المبيدات الكيميائية

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. May not be reproduced in any form without permission from the publisher, except fair uses permitted under U.S.

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or applicable copyright law.
EBSCO Publishing : eBook Collection (EBSCOhost) - printed on 8/10/2017 9:34 AM via NAJRAN UNIVERSITY
AN: 928641 ; .; . :
Account: ns153310

Copyright 2014. dar al-yazori. All rights reserved. May not be reproduced in any form without permission from the publisher, except fair uses permitted under U.S.

II
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1 ......................................................................
3 ..................................................................
3 ................................................................
3 ..........................................................
5 .................................................................
5 ...........................................
5 ..................................
5 ................................ Necessity of Chemical Pest Control
6 .............. Pesticide Discovery Steps
9Development of Pesticides Industry
11 ...................... Pesticides In Use
11 ..............................
-1 11 ....................... Economic Factors
-2 15 ...............................Health Factors
-3 16 ............................ Political Factors
-1 11 ........................... Ecological Factors
-5 11 ...................... Psychological Factors
-6 11 .............................. Moral Factors
22 The Future of Using Pesticides
22 ...............................................................
22 ...........................................
22 .................................................. Introduction
22 .................... The Scope of Toxicology
: 22 ........... Environmental Toxicology
: 23 .......................... Toxinology
: 23 ....... Biochemical Toxicology
: 23 ................ Forensic Toxicology
: 21 ..........Economic Toxicology
: 21 .............. Clinical Toxicology
: 25 ...........Legislative Toxicology
25 ..........................................
III
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26 .......................................
26 ....................... Definition And NomenclaturePesticides
- .. 21 ............................................................
- 21 .........................................................
21 ....................................
: 21 ................................................ Dose
: 32 .....................................Concentration
: 31 ................ Toxicity or Response
32 ............ Factors Affecting Toxicity
- 31 ......................................... Temperature
- 31 ................................Relative Humidity
- 31 ............................Light And Radiation
31 .........................................
11 .......... Pesticides Absorption And Transportation In Plants
11 .......... Absorption And Penetration of Eradicant Pesticides
12 ...........
11 ................Pesticides Toxic Effect
: 51 .......................
: 51 ..............................
51 ..............................................................
51 ..........................
51 .................................................. Introduction
51 .................................
: 62 .......................
65 ..........................Nerve conduction
61 .............................
: 11 ..................
: 16 ................ Selectivity Measuring
92 ................................................................
92 ........................................
92 ..............................................................
92 .............................................
92 ..............................
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92 ......................... Principles of Insecticides Classification

91 ............. Inorganic Insecticides ) I
95 ........................ Arsenical Compounds
121 ........................... Cyanides Compounds
Inorganic Phosphorus Compounds
129 .......................................................................
113 ............................................................
113 ........................................
113 .................................
111 ...... Organic Bioinsecticides
131 ...............................................................Pyrethric
136 ............... :
116 .................. :
116 .........................Animal Origin Organic Bioinsecticides
116 .........................................
116 ........... Hormonal Regulation of Development In Insect
111 ............................. Juvenile Hormone -
152 .. Mechanism of Toxic Effect of Insects Growth Regulators
153 ............................................................
153 .......................................
153 ............................................................
Organochlorine Insecticides
153 .......................................................................
DDT Penetration To DDT
155 ........................................................Organism
151 ..........Cyclodiene Compounds :
161 ..................
161 ...................................
111 ................ :
111 .......... Organophosphorus Aromatic Aliphatic Esters

115 ........... :
115 .... Organophosphorus Esters with Hetero Cyclic Ring
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-
119 .................................................
-
111 ..........................................................
111 ........ Carbamic Acid Esters With Hetero Cyclic Ring
112 ........................ Carbamic Acid Esters With Oxime
113 ...........
)Organophosphate-Induced Delayed Neurotoxicity (OPIDN
111 ..........................................................................
111 ..........................
192 ..................................
192 .............................. Synthetic Pyrethroides Insecticides
191 ....................
191 ..................................Pyrethroides Classification
:
191 ....................................................................
225 .....................................
229 .............................................................
229 ........................
229 ........................................
221 Properties of Repellant Compounds
222 .............................
222 ....................Principles of Repellants Classification
233 ...... Mode of Action of Attractants
231 ........................ Sterilant Compounds
213 .............................................................
213 .......................................................
VI
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2221

.

.

.


.
1
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2
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Principles and General DefinitionsPesticides

3
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1
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Pesticides Present And Future
Introduction

.

Necessity of Chemical Pest Control

.


.

5
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%31 %13
%11.1
322
3
122
. Pimentel 1913
3
6:1 .1.15:1
.

.
Pesticide Discovery Steps

1939 DDT
4-D2 1912

1912
:
: Organic Compounds Systemization

1992

.
: Primary Screening
6
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. 1992
( )

.
.
: Patent Application

.
: Secondary Screen

.

.
:
Pursue Development of The Chemical

.
1
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: Acute Toxicity Studies

.
: Compound Introduced To University

.
: Completion Initial Research

.
: Writing Proposed Label

.
: Pesticide Registration

( .)1
1
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( )1
( )2225
Development of Pesticides Industry

:
- 1 : Increasing The Needs To Pesticides
Monoculture

.

%52-32

1999 (EPA) Environmental
Protection Agency
:
/
3692 Syngenta
9
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2252 Agrevo
2222 Dupont
1152 Monsanto
1192 Bayer
1152 Rhone Poulenc
+
1122
American Cyanamide + Shell
1622 Dow Elanco
1522 Basf
09991
- 2 : The Development of Pesticides Discovery
) (DDT

.

.

(
)
.
- 3 : Investment In Pesticides Industry

. -12
122
1-5
.

.
12
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Pesticides In Use
- 1 )2.15( 1991
%12 %26 %9
%25
( .)2
- 2
526 522
( )3

( .)1
.
- 3 1991 192 1222
.
( )2 0991
( Aspelin )0999 Grube
- 1 %92

( )5
11
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- 5

( .)6
- 6 1991 25 16
3
.
- 1 Sodium Hypochlorite

( .)5
( )9
0991 ( 0991 Aspelin )0999 Grube
12
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( )1
( Aspelin
)0999 Grube
( )5
/ ( Aspelin )0999 Grube
13
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( )9
( 0991 Aspelin )0999 Grube

Factors Affecting The Pesticides Application

.

.
:
-0 Economic Factors

11
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..
.
-2 Health Factors

:
- .
-
.
- .
- .

.

Diethylstibestrol

.

.

..
.

15
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-9 Political Factors

.
..
1911 ..
Carson .

.

..

.

.

.
.

.
16
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-1 Ecological Factors

:
- .
-

(-- )
.

.
..
.

.

.

11
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-5 Psychological Factors

.

.
-9 Moral Factors

.
) (DDT..

.

.

12 22

.
11
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.
-1 Safety Factors

.

.
-8 Aesthetic Factors


.
19
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The Future of Using Pesticides

2221

:
- 1
.
- 2 Spot Treatment

.
- 3

%62-52 .
- 1

.
- 5
.
- 6

.
- 1 :

.
- 1 :

22
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.
- 9 :

.
- 12

.
21
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Pesticides And Definitions In Toxicity
Introduction

Endogenous Poison
.Exogenous Poison
Paracelsus -1193
1511

(

) .

.
Paracelsus
Toxicology

.
The Scope of Toxicology

:
: Environmental Toxicology

22
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Biomass
Biosphere

.
:
- 1 .Pollutants Toxicology
- 2 .Micro-Pollutants Toxicology
- 3 : Agricultural Toxicology
.
- 1 : Veterinary Toxicology

.
- 5 : Industrial Toxicology
.
: Toxinology

Acetylcholine
.
: Biochemical Toxicology

.
: Forensic Toxicology

23
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: Economic Toxicology

.
: Clinical Toxicology

.

( .)1
( )1 ( )2115
21
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: Legislative Toxicology

:
- 1

.
- 2

.
- 3
.
- 1
.
- 5

.

Agricultural Toxicology And Pesticides


25
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.

%122
) .(DDT

.

.

Definition And NomenclaturePesticides

.

.
( )
:
-1 Common Name
26
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) International Standardization Organization (ISO

.
-2 Trade or Brand Name

.

.
-3 Structural Formula
.
-1 Chemical Name
.
-5 Empirical Formula
.
:
- ..
- 1 D.D.T :
- 2 Anofex :
- 3 :
- 1 :
111-Trichoro-22-bis(p-choropheny) ethane OR Dichloro Diphenyl

Trichloroethane
- 5 C14H9Cl5 :
21
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-
- 1 Parathion :
- 2 Alkron :
- 3 :
- 1 :
OO-Diethyl O-(p-nitrophenyl) phosphorothionate
- 5 C10H14No5PS :

Relationship Between Dose Concentration And Toxicity

.
.
: Dose

:
-1 Injection
21
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Intravenous Injection
Intramuscular Injection Intraperitonial
Injection .Sub-coetaneous Injection
-2 Oral Administration

() 1/
.
:
-1 Minimum Dose
(/ )
.
-2 Maximum Dose
(/ )

.
-3 )Maximum Tolerance Dose (MTD
(/ )

.
-1 )Threshold Level of Dose (TLD
(/ )
.Reversible Effects
-5 )Effective Dose (ED
( / )
.
-6 )Effective Dose 50 (ED50
( / )
.
-1 ) Lethal Dose 50 (LD50
( / )
.
-1 )Knock Down 50 (KD50
( / )
29
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.
-9 )Necrotic Dose 50 (ND50
( / ) ( )

.
-12 ) Equitoxic Dose (Eq. D
( / )

.
-11 ) Virtually Safe Dose (VSD
( / )
).Non-Observed Effect Level (NOEL
: Concentration
( )

.

:
-1 Minimum Concentration

.
-2 Maximum Concentration

.
-3 ) Maximum Tolerance Concentration (MTC

.
32
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-1 )Threshold Level Concentration (TLC

).(Reversible effects
-5 ) Effective Concentration (EC

.
-6 ) Effective Concentration 50 (EC50

.
-1 ) Lethal Concentration 50 (LC50

.
-1 ) Knock Down Concentration 50 (KC50

.
-9 ) Necrotic Concentration 50 (NC50
:

.
-12 ) Equitoxic Concentration (Eq. C

.
-11 ) Virtually Safe Concentration (VSC

).Non-Observed Effect Level (NOEL
: Toxicity or Response

.
Xenobiotics
31
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.
:
- 1
.
- 2
.
- 3
.
- 1

.

LD10 LD25

.

.
Factors Affecting Toxicity

:
-1 Dose Spectrum

Paracelus

32
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.

(Right
) Dose
.
-2 Exposure Method

.
-3 Exposure Site

.

.
-1 Time And Frequency of Exposure
:
- Acute Toxicity

Acute Oral Toxicity
Acute Inhalation Toxicity
Acute Dermal Toxicity

21

Lethal Dose
.
- Sub-Chronic Toxicity

1-6/ 1-5/
92 21/ 1-6/1-5// 92/
.
33
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- Chronic Toxicity

1-6 1-5

1-2 .

.
-5 Dose Dividing

.. .
-6 Nature of The Chemical Compound

) (Chlorpyrifos-ethyl 2222
) .(Chlorpyrifos-methyl

.
-1 Pesticides Metabolites


( )
.

31
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) (Oxon
) (Malathion ) (Malaxon ) (Parathion
) (Paraxone

.
-1 Reaction Between Pesticides

:
- .
- .
- .
- .
:
- .Chelation
- .
- .
- .
- :

.

:
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
35
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- .
-9 Purity of Pesticides Formulations

.
.
-12 Essential Food Constituents

.

.

.
-11 Organism Behavior


.

36
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12

.

.

.
-12 Environmental Condition

:
- Temperature

.
- Relative Humidity


.
31
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- Light And Radiation

.

.

.
Potential Toxicity

(PT) Potential Toxicity Luckey Venugopal

12
/
PT=-log T = T )(PT
LD50 .

Pesticides Absorption And Transportation

:
: .
: .
: .
:
Pesticides Absorption Via Non Living Materials

31
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.

.

..
.

