon trung bnh cn thit phn bit bit 1 u thu.
Hay ni cch khc, nhy ca b thu quang s phi gn lin vi tc hot ng v
cht lng ca h thng.
165
Chng 4: B Thu Quang
CU HI N TP V BI TP
4.1. Photodiode PIN trung bnh to ra 1 cp l trng electron trn 3 photon ti bc sng
0,8m. Gi s tt c cc electron ny u nhu nhn c. Tnh:
(a) Hiu sut lng t ca linh kin;
(b) Nng lng vng cm cc i c th ca PIN;
(c) Dng photon trung bnh ng ra khi thu c cng sut quang 10-7W.
4.2. Mt photodiode p-n c hiu sut lng t 50% bc sng 0,9m. Tnh:
(a) p ng ca linh kin bc sng 0,9m;
(b) Cng sut quang thu c nu dng photon trung bnh l 10-6A.
(c) S photon thu c tng ng vi bc sng ny.
4.3. Khi 800 photon/s ti photodiode PIN ang hot ng bc 1,3m, chng to ra trung
bnh 550 electron/s. Tnh p ng ca linh kin.
4.4. Mt APD c h s nhn thc l l 20 hot ng bc sng 1,5m. Tnh hiu sut lng
t v dng photon ng ra ca APD nu p ng ca linh kin bc sng ny l 0,6A/W
v 1010 photon/s bc sng ny ti linh kin.
4.5. Cho trc cc thng s ca APD. Tnh h s nhn thc l.
Cng sut quang thu c bc sng 1,35m = 0,2 W
Dng photon ng ra (sau khi c li ca c ch nhn thc l) = 4,9 A
Hiu sut lng t bc sng 1,35m = 40%
4.6. Mt APD c hiu sut lng t 45% 0,85W. Khi th nghim pht x bc sng ny,
n to ra dng photon 10A (sau li thc l) vi h s nhn 250. Tnh cng sut quang
thu c ca linh kin. C bao nhiu photon n trong mt giy?
4.7. Mt photodiode silicon c p ng 0,5 A/W bc sng 850nm. Xc nh cng sut
quang ti thiu cn thit ti photodidoe bc sng ny duy tr BER = 10-7, gi s t1n
hiu nh phn l l tng v c tc 35Mbit/s.
4.8. Mt photodiode PIN silicon c hiu sut lng t 65% bc sng 800nm. Xc nh:
(a) dng photon trung bnh khi cng sut quang 5W c bc sng 800nm ti b tch
sng;
(b) dng nhiu lng t hiu dng rms vi bng thng sau b tch sng l 20MHz;
(c) SNR theo dB khi dng photon trung bnh l dng tn hiu.
4.9. Photodiode bi 4.8 c in dung 8pF. Tnh:
(a) in tr ti ti thiu tng ng vi bng thng sau b tch sng l 20MHz;
(b) dng nhiu nhit hiu dng rms trong in tr trn nhit 250C;
(c) SNR (theo dB) khi dng ti ca photodiode l 1 nA.
166
Chng 4: B Thu Quang
4.10. Photodiode bi tp 4.8 v 4.9 c s dng b thu vi b khuch i c h s nhiu
2dB v in dung ng vo l 7pF. Xc nh:
(a) in tr ng vo cc i ca b khuch i duy tr bng thng sau b tch sng l
20MHz (khng c cn bng);
(b) Cng sut quang ti thiu cn thit ti b thu c SNR = 50dB.
4.11. Photodiode germanium c s dng trong b thu quang lm vic bc sng 1550nm
c dng ti 500nA. Khi cng sut quang n bc sng lm vic l 10-6W v p ng
ca linh kin l 0,6 A/W, nhiu n chim u th. Xc nh SNR (theo dB) b thu khi
bng thng sau tch sng l 100MHz.
4.12. Mt APD silicon c hiu sut lng t 95% bc sng 0,9m, c h s nhiu thc l
M0,3 v in dung 2pF. Gi s bng thng sau tch sng (cha cn bng) l 25MHz, dng
ti khng ng k nhit 2900K. Xc nh cng sut quang ti thiu ti APD t
SNR = 23dB.
4.13. Vi linh kin v cc iu kin bi tp 4.12, tnh:
(a) SNR t c khi h s nhn thc l ca APD ch cn mt na gi tr ti u tnh
c;
(b) Cng sut quang cn thit khi phc SNR = 23 dB vi M=0,5Mopt.
4.14. Mt APD germanium (c x =1) hot ng bc sng 1,35m vi p ng 0,45A/W.
Dng ti 200nA nhit hot ng 250K v in dung ca linh kin 3pF. Xc nh
SNR max c th khi cng sut quang ti l 8.10-7W v bng thng sau tch sng khi cha
cn bng l 560MHz.
4.15. Photodiode bi tp 4.14 c s dng b khuch i vi h s nhiu 3dB v in dung ng
vo 3pF. Xc nh gi tr mi SNR khi hot ng di cng iu kin.
4.16. Mt b tch sng quang APD silicon c s dng trong b thu PCM nh phn di nn c
ngng quyt nh nm gia mc 1 v 0. Linh kin c hiu sut lng t 70% v t s tc
ion ho 0,05 v h s nhn thc l khi hot ng l 65. Gi s ph tn hiu c dng
cosine v t l bit 1 v 0 l bng nhau.
(a) Xc nh s photon cn thit b thu nhn dng bit 1 vi BER = 10-10;
(b) Tnh cng sut quang cn thit ti APD khi h thng hot ng bc sng c tc
truyn dn 34Mbit/s;
(c) Gi tr cu (b) s l bao nhiu nu m ng truyn ca h thng l 3B4B.
4.17. Mt photodiode PIN cn 2.104 photon ti b thu nhn dng bit 1 vi BER = 10-9. Linh
kin c hiu sut lng t 65%. Hy xc nh (theo dB) mc vt tri ca tn hiu so vi
nhiu gii hn lng t ca photodiode duy tr BER = 10-9.
