Physical Constraint

The use of physical constraints limit the actions that can be taken in the use of a product. Physical
constraints can be perceived directly just by looking at the object itself without prior learning. The physical
structure of a product is heavily considered to determine the possible actions that can be performed.
Physical constraint only allows functions to be carried out by a product when the action that the user
takes is correct. If the action that the user takes is incorrect, the product will not carryout the function in
which it was designed for. For example, the purpose of a helmet is supposed to be worn on the head to
protect the head from collision with hard surface. The shape and the physical structure of a helmet limits
the user to wear the helmet in other parts of their bodies besides the head. The helmet has to be worn on
the head in order to carryout the function of providing protection for the head. (Source number 1 and 2 in
bibliography)
Forcing Fucntion
A type of physical constraint is a term called forcing functions, forcing functions are proceedings that are
controlled so that malfunction at one stage prevents the next step from being taken place. An example of
this is starting a car, in order to start the engine you must put the ignition key into the ignition switch. It is
necessary to turn the key towards the right in order to get the car started (Norman). This is an efficient
force function that makes you use an object to do an operation. Forcing functions are the extreme case of
strong constraints that make it easy to discover erroneous behavior(Norman).

Semantic Constraint
The use of semantic constraint depends heavily on the users knowledge about the condition where a
product is used and how it relates to the physical world. Indeed, different products are being used in
different conditions to carryout their functions. Users have to depend on their tacit knowledge, which is a
type of knowledge that people build up based on previous experience, to determine the actions needed to
be performed under a certain condition to get functions from a product. For example, the function of a car
is to transport people from a point to another. The car must be running on the road and the driver must be
seated facing the front in order to see the road. The actions of driving the car on the road and sitting
facing the front to operate a car would be considered as a semantic constraint. (Source number 1 and 2
in bibliography)

Cultural Constraint
The use of cultural constraint depends heavily on the user's culture and belief background. Different
countries have different cultures and beliefs. Some cultures limit certain actions and behaviors to be
performed under a certain condition to be considered as appropriate. For example, the color of red is
universally perceived as the meaning to stop. Therefore traffic light systems around the world, regardless
of the culture aspect, only use the red light as a signal to stop the traffic. The red light is also placed at the
back of the car to signal that the car is coming to a stop. (Source number 1 and 2 in bibliography)

Logical Constraint
The use of logical constraint is closely related to natural mapping. Natural mapping depends on logical
constraints to carry out its function. For example, the action to move a control button upwards means to
increase a result. In the case of a remote control, youll press the button that indicates upward if you want
to increase the volume and press the button that indicates downward if you want to decrease the volume.
The natural mapping uses physical analogies (upward and downward) to design the buttons on the
remote control and users use logic to determine which button will most likely give the result that he/she
wants. Users use the logical relationship between a button and the result that it provides to decide which
one to use. (Source number 1 and 2 in bibliography)
 There are three categories of logical constraints:

1. Placement constraints
2. Relative location constraints (RLOC)
3. Time constraints

Content strategy

Content strategy refers to the planning, development, and management of informational

contentwritten or in other media. The term is particularly common in web development since the late
1990s. It is recognized as a field in user experience design but also draws interest from adjacent
communities such as content management, business analysis, and technical communication.

Contents
1 Definition

2 Practition

ers

3 Resource

4 Referenc

es

Definitions
Content strategy has been described as "the practice of planning the content creation, delivery, and
governance."[1]and "a repeatable system that defines the entire editorial content development process for
a website development project." [2]

In her 2007 article, "Content Strategy: The Philosophy of Data," Rachel Lovinger described the goal of
content strategy as using "words and data to create unambiguous content that supports meaningful,
interactive experiences." Here, she also provided the analogy "content strategy is to copywriting as
information architecture is to design."[3]

Many organizations and individuals tend to confuse content strategists with editors. Yet, content strategy
is "about more than just the written word," according to Washington State University assistant professor
Brett Atwood. For example, Atwood indicates that a practitioner needs to also "consider how content
might be re-distributed and/or re-purposed in other channels of delivery." [4]

Further, content strategists should strive to achieve content that is readable and understandable, findable,
actionable and shareable in all of its various forms.[5]
The purpose of content strategy has also been described as achieving business goals by maximizing the
impact of content.[6]

It has also been proposed that the content strategist performs the role of a tastemaker or curator. A
museum curator sifts through the mass of content and identifies key pieces that can be juxtaposed
against each another to create meaning and spur excitement. In her 2009 article, Erin Scime states that
the content strategist as digital curator, "approaches a businesss content as a medium that needs
to be strategically selected and placed to engage the audience, convey a message, and inspire action." [7]