:
plant Leaf Cuticle

. Hydrophobic Cellulose
.

22 -5 .
. Chitin _
.
.
. - .
.
.

.
39
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( 35 -21 )
( 21 -22 ) .
Soft wax
Microcrystals .

()
.
Stomata
Trichomes Hydathodes channels

.

.

.
.
.
.

Hydrophilic . Hydrophobic

.

-
.

Loco-systemic Pesticides
. Malathion

. Systemic Pesticides
( )
.. .

Lipoprotein
( -
12
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) . - .

.
.

. -
.

.

11 %1 ( )
3-2 .
21
. %91 -1

Oil/ Water
Partition Coefficient (. )2-
:
Pesticides Absorption And Transportation In Plants

Eradicant
Pesticides
Systemic Pesticides

.( ).
-0
Absorption And Penetration of Eradicant Pesticides


.
)(DDT

11
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.

.
-2
Absorption And Transportation of Systemic Pesticides

Suberin

.

.

Factors Affecting Absorption And Transportation of
Pesticides In Plants

:
-0 Plant Kind Treated

.
.
-2 Pesticide Chemical Structure

12
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.

.
-9 Solubility In Water

.
-1 Solvent Kind

.
-5 Treatment Method

.
-6 PH Acidity

PH
.
-1 Adjuvants

.
-1 Plant Age
.
-9 Environmental Condition

.
: Insect integuments
Epidermis

Cuticle
13
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.
. .
.

Target .site of action
Epicuticle
Procuticle .
:

Lepoprotein
.Cuticulin
.
Cement
Tectocuticle 1 .

Epicedial Hydrophobic
. Hydrophilic
. -

.
.
Procuticle
Epidermal cells %92
.
Exocuticle Melanin Cuticle Sclerotin
Endocuticle

.


.

11
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Procuticle
.
.

Epicuticle

.

Sclerotin .
Epidermal cells
.
.
N-
acetylglucoseamine
. .
. HCl
KOH
. Chitosan

Polyphenols Darkening
. Exocuticle
Orth and para dihydrophenol Sclerotin
Polyphenoloxidase
. Cuticulin
Lepoprotein
Quinones . Polyphenpls
Lipoprotein . Wax

.
. .
32
Rhotnius 52 .
15
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.
-:
:
Pesticides Penetration Through Arthropods Cuticle

:
-0 Organic Pesticides

.

.

.
-2 Non-Organic Pesticides

:
-
.
-

16
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.
-
.
Pesticides Toxic Effect

:
-1 Physical Mortality

:
- Petroleum Oils

.
- Abrasive Powders

.Silica Aerogel
-2 Effect on Biological Process

:
- Effect On Respiration Process

) (Cytochrome oxidases
) (ATP

.Antimycin A
- Inhibitors of Mixed Function
Oxidases Piperonyl butoxide Sesamex

Mixed Function Oxidases
.
11
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Inhibitors of Carbohydrate -
Degradation

)(Sodium fluoroacetate
) (Aconitase .Krebs Cycle
- Inhibitors of Amine Group
) (Chlordimeform
) (Monoamine Oxidase ).(Diamine Oxidase
- Inhibitors of Chitin Synthesizc

Dimilin .Triflumuron
-
().
-
().
-3 Stomach Poison

.
Bacillus thuringensis
.
-1 Pesticides Effect on Nervous System

:
- Cholineastrase Inhibition
) (Acetyl choline

) (Acetylcholinesterase
.
.
- Effect on Ion Exchange

11
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Na K ATPase ..
BHC .
- Effect on Nerve Receptors

( .)1
( )1
( )2225
-5 Blood Anticoagulant
.

:
- 1 : Antifeedants
.
- 2 : Sterilant
.
Principles of Pesticides
Classification

19
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:
:
According To The Pest Kind
:
Acaricide
Algicide
Avicide
Bactericide
Fungicide
Herbicide
Insecticide
Larvicide
Miticide
Molluscicide
Nematicide
Pediculicide
Piscicide
Predicide
Rodenticide
Silvicide
Slimicide
Termiticide
:
: According To The Pesticide Toxicity
-1 Highly Toxic Pesticide

Oral LD50 52-/
.
52
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-2 Moderately Toxic Pesticide

Oral LD50 522-52/
.
-3 Slightly Toxic Pesticide
Oral LD50 -522
5222/ .

:
-1 Extremely Hazardous Pesticides
Oral LD50 5/
22 / .
-2 Highly Hazardous Pesticides
Oral LD50 52-5/
222-22/ .
-3 Moderately Hazardous Pesticides
Oral LD50 522-52/
2222-222/ .
-1 Slightly Hazardous Pesticides
Oral LD50 5-1/ -1
22/ .
Environmental Protection Agency
) (EPA :
-1 ) (I Oral LD50
52/ .
-2 )(II Oral LD50 -52
522/ .
-3 )(III Oral LD50
5222-522/ .
-1 ) (IV Oral LD50
5222/ .
:
According To The Mode of Entry
51
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-1 Stomach Poison
.
-2 Contact Poison
.
-3 Respiratory Poison

( .)9
52
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)2115 ) (9(
53
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:
According To The Mode of Action
:
-1 Physical Poison

.
-2 Protoplasmic Poison

.
-3 Metabolic Poison

.
-1 Nervous Poison
) (Cholinesterase
.
-5 Stomach Poison
Bacillus thuringiensis .Bacillus popllae
.
:
According To The Type of Formulation
:
-1 .
-2 .
-3 .
-1 :
- .
- .
-5 .
-6 :
- .
51
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- .
- .
-1 .
:
According To The Tolerance Level
-1 No Tolerance Pesticides
:
.
-2 Zero Tolerance Pesticides

:
.
-3 Specific Tolerance Pesticides

:
2.15 .
1 .
:
According To The Pesticides Origin
:
- : Microbial Pesticide 1
.
- : Botanical Pesticides : 2
- .
- .
- .Inorganic Pesticides 3
- : Organic Pesticides : 1
- .Mineral Oils
55
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- .Synthetic Organics
:
According To The Chemical Structure
:
- 1 .Inorganic Pesticides
- 2 : Naturally Occurring Organics :
.
- .
- 3 : Synthetic Organics
.
:
According To The Surface Coverage
:
-1 Non-Systemic Pesticides

.
-2 Systemic Pesticides

.
:
- .Symplastic
- .Apoplastic
:
- Stable Systemic Pesticides

.
- Endolytic Systemic Pesticides

.
56
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- Endometatoxic Systemic Pesticides

.
:
- Plant Systemic Pesticides

.
- Animal Systemic Pesticides

.
Advantages of Systemic Pesticide

:
- 1
.
.
- 2 .

.
- 3

.
:
- .
-

.
-

.
51
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Selectivity And Specifity In Animal Pesticides
Introduction

.

General Principles In Pesticides Selectivity

:
: Definition And Selectivity
Kinds Selectivity
(
) .
51
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Specifity

.
Kinds of Selectivity
:
: Behavourstic Selectivity
:
- 1
Nicotiana tabaccum

N. gossei

N. gossei

.
- 2 ) (DDT
.
- 3 H2S
.
- 1
.
: Ecological Selectivity

.

:
- 1
) (Pirimor

.
59
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- 2
.
- 3
.
- 1 .
- 5 .
- 6 .
- 1 .
- 1 .
- 9
. .
: Physiological Selectivity

.
(.)12
62
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( )12
( )2225
( )12
( )

()
Detoxication .Activation

.
61
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:
Important Targets Attacking By Pesticides

:
: : Nervous system

Acetylcholinesterase
Acetylcholine

Irreversible damage
Vertebrate Invertebrate
.
Atropine

.
) - Nerve cell (Neuron
) Cell body ( Soma .
Dendrites
. Axon

.
Central nervous
) system (CNS
Ganglions ()
Peripheral nervous system

.
Sensory or Afferent neurons
.
. Motor or Efferent neurons
62
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.
. Interneurons
-1 The nervous system in vertebrate
:
- ) Central nervous system (CNS
Spinal cord . Brain
- Peripheral nervous system
.
-I Somatic nervous system
:
) Sensory somatic nervous(Afferent

External receptors Internal
receptors .
) Motor somatic nerves (Efferent
Motor neuron
) (CNS
Motor end plate
Neuro muscular junction
Acetylcholine

.
.Cholinergic
-1 Autonomic nervous system
.
) (Efferent Sympathetic
Parasympathetic .

.
Synaptic gaps
.

Presynaptic Postsynaptic
63
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310

.
.
. Adrenaline
.
-2 :The nervous system in insects

. Ganglions .
Ventral nerve
cord .
.
.
.
Diptera
. Hemiptera
.
Synapses

. Myelin

.
:
Insects Mammals
- -
- -
.
- . -
Myelin
- . - .
- . - Motor end
plate .
- -
.

- -
Neuromuscular junctions
GABA . .
- . - .
- -
.
61
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310

Nerve conduction

Electric .
transmission
. Chemical
transmission Synapses
. ) Acetylcholine (Ach
Noradrenaline
.
:Axonic transmission

. Lepoprotein (
) (
) .
Resting axon 12
Resting potentional
) (Na+
) (K+ .

. Donnan equilibrium

. .

.
" " Sodium pump

. Na+/K+-
transporting ATP-ase ATP
65
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310


.

Polarized
membrane Stimulus
.

.
.

) (ACH
.
.

Protein receptor
.

) Acetylcholinesterase (AchE .
66
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310

.
: Synaptic transmission
Synapses
.

Noradrenaline
.

Glutamine

) Gamma- aminobutyric acid (GABA
Octopamine Serotonine
Lobsters Octopamine
Serotonine
-
.
61
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310

Octopamine
Noradrenalinetyl
Serotonin Dopamine
H2N-CH2-CH2-CH2-COOH
Gamma-aminobutyric acid
Acetylcholine

): Biochemical action of acetylcholine (Ach

.

.
:
: Acetyl-Coenzyme A
A .
61
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310

: Acetylcholine
Colinacetylase .

))AchE
.

Esteratic site
Serine Anionic site
. Glutamic acid
( )
Carbonyl group Slight positive
charge
Acetylation
. Esteratic bond
Histidine

. 322222
31 .
:
- 1 : True cholinesterase

.
Acetylcholine . 262222-12222
- chain
. chain
.
69
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310

+ .
Substrate
.
- 2 : Pseudo cholinesterase
Serum chE
.
Substrate .

.Butyrate choline
: : Cellular energetic system

) adenosine triphosphate (ATP

Adenosin
) diphosphate (ADP ) (Pi
:
ATP
) . Adenosine monophosphate (AMP

)Nicotine adenine dinucltide Nicotine adenine dinucltide (NAD
)phosphate (NADP
12
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310

)Adenosine triphosphate (ATP

( Flavin adenine dinucltide
. ) B12
:
NADNADP

.

. (
) ( )
( Citric acid cycle Tricarboxylic acid cycle ) Krebs cycle
Electron transport chain .
.
( )
11
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310

.
Acetyl-CoA
Oxaloacetate
Citrate Oxaloacetate
. CO2
Fluoroacetate Latent inhibition
( )
Fluoroacetyl CoA Fluorocitrate
Citrate
Cis aconitate . Citrate
.
Free Calcium
.

Cytochromes

.

. Rotenone
( ) I Organotine
Dinitrophenols
(II) Arsenicals
Oxathiins (III) Carboxin
) (CN )(CO
) (H2S ) Azide (H3
).(IV) (NO
12
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310

Fluorocitrate Tricarboxylic acid

Fluoroacetate
13
AN: 928641 ; .; . :
Account: ns153310


( )
:
Factors Affecting Physiological Selectivity
: Penetration

:
-1 Penetration External Barriers

:
11
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310

- Kind And Constituents of The Derm or

Cuticle

.

.
- Thickness of The Derm or Cuticle

.
- Affinity of pesticides To
The Dermal or Cuticle Constituents ) (DDT
.

.
- Chemical Nature of The Compound

Liposolubility
:
(Dinitro-O-Cresol) DNOC
5= PH 2 = PH
2=PH PH
= 5 .
15
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310

- Kind of Solvent

.

:
- .
- .
-2 Penetration Internal Barriers
:
- )Blood Brain Barrier (B.B.B

.