4.18. Mt h thng quang s dng LED b pht c cng sut quang trung bnh 300W
bc sng 800nm c ghp vo si quang. Si quang c suy hao trung bnh 4dB/Km
(bao gm c mi ni). B thu APD yu cu 1200 photon ti nhn dng bit 1 vi BER =
10-10. Hy xc nh khong cch truyn dn ln nht (khng s dng trm lp) ca h
thng trong cc trng hp tc hot ng sau:
167
Chng 4: B Thu Quang
(a) 1 Mbit/s;
(b) 1 Gbit/s
Nhn xt kt qu
CU HI TRC NGHIM
4.19. APD so vi PIN c u im g?
a. Tc hot ng chm hn b. nhy cao hn
c. Gi thnh thp hn d. Dng ti nh hn
4.20. Linh kin tch sng quang c nhim v g?
a. Khuch i nh sng b. Bin i tn hiu quang thnh tn hiu in
c. Sa dng tn hiu quang d. Bin i tn hiu in thnh tn hiu quang
4.21. APD thng c s dng trong cc h thng quang no?
a. Tc truyn dn cao v rt cao b. C ly truyn dn ngn
c. H thng cht lng thp d. C a v b u ng
4.22. APD so vi PIN c nhc im g?
a. Tc hot ng chm hn b. Dng ti ln hn
c. Gi thnh thp hn d. nhy thp hn
4.23. Chn p n sai:Yu cu i vi mt linh kin tch sng quang l g?
a. Nhy vi bc sng ca h thng b. nhy cng cao cng tt
c. Di ng cng hp cng tt d. p ng phi nhanh
4.24. PIN c cc thng s sau: cng sut quang thu cc i cho php 20 dBm v di ng 25
dB. Vy PIN ny c nhy bng bao nhiu
a. -25 dBm b. -20 dBm
c. -5 dBm d. -45 dBm
4.25. Hin tng nhn thc l ht mang in xut hin trong cu trc ca linh kin no
a. LED b. LD
c. PIN d. APD
4.26. PIN l linh kin bn dn hot ng theo nguyn l no?
a. Pht x t pht b. Pht x kch thch
c. Hp th photon d. Bc x nhit
168
Chng 4: B Thu Quang
[1] J. M. Senior. Optical Fiber Communications: Principles and Practice. Second edition,
Prentice Hall, 1993.
[2] G. Keiser. Optical Fiber Communications . Third edition, McGraw-Hill, 2000.
[3] J. Gowar. Optical Communication Systems. Second edition, Prentice-Hall, 1993.
[4] G. P. Agrawal. Fiber-Optic Communication Systems. Second edition, John Wiley & Sons,
1997.
[5] Max Ming Kang Liu. Principles and Applications of Optical Communications, 2001.
[6] V Vn San. H thng Thng Tin Quang, tp 1. Nh xut bn Bu in, 7-2003.
[7] John G. Proakis. Digital Communications. Third edition, McGrawHill, 1995.
[8] Herbert Taub, Donald L. Schilling. Principles of Communications Systems. McGraw-Hill,
1986.
[9] Fuqin Xiong. Digital Modulation Techniques. Artech HouseBostonLondon.2000
169
Chng 5: H Thng Thng TinQuang
CHNG 5
Trong cc chng trc, chng ta cp n ba thnh phn chnh ca h thng thng tin
quang si quang, cc b pht quang v cc b thu quang. Trong chng ny, chng ta xem xt
cc yu t lin quan n thit k v cht lng h thng khi ba thnh phn ni trn c gn vi
nhau hnh thnh mt h thng thng tin quang thc t. Phn 5.1 trnh by tng quan v cc
kin trc h thng thng tin quang. Phn hng dn thit k h thng thng tin quang, bao gm
vic xem xt nh hng ca suy hao v tn sc c cp trong phn 5.2. Qu cng sut v qu
thi gian ln cng c gii thiu trong phn 5.2. Phn 5.3 xem xt cc vn lin quan n cht
lng h thng, c bit l s suy gim cht lng khi tn hiu lan truyn qua si quang. Phn
cui ca chng ny s trnh by tng quan v cc loi h thng thng tin quang chng ta c
ci nhn tng qut v h thng.
Hnh 5.1 Cc tuyn im ni im c b suy hao nh k bng cch, (a) s dng cc trm ti to
v (b) s dng khuch i quang. Cc trm lp gm b thu theo sau l b pht.
170
Chng 5: H Thng Thng TinQuang
Hnh 5.1 trnh by hai s thng s dng b suy hao quang. Cc b lp quang in,
cn c gi l trm ti to bi v chng ti to li cc tn hiu quang, duy nht c s dng cho
n nhng nm 1990. Nh trn hnh 5.1 (a) b ti to chng qua l mt cp thu pht tch tn
hiu quang n, khi phc li bit in, ri chuyn i ngc li thnh tn hiu quang bng cch
iu ch mt ngun quang. S tin b trong cng ngh khuch i quang sau lm mt cch
mng trong s pht trin cc h thng thng tin quang [8]-[10]. Cc b khuch i quang c bit
c gi tr cho cc h thng ghp knh phn chia theo bc sng (WDM) bi v chng c th
khuch i nhiu knh ng thi. Cc b khuch i c cp n trong cun sch H thng
thng tin quang Tp 2.
Cc b khuch i quang gii quyt vn suy hao nhng chng li b xung thm nhiu
v lm trm trng thm nh hng ca tn sc v cc hiu ng phi tuyn bi v s suy gim tn
hiu s c tch ly cc tng khuch i. Thc t, cc h thng thng tin quang c khuch
i mt cch nh k thng b gii hn bi tn sc tr khi cc k thut b tn sc c s dng.
Cc b lp quang in khng b nh hng bi vn ny bi v chng ti to li cc lung bit
ban u v do b tr hiu qu tt c cc ngun suy gim tn hiu mt cch t ng. thay th
cho b lp quang in t, b ti to quang phi thc hin ba chc nng tng t ti to
(regeneration), sa dng (reshaping), v nh thi li (retiming) tn hiu (v th cn c gi l b
lp 3R). Mc d c nhng n lc ng k trong vic nghin cu pht trin cc khuc i ton
quang (b khuch i quang), hu ht h thng mt t hin nay s dng mt kt hp hai k thut
trong hnh 5.1 v t mt b ti to quang in sau mt s lng nht nh cc b khuch i
quang. Cho n nm 2000, khong cch b lp 3R trong tm 600-800 km. Cng k t cc h
thng ng cc di c pht trin c th truyn tn hiu quang xa hn 3000 km m khng cn
s dng b lp 3R [12].
Khong cch L gia cc b ti to hoc b khuch i quang (hnh 5.1) thng c
c gi l khong lp (repeater spacing), l mt tham s thit k ch yu bi v gi thnh h
thng gim khi L tng. Tuy nhin, nh tho lun trong mc 2.4, do tn sc khong cch L ph
thuc vo tc bt B. Tch tc bit - khong cch, BL, thng thng c s dng nh l
thc o cht lng ca cc tuyn im ni im. Tch BL ph thuc bc sng hot ng, bi v
c suy hao v tn sc trong si quang iu ph thuc vo bc sng.
5.1.2 Mng qung b v phn b
Nhiu ng dng ca h thng thng tin quang i hi thng tin khng ch c truyn i
m cn phi c phn b n mt nhm thu bao. V d nh phn b mch vng thu bao ca
dch v in thoi v qung b a knh video trn truyn hnh cp. Cc mng phn b c khong
cch truyn l ngn ( < 50km) nhng tc bit c th cao (n 10Gb/s v hn na) [1].