. :
V.S.R. LD50 Insects LD50 Vertebrate
0.0001 1000 0.17 Tetram
7
0.0015 5000 7.5 Prostigmine
0.014 500 7 Phosphoroamidate
0.022 1932 42 Schradan
0.04 50 20 Nicotine

LD50
- .
Cholinergic

.
16
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310


.
-
General Lipoprotein Membranes As Barriers

.
Facilitated

Partitioning
.

Permeability Factor
LD50 Topical
=
LD50 Injection

.
: Binding And Loss At Different Sites

%92

Reversible
:
- Reversible Binding


11
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310


.
- Irreversible Binding
.

( )

.
: Excretion

. PH
( Formamidines Fluroacetate)

..
%31 12 .
.. %11 .. .. .
..
.. .
: Metabolic Alteration of Toxicants

:
-1 Relationship Between Metabolism And
Toxicity

.

.

.
11
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310


.
-2 Organism
Variation In Their Metabolism Ability

) (Glucuronide Conjugates

) .(Glucuronide
.
) (A-estereases
) (Methyl Parathion
Paranitrophenol
) (Methyl Parathion (Ethyl
) Parathion ) (Methyl Parathion
) (A-esterases
) .(A-esterases
) (Halaxon
) (A-estereases

) (Halaxon ) (Coroxon
) (Halaxon ) (Coroxon ) (A-esterases
.

(Glutathion
) Transferase
.
:
-
) (Substrate.
-
Inducers .
19
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310

- Invitro
(
)
Invivo
) (Invitro
1 15
1.1 15
LD50 = 1.6/.
-3
Logical Principles of Variation in Metabolism Ability

:
- : Direct Dialysis

.

.
- : Mixed Function Oxidases Enzymes
.

.

Endogenous
.Exogenous
- Human Position in Metabolism Pyramid
:
12
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310


Inbreeding Outbreeding

:
* .
*

.
* .
*

.
* .
.

.

:
- : Selectophore

) (C(0) C2H5

.
- : Chance Factor Pro-Pesticides


) )P= S( (Phosphorothionates
11
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310

( )P=O

.
- : Nature of Toxicants

Detoxication
.Activation

.
- : Self Synergism

.
) (Carboxyl esterase
. )(Phoxin
3696 = V.S.R.
:
-
) (Phoximoxon (Diethyl
) Phosphate ) (Nitril
).(Carboxylic
- AchE
) (Phoximoxon 212 )(AchE
.
: Activation As A Power In Selectivity


12
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310

) (Methamidophose
32-13 LD50/

) (Acyl Acylation
) (Acephate .

) (Esters
) (Amide

.
: Sites of Action
:
:
.
:
.
:

Site of Action Exists In Target And Non-Target Organisms
:
-1 )(Acetyl Cholinesterase

) Acetyl Choline (Buterylcholine

) (AchEs .
) (AchEs

) (AchEs
.

:
13
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310

- : ) (AchEs
.
- :
.
-2 Other Sites Except Acetyl
Cholinesterase

:
-

.
-
.
- .

.
:
Site of Action Exist Only In Pests
:
- 1 : Chitin
IGRs

.

. :
- :

) (Benzoic acid 12/
.
) (Methoprene LD50
= 31622/ LD50= 2.22/
)= V.S.R (Vertebrate Selectivity Ration
1.132.222
11
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310


.
-
) (Juvaleon
.Pyrrochoridae

.
- : ) Dimilin (Mon 0585

.

. ) (Dimilin
LD50 = 12222/
() .
- 2 -
Glutamine .
- 3 Steroids
:
- Steroids
.Filipin
- Steroids

Triparanol .Azasteroides
- 1
.

.
: Multiple Factors of Selectivity

15
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310


.
: Selectivity Measuring

Vertebrate
Selectivity Ratio

. :
= )Vertebrate Selectivity Ratio (V.S.R.
Value of Vertebrate LD 50
V.S.R
Value of Insect LD 50
V.S.R .
= 12-1
= 122-12
= 1222-122
1222
) (V.S.R.
:
: ) (V.S.R.
)(LD50
:

V.S.R. LD50 INSECT LD50 VERT.
100 0.02 2 A
100 2 200 B
100 200 20000 C
16
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310

V.S.R.
A B C .
: ) (V.S.R.

)(V.S.R.
.
: ) (V.S.R.
LD50

:
- 1 : Method of Exposure To Pesticides
V.S.R. :

V.S.R. LD50 INSECT LD50 VERT.
0.38 65 25 A
0.56 900 500 B
3.4 25.5 68 C
V.S.R.
V.S.R.
.
V.S.R. LD50
.
-2 : Kind of Solvent LD50
GC9160 290-240/
LD50 1500-900
/.
-3 : Pest Stage Th. 6040
) (Dimilin .
LD50
.
11
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310

-1 : Pest Age
Isopropyl phenyl N-methyl carbamate
104= LD50/ 1.
LD50 1/
.
-5 Time of Application And Exposure
:Period

LD50 .
-6 : Sex LD50
13/ 3=LD50/ .
9 = LD50/
12/.
-1 Method of Expression of Amount
: Pesticide LD50 LC50

.
-1 : Rearing Temperature

:
.
-
.
-
LD50 LC50

Trogoderma granarium Evert.
) (Ficam ) (Permethrin
25 LC50
32 35.
9 : Humidity LC50

.
11
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310

-12 : Light

6
.
-11 : Nutrition

) (DDT ) (Pyrethrum

) (Ficam )(Permethrin

.
LD50
V.S.R.
.
: : V.S.R.
/
.
:
V.S.
LD50 In. LD50 Vert.
R.
63 205 13000 Abat
e
V.S.R.
LD50 V.S.R.
.V. S.R.
V.S.R.
.
19
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310


Pesticides of Arthropods

92
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310

91
AN: 928641 ; .; . :
Account: ns153310


Inorganic Insecticides
Introduction

Inorganic
1161

.

.

Principles of Insecticides Classification

:
:

:
-1 .Ovicide
-2 .Larvicide
-3 .Adulticide
92
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310


. :
-1 Ovicide

.
:
- .
- .
- .
- :
.

Dinitro
.
-2 Larvicide

Diflubenzuron
Dimilin
.
-3 Adulticide

.
:
:
)I Inorganic Insecticides
)2 : Organic Insecticides :
93
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310

: : Natural Organic Insecticides

- 1 .Petroleum Oils
- 2 .Tar Oils
- 3 .Organic Bioinsecticides :
- .Botanical Insecticides
- .Microbial Origin Insecticides
- .Animal Origin Insecticides
: Synthetic Organic Insecticides
: :
- 1 .Organochlorine Insecticides
- 2 .Organophosphorus Insecticides
- 3 .Carbamate Insecticides
- 1 Synthetic Pyrethroides
.Insecticides
- 5 .Miscellaneous Insecticides
- 6 . :
- .Insect Growth Inhibitors
- .Repellants
- .Antifeedants
- .Attractants
- .Sterillants
)I Inorganic Insecticides

91
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310


:
Arsenical Compounds

2H3AsO3
2H3AsO4
Arsenites
.Arsenates

.

.
:
: Arsenic Oxides Compounds
Arsenic Trioxide
White Arsenic As2O3 : %15
152-122
1-1.2 122/
22

.
:
-1 Sodium Arsenite

:
As2O3 + NaOH NaAsO2 + Na2HAsO3

95
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310

%31.3

:
1
132 122
.
- Dipping Solution
.
-
.
-2 Paris Green
3
)(Asetometa Arsenite of Copper
%15-51

.
Bordeaux mixture
Rotenon Pyrethrum
Dinitrophenols
.

22

1
122 1 Hydrated Lime
Corrector Agent
1
25 33
.
96
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310

-3 London Purple
Calcium Arsenite & Arsenate
.
-1 (CaAsO) Calcium Arsenite
Gryllotalpa
gryllotalpa .
-1 (ZaAsO) Zinc Arsenite

.
: Arsenic Pentoxide
(As2O5) Arsenic Oxide
%65 -122
152

.

As2O3 + 2HNO3 As2O3 + Na2HAsO3

:
-1 (PbAsO4) Lead Arsenate

AS2O5 + PbO + H2O PbHASo4 Pb4[Pb(OH)2(ASo4)3] + H3ASo4
:
) (PbH4 (AsO4)2
%22 %33-31
.%2.252
- )).(PbH (AsO4
- ).(Pb4 (AsOH) (AsO4) H2O
91
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310

Spreading Agent
Calcium Caseinate
.
.

22-2

.
Stomach Poison
.

. 1 52/ 3 .

.

.

%33
%23 .
PbHAsO4 + H2O Pb4 (PbOH) (AsO4)3 + 2H3AsO4

- 2 Calcium Arsenate :
] [Ca3(ASo4)2

) (CaHASo4 .
H3ASo4 + CaCl2 CaHASo4 + Ca3(ASo4)2 + [Ca3(ASo4)2] Ca(OH)2

%15-12 %32-25

.
91
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310


%95 322/ 2

.

.

Dinitrophenols

()1
.

- -

- -

- -
- -

- -

-3 Magnesium Arsenate %12-22
.
-1 Copper Arsenate

%2.1

.
99
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310


Factors Affecting The Toxicity of Arsenic Compounds

:
- 1 : Total Arsenic Percentage

.
- 2 : Soluble Arsenic Percentage

Correctors
.
.
- 3 : Particles Size
.
- 1 : Existence of CO2
CO2
.
Symptoms of Arsenic Toxicity

:
: Toxicity Symptoms To Insects

:
- 1
Regurgitation
.
- 2 .
122
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310

- 3

.

.
: Toxicity Symptoms To Vertebrate

:
- 1

.
- 2

.
- 3

.
- 1

) (Herps .
- 5

.
.

Arsenic Compounds Mechanism of Action

:
- 1
(Adenosin Diphosphate) ADP
121
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310

) (Phosphorylative Oxidation
(Adenosin Tri-Phosphate) ATP

%95
.%52
- 2 )(SH
Cytochrome Oxidase Dehydrogenase
Phosphatase
) (Pyruvate Oxidase System

) (SH )(SH

(BAL) British Anti Lewisti

) (BAL 3-dimercapto propanol2
) (SH
) (BAL
:
- 3

.
- 1
Insects Defense Against Arsenic Compounds

:
122
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310

- 1

).(Calcium Casine
- 2

) (Sedatives ) (Bismuth Carbonate
.
- 3
.
Fluoride Compounds

) (Sodium Fluoalominate : Cryolite : Na3AlF6
) (Calcium Fluoride : Fluospa : CaF2
.

.

.

123
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310

Stomach Poison
Contact Poison
.

.
:
: : Fluorides :
-1 Sodium Fluoride NaF1

Hydrofluoric Acid
:
CaF2 + H2So4 HF + Na2Co3 NaF

:
Na2SiF6 + 2Na2Co3 + H2O 6NaF + H2Sio3 + 2Co2
%1
%15

.

%2
.
-2 Barium Fluoride BaF


Anthonomus grandis

.
121
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310

- 3 Zinc Fluoride ZF

.
: Fluosilicates
:
-1 Sodium Fluosilicate : Na2SiF6

.
H2SiF6 + 2Na2Co3 + H2O Na2SiF6 + H2O + HCl
%62.6
2.665 122/ 11
.

. :
Na2SiF6 + 2Na2Co3 + H2O 6NaF + H2SiO3 + 2Co2

%2.252
-2 Barium Fluosilicate : BaSiF6
%12
%1 () %22
. 2.26 26
122/ 11 %12.1 .

.

3-1 122/ 1
125
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310

3
.
-3 Sodium Fluoaluminate Na3Al6
) (AlF3.3NaF ) (Na3AlF6

:
3NH4F + AlF4 + 3NaCl Na4AlF6 + 3NH4Cl
%91-92

%51.3 2.35
35 122/

.
3-1 122/
%12-22

.
Symptoms of Fluoride Toxicity

:
: Toxicity Symptoms To Insects

) (Uneasiness
) (Irritability ) (Sluggish
11 -1 .