171
Chng 5: H Thng Thng TinQuang
Hnh 5.2: (a) Tp hub v (b) tp bus dnh cho mng phn b.
Hnh 5.2 ch ra hai tp ca mng phn b. Trong trng hp tp hub, phn b knh t v tr
trung tm (hay cc hub), ni m thit b kt ni cho t ng chuyn mch cc knh trong min
in. Nhng mng nh vy c gi l mng th (MAN) bi v cc hub thng c t cc
thnh ph ln [13]. Vai tr ca si quang tng t nh trong trng hp i vi tuyn im ni
im. Bi v bng thng ca si thng thng ln hn yu cu bi mt trm hub ring bit, mt
vi trm c th chia s mt cng mt si quang c xut pht cho hub chnh. Cc mng in
thoi dng m hnh hub phn b cc knh m thanh bn trong thnh ph. Vn cn quan
tm i vi m hnh hub l s gin on cp quang c th nh hng n dch v i vi phn
ln mng. C th s dng cc tuyn ni im ni im b xung ni cc hub quan trng trc tip
vi nhau bo v chng li s c ny.
Trong trng hp tp bus, mt si quang mang tn hiu quang a knh sut c vng dch
v. S phn b c c thc hin bng cch s dng cc ni phn nhnh quang (optical tap),
c tc dng lm trch hng mt phn nh cng sut quang n mi thu bao. Mt ng dng
CATV n gin ca tp bus l vic phn b a knh video trong thnh ph. Vic s dng cc
si quang hc cho php phn b mt s lng ln cc knh (100 hoc hn ) bi v bng thng ln
ca n ln hn rt nhiu so vi cp ng trc.
Mt vn vi tp bus l suy hao tn hiu tng theo hm m vi s lng ni phn
nhnh v gii hn s lng thu bao c phc v bi mt bus quang. Thm ch khi suy hao si
quang c th b qua, cng sut c ni phn nhnh th N c cho bi [1]
172
Chng 5: H Thng Thng TinQuang
Trong PN l cng sut pht, C l phn cng sut c tch ra trn mi ni phn nhnh, v l
suy hao xen, c gi nh l nh nhau ti mi ni phn nhnh. Nu ta ly =0.05, C=0.05,
PT=1mW, v PN =0.1mW nh l gi tr minh ha, N khng c vt qu 60. Mt gii php cho
vn ny l s dng cc b khuch i quang c th lm tng cng sut quang mt cch nh k
v do s cho php phn b n mt s lng ln cc thu bao di cho n khi nh hng ca
tn sc cn c th b qua.
173
Chng 5: H Thng Thng TinQuang
Hnh 5.3 Cu trc mng vng v mng hnh sao trong mng LAN
Hnh 5.3 ch ra tp vng v sao cho cc ng dng mng LAN. Trong tp vng [18] cc
node lin k c kt ni bng cc tuyn im ni im hnh thnh mt vng khp kn. Mi node
c truyn hoc nhn d liu bng cch s dng mt cp my pht-thu, c th hot ng nh mt
trm lp. Mt th (token: mt chui cc bit c nh ngha trc) c truyn quanh vng. Mi
node s gim st lung bit lng nghe a ch ring v nhn d liu. N cng c th truyn bng
cch ni vo mt th rng. Vic s dng cu hnh vng cho mng LAN quang c thng
mi ho vi giao tip c chun ho FDDI [18] dnh cho giao tip d liu c phn phi trn
si quang.
Trong cu hnh sao, tt c cc node c kt ni n node trung tm gi l hub, hay n
gin l hnh sao bng cc lin kt im ni im. Cc mng LAN nh vy tip tc phn loi nh
hn thnh cc mng hnh sao tch cc hay th ng, ph thuc vo node trung tm l thit b tch
cc hay th ng. Trong cu hnh hnh sao tch cc, tt c cc tn hiu quang n u c
chuyn i thnh tn hiu in bng cc b thu quang. Cc tn hiu in sau c phn b
iu khin cc node my pht ring bit. Cc hot ng chuyn mch cng c th c thc hin
node trung tm bi v s phn b xy ra trong min in. Trong cu hnh hnh sao th ng, s
phn b c thc hin trong min quang bng cc thit b nh cc b coupler nh hng. Bi v
ng vo t mt node c phn b n nhiu node ng ra, cng sut c truyn n mi node
ph thuc vo s ngi dng. Ging nh trong trng hp tp bus, s lng ngi dng c
h tr bi mng LAN hnh sao b gii hn bi suy hao phn b. i vi b coupler hnh sao NxN
l tng, cng sut n mi node n gin l PT/N( nu ta b qua suy hao truyn dn) bi v cng
sut pht PT chia u cho N ngi dng. i vi cu hnh hnh sao c hnh thnh t cc b
coupler nh hng, cng sut cn gim hn na do suy hao xen v c th c xc nh nh sau:
Trong l suy hao xen ca mi coupler nh hng. Nu cho =0.05, =1mW, v =1W
minh ha, N c th t n 500. Hy so snh gi tr N ny gi tr N=60 trong trng hp tp
bus (5.1). Gi tr tng i ln ca N lm cho tp hnh sao hp dn i vi cc ng dng mng
LAN. Phn cn li trong chng ny s tp trung n thit k v cht lng cc tuyn im ni
im, phn to nn phn t c bn ca tt c h thng truyn dn bao gm LAN, MANs v cc
mng phn b khc.
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Chng 5: H Thng Thng TinQuang
Hnh 5.4: Suy hao (cc ng lin nt) v tn sc (cc ng khng lin tc) gii hn c ly
truyn dn L l hm ca tc bit v bc sng. [1]
5.2.1 nh hng ca suy hao
Ngoi tr cc tuyn c ly ngn, s suy hao si quang c vai tr quan trng trong thit k
h thng. Xt mt my pht quang l c kh nng pht mt cng sut trung bnh Pt. Nu my thu
c kh nng pht hin tn hiu vi cng sut trung bnh nh nht ti tc bit BT l Pr, khong
cch truyn dn ln nht c gii hn bi:
10 P
L= log10 t (5.3)
af Pr
Trong a f l suy hao trung bnh ca si quang (dB/Km) bao gm c suy hao cc mi hn v cc
cc connector. S ph thuc ca L vo tc bit l do s ph thuc tuyn tnh ca Pr theo tc
bit BT. Ch rng Pr= NphfB trong hf l nng lng photon Np l s lng photon trung bnh
/bit i hi bi my thu, khong cch L gim i theo lgarit khi BT tng ti mt bc sng hot
ng cho trc.
Cc ng lin trn hnh 5.4 ch ra s ph thuc ca L theo BT cho cc sng hot ng
ph bin l 0,85m; 1,3m v 1.55 m vi a f =2,5dB/km ; 0,4dB/km v 0,25 dB/km tng ng.