) (Spasm ).(Flaccid
: Toxicity Symptoms To Vertebrate

126
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310


) (Anorexia .
Fluoride Compounds Mechanism of Action

:
- 1 Fluoroacetamide Fluoroacetate
Acetate
Thiokinase ATP ) Co(A
Aconitase Citrate Kreb --
Fluoro--Ketoglutarate Kreb
) (Citrate
.

ATP-ase Enolase Catalase Cytochrome Oxidase
Acid Phosphatase .Phospholase
Acetate thiokinase
CH2F CooH CH2 F Co. S Co. A
)ATP, Co(A -A-
Citrate Synthetase
F CH CooH
|
Ho C CooH Fluorocitrate

|
CH 2 CooH

- 2
.
Treating Fluoride Poisoning
121
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310

Antidote
(Glycerel Monoacetate) Monoacetin
.
.Barbiturates
Cyanides Compounds

:
-1 Hydrocyanic
Prussic Acid 131.1
25

Warning Agent
.
-2 : Cyanogen Chloride
.
-3 Calcium Cyanide )(Cyanogas

.
Toxicity Symptoms of Cyanides

.

Protective Stupefaction


.
Giddiness
Headache Palpitation Cyanosis
Unconsciousness
121
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310


.
Treating Cyanides Poisoning

:
- 1 2.5-2.3 12/ .
- 2 .
- 3 .
Cyanides Mechanism of Action

:
- 1 Reversible

Cytochrome Oxidase
.Cytochrome
.
- 2

.
- 3 Hypocampus
.
Inorganic Phosphorus Compounds

:
Aluminum Phosphide

pH3 Phosphine
.
Cyanate Compounds
Thanite

129
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310


.
Abrasive Powders

.

.

.

.

Factors Encourage The Use of Abrasive Powders

:
- 1 .
- 2 .
- 3
.
- 1 .
- 5 .
- 6 .
- 1 .
- 1 .
- 9 .

Principles of Abrasive Powders Classification

:
: According To Origin
112
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310


:
- 1 :
.
- 2 : Dolomite
Magensite Copper Oxychloride ( Katelosus
) ) (Lime
) (Limestone .
- 3 : ) (SiO2

.
- 1 :
.
: According To The Mode of Action
:
-1 Abrasive Inert Powder

Diatomaceous earth Pyrophyllite

SiO2

.
-2 Hygroscopic Inert Powder

.

.

Mechanism of Toxic Action of Abrasive Powders

:
111
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310

- 1

.
%62 %32 .
- 2
.
- 3
.
- Epicuticular Lipids 1

.
- . 5
112
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310


Natural Organic Insecticides
Introduction

.

) (DDT

.
.

Organic Abiotic Insecticides
Oils
Creasy Fluids

.

:
: Petrolium Oils
: Tar Oils
: Petroleum Oils

113
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310


.
.

.

.%1
:
-1 Viscosity
62 3 31.1
.Saybolt

.
-2 Boiling Point
Volatility

.
-3 Sulfonation Test
Unsulfonated Residue

.
-1 Neutralization No.

%2.23

111
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310


.
-5 Density Baume
Pycnometer

2.12-2.11.
-6 Iodine Test

.
Petroleum Oil Classification

:
-1 : :
- : Paraffinic
.
- : Naphthenic
.
-2 : :
- Light Oil 152-12.
- Medium Oil 322-152.
- Heavy Oil 322.
-3 : :
- : Dormant-Oils
%92-52

. .%3-2
- : Summer-Oils
%96-92

.
.
115
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310

-1 :
:
- : Emulsfiable Oils
.
- : Concentrated Emulsion
.
.
: Tar Oils

212
212-212
212-212 Creosote
212 .Anthracine
:
- 1 : Tars Compounds

.

.
- 2 : Creosotes Compounds

.
Use of Oils
- 1 : Dormant-Winter Oils

.
- 2 : Foliage-Summer Oils

116
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310


.
- 3 : Parasiticides
.
- 1 : Preservative

.
- 5
.
- 6 .
- 1 .
- 1 .
- 9
.
- 12 .
Advantages of Oils Application
- 1 .
- 2 .
- 3 .
- 1 .
Disadvantages of Oils Application
- 1 .
- 2 .
- 3 .Phytotoxicity
- 1 .
- 5 .
Mechanism of Toxic Effect of Oils
111
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310


:
-1
.
-2
.
-3

.
-1 :
- .
- .
- .
Organic Bioinsecticides

.
:
:
:
:
:
Plant Origin Organic Bioinsecticides


.

111
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310


Resistance
.

:
- 1
.
- 2
.
- 3
.
- 1
.
- 5
.
- 6
.
- 1

.
- 1 .

Steps of Discovering and Producing Plant Origin Bioinsecticides

:
: 0 Choosing The Suitable Plant

:
-
.
- .
- .
119
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310

- .
-

.
-2 Extraction

:
- :

.
-

Super Critical Fluid Extraction
.
- :

%12

(
)Azadirachtins
- :

.Liquid Liquid Partition
-
.
.
-9 : Extraction Bioassay

122
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310


.

.

.
.
:
. -
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
. -

.

.
-1 Uniform of Standardization


121
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310

)(HPLC High
.Performance Liquid Chromatography

()

Neem
.
12

%99 )(Aza-A
Azadirachtin Proper ) (Aza-B 2.5
Aza-B 1 : Aza-A
) (Aza-A ).(Aza-B
-5 Type of Formulation
:
- : Dusts

.
- : Emulsifiable Concentrates

.

122
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310


:
- :
:
-0 Rotenone Derris

Derris spp.

. Derris
elliptica 1911
.

%12-32 . 1932

.

.
.

.
:
123
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310

I21212a tetrahydro 2 isopropenyl89dimethoxy(1) ben

zopyrano (34b) Furo (23b) (1) benzopyran 6 (6aH) one.
Toxicity Symptoms By Rotenone

Necrosis .
Rotenone Mechanism of Toxic Effect

:
- 1

Mitochondria
) (NADH2 .
- 2
) (ATP
.
- 3 Glutamic dehydrogenase Succinic

dehydrogenase Succinic oxidase Cytochrome oxidase

.
121
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310

-2 Nicotine
1562 1692

:
Nicotiana tabaccum -
Nicotiana rustica -
%15-1 -1
%11 .
.
alkaloid nicotine :
3-1-(Methyl-2-Pyrrolidyl) Pyridine
Pyridine
Pyrolidine 2 3

Nornicotine
.Anabasine
Anabasine Nornicotin
125
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310

Malic acid
Citric acid
Steam Distillation .
1921
%52
Black Leaf 40 %12
Nicotin sulphate
. .
.

.

Mechanism of Toxic Effect of Nicotine

Dehydrogenase Catalase

.

Molecular Dimension

Synapse Gap

Neuromuscular Junction
.

.
-9 Pyrethrum
Chrysanthemum cineriaefolium
%1.5-2.5
.
1151 .
1965 .
126
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310


Knockdown

) (Resistance .

.

. 1921
:
Pyrethrin I & II
Cinerin I & II
Jasmolin I & II
:
Pyrethrin I
121
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310

Pyrethrin II
Cinerin I
Cinerin II
121
AN: 928641 ; .; . :
Account: ns153310

Jasmolin I
Jasmolin II

:
1- Chrysanthemic acid
2- Pyrethric acid
:
1- Pyrethrolone
2- Cinerolone
3- Jasmolone
129
AN: 928641 ; .; . :
Account: ns153310

(+)-trans-Chrysanthemic acid (I) (+)-trans-Pyrethric acid (II)
(+)- Pyrethrolone (+)- Cinerolone

(+)-Jasmolone
132
AN: 928641 ; .; . :
Account: ns153310

()2
.
( )2 .

Chrysanthemic Pyrethric
Pyrethrolone )Pyrethrin I (35% )Pyrethrin II (32%
Cinerolone )Cinerin I (10% )Cinerin II (14%
Jasmolone )Jasmoline I (50% )Jasmoline II (4%

.
Bentonite
.

Synergists

Sesamin Piperonyl Butoxide

.
Mechanism of Toxic Effect of Pyrethrum

.
Axonic Poison
.

. Negative Temperature
Coefficient .
.

.
-1 Azadirachtin

Azadirachta indica A.juss Melia azedarach
131
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310


.

.
.

1
12
3
.

%1.1-1.5 12/ :
Salanin
Salannol Salannolacetate Gedunin .Nimbinen


1152/ .
132
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310

Nemosan Supernemic

Margosan
Nimasal Nimazal .Neemark
Mechanism of Toxic Effect of Azadirachtin

:
-1 :

.Corpora allata
-2 :
.
-3 :

.
-1 :
Spodoptera exigua

.
-5 Rayania
Ryanis speciosa Flacourtiaceae

.
.
Ryanodine .Ryanicide
-6 Sabadiella
Schoenocaulon officinale
Veratrin Veratridine Cevadine

.
-1 Helbore Veratrum
Veratrum viridi
133
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310

Veratrum album
Veratrin Pseudojervine .Protoveratridine
-1 Quassin & Neoquassin

Quassia amera .
-9 Unsaturated Isobutylamides

11-12
:

Pellitorine Anacyclus
pyrethrum .

.

Affinin
Heliopsis longipes Scarbin Heliopsis scabra
Echinacein Echinacea anguistifolia
Sanshool Zanthoxylum piperitum
.
- :

.
-0 Isoboldine
Cocculus tribe
222 :
131
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310

-2 Plumbagin
Plumbago capensis :
-9 Polygodial
Polygonum hydropiper :
-1 Nicandrrianone
Nicandra physaloides
.Solanaceae
-5 Chromenes Precocene
Agrealum houstonianum

.
135
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310

-9 Vegetable Oils

:
: Fixed Oils
() :
( )2 .
( )3 .
( )1 .
( )5 .
: Volatile or Ethereal Oils

:
( )1 Camphor Oil .
( )2 Peppermint .
( )3 .
( )1 .Menthol Oil
( )5 .

:
- 1 .
- 2 .
- 3 .
- 1 .
- 5 .
- 6 .
- 1
.
:
Microbial Origin Organic Bioinsecticides
136
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310


Bacillus thuringiensis

Lethieinase
.

:
-0 Avermectins

Streptomycis
avermitilis

) (HPLC

Streptomycis avermitilis

)(cis
-L-
oleandrose
.13
:
Abamectin
131
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310


.
322/ .
%1.1 .

2.5-2.25/ . Abamectin
Affirm Avermectin Avid Dynamec Medamec Vapcomic
Vertimec .Zephyr
the double bond (=) is present sugars are Where R1 is absent

-L-oleandrose
131
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310

Emamectin Benzoate -
Avermectin Proclaim
Benzoate

%1.9
: . / 2.15
4-epi-methylamino-4-deoxyavermecrin B1 benzoate (a mixture of

minimum of 90% 4-methylamino-4-deoxyavermectin B1a and a
maximum of 10% 4-epimethlyamino-4-deoxyavermectin B1b benzoate
: Lepimectin -
. Sankyo Agro.co
:
-
C41H53NO10 (6-ethyl) and C40H51NO10 (6-methyl)
Mixture: (6R13R25R)-5-O-demethyl-28-deoxy-628-epoxy-13-[(Z)-
[(methoxyimino)phenylacetyl]oxy]-25-methylmilbemycin B &
(6R13R25R)-5-O-demethyl-28-deoxy-628-epoxy-25-ethyl-13-[(Z)-
[(methoxyimino)phenylacetyl]oxy]milbemycin B(CAS)
139
AN: 928641 ; .; . :
Account: ns153310


Biological Activity of Avermectin as Pesticides

) (B1

(LC90) %92 2.22
2.21
.
) (B1

(LC90) %92 6-2.22

112
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310

%12 ) (B1a %22

).(B1b

Toxicity Effects of Arthropodicide
:
- 1 : Acute Toxicity

Blood Brain Barrier
( %1
)
(Acute
) Oral LD50 11/ .
Affirm
%2.11
5222/
%1.1
322/ .
- 2 : Chronic Toxicity

2.25//

.

Mechanism of Toxic Effect of Avermectines
) (B1
Gama-Amino Butyric Acid

) (GABA

Neuromuscular Junctions .