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Chng 5: H Thng Thng TinQuang
Cng sut pht l Pt =1mW c ba bc sng, trong khi NP=300 ti =0.85 m v Np=500
1,3 v 1,55 m. Gi tr L l nh nht i vi cc h thng th h th nht hot ng bc sng
0,85 m do suy hao si quang tng i ln xung quanh bc sng ny. Khong cch trm lp
ca cc h thng ny gii hn t 10 n 25 km, ph thuc vo tc v gi tr chnh xc ca suy
hao. Ngc li, khong cch trm lp c th hn 100km i vi h thng hot ng vng ca s
1,55 m.
Tht th v so snh gii hn suy hao h thng thng tin quang hot ng bc sng 0,85
m vi h thng thng tin da trn cp ng trc. ng chm chm trong hnh 5.4 ch ra s ph
ca L thuc tc bit cho cho cp ng trc khi gi nh suy hao tng t l vi BT . Khong
cch truyn dn l ln hn i vi cp ng trc tc bit nh (BT < 5Mb/s), nhng h thng
cp quang li vt tri khi tc bit ln 5Mb/s.
Cc yu cu ca h thng thng c xc nh truc l tc bit B v khong cch
truyn dn L. Tiu chun cht lng c xc nh thng qua t l bit li (BER), m mt yu cu
tiu biu l BER < 10-9. Vn u tin cn gii quyt i vi ngi thit k h thng l la chn
bc sng hot ng. Bi v trn thc t, gi thnh ca cc lin kin l thp nht gn 0,85 m
v tng khi bc sng dch v 1,3 v 1,55 m. Hnh 5.4 hon ton c ch khi xc nh bc sng
hot ng thch hp. Ni chung, mt tuyn si quang c th hot ng gn 0,85 m nu B <200
Mb/s v L< 20km. y l trng hp cho nhiu ng dng LAN. Mt khc, i vi h thng c ly
di hot ng tc bit ln hn 2 Gb/s bc sng hot ng nn ca s 1,55 m. Cc ng
cong trn hnh 5.4 ch cung cp hng dn trong thit k h thng. Nhiu vn khc cn phi
c cp khi thit k mt h thng thng tin quang thc t. Trong s l s la chn bc
sng, la chn cc my pht, cc my thu thch hp, v si quang, s tng thch cacc thnh
phn khc nhau, vn gi c i vi cht lng, tin cy ca h thng v kh nng nng cp.
5.2.2 nh hng ca tn sc
Trong mc 2.4.2 chng ta tho lun do s tri rng xung tn sc gii hn tch BTL nh
th no. Khi khong cch truyn dn b gii hn bi tn sc ngn hn khong cch b gii hn
theo cng thc (5.3), th h thng c xem l b gii hn bi tn sc. Cc ng gch ngang trn
hnh 5.4 ch ra khong cch truyn dn b gii hn bi tn sc nh l mt hm theo tc bit. Bi
v cc nguyn nhn gy ra tn sc l khc nhau i vi cc bc sng hot ng khc nhau, chng
ta s xem xt mi trng hp mt cch ring bit.
Xt trng hp u tin i vi h thng bc sng 0,85 m, thng s dng cp a
mode c gi thnh ti thiu. Nh tho lun trong mc 2.4.2, tn sc ch yu trong si a mode
l tn sc mode. Trong trng hp si a mode chit sut bc, t cng thc (2.73) v (2.79) ta c
BTL = C/(2n1). iu kin ny c biu th trong hnh 5.4 s dng cc gi tr tiu biu l
n1=1.46 v =0.01. Ngay c khi tc bit thp 1Mb/s, h thng a mode b gii hn bi tn
sc, v khong cch truyn dn ca chng b gii hn di 10km. V l do ny, cc si quang a
mode chit sut bc t khi c s dng trong thit k h thng thng tin quang. S dng. S
dng si quang chit sut gim dn c gii tn sc mode theo cng thc (2.81) s cho s ci thin
ng k. iu kin BTL=2C/(n12) c biu th trn hnh 5.4 v ch ra rng h thng thng tin
quang 0.85 m b gii hn bi suy hao, hn l b gii hn bi tn sc, tc bit ln n100
Mb/s khi s dng si quang chit sut gim dn.
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Chng 5: H Thng Thng TinQuang
H thng thng tin quang th h th hai s dng si n mode vng bc sng c tn
sc nh nht 1,31 m. Nh tho lun trong mc 2.4.3, tn sc ch yu l tn sc mu, m ln
ca n ph thuc vo rng ph ca ngun quang. Tch BL b gii hn bi [2]
BT L (4 M )
1
(5.4)
Vi l rng ph hiu dng ca ngun quang (RMS). Gi tr tiu biu ca |M| vng gn tn
sc bng khng l ~ 1ps/(nm.km). Hnh 5.4 cho thy, khi |M| = 2ps/km, tn sc gii hn BL
125 (Gb/s).km. Ni chung, cc h thng nh vy l b gii hn bi suy hao khi tc bit ln n
1Gb/s, nhng b gii hn bi tn sc i vi tc bit cao hn.
Cc h thng thng tin quang tip theo hot ng ca s 1,55 m, vng c suy hao nh
nht. Tuy nhin tn sc ln trong vng ny (16 ps/nm.km) tr nn vn ln cho h thng s
dng si quang tiu chun. khc phc vn ny cn s dng cc laser bn dn n mode [2].
Hnh 5.4 cho thy h thng 1.55 m b gii hn bi tn sc khi B > 5Gb/s. S dng cng thc
(5.4) vi M = 16 ps/(nm.km) v = 0.1 nm, ta c BL 150(Gb/s)-km.
Mt gii php cho vn tn sc l s dng si quang tn sc dch chuyn, si c c suy
hao v tn sc nh nht ca s1.55 m. Cc h thng ny c th hot ng tc 20 Gb/s vi
khong khuch i khong 80km [2]. Truyn dn vi khong cch di hn i hi phi s dng
cc k thut qun l tn sc.
5.2.3 Qu cng sut
Mc ch ca qy cng sut l bo m cng sut n my thu ln duy tr hot ng
tin cy trong sut thi gian sng ca h thng. Cng sut trung bnh nh nht i hi bi my thu
c gi l nhy ca my thu, k hiu l Pr. Thng ta lun bit c cng sut pht trung
bnh Pt ca my pht. Qy cng sut thng c tnh theo n v decibel (dB), cn cng sut
quang c biu th theo n v dBm. C th hn,
Pt = Pr + AL + M s (5.5)
Vi con v splice l suy hao cc connector v suy hao cc mi hn dc theo tuyn si quang.
S dng cc cng thc (5.5) v (5.6) d dng c lng khong cch truyn ln nht tng ng
vi cc linh kin cho trc.