111
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310


.
-2 Spinosyns
Lilly

A83543 1912

Spodoplera eridania
Actinomycetes
Saccharopolyspora spp. S.
spinosa
Macrolides
12

Forosamine ) (2-3-4-tri-O-methylrhamnose

Erythromycin A 11
.
112
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310

Tetracyclic Ring
:
- Spinosad Tracer

Spinosyn A
Spinosyn D :
113
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310

Spinosyn A
Spinosyn A
2-((6-deoxy-234-tri-o-methyl-alpha-L-mannopyranosyl)oxy)-13-((5-
dimethyiamino)tetrahydro-6-methyl-II-pyran-2-yl)oxy)-9-ethyl-
233a5a5b69101112131416a16b-tetra-decahydro-14-methyl-
IIIas-indaceno(32-d) oxacyelododecin-715dione.
Spinosyn D
2-((6-deoxy-234-tri-o-methyl-alpha-L-mannopyranosyl)oxy)-13-((5-
(dimethyiamino)tetrahydro-6-methyl-2II-pyran-2-yl)oxy)-9-ethyl-
233a5a5b69101112131416a16b-tetradecahydro-414-dimethyl-
1IIas-indaceno(32-d) oxacyelododecin-715-dione.
Cypermethrin Spinosad

Spinosad
.
.
: Spinetoram -

: .
C42H69NO10+C43H69NO10
111
AN: 928641 ; .; . :
Account: ns153310


Mechanism of Toxic Effect of Spinosyns
Spinosyn A

Gama-amino Butyric Acid

115
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310

:
Animal Origin Organic Bioinsecticides

:
-0 Natural Insect Growth Regulators

.
:
-

.
-
.

Hormonal Regulation of Development In Insect

:
116
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310

- .Brain Hormone
- .Molting Hormone or Ecdysone
- .Juvenile Hormone

.

Corpora Allata

Diapause
Diapause Hormone

.

:
- Juvenile Hormone
1956
Hyalophora cecropia P.
11
Terpenoid
1966 Roller
:
Methyl trans trasns Cis 10 11 epoxy 3711 trimethyl 26
tridecadienate

.1 :
111
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310

Methyl trans trasns Cis 10 11 epoxy 7 ethyl23

dimethyl 26 tridecadienoate 26 tridecadienate.
Ecdysone Hormone -
1951
-ecdysone

:
2B3B 14aR 25 pentahydroxy 5b Cholest 7 en 6 one

Manduca
: sexata L.
111
AN: 928641 ; .; . :
Account: ns153310

20 26 Dihydroxy ecdysone
119
AN: 928641 ; .; . :
Account: ns153310


Mechanism of Toxic Effect of Insects Growth Regulators
:
- : 1

.
- : Phenol 2
Oxidase

Thiourea
.
- : DOPA Decarboxylase 3
DOPA
Decarboxylase DOPA Dopamine
DOPA
Decarboxylase 2-methyl-propionic acid4-3-(3 2-hydrazino
) dihydroxy phenyl 5
/ .
- : 1

Burisicon
.
- 5

Chitinase Phenol Oxidase

Diflubenzuron DNA

DNA
Diflubenzuron
. Diflubenzuron
152
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310


.
.
- 6 :

3.21
1.91 6.91 1222
Triflumeuron Diflubenzuron .
- 1

Diflubenzuron

.
-2 Pheromones

:
-I Releaser Pheromones

:
- Trial Following Pheromone
- Alarm Pheromone
- Aphrodisiacs
- Aggregation Pheromones
151
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310

Sex Pheromones
Oviposition Food Pheromones
.Pheromones
-II Primer Pheromones

.

:
- Bombykol
CH3(CH2)2CH = CHCH = CH(CH2)8CH2OH
Bombyx mori L.
5-12 3
.
- Gyplure
:
CH3(CH2)5 CH CH3 CH = CH(CH3)NCH2OH
|
SHCC O
||
O
)Dextro lo acetoxy Cis 7 hexadecen 1 o1 (gyplure
5-3.
152
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310


Fast Acting Synthetic Organic Insecticides
Introduction

.

%95

.
Organochlorine Insecticides
:
Chlorinated hydrocarbons Chlorinated organics
Chlorinated insecticides Chlorinated synthetics
153
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310

.

.
15-2

.
:
: Dichloro Diphenyl Ethane
: () Cyclohexane
: Cyclodiens
: Dichloro Diphenyl Ethane
:
-0 -: DDT D.D.T
Zeidler
.1111 1939
Muller :
111 trichloro 22 dis (p Chlorophenyl) ethane
11 bis (p Chlorophenyl) 222 trichloroethane
Dichlor diphenyl trichloroethane :
DDT

.
DDT Chloral Chlorobenzene
.
p p
DDT
151
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310

%12 Para DDTPara %22

ParaOrtho OrthoOrtho
P P DDT
121
.
.
LD50 322/
.
DDT
0919
.
DDT DDT Penetration To Organism
DDT

DDT .

.

.
DDT
01
.
-2 Methoxy Chlor DMDT :
Marlate Methoxcide Moxie
DDT

DDT
DDT
.
.
155
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310

22 bis (p Methoxyphenyl) 1.1.1 trichlorethane

-9 Kelthane Acarin : Dicofol
Hilfol Mitigan
.
44-dichloro-a- (trichloromethyl) benzhydrol (CAS8CI); 222-

trichloro-11-bis (4-chlorophenyl) ethanol
-1 Chlorobenzilate Akar :
Benzilan Folbex Kopmite

.
156
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310

Ethyl 44 dichlorobenzilate
Perthane Methlochlor
: Hexachlorocyclohexane
1125
1912

65 :
-0 Lindane Lindane

Hot Methanol

%99

.%2.2221
:
151
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310

Gamma-123456-hexachloro-cyclohexane

.
.
.
-2 )Hexachloro Cyclohexane (HCH

.

.
: Cyclodiene Compounds
Diene Organochlorine
Insecticides Cyclic
Diene .
Hexachloro Cyclo Pentadiene
Cyclopentadiene
Quinone Diels-Alder Otto
Diels .Kurt Alder

:
-0 Chlordane

.
.

HCl
.
Cyclopentadiene
Hexa Chloro Cyclopentadiene
Cyclopentadiene Diels-Alder
Chlordene
151
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310

Chlordene Chlordane
.Heptachlor :
-2 Endosulfane
Tetranychus
urticae .

.
:
678910-Hexachloro1 5 5a699ahexahydro69methano
234 benzodioxathepin 3oxide
159
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310

-9 Heptachlor

.
:
1456788Heptachloro3a477atetrahydro47
methanoindene

Signs And Symptoms of Poisoning By Organochlorin Insecticides

.
:
-1 Acute Poisoning
:

.
- :

.
- :

.
-2 Chronic Poisoning
162
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310

:

.
- :
.
- :

.

Mechanism of Toxic Effects of Organochlorin Insecticides

(.)11
161
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310

( )11 ()
()
( )1996 Ecobichon
- 1 DDT

DDT
( )12


DDT

162
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310

.
DDT .
( )12 )(Oscilloscope
( )-
.. ( )--- ( )1996 Ecobichon
163
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310

( )13 .. -1
-2 -3
) -1 (Na+-K+/Ca2+-Mg2+-ATPases
(
)1996 Ecobichon
( )13
:
: DDT

.
- : DDT

161
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310

- : Na-K-Ca-Mg-ATPase DDT
ATPase ATP

.
- : Calmoduline

.

.

DDT
:
- : Autotoxin

Carnitine Dyterobetain Cretobetaine

.
- : Mullins

12

2 1.5

.Mullins Interspace

P-Chlorophenyl
165
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310


Dichloro Diphenyl Ethane
(
.)11
( )11 DDT
.
- 2 :
DDT

( )15
) (Pictoxin
) Y-aminobutyric Acid (GABA
) (GABA


.

Na-K-ATPase K-Mg-ATPase
166
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310

.
Ca-Mg-ATPase

.
( )15

) (GABA
( )1996 Ecobichon

Treatment of Poisoning By Organochlorin

:
161
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310

- 1 : Diazepam

2.3/ 12

.
- 2 : Cholestyramine

3
11
.
- 3 : Phenobarbital

(MFO)Mixed Function Oxidases

15/
1.
- 1 : Anion Exchange Resin

.

Organophosphorus Insecticides
1931
Gerhard
Schrader Bayer

Sarin Soman
Tabun


.

(Tetra Ethyl ) (TEPP
161
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310

) Pyrophosphate
.

Parathion 1911
E605 Paraoxone

.
Nerve Gas Relatives Phosphates Phosphorus
Esters Organophosphate .Phosphoric Acid Esters

:
- 1
High Initial Toxicity

:
- .
- .
- .
- Phosphatides
.
- .Transphosphorylation
- 2
:
- .
TEPP Phosdrin
Diazinon .Gusathion
- Parathion
Schradan
.
- Systox .Thimet
- 3
.
169
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310

- 1 .
- 5 .

:
- 1 .
- 2
.

Nomenclature of Organophosphorus Compounds

Organophosphate ) (P

:
X Y Alkoxy
Substituted Amino Groups Z

Leaving Group
:
112
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310


Dimefox
Dichlorv
os
Parathio
n
Malath
ion
EPN
TEPP
Schradan

Phosphoric acid

: .
OO - Diethyl -O-P-nitrophenyl phosphorothioate
111
AN: 928641 ; .; . :
Account: ns153310


:
:
Organophosphorus Ester With Aliphatic Chain

:
-0 Malathion
Carbofos :
Mercaptothion .Yapithan :
OO Dimethyl-s (12-dicarboxy-ethoxy)ethyl phosphorothioate

1952

LD50 2122/ . :
-

.
-
.
-
.
112
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310


.
-2 Dimethoate
LD50
255/ :
OO-dimethyl S-methylcarbamoylmethyl phosphorodithioate.

. :
.
-9 Methamidophos
22 LD50/ .
Tamaron Vetaron
:
OS-Dimethyl phosphoramidothioate

.
:
Acephate Demeton Dichlorvos Dicrotophos Disulfoton

Formothion Mevinphos .Monocrotophos
113
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310

:
Organophosphorus Aromatic Aliphatic Esters

.
1-2
. :
-0 Parathion

OO-diethyl O-(4-nitrophenyl) phosphorothioate

-2 Fenitrothion
LD50 122
/
.
Chemithion : Fenthion Phenmac
Rothien Senthion .Sumithion Senyam

.
:
111
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310

OO-dimethyl O-4-nitro-m-tolyl phosphorothioate

-9 Profenofos
LD50
252/.
O-4-bromo-2-chlorophenyl O-ethyl S-propyl phosphorothioate

:
Carbophenthion Coumaphos Crufonate Cyanofenphos
Cyanophos Fenchlorphos Isofenphos Leptophos Phenthoate
.
:
Organophosphorus Esters with Hetero Cyclic Ring

.
:
115
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310

-0 Diazinon

1952
LD50 1252/

Basudin : Calludine Diazain Diazide Metazon Nucidol
Prozinon Yamazon Yazon.
:
-diethyl O-[6-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)-4-pyrimidinyl] OO
phosphorothioate
-2 Methidathion

LD50 11/
.
Supracide :
Medacide Superyam .Ultracidin
:
116
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310

S-23-dihydro-5-methoxy-2-oxo-134-thiadiazol-3-ylmethyl OO-
dimethyl phosphorodithioate
-9 Chlorpyrifos

LD50 2222/
Chlorofet : Chlorzan
ContraInsect Durmite Dursban Lorsban Medban Presor
Profes Pyrical Pyrifos Tafaban .Yamasban
:
6-trichloro-2-pyridinyl) phosphorothioate5O-diethyl O-(3O

Azinophos-ethyl : Azinophos-methyl Dialfor
Diaxabenzofos Endothion Isoxathion Menazon Mephosfolan

Morphothion Phosalone Phosmet Primiphos-ethyl Pyraclofos
Pyridaphenthion Quinalphos .Thionazin

Demeton : Dimefox Formothion
111
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310

Mephosfalon Phosalone Phosfolan Phosphamidon Ronnel

Schradan .Thiometon
Carbamate Insecticides

Physostigmin
Calabar beans
.Physostigma venenosum

.
Physostigmin Phenyl methyl
.carbamate

Carbamic

N-alkyl carbamic
Aryl esters
.N-methyl carbamic
:
R Methyl x
.
R :
111
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310

R = Methyl group

:
R = Aromatic moiety

:
R = Benzimidazol moiety

. 1911 -
Isolan
.Demitan

.
:
-1 : :
- N-Monomethyl
Carbaryl : Carbofuran Ficam
Methomyl Temik .Zectran
- N-Dimethyl
Dimetilan : Isolan
.Pirimicarb
-2
-

Carbamic Acid Esters With Phenol or Naphthol
.Aryl Derivatives
:
( )1 : Carbaryl
152

.
119
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310


. :
Effaryl Prosin .Sevin :
1-naphthyl methyl carbamate

( )2 : Propoxur

. Baygon
.
:
2-(1-methylethoxy) phenyl methyl carbamate

:
Aminocarb Bufencarb Ethiofencarb Methiocarb Metolcarb
.Promecarb
112
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310

-

Carbamic Acid Esters With Hetero Cyclic Ring
:
( )1 : Pirimicarb

Pirimor
.
LD50 5222/
:
2-dimethylamino-56-dimethylpyrimidin-4-yl dimethyl carbamate

( )2 : Bendiocarb Ficam

. LD50
122-566/
:
22-Dimethyl-13-benzodioxolyl-N-methyl carbamate
111
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310

Carbofuran
.
-
Carbamic Acid Esters With Oxime

.

:
( )1 : Methomyl

.
Goldben Golden Marlen
:
S-methyl N-[(methylcarbamoyl)oxy]thioacetimidate
( )2 : Thiodicarb
.
Larvin
1.5/ . :
Dimethyl NN-
)(thiobis(methylimino)carbonyloxy)bis(ethanimidothioate
( )3 : Butoxy Carboxim
Drawin

112
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310


.
Plant Pin Pin Sticks

E .Z
)(E )(Z
3-(methylsulphonyl)butan-2-one O-
[(methylamino)carbonyl]oxime

Signs and Symptoms of Poisoning By Organophosphorus
And Carbamates

(AchE) Acetyl cholinesterase
Synapse
113
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310


(ACh) Acetyl cholin .

.
Synapse
Acetyl Choline
Pre-Synaptic Region

Post Synaptic Region AchE Ach.

Muscarinic
(

)
Nicotinic

(
) .

.

.
:
)Organophosphate-Induced Delayed Neurotoxicity (OPIDN

EPN .Mipafox

Mechanism of Toxic Action of Cholin Esterase Inhibitors


(
)Serin
111
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310

) (Z

(.)16
( )16

)(E-OH

32-22 .
) (X ) (Y ) (Z

Acephate
Dichlorovos Temephos Trichlorfon

)( (X
Aryl )Alkyl .Carbamylated Enzyme

( )16
.
115
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310

( )3

.

Reversible Inhibitors
( )
.
( )3 .
EH+AB EHAB BH+EA
EH+AOH

)(K3 )(K2 = (KA
)K1/K+1

1919)(Ecobichon
Aging

Phosphones Phosphoroamidates
Mipafox
Leptophose
Neuro Toxic Esterase
) (NTE
.

Diethyl : Dipropil Dibutyl
.Mipafox
Aging

Alkyl ( )11
) (P-O .
116
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310

) (O-C
.

.
( )11

( )1996 Ecobichon

Treatment of Poisoning By Anti-Cholin Esterase Pesticides

() .

:
-1

111
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310

Pseudocholinesterase
( )1 :
: Atropine
Muscarinic

.
- : Oximes (2-
) PAM
Pralidoxime
Pralidoxime Methan Sulfonte )(P25

.

( .)11
( )11
111
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310

( )1

%

1 -22 1 52-22
32
1 22-12
32-22

1 . 5 12
1 32-22
.

) (Infusion
2.5/
)(Ecobichon et al. 1977
- : Curare

.Curarization
- Hexamethonium
.
-2

Oximes
Carbaryl
119
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310

Pralidoxime

.
) (Diazepam
12

.

Synthetic Pyrethroides Insecticides

1151

Allethrin 1919
.
.

.
:
- 1 .
- 2 .
- 3 .
- 1
.
- 5 Safety Factor
.
- 6 .
- 1 .
:
- 1 .
- 2 .
192
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310

- 3
.
- 1 .
- 5 .
- 6 .

Pyrethroides Classification
:
: According To Pyrethroides Stability
Ware 1915

:
- 1 : Allethrin

.
:
2allyl-4- Hydroxy-3-metyhyl-2-Cyclope en-1- one ester of 22

dimethyl-3-(2-methyl propenyl)-cyclopropane carboxylic acid
- 2 :

:
- Tetramethrin Neo-pynamin
Phthalthrin .
Phenothrin - .Sumithrin
- Resmethrin Synthrin .Chryson
191
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310

2 dimethyl 3 2 5 phenylmethly 3 furanyl methyl 2

methyl I propenyl cyclopropanecarboxylate
- 3 :

. :
- .Permethrin
- Fenvalerate Sumicidin .Pydrin
- 1 :

.
.
:
- .(Baythroid) Cyfluthrin
- .(Danitol) Fenpropathrin
- .(Scout) Tralomethrin
- Cypermethrin Cymbush Cynoff .Fenom
:
According To The Groups Binding To Esters

:
- 1 .Decamethrin
- 2 .Permethrin
192
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310

- 3 .Cypermethrin
- 1 .Fenvalerate

: Empirical Formula
Decamethrin : C22H19Br2 No3
Permethrin: C21H20Cl2O3
Cypermethrin: C22H19C12 No3
Fenvalerate : C25H22Cl No3
:
According To Presence or Absence of Ester
:
- 1 : .
- 2 : :
) Etofenprox (Trebon ).Halfenprox (Sirbon
: According To Their Use
:
-1
Piperonly
Butoxide
.
.
Allethrin Tetramethrin Phenothrin Resmethrine
.Bioresmethrin
-2

Phenothrin Cyphenothrin

.

3-Phenoxy Benzyl
Sumitomo Alcohol
193
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310

Dichlorovinly Chysanthemic acid Farkas Slovak

Farkas Acid Michel Elliot
Permethrin

Sumitomo S-5439
4-Chlorophenyl Acetic Acid Isopropyl
-Cyano-3-Phenoxybenzyl S-
.5439 :
- : Permethrin

.
.
Ambush : Persect Coopex
Stomaxin Pifpaf .Kemrize :
2-2-dichlorovinyl)-2trans-3-(23-phenoxybenzyl (1RS)-cis
dimethyl cyclopropane carboxylate

.
- : Fenvalerate

Chemocidin : Fenkill Fenirate Sumicidin Valerate
Vapcocidin .Yamacidin :
191
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310

(RS)- a -Cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl (RS)-2-(4-Chlorophenyl)-3-

methylbutyrate
- : Cypermethrin

Cyerkill : Cymethrin Cynoff Cyper
Demon Fenom Ripcord Sirena Symbush .Ustaad
:
()- a -cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl ()-cistrans-3-(22-dichlorovinyl)-22-


Cyperlod : Cypervet Ectopor Ectomethrin
.Sniper
- : Deltamethrin

.
Cypermethrin
. :
195
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310

(S)- a -cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl (1R3R)-3-(22-dibromovinyl)-22-

- : Lambda Cyhalothrin

Icon
Creontidas pallidus

. Foenix Karate
Keratex .
:
a -cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl 3-(2-chloro-333-trifluoroprop-1-enyl)-22-
dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate
- : Alphacypermethrin

Alfamide :
Alphacyper Alphamethrate Alphayam Bestox Bestseller Fastac
Fastox Stedfast .Superalpha :
196
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310

Error
Racemate containing (S)- -cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl (1R)-cis-3-(22-

dichlorovinyl)-22-dimethyl cyclopopane carboxylate & (R)- -cyano-3-
phenoxybenzyl (1S)-cis-3-(22-dichlorovinyl)-22-dimethyl cyclopopane
carboxylate

Bifenthrin : Cyfluthrin
Esfenvalerate Fenpropathrin Flucythrinate .Fluvalinate

Signs and Symptoms of Poisoning By Synthetic Pyrethroids

:
- 1 ) : (T

) (-Cyano

191
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310


Terminal Nerves
).(T
- 2 ) : (CS

) (-Cyano

) (Choreoathetosis
) (CS
.Choreoathetosis/Salivation
( .)5
( )5

/
Pyrethrin I - 1 ( ) :
Allethrin .
- 2 . O ) (T
Tetramethrin .
Resmethrin - 3 .
- 1. C R
Phenothrin .
- 5 R
Permethrin
.
- 6 .
O
- 1
.
Lambda . -1 ( ) :
- -2

O CN [ )(CS
Cyhalet .
hrin . Choreoathetosis/
. - 3 ] Salivation
Deltame C C
. - 1
thrin
. - 5 R O R
- 6
)(-Cyano
.
191
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310

- 1 .
- 1.
- 9 .
- 12 .
- 11 (
).
- 12
.
- 13.

Mechanism of Toxic Action of Pyrethroids

) (Invitro

:
- 1 :

DDT

.

(
)
( )5

.
- 2 :

199
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310


.

( .)5
- 3 Permethrin Cypermethrin
Deltamethrin :
Mg-ATPaseCa
.
- ) gama Amino Butyric Acid (GABA
.
- Calmoduline

( .)19
222
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310

( )19
. :
-1
Mg+-ATPase) (Ca+
-2 ) (GABA
-3 ) (Calmoduline

( )1996 Ecobichon

Treatment of Poisoning By Pyrethroids
221
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310


)(Diazepam
) (Phenobarbital
.
.

Neonecotinoides Insecticides

Imidacloprid

.
:
- 1 .
- 2 .
- 3 .
- 1
.
- 5 .

:
- 1 Acetamiprid
Acetamifine
. BeticolConquest
.
:
222
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310

-2
( E )- N 1 -((6-chloro-3-pyridyl)methyl)- N 2 -cyano- N 1 -
methylacetamidine
-2 Imidacloprid

:
Confidor Commando Commodor Gaucho Gachate Confidate.
:
1-(6-chloro-3-pyridin-3-ylmethyl)-N-nitroimidazolidin-2-ylidenamine
-3 : Thiacloprid

.
Calypso :
3-thiazolidin-2-(2Z)-3-[(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)methyl]-1
ylidenecyanamide(IUPAC
223
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310

: Thiamethoxam -1

:
5-oxadiazinan-4-33-thiazol-5-ylmethyl)-13-(2-chloro-1
ylidene(nitro)amine(IUPAC)
: Dinotefuran -5
: .
(RS)-1-methyl-2-nitro-3-(tetrahydro-3-furylmethyl) guanidine
221
AN: 928641 ; .; . :
Account: ns153310

:

: Mechanism of Toxic Action of Neonicotinoides

Acetylcholine
Synapse
Irreversible

Acetylcholinesterase

.

Miscellaneous Insecticides

:
-0 Indoxacarb

Oxadiazine Avaunt
LD50 5222
/
2.25/
225
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310

.%15
.
:
(S)-methyl7-chloro-25-dihydro-2-[[(methoxycarbonyl)[4-
(trifluoromethoxy) phenyl]amino]carbonyl]indeno[12-e]
[134]oxadiazine-4a(3H)-carboxylate
Diafenthiuron -2
Thiourea
./ 2222 LD50
.
.Polo Pegasus
:
N-[26-bis(1-methylethyl)-4-phenoxyphenyl]-N'-(11-
dimethylethyl)thiourea(CAS); 1-tert-butyl-3-(26-di-isopropyl-4-
phenoxyphenyl)thiourea (CAS)
226
AN: 928641 ; .; . :
Account: ns153310

-9 Fipronil
Phenyl Pyrazole
Adonis : Regent .Termidor

1 .%2
:
(5-amino-1-(26-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-4-((1RS)-
)(trifluoromethyl)su-1-H-pyrasole-3-carbonitrile

Chloride channels
) Gama Butyric Acid (GABA
.
Fipronil-Sulfone
Fipronil . Fipronil
-1 Pymetrozine
Azomethine
2.5/
LD50
2222/ . Chess . Plenum

:
221
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310

5-dihydro-6-methyl-4- 44-triazin-3(2H)-one21
[(3- pyridinylmethylene) amino]
Pyriproxyfen -5
Phenylether
. 2.5-2.2
2222 LD50
.Admiral ./
:
2-[1-methyl-2-(4-phenoxyphenoxy)ethoxy]pyridine
221
AN: 928641 ; .; . :
Account: ns153310


Slow Acting Synthetic Organic Insecticides
Introduction

.