5.2.4 Qu thi gian ln
Mc ch ca qu ca thi gian ln l bo m rng h thng c kh nng hot ng ng
tc bit mong mun. Thm ch nu di thng ca cc thnh phn ring l ca h thng vt
qu tc bit, vn c th xy ra trng hp ton h thng c th khng hot ng c tc
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Chng 5: H Thng Thng TinQuang
bit . Khi nim thi gian ln c s dng phn b di thng gia cc thnh phn khc
nhau. Thi gian ln Tr ca mt h thng tuyn tnh c nh ngha l thi gian trong khong
p ng tng t 10 n 90% ca gi tr ng ra cui cng khi ng vo b thay i t ngt. th
5.5 minh ha khi nim ny.
Hnh 5.5 Thi gian ln Tr trong vi h thng tuyn tnh b gii hn di thng
H ( f ) = (1 + fRC) 1 (5.9)
0.35 / BT cho RZ
Tr (5.11)
0.7 / BT cho NRZ
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Chng 5: H Thng Thng TinQuang
Ba thnh phn ca h thng thng tin quang c cc thi gian ln ring. Thi gian ln tng cng
ca tan h thng c th ly gn ng nh sau [1]:
Trong Ttr, Tfiber v Trec l cc thi gian ln tng ng vi my pht, si quang v my thu. Thi
gian ln ca my pht v my thu thng c c bit khi thit k h thng. Thi gian ln ca
my pht Ttr c xc nh ch yu bi cc thnh phn in t ca mch iu khin v cc phn
t k sinh in lin quan n ngun quang. Thng Ttr khong vi nano giy i vi my pht s
dng LED, nhng c th nh hn 0.1 ns i vi my pht s dng laser. Thi gian ln ca my
thu Trec c xc nh ch yu bi di thng in 3 dB sau tch quang. Cng thc (5.10) c th
dng dng tnh Trec nu di thng sau tch quang c xc nh.
Thi gian ln ca si quang Tfiber c tnh theo cng thc [1]:
2
Tfiber = Tmod
2
e + Tchr
2
(5.13)
i vi si quang chit sut bc (SI), theo cng thc (2.73), Tmod e (n1 / c) L . i vi si chit
sut gim dn (GI), theo cng thc (2.81), Tmod e (n12 / 8c) L . Tn sc mu c th tnh theo cng
thc (2.98), Tmod e M L vi l rng ph ca ngun quang ( rng na cng sut).
Hnh 5-6: S gim tr cng sut do nhiu mode theo suy hao chn la mode. Tham s M l tng
s mode dc khi m cng sut ca n vt qu 10% cng sut nh [2].
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Chng 5: H Thng Thng TinQuang
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Chng 5: H Thng Thng TinQuang
Cc linh kin nguyn l ca h thng thng tin quang tng qut cho truyn dn s hay analog
c minh ha di dng s khi nh hnh 5.8. Pha u pht bao gm b m ho (encoder)
hoc b nh dng tnh hiu (signal shaping) trc khi a qua tng iu ch hay khuch i
kch hot ng cho ngun quang (optical source). nh sng pht ra t ngun quang c ghp
vo si quang, ng vai tr mi trng truyn dn ca h thng. nh sng n u bn kia ca
si quang c chuyn i tr li thnh tn hiu in bng b tch sng quang (optical detector)
c t ng vo ca thit b thu. Tn hiu in ny sau c khuch i trc khi a quan
b gii m (decoder) hay b gii iu ch (demodulator) khi phc li tn hiu gc ban u.
183
Chng 5: H Thng Thng TinQuang
Hnh 5.8 Cc linh kin nguyn l ca h thng thng tin quang tng qut cho truyn dn s hoc
analog.
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Chng 5: H Thng Thng TinQuang
WDM c kh nng khai thc bng thng rng ln tim nng ca si quang. Chng hn,
hng trm knh 10Gbit/s c th truyn trn cng si quang khi khong cch knh nh hn
100GHz.
i vi tuyn ng trc (backbone) ca mng vin thng s dng cp si quang, ghp
knh theo bc sng l gii php n gin tng tc bit. Hnh 5.9 minh ha s ca mng
WDM n gin, mng im-im, c dung lng cao, s dng ghp knh theo bc sng. Ng ra
ca cc b pht s dng bc sng (hay tn s sng mang) khc nhau s c ghp li. Tn hiu
ghp ny c a vo si quang truyn n u bn kia ca tuyn truyn dn, y tn
hiu s c phn ra v gi tng knh ti tng b thu tng ng.
186
Chng 5: H Thng Thng TinQuang
Ton b b ghp OTDM (tr b iu ch c th l LiNbO3 hoc l cht bn dn) c th
c xy dng t cc si quang n mode. Vic chia v t hp cc tn hiu trong N nhnh c th
c thc hin bng cc coupler quang 1N. Cc dy tr quang cng c ch to t cc on
si, vi tr c iu khin thng qua chiu di si. V d: 1mm si tng ng tr 5ps (gi
s si c chit sut 1,5). Lu l cc dy tr c chiu di tng i (10cm hoc hn) bi v s
khc nhau v chiu di phi tht s chnh xc. i vi tn hiu OTDM 40Gbit/s th chnh xc
i hi l 0,1ps, cc chiu di ca dy tr phi c iu khin trong khong 20m. chnh xc
nh vy tht s kh khn thc hin khi s dng si quang.
Vic tch cc knh t tn hiu OTDM s dng k thut quang - in hoc k thut ton
quang. C nhiu c ch tch knh c pht trin, mi c ch c u im v nhc im ca n.
187
Chng 5: H Thng Thng TinQuang
ni tip nhau. Mi b iu ch, phn na tc bit b loi b (theo cch lun phin cc bit ca tn
hiu vo). Do , h thng OTDM 8 knh cn 3 b iu ch, c iu khin cng tn hiu xung
ng h di dng in, nhng khc nhau v in p 4V0, 2V0, v V0 (xem hnh 5.11-a); y V0
l in p cn cho dch pha trong mt nhnh ca b giao thoa MZ. Cc knh khc nhau c
la chn bng cch thay i pha ca tn hiu ng h. u im chnh ca k thut ny l s dng
cc linh kin sn c. Tuy nhin n c nhiu nhc im, trong quan trng nht l b gii hn
tc ca cc b iu ch. K thut quang in cn yu cu mt lng ln cc linh kin t tin,
mt s linh kin ny cn in p hot ng cao.
K thut ton quang s dng gng vng quang phi tuyn NOLM c cu trc bng
vng si s dng coupler 3dB ni ng vo vi ng ra (thnh vng trn) nh hnh 5.11-b. Thit
b ny c gi l b giao thoa Sagnac. NOLM c gi l gng bi v n phn x ton b ng
vo ca n khi hai sng truyn ngc nhau trong vng cng pha vi nhau. Tuy nhin, nu tnh i
xng b gy bng cch to ra s lch pha nhau l , th NOLM s truyn ton b tn hiu ny i.