.

Synthetic Insect Growth Inhibitors

Insect Development Inhibitors

.

:
: Insects Growth Regulator
Mimics
: Chitin Synthesis
229
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310

Insects Growth :
Regulators Mimics

:
- 1 : Methoprene

Altosid Dianex
Manta :
Isopropyl (2E4E)-11-methoxy-3711-trimethyl-24-dodecadienoate
- 2 : Hydroprene

Gen-Trol Mator :
Ethyl (2E4E)-3711-trimethyldodeca-24-dienoate
- 3 : Kinoprene
Enstar
:
2-Propynyl (s)-(EE)-3711-trimethyl-24-dodecadiendate
- 1 : Fenoxycarb
Phenoxyphenoxy Insegar
Preclude
:
212
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310

Ethyl [2-(4-Phenoxyphenoxy) ethyl] carbamate

- 5 : Methoxyfenozide

Diacylhydrazine Runner
)N-(35-dimethyl benzoyl)-N-tert-butyl-(2-methyl3-methoxy benzoyl

hydrazide
: Chitin Synthesis Inhibitors


.
: Benzoylurea
211
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310


:
- 1 : Diflubenzuron
Difuse .Dimilin
LD50
12/ :
1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(26-difluorobenzoyl)urea
- 2 : Flufenoxuron
Flufenoxuron
. LD50 2/
.Cascade :
1]4-(2-chloro--trifluoro-P-tolyloxy)-2-fluorophenyl[-3-(26-
difluorobenzoyl) urea
- 3 : Lufenuron

Match :
212
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310

)N-[[[25-dichloro-4-(112333-hexafluoropropoxy
phenyl]amino]carbonyl]-26-difluorobenzamide
- 1 : Teflubenzuron
LD50
2/ Nomolt :
1-(35-dichloro-24-difluorophenyl)-3-(26-difluorobenzoyl)urea
- 5 : Triflumuron
:
2-chloro-N-[[[4-(trifluoromethoxy) phenyl] amino] carbonyl] benzamide

: Triazine

1-2.5/
Larvadex
213
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310

Cyromazine Trigard
.
N-cyclopropyl-135-triazine-246-triamine
: Thiadiazin
Buprofezin
Applaud
. :
2-tert-butylimino-3-isopropyl-5-phenylperhydro-135-thiadiazin-4-one

Toxicity of Synthetic Insect Growth Inhibitors

:
- 1
.
- 2
211
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310


Dimilin
.
- 1 Dimilin
LD50 1612/ LD50
12/.
- 2 Dimilin

92
Testosterone 12
.
- 3 Dimilin
.
- 1

.

Mechanism of Toxic Action of Synthetic Insects Growth Inhibitors

Benzoyl Urea

()

.

215
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310


.

.
Polysaccharides N-
acetylglucosamine Glucosides
( )1-1 (.)22
( )22

N-acetylglucosamine

Nicleosid
Diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine
Nucleosid
Uridine Triphosphate
N-acetylglucosamine UDP-N-
acetylglucosamine
( .)21
216
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310

( )21 UDP-N-acetylglucosamine

Chitin Synthetase
N-acetylglucosamine UDP-N-acetylglucosamine
N-acetylglucosamine
Chitin Synthetase
.
(
22 .)23
211
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310

) ( ) 22(
)(
211
AN: 928641 ; .; . :
Account: ns153310

( )23

:
: -1

.
: -2
Phenol Oxidase

Thiourea .
: DOPA Decarboxylase -3
DOPA
Decarboxylase DOPA Dopamine
DOPA
Decarboxylase 2-methyl-propionic acid3- 2-hydrazino
4-dihydroxy phenyl)(3
5/ .
: -1

219
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310

Burisicon
.
- 5 :

Chitinase Phenol Oxidase

Diflubenzuron DNA

DNA
Diflubenzuron
. Diflubenzuron

.
.
- 6 :

3.21
1.91 6.91 1222
Triflumeuron Diflubenzuron .
- 1 :

Diflubenzuron

( .
).
Repellant Compounds

222
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310


Indalone Rutgers 612
32

:
- 1 .
- 2 .
- 3 .
- 1 .
- 5
.
- 6 .
- 1
.
- 1 .
- 9 .
Properties of Repellant Compounds
- 1

.
- 2

.
- 3
221
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310

- 1

.
- 5

.

Principles of Repellants Classification
:
: According to Their Function
:
- 1 :

.
- 2 :
Diphenylamine Screw Worm
.
:
According To The Repelled Insect
:
- 1 :

Creosote Lime .Trichlorobenzene
- 2 :

.
Dimethyl Phthalate Indalone .3-Hexanediol2-Ethyl-1
222
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310

) 6(

AcetamideN-Cyclohexyl- Aedes spp
alpha-butoxy
AcetamideN-Cyclohexyl- A. aegypti
2-butoxy-ethoxy
Aceto acetic acid Simulium sp
22-thiodiethyl ester.
Acetophenone P-methoxy Pediculus humanus
Stomoxys calcitrans
Benzamide O-ethoxy-N Mansonia sp

Ndiethyl
Methyl ester (dimethly Amblyomma americana
carbate) Trombicula sp
Citronellal Asdes aegypti

Anopheles punctatus
Adiphic acid di-n-butyl Dermacenter cariabilis
ester
: - 3

.
.
223
AN: 928641 ; .; . :
Account: ns153310

Bis-[&&-(35-dichloro-2-hydroxy-phenyl)] p-chloro-o-toluene
Sulphonic acid
5-chloro-2-[4-chloro-2-(34 dichloro-phenyl ureido) phenoxy] benzene
sulfuric acid

.
- 1 :

.
Tetramethylthiuram disulphide
.
221
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310

- 5 :

Benzaldehyde Anhydride propionic .
Attractant Compounds
Stimulants

Propionitrile
Arrestant Skatol
.Scarabaeidae

:
- 1

.
- 2
.
- 3
.
- 1

.Confusion Method
:
- 1 :
5-3.
- 2 :
.
- 3 :

.
225
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310

- 1 :
.
- 5 :

. Aesculus pavia
.

:
: Non-Phermonic Attractants

:
- 1 : Phenylacetaldehyde
.
- 2 Coumarin
.
- 3 Dipropyle disulfide
.
- 1 : Trimedlure
) Ceratitis capitata (Wied.

. :
Trimedlure (tert-butyl-2-methyl-4-chlorocyclohexane
226
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310


.
: Phermones

:
: Sex Pheromones

:
- 1 : Codlemone

Coil
. :
)Codlemone ((EE)-810-dodecadien-1-ol
- 2 : Grapevine Moth Sex Pheromone

522/ .
221
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310

(EZ)-79-dodecadien-1-yl acetate
- 3 Peach Tree Borer Sex Pheromone
:
Anarsia lineatella
Flowable
.
:
R = -H1 COCH3
(E)-5-decenyl acetate plus (E)-5-decenol
- 1 : Olive Fly Sex Pheromone

Bactrocera oleae

. :
221
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310

17-dioxaspiro[5.5]undecane
- 5 : Pea Moth Sex Pheromone
)Cydia nigricana (Fab.

.Agralan
:
(EE)-810-dodecadien-1-yl acetate
- 6 Oriental Fruit Moth Sex
:Pheromone Grapholitha molesta

Flowable

Hercon Disrupt OFM .CheckMate OFM :
229
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310

)(Z)-dodecenyl acetate (R = COCH3 (E)-dodecenyl acetate

)(Z)-dodecenol (R = H
- 1 : Gossyplure
) .Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund.
Polyacrylate

.
:
(ZZ)- (ZE)-
)((ZZ)-and (ZE)-hexadeca-711-dien-1-yl acetate
- 1 Tobacco Budworm Sex Pheromone
:
Heliothis virescens
.Isomate TBW :
(Z)-11-hexadecenal ; plus (Z)-9-tetradecenal

- 9 Pine Processionary Moth Sex

: Pheromone
Thaumetopoea pityocampa
.Pityolure
232
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310

(Z)-13-hexadecen-11-yn-1-ol acetate dodecan-1-ol acetate

- 12 : Cuelure Dacus cucurbitae

. :
4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-butanone acetate
- 11 Beet Armyworm Sex
: Pheromone Spodoptera exigua
) (Hub.

.
:
(ZE)-912-tetradecadienyl acetate (Z)-9 tetradecenyl acetate

(ZE)-912-tetradecadienyl acetate; with (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate
231
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310

- 12 : Rice Stem Borer Sex Pheromone

.

(Z)-11-hexadecenal (Z)-9-hexadecenal (Z)-13-octadecenal

: Aggregation Pheromones
:
- 1 : Ferrolure
Rhynchophorus ferrugincus

. :
)Ferrolure + (4-methl-5-nonanol plus 4-methyl-5-nonanone

- 2 Western Balsam Bark Beetle
: Aggregation Pheromone
.Dryocoetes confuses
232
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310

Exo-brevicomin Endo-brevicomin

.

Alarm Pheromone Trial Pheromone
Epidiectic Pheromone
.
:
1- Copping L.G. (1998). The biopesticides manual. British Crop
Protection Council. Downing Street Farnham Surey GU9 7PH UK.
2- Meister R.T. (2008). Crop protection handbook. Meister Media
Worldwide Willoughby OH 44094.
Mode of Action of Attractants

:
-1 Positive Anemotaxis

233
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310


.
-2
Filamentous Nature of The Odor Cloud
Wright 0958

.

.
-3 Infrared Orientation

.
Antifeedant Compounds

. 1921
Eulan
Mitin-FF
:
Chlorinated triphenyl methanesTinstriphenylphos-phinesstibiness
. 1959
24.055
) Prodenia eridania (Biod
:
231
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310

- 1
.
- 2 ()

.
- 3
.
- 1

.

:
-0 Carbamates

Thiocarbamate

Phenyl Carbamate
Baygon
122-12 .
-2 Triazens
4-Dimethyl-triazion 24.055 4
acetanilide

.
-9 Organo Tin Compounds

Brestan

.
-1 Miscellaneous Compounds

235
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310


:
Cycocel : 2-chloroethyl trimethyl ammonium chloride
Phosfon : 24-Dichlorobenzyl tributyl ammonium chloride
%19
.2.221

:
- 1
.
- 2 .
- 3
.
- 1
.
- 5
.
Mode of Action of Antifeedants

:
- 1 .
- 2 .
- 3 .


.
:
-1 Stomach Paralysis

236
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310


.
-2 Antimetabolite

.
-3 Effect on Sensory Receptors

.
:
- 1 :
Du-tur

.
- 2 :
Du-tur
%61
%55
.
- 3 :
Du-tur Glycolysis

Kreb Cycle
.
- 1 :

ADP Oxidative Phosphorylation
.ATP
Sterilant Compounds

.
231
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310


.

:
- 1 :

.
- 2 .
- 3
.Autocidal Biological Control
- 1
.

Requirements of Chemosterilant Successful

:
- 1 .
- 2

.
- 3
.
- 1
.

Chemosterilant Compounds Groups

:
231
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310

-0 Antimetabolites

5-Fluorouracil
RNA
Aminopterin Folic Acid
.
-2 Alkylating Agents

:
- : Mono Functional
.Ethylene amine
- : Bifunctional
.Morzid
Bis(1-aziridinyl) morpholinophosphine sulfide

-15
11

.
- : Trifunctional
.Tepa
239
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310

Tris(1-aziridinyl) phosphine oxide

11
6
.
- : Tetra Functional
.Aphamide
- : Hexa Functional
.Apholate

155 %22 %12

DNA
Lactic Dehydrogenase
Alkaline Phosphatase
.Aedes
212
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310

-9 Alkaloids

Heliotrine Lasiocarpine Monocrotaline
Colchicine

.
-1 Peroxides

.
-5 Miscellaneous Compounds

Diethyl Amine
:
- : Hempa
12
.
Hexa-methyl phosphoroamide
- : Hemel
.