Hot ng tch knh ca NOLM da trn nguyn l XPM, ging nh hin tng phi tuyn gy
nhiu xuyn knh trong h thng WDM. Tch knh tn hiu OTDM bng NOLM c hiu nh
sau. Tn hiu ng h l mt chui cc xung quang c tc bng vi tc bit ca mt knh
c a vo vng sao cho n ch truyn theo chiu quay kim ng h. Tn hiu OTDM i vo
NOLM sau khi c chia lm hai phn bng nhau truyn theo hai hng ngc nhau bng
coupler 3dB.Tn hiu ng h gy dch pha cc xung mt knh no trong tn hiu OTDM
XPM. Trong trng hp n gin nht, bn thn si quang cng c th lm XPM. Cng sut tn
hiu quang v chiu di vng c ch to ln to ra s dch pha l . Kt qu l mt knh
c tch ra bi NOLM. Trong trng hp ny, NOLM ging nh b OADM trong h thng
WDM. Tt c cc knh c th c tch cng lc bng cch s dng nhiu NOLM mc song song
nhau. Tnh phi tuyn ca si nhanh thit b c th p ng tm thi gian fs (femtosecond).
C ch th ba tch knh OTDM (xem hnh 5.11-c) l s dng hiu ng phi tuyn trn
bn sng FWM v hot ng ging nh c ch chuyn i bc sng. Tn hiu OTDM c
ghp vo mi trng phi tuyn cng vi tn hiu ng h ( bc sng khc). Tn hiu ng h
ng vai tr ngun bm to ra FWM. Trong cc khe thi gian m xung ng h chng lp vi
bit 1 ca knh cn tch, th WFM sinh ra xung bc sng mi. Kt qu l chui xung bc
sng mi trng khp vi knh cn tch. B lc quang c s dng ly knh c tch ra khi
tn hiu OTDM v tn hiu ng h.
c) Ghp knh sng mang ph SCM
Trong mt s ng dng mng LAN v MAN, tc bit mi knh phi tng i thp nhng s
lng knh li tr nn rt ln (nh mng CATV). Khi nim ghp knh sng mang ph SCM
(subcarrier multiplexing) y l mn t trong cng ngh vi ba, n s dng nhiu sng mang
viba truyn nhiu knh (ghp knh theo tn s FDM trong min in). Bng thng tng cng b
gii hn khong 1GHz khi cp ng trc c s dng truyn nhiu tn hiu viba. Tuy nhin,
nu tn hiu viba c truyn trn si quang th bng thng ca tn hiu c th d dng vt qua
10GHz trn mt sng mang quang. C ch nh vy c gi l SCM, v vic ghp knh c
thc hin bng cch s dng nhiu sng mang ph viba hn l sng mang quang. N c s
dng trong cng nghip CATV t nm 1992 v c th kt hp vi TDM v WDM. S kt hp
gia SCM v WDM c th tng bng thng ln n 1THz.
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Chng 5: H Thng Thng TinQuang
Hnh 5.12: S minh ha ghp knh sng mang ph. Nhiu sng mang ph viba (SC) c
iu ch, v tn hiu ghp trong min in c s dng iu ch quang b pht (Tx)
Hnh 5.12 biu din s h thng quang SCM c thit k cho mt bc sng. u
im chnh ca SCM l linh hot v c th nng cp thnh mng bng rng. C th s dng iu
ch s hoc analog, hoc kt hp c hai truyn cc tn hiu nh ting ni, d liu, hnh nh cho
mt s lng ln ngi s dng (user). Mi ngi s dng c cp mt snh mang ph, hoc tn
hiu a knh c phn phi cho tt c cc khch hng nh trong CATV. K thut SCM c
nghin cu pht trin v c th ng dng thc t mt cch rng ri.
Ghp knh SCM c th p dng v trin khai cho h thng analog, h thng s, v h
thng WDM. [1]
d) Ghp knh phn chia theo m CDM
Ghp knh theo m CDM (Code-Division Multiplexing) cng ging nh k thut tri ph
trong h thng v tuyn, tuy nhin trong h thng quang mi knh c m theo cch tri ph
trong vng rng hn so vi vng ca tn hiu gc.
(i) M ho chui trc tip:
Cc linh kin mi cn thit cho h thng CDM l cc b m ho v gii m s c t b pht
v b thu. B m ho s tri ph tn hiu trn vng rng hn bng thng ti thiu cn thit
truyn dn. Vic tri ph c thc hin bi ngha ca mt m, n c lp vi tn hiu. B gii
m s dng m nh vy nn ph ca tn hiu v khi phc d liu. M tri ph c gi l
chui nhn dng (signature sequence). u im ca phng php tri ph ny l kh ph hoc
chn tn hiu do tn t nhin ca m.K thut CDM c bit hu dng khi bo mt d liu quan
trng.
189
Chng 5: H Thng Thng TinQuang
Hnh 5.13: Minh ha m ho d liu trong h thng CDM s dng chui nhn dng 7 chip.
Hnh 5.13 Minh ha v d phng php m ho chui trc tip trong h thng OCDM
(optical CDM). Mi bit d liu c m ho s dng chui nhn dng gm c M bit (cn c
gi l chip). Trong v d ny l M = 7. Sau khi m ho, tc bit (hay tc chip) tng theo h
s M. Ph ca tn hiu s tri trong vng rng hn so vi bng thng ca cc chip, rng theo h s
M. V d, ph ca tn hiu tr nn rng hn 64 ln nu M = 64. Hin nhin l bng thng ph nh
nhau c s dng cho cc user c cc chui nhn dng khc nhau.
B m ho cho phng php m ho chui trc tip s dng s delay-line ging nh
hnh 5.10 ca h thng OTDM. S khc bit c bn y l mt b iu ch, c t sau laser,
tc ng d liu ln chui xung. Chui xung kt qu c phn ra thnh nhiu nhnh (bng vi s
chip M), v cc ng delay quang c s dng m ho mt knh. b thu, b gii m gm
cc ng delay theo th t ngc li to nh ng ra tng quan mi khi m ca user ph hp
vi chui chip m n thu c. Cc mu chip ca cc user khc cng c to ra nh tng quan
cho nhng bin ca nh ny thp hn nh c to ra do s t tng quan khi mu chip ph
hp chnh xc. Mt dy cc cch t Bragg si, c thit k ging nhau v stop band nhng khc
nhau v tnh phn x, cng c th thc hin nh b m ho v gii m.