211
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310

Hexa-methyl melamine
-9 Organotins Compounds
:
- .
- .
- .

:
Triphenyl tin derivatives

=R ester hydroxide halide .sulfide
Mode of Action of Chemosterilants

212
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310


:
-0 Antimetabolites
Fluorouracil
RNA

Fluorouracil
.
-2 Alkylating Agents
.

:
- .
- .
- .

Apholate DNA
DNA

Lactic Acid Dehydragenase
DNA .

Acaricides
Introduction
( )
.

213
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310


.

.
Disadvantages of Acari

:
: Acari Harmful To Plants
Tetranychidae
Eriophyidae

.
:
Acari Harmful To Human & Animals


. Protozoa

Dermnyssus
211
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310


Proglyphidae
Sarcoptidae .
: Acari Harmful To Stored
Products

) Acarus siro (L.
.
Acaricides

.
.

.

:
: Inorganic Acaricides
: : Natural Organic Acaricides
:
-1
Abiotic Natural Organic Acaricides
:
- Petroleum Oils
- Tar Oils
-2 : Natural Bioacaricides :
- Plant Origin Acaricides
215
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310

- Microbial Origin Acaricides

- Animal Origin Acaricides
: Synthetic Organic Acaricides
:
- 1 .
- 2 .
- 3 .
- 1 .
- 5 .
- 6 .
- 1 .
- 1.
: Inorganic Acaricides

.

Tetranychus .Panonychus

. .
.
: Natural Organic Acaricides
-1 Abiotic Natural Organic
Acaricides
:
- : Petroleum Oils
216
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310


(
).
- : Tar Oils

.
-2 Natural Bioacaricides

.
- : Plant Origin Acaricides :
(
).
:
-1 : Rosemary oil
Rosemary

.
-2 : Karanjin
Pongamia .
- : Microbial Origin Acaricides
:
( )1 Polynactins Complex
Streptomyces aureus Strain S-3466
.
Tetranychidae
.Tetranychus urticae
.Mitecidin


. :
211
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310

Dinactin; tetranactin; trinactin

: : Abamectin ) 2(
Error
Avermectin B1: mixture of avermectins containing >80%

avermectin B1a and <20% avermectin B1b
: : Emamectin Benzoate ) 3(
211
AN: 928641 ; .; . :
Account: ns153310

Semi-synthetic avermectin derived from fermentation of avermectin B

& (abamectin): mixture of 4" epimethylamino-4"deoxy-avermectin B1a
B1b benzoate salts
( )
( )1 Milbemectin
Streptomyces hygroscopicus Sub sp. Aureolacrimosus
.
Tetranychidae
.Milbeknock
(GABA)Gama Amino Butyric Acid
GABA
.
GABA

.
Milbemectin
21-5.6/ .
:
219
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310

Milbemectin (BSI pa E-ISO). [51596-10-2]A3 ; [51596-11-3]A4

-3 Animal Origin Acaricides

.
.
: Synthetic Organic Acaricides

:
- 1 Organic Sulfur Acaricides
Propargite
Comote Nomites Omite

.
:
252
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310

2-(p-tert-Butylphenoxy) cyclohexyl 2-propynyl sulfite

-2 Organochlorine Acaricides

.
.
:
- Neotran
.
- Ovex

. :
4-chlorophenyl 4-chlorobenzenesulfonate
251
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310

- Tedion

.
. :
4-chlorophenyl 245-trichlorophenyl sulfone

- Karathane

( )31
Panonychus ulmi Koch
) Tetranychus urticae (Koch

.

.
:
252
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310

24-Dinitro-6-octyl-phenyl-crotonate 26-dinitro-4-octyl-phenyl
crotonate and nitro-octyl-octyl-phenols
- Kelthane 1952

.Tenuipalpidae
Diathane M-45
p dichlrobenzophenonp .CHCL3
11

. :
4-dichloro-a-(trichloromethyl) benzhydrol4

Acarlate Aramite Chlorobenzilate
Chlorobeside .Mitran
- Endosulfan
.Thiodan
( )
- Amilax Super
Dicofol %11.5 Tetradifon
%6.5
.
253
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310

-3 Organophosphorus Acaricides
1916

EPN Parathion Systox TEPP .
:
- Folimat Bay 45432 .Omethoate
.
LD50 52/ .
%1
. :
OO-dimethyl S-[2-(methylamino)-2-oxoethyl] phosphorothioate
- Mitemate .Amidothionate

.
- Triazophos
.
.Hostathion
. .
OO-diethyl O-(1-phenyl-1H-124-triazol-3-yl)-thiophospha
251
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310

Dinitrophenol -1
Acaricides

.1932
.
.
.
:
Dinobuton .Acrex

.
. :
2-sec-butyl-46-dinitrophenyl isopropyl carbonate

- Dinitro O Cresol ): (DNOC

. :
46-dinitro-o-cresol 2-methyl-46-dinitrophenol
255
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310

Dinitro O - Cyclohexylohenol
)(SNOCHP
.
-5 Pyrethroides Acaricides
:
- Fenpropathrin Herald Kilumal Randal
Danitol
.
.

. :
a -cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl 2233-
tetramethylcyclopropanecarboxylate
- Acrinathrin Rufast
. :
cyano(3-phenoxyphenyl)methyl 22-dimethyl-3-[3-oxo-3-[222-trifluoro-
1 - (trifluoromethyl)ethoxy]-1-propenyl]cyclopropanecarboxylate
- Bifenthrin

. Biflex .Talstar
256
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310

-(Z)]-()-(2 methyl[11'-biphenyl]-3-yl) methyl 3-(2-chloro-

333-trifluoro-1-propenyl)-22-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate
Halfenprox -
.Sirbon
:
2-(4-bromodifluoromethoxyphenyl)-2-methylpropyl 3-phenoxybenzyl
ether
Tau-Fluvalinate -
Apistan
. Mavrik
:
251
AN: 928641 ; .; . :
Account: ns153310

(RS)-a-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl N-(2-chloro-aaa-trifluoro-p-tolyl)-D-
valinate
-6 Organo Tin Acaricides

:
- Azocyclotin Clairmait .Peropal

. :
1-(tricyclohexylstannyl)-1H-124-triazole
- Fenbutatin Oxide Torque

:
hexakis(2-methyl-2-phenylpropyl)distannoxane
251
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310

- Cyhexatin
.
Acarsitin .Triran :
Tricyclohexylhydroxystannane
-1 Miscellaneous Acaricides
:
- Amitraz
Acardex Baam
Mitac Ovidrex Taktic . :
N ' -(24-dimethylphenyl)-N-[[(24-dimethylpheyl)imino]methyl]-N-
methylmethanimidamide; N-methylbis

%52-25 %22-12.5


.
- Azobenzen
.
259
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310

Diphenyl diimide
- Chlordimeform Acaron Bermat Fundex
.Galeran
. .
:
N-(4-chloro-o-toly)-NN-dimethyl formamidine
- Acequinocyl K-
mite Kanemite
. :
3-Dodecyl-14-dihydro-14-dioxo-2-naphthyl acetate
- Bromopropylate
Benzilate

Neoron
.Folbex
:
262
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310

Isopropyl 44 ' -dibromobenzilate

- Chinomethionate
Morestan Dithiocarbonate
. :
6-methyl-13-dithiolo[45-b]quinoxalin-2-one
- Clofentezine Apollo
Tetrazine
:
36-bis(2-chlorophenyl)-1245-tetrazine
- Fenazaquin
6 2/ .
quinazoline .Pride :
261
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310

4-tert-butylphenethyl quinazolin-4-ylether
-1 Pheromones

.

Tetranychus urticae Spider Mite
Alarm Phermone

.
125-152/.
:
262
; AN: 928641 .; . :
Account: ns153310

Fernesol
Fernesol ((ZE)-3711-trimethyl-2610-dodecatrien-1-ol); nerolidol
(3711-trimethyl-1610-dodecatrien-3-ol)
263
AN: 928641 ; .; . :
Account: ns153310

261
AN: 928641 ; .; . :
Account: ns153310

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92 ......................... Principles of Insecticides Classification

111 .......... Organophosphorus Aromatic Aliphatic Esters

: Acute Toxicity Studies

The Future of Using Pesticides

111-Trichoro-22-bis(p-choropheny) ethane OR Dichloro Diphenyl

-3 ) Maximum Tolerance Concentration (MTC

-1 )Threshold Level Concentration (TLC

- Light And Radiation

Pesticides Absorption Via Non Living Materials

-2 Pesticide Chemical Structure

-1 Highly Toxic Pesticide

-2 Moderately Toxic Pesticide

- Endolytic Systemic Pesticides

- Endometatoxic Systemic Pesticides

" " Sodium pump

)Adenosine triphosphate (ATP

Fluorocitrate Tricarboxylic acid

-1 Penetration External Barriers

- Kind And Constituents of The Derm or

: : Natural Organic Insecticides

As2O3 + NaOH NaAsO2 + Na2HAsO3

Arsenic Compounds Mechanism of Action

Insects Defense Against Arsenic Compounds

Inorganic Phosphorus Compounds

Mechanism of Toxic Effect of Oils

I21212a tetrahydro 2 isopropenyl89dimethoxy(1) ben

- 3 Glutamic dehydrogenase Succinic

(+)-trans-Chrysanthemic acid (I) (+)-trans-Pyrethric acid (II)

(+)- Pyrethrolone (+)- Cinerolone

Veratrin Veratridine Cevadine

the double bond (=) is present sugars are Where R1 is absent

4-epi-methylamino-4-deoxyavermecrin B1 benzoate (a mixture of

%12 ) (B1a %22

Gama-Amino Butyric Acid

Methyl trans trasns Cis 10 11 epoxy 7 ethyl23

2B3B 14aR 25 pentahydroxy 5b Cholest 7 en 6 one

%12 Para DDTPara %22

22 bis (p Methoxyphenyl) 1.1.1 trichlorethane

44-dichloro-a- (trichloromethyl) benzhydrol (CAS8CI); 222-

Treatment of Poisoning By Organochlorin

OO Dimethyl-s (12-dicarboxy-ethoxy)ethyl phosphorothioate

OO-dimethyl S-methylcarbamoylmethyl phosphorodithioate.

Acephate Demeton Dichlorvos Dicrotophos Disulfoton

OO-diethyl O-(4-nitrophenyl) phosphorothioate

OO-dimethyl O-4-nitro-m-tolyl phosphorothioate

O-4-bromo-2-chlorophenyl O-ethyl S-propyl phosphorothioate

6-trichloro-2-pyridinyl) phosphorothioate5O-diethyl O-(3O

Diaxabenzofos Endothion Isoxathion Menazon Mephosfolan

Mephosfalon Phosalone Phosfolan Phosphamidon Ronnel

1-naphthyl methyl carbamate

2-(1-methylethoxy) phenyl methyl carbamate

2-dimethylamino-56-dimethylpyrimidin-4-yl dimethyl carbamate

2allyl-4- Hydroxy-3-metyhyl-2-Cyclope en-1- one ester of 22

2 dimethyl 3 2 5 phenylmethly 3 furanyl methyl 2

Dichlorovinly Chysanthemic acid Farkas Slovak

(RS)- a -Cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl (RS)-2-(4-Chlorophenyl)-3-

()- a -cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl ()-cistrans-3-(22-dichlorovinyl)-22-

(S)- a -cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl (1R3R)-3-(22-dibromovinyl)-22-

Racemate containing (S)- -cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl (1R)-cis-3-(22-

2222/ . Chess . Plenum

Ethyl [2-(4-Phenoxyphenoxy) ethyl] carbamate

)N-(35-dimethyl benzoyl)-N-tert-butyl-(2-methyl3-methoxy benzoyl

2-chloro-N-[[[4-(trifluoromethoxy) phenyl] amino] carbonyl] benzamide