(ii) M ho ph:
Tri ph cn c th thc hin bng phng php nhy tn. Tn s sng mang c dch i
mt cch c chu k tng ng vi m c gn trc. im khc bit vi WDM l tn s c
c nh khng gn cho mt knh no c. Thay vo , tt c cc knh chia s ton b bng thng
bng cch s dng cc tn s sng mang khc nhau cc thi im khc nhau tng ng vi mt
m. Tn hiu c m ph c th c trnh by di dng ma trn nh hnh 5.14.
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Chng 5: H Thng Thng TinQuang
Hnh 5.14: Nhy tn trong h thng OCDM. vung c t cho bit cc tn s cc khe thi
gian khc nhau. Chui nhy tn ny l (3, 2, 0, 5, 1, 4).
191
Chng 5: H Thng Thng TinQuang
Hnh 5.15: (a) H thng quang analog s dng iu ch cng trc tip. (b) Biu din tn hiu
iu ch trong min thi gian vi sng mang l nh sng v tn hiu di nn l tn hiu analog.
Dng sng cng sut quang l hm theo thi gian Popt(t) c biu din nh hnh 5.15-b c dng:
Popt(t) = Pi(1+m(t)) (5.19)
vi Pi l cng sut quang trung bnh pht ra ca ngun quang (tc cng sut sng mang cha iu
ch) v m(t) l tn hiu iu ch cng , n t l vi thng tin ngun a(t). i vi tn hiu iu
ch cosin:
m(t) = ma.cos(mt) (5.20)
ma l h s iu ch, c xc nh bng t s gia cng sut nh (so vi gi tr trung bnh) vi
cng sut trung bnh (xem hnh 5.15-b) ; m l tn s gc ca tn hiu iu ch. Kt hp phng
trnh (5.19) v (5.20), chng ta c :
Popt(t) = Pi(1+macos(mt)) (5.21)
Gi s mi trng truyn c tn sc bng khng, cng sut quang n u thu s c dng ging
phng trnh (5.21) nhng c cng sut quang trung bnh thu c l P0. Do dng in photon
I(t) th cp c to ra b thu s dng APD s l :
I(t) =IPM(1+macos(mt)) (5.22)
Trong IP l dng in photon s cp (c ti to t sng mang cha iu ch):
eP0
Ip = (5.23)
hf
Dng tn hiu bnh phng trung bnh t phng trnh (5.22) c xc nh nh sau:
1
< isig
2
>= (ma MI p ) 2 (5.24)
2
b) H thng Coherent:
i vi h thng IM/DD, tn hiu iu ch cng trc tip c dng ging iu bin
AM i vi h thng analog hoc iu ch OOK i h thng s. Tuy nhin i vi h thng
Coherent, tn hiu pht chng ta c th s dng cc kiu iu ch sau: ASK, FSK, PSK, hoc
192
Chng 5: H Thng Thng TinQuang
PolSK. V s dng kiu tch sng c th l Homodyne hoc Heterodyne. Cc k thut iu ch
v tach sng ny chng ta s kho st chi tit trong hc phn Thng tin quang 2.
TM TT
Nh vy trong chng ny chng ta c ci nhn tng qut v cc loi h thng thng
tin quang. Trong thng quang 1, cc cng thc v kin thc chng ta c c cc chng trc
l dnh cho h thng mt bc sng, s dng kiu iu ch v tch sng l IM/DD. Khi thit k
mt tuyn cp quang, chng ta n qu cng sut, quyt nh c ly thng tin; v qu thi
gian, quyt nh c ly v tc c truyn dn.
CU HI N TP V BI TP
5.1. Trnh by cu trc ca tuyn cp quang im-im. Trn tuyn gm c nhng thit b g?
5.2. Tm tc nh hng ca suy hao v tn sc n qu trnh thit tuyn.
5.3. Khi thit k tuyn theo qu cng sut, chng ta cn thu thp nhng thng tin hoc i
lng g?
5.4. Khi thit k tuyn theo qu thi gian, chng ta cn thu thp nhng thng tin hoc i
lng no?
5.5. T s tng qut hnh 5.8, hy v s h thng thng quang analog.
5.6. T s tng qut hnh 5.8, hy v s h thng thng quang s.
5.7. Tch i lng BTL ca h thng gho knh theo bc sng, bit rng h thng ghp 20
bc sng, mi bc sng mang tn hiu STM-16, v h thng di 80Km.
5.8. xc nh hiu sut ph ca h thng cu 5.7 nu khong cch knh l 100GHz (tng
ng 0,8nm 1552nm).
5.9. Trong h thng WDM, tng hiu sut ph chng ta c nhng cch no?
5.10. Xc nh tr ca si dy tr s dng si quang c chit sut 1,5 v di 20m.
5.11. H thng IM/DD l g? N c u nhc im g?
[1] J. M. Senior. Optical Fiber Communications: Principles and Practice. Second edition,
Prentice Hall, 1993.
[2] G. Keiser. Optical Fiber Communications . Third edition, McGraw-Hill, 2000.
[3] J. Gowar. Optical Communication Systems. Second edition, Prentice-Hall, 1993.
[4] G. P. Agrawal. Fiber-Optic Communication Systems. Second edition, John Wiley & Sons,
1997.
[5] Max Ming Kang Liu. Principles and Applications of Optical Communications, 2001.
[6] V Vn San. H thng Thng Tin Quang, tp 1. Nh xut bn Bu in, 7-2003.
193
Chng 5: H Thng Thng TinQuang
[7] John G. Proakis. Digital Communications. Third edition, McGrawHill, 1995.
[8] Herbert Taub, Donald L. Schilling. Principles of Communications Systems. McGraw-Hill,
1986.
[9] Fuqin Xiong. Digital Modulation Techniques. Artech HouseBostonLondon.2000
194
p n cc cu hi
P N V GI TR LI MT S CU HI N TP V BI TP
CHNG 1
1.6. c 1.7. c 1.8. b 1.9. a 1.10. c 1.11. b
1.12. a 1.13. b
CHNG 2
Cu hi n tp
Bi tp
195
p n cc cu hi
2.21. t = 32.4 ns/km, BoptxL = 6.2 MHz.km
2.22. 13.2 MHz.km
2.23. 800 ps
2.24. = 0.47%
2.25. (a) 10 ns ; (b) 4 ns
CHNG 3
3.25. 3.26. 3.27. 3.28. 3.29. 3.30.
3.31.
CHNG 4
4.1. (a) 33%; (b) 24,8.10-20J; (c) 21,3 nA.
4.2. (a) 0,36A/W; (b) 2,78 W; (c) 1,26.1013 photon/s
4.3. 0,72 A/W
4.4. 50% ; 15,9 nA.
4.5. 24,1
4.6. 77,8 nW; 3,33.1011photon/s.
4.7. -70,4 dBm
4.8. (a) 2,01 A; (b) 3,59 nA; (c) 55,0 dB
4.9. (a) 994,7 ; (b) 18,19 nA; 39,3 dB
4.10. (a) 1,137k; (b) 19,58 W
4.11. 40,1 dB
4.12. 50,3dBm.
4.13. (a) 14,2 dB; (b) -49,6dBm
4.14. 23,9dB
4.15. 21,9dB
4.16. a) 1400; b) -52,8dBm;c) -51,8dBm
4.17. 27,9 dB
4.18. (a) 15,76km; (b) 8,26 km
196
MC LC
ii
CHNG 3 B PHT QUANG ................................................................................................89
3.1. NGUYN L CHUNG V BIN I QUANG IN ................................................... 89
3.1.1. Mc nng lng ................................................................................................................. 89
3.1.2. Cc nguyn l v bin i quang in................................................................................ 91
3.1.3. Vng nng lng ................................................................................................................ 92
3.1.4. Ngun quang bn dn......................................................................................................... 93
3.2. LED .................................................................................................................................... 96
3.2.1. Cu to v nguyn l hot ng ......................................................................................... 96
3.2.2. c tuyn P-I ca LED ...................................................................................................... 97
3.2.3. c tnh ph ca LED ........................................................................................................ 98
3.2.4. Cu trc ca LED ............................................................................................................... 99
3.3. LASER ............................................................................................................................. 101
3.3.1. Cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca Laser....................................................................... 101
3.3.2. Hc cng hng Fabry-Perot .......................................................................................... 102
3.3.3. khuch i quang ....................................................................................................... 103
3.3.4. c tnh ph ca Laser Fabry-Perot................................................................................. 104
3.3.5. c tnh ca Laser ............................................................................................................ 105
3.3.6. Nhiu trong Laser ............................................................................................................. 109
3.4. CC C TNH K THUT CA NGUN QUANG ................................................ 111
3.4.1. c tuyn P-I ca ngun quang ...................................................................................... 111
3.4.2. Gc pht quang ................................................................................................................ 112
3.4.3. Hiu sut ghp quang ....................................................................................................... 113
3.4.4. rng ph...................................................................................................................... 114
3.4.5. Thi gian ln..................................................................................................................... 114
3.4.6. nh hng ca nhit ................................................................................................... 115
3.5. CC NGUN LASER BN DN N MODE ........................................................... 116
3.5.1. Laser hi tip phn b DFB.............................................................................................. 116
3.5.2. Laser phn x Bragg phn b DBR.................................................................................. 117
3.5.3. Laser bn dn hc cng hng ghp ................................................................................ 117
3.6. B PHT QUANG ......................................................................................................... 119
3.6.1. S khi b pht quang ................................................................................................. 119
3.6.2. Mch pht iu bin cng trc tip .......................................................................... 120
3.6.3. B iu ch ngoi ............................................................................................................ 123
Cu hi n tp chng 3.............................................................................................................. 125
iii
4.1.2. Nhng thng s c bn ca linh kin tch sng quang .................................................... 129
4.1.3. S khi b thu quang .................................................................................................. 134
4.1.4. p ng phn t chuyn i quang - in .................................................................. 135
4.1.5. Thi gian p ng phn t chuyn i quang-in.......................................................... 136
4.2. LINH KIN BIN I QUANG - IN BN DN ................................................... 137
4.2.1. Photodiode P-N ................................................................................................................ 137
4.2.2. Photodiode PIN ................................................................................................................ 137
4.2.3. Photodiode APD............................................................................................................... 142
4.3. C TNH K THUT CA PHOTODIODE ............................................................. 144
4.3.1. nhy ........................................................................................................................... 144
4.3.2. Hiu sut lng t ............................................................................................................ 144
4.3.3. p ng ........................................................................................................................... 145
4.3.4. Di ng .......................................................................................................................... 145
4.3.5. Dng ti .......................................................................................................................... 145
4.3.6. n nh ....................................................................................................................... 145
4.3.7. in p phn cc ............................................................................................................. 145
4.3.8. Tm tc............................................................................................................................. 146
4.4. CC B TIN KHUCH I ...................................................................................... 146
4.4.1. B tin khuch i tr khng thp ................................................................................... 146
4.4.2. B tin khuch i tr khng cao ..................................................................................... 146
4.4.3. B tin khuch i hi tip............................................................................................... 147
4.5. NHIU TRONG B THU QUANG ............................................................................... 148
4.5.1. Nhiu n .......................................................................................................................... 148
4.5.2. Nhiu nhit ...................................................................................................................... 149
4.5.3. T s tn hiu trn nhiu ................................................................................................... 149
4.5.4. Cng sut nhiu tng ng .......................................................................................... 150
4.5.5. Mt sv d....................................................................................................................... 150
4.6. CC THAM S TRONG B THU QUANG................................................................. 153
4.6.1. T s li bit BER............................................................................................................... 153
4.6.2. Mi quan h gia BER v SNR ....................................................................................... 155
4.6.3. Hm xc sut li............................................................................................................... 155
4.6.4. nhy ca b thu........................................................................................................... 159
4.6.5. Mt s v d...................................................................................................................... 161
4.7. MT S V KHC TRONG THIT K B THU ................................................ 163
4.7.1. B lc ............................................................................................................................... 163
4.7.2. Mch quyt nh............................................................................................................... 165
Tm tt ........................................................................................................................................ 166
Cu hi n tp v bi tp chng 4............................................................................................. 166
iv
CHNG 5 H THNG THNG TIN QUANG ....................................................................171
5.1. CC KIN TRC H THNG THNG TIN QUANG ............................................... 171
5.1.1. Tuynim ni im......................................................................................................... 171
5.1.2. Mng qung b v phn b............................................................................................... 172
5.1.3. Mng cc b LAN ........................................................................................................... 174
5.2. MT S VN TRONG THIT K H THNG THNG TIN QUANG ............. 176
5.2.1. nh hng ca suy hao .................................................................................................... 176
5.2.2. nh hng ca tn sc ..................................................................................................... 177
5.2.3. Qu cng sut................................................................................................................... 178
5.2.4. Qu thi gian ln .............................................................................................................. 178
5.3. CC YU T NH HNG N CHT LNG H THNG
THNG TIN QUANG ..................................................................................................... 180
5.3.1. Nhiu mode ..................................................................................................................... 180
5.3.2. Dn xung do tn sc ......................................................................................................... 182
5.3.3. Nhiu phn chia mode ..................................................................................................... 182
5.3.4. Nhiu phn x .................................................................................................................. 183
5.4. CC H THNG THNG TIN QUANG ..................................................................... 183
5.4.1. Phn chia h thng theo dng tn hiu ............................................................................. 183
5.4.2. Phn loi theo chun ghp knh ....................................................................................... 185
5.4.3. Phn loi theo phng php iu ch............................................................................... 192
Cu hi n tp v bi tp chng 5 ............................................................................................. 194