2008

ISBN: 978-960-337-082-6

Copyright 2008

, , ( 3 . 2121/1993).


, ,


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. 1981 2000
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/30-12-2005 169 /13-02-2006),

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, . ... , .
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. (1955-1959) , . (1957-1970) , .
(1955-1983) , . (1955-1984) . . , . (1970-
2003) . , . (1958) /, . (1959-1966) /,
/ . ., . . (1967-1969) , / . ., .
(1967-1969) , . (1969-1971) ., / . .,
. (1971-1972) .., / . ., . (1972-
1974) .., / . ., . (1974-1977) ..,
/ . ., . (1977) .., / . .,
. (1977-1979) .., / . ., . (1979-1981) -
. ., / . ., . (1981-1982) .., / .
., . (1982-1984) .., / . ., . (1984-1986)
.., / . ., . (1986-1988) .., / .
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(1989) .., / . ., . (1989-1992) .., /
. ., . (1992-1993) .., / . ., .
(1993-1994) .., / . ., . (1994-1995) .., .
(1995-1996) .., / . ., . (1996-1998)
.., / . ., . (1998-2000) .., / . .,
. (2000-2001) .., / . ., . (2001)
.., / . ., . (2001-2003) .., / . ., .
(2003-2004) .., / . ., . (2003-2004) -
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2008

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Isaac Newton (16421727),
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(Daniel Bernoulli, Leonhard Euler, Jean d Alembert,
Joseph-Louis Lagrange, Pierre-Simon Laplace)
. 0.1.
. gangelist Torricelli (16081647).
12

Leonard Euler (. 0.1)

Newton, -
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Euler
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Daniel Bernoulli (. 0.1)
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1883 Osborne Reynolds (. 0.1)
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 13

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Claude Navier (17851836)
George Stokes (18191903), 1845
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14

8,1%

12,5%
20,6%

79,4%

87,5%




7,7%

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. 0.1.
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5 1014 m3 (=500.000 Km3).
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 15

(m)
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Kg.
(E) (
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( x, y, z)
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SI m3.
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()
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()
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= 1/ .
16

) (p): -
.
:
p = F/A
.
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, 101,3 KPa.
: p =p patm.
( patm).
SI Pa (N/m2).
) (T):
.
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p V= n Rw T p V/T = n Rw (),

: n moles Rw .

.

0.5 .

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()

: s , t, v ( -

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 17

:

: v = ds ( SI m/s)
dt

: = dv ( SI m/s2)
dt

0.5.2 .

s = f(t) , -
s = f(t).
:

s = f(t)

v = f (t)

= f (t)

:
) (. 0.5),
( ).

s = so + v t

v = .
=0
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1
s = so + v o t + t 2
2 s

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= .

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( ), SI
s.
=1/ ( ),
SI s-1.
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rad/s. . 0.5.
(r = d/dt), SI
.
rad/s2.
18

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) (. 0.5). -
.

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= 2/ = 2 () R
v = R
= 2 R = v2/R
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J=mv
SI Kgm/s.

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() F dt, :
 19

F dt = dJ = d (m v)

= F dt -
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.

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) - _ F . dt
. - F . dt
(
).
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J2 = m2 . v2
:
. 0.7
=/V .
20

SI, N/m3.
:
= m g = g
: g .
g .
, g =
9,8067 m/s2. , (
9,7805 m/s2,

45 9,8067 m/s2 9,832 m/s2).
, g .
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0.8 .

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 21

s:
W12 = Fs s
: Fs .
: (. ) -
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SI W (Watt) = J/s

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22

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 23

0.9.2 .
( )
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.

F = 0 [Fx = 0, Fy = 0, Fz = 0] = 0

F 0, .
M 0, .
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F
[ , (. 0.9)]. F
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24

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 KE 1

1.1
1.2
1.3
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26

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 27

= (, p) h = h (, p) = (, p) ..
, ()
(), . ..
100C (373oK).
p=101,3 KPa T=373o K.
. (, ,
..) .
.
(.. ).
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28

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(. 1.2, . 1.2.1.).

-200 -100 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700
O

















-200 -100 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700

Y (oC)
. 1.2.
( ).
.

1.2.1
( patm).

(C) (C)

< 272,2 268,9

259,1 252,7
218,4 183,0
209,9 195,8
169,0 103,9
77,7 33,4
92,0 21,0
112,0 78,4
116,3 34,6
94,6 56,5
()
 29

(C) (C)
5,5 80,1
0,0 100,0
1,4 113,5
113,5 184,35
38,87 356,9
327,5 1620
419,4 907
800,4 1413
1083 2300
1535 3000

) .
,
. -
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-
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) ( -
).
, ().
:
V = V T (1.1)
: V , T -
.
10-5 K-1
10-2 10-3 K-1 (. 1.2.2).
,

1.2.2
.
(10-6 K-1) (10-6 K-1)

(20 C) (20 C)
Invar 0,4 682
36 (dsx=0,845) 900
50 990
207 1012
181 1184
490 (0 C) 3660
30

. ( ): = 1/.

V = 273 C, : = 1/273 K-1 = 3,66 10-3 K-1.
. , -
, ( ).

4 C ( 3,984 C)
1.2. ( -

). 4 0 C, ( -

). 0 C .

( . 1.2.6). () 0 C,
9,1% .
.
( )
, .
.
() (.. -
), -
. (1.1):

L = L T (1.2)

: , 1/3 .

1
10 cm 100 m. -

20 60 C,
.
:
. 1.2.2 :
= 3610-6 -1 = /3 = 1210-6 -1.

= 40 , L = 100 m (1.2): L = 0,048 m = 4,8 cm.

.
: d = d = 4,8 10-5 m = 0,048 mm.
) (. 1.2).
.
.
, , -
.
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( ) -
( ).

.
.

, (. 1.2).
 31

0,04
(%)

0,03

0,02

0,01

0,00
0 2 4 6 8 10
(oC)
. 1.2. . 1.2.
. .

.
. ,
.
( -
), ,
(, , , ..).

() () ()
. 1.2.
: ) , ) ) .

1.2.2 .

J2
=

, , -
m
. v2

,
.
, _F
1.2. ,
F
J1 , J2 . -
, -

1
.v
m

F :
=

J1

J J
J2 J1 = F dt F = 2 1 . 1.2.
dt .
32

: dt F .
-- ,
. ()
.
, ,
.
. ,
(
) ( -
):
Rw
p V = n Rw T p = T (1.3)
mr

: Rw (Rw=8,314 J/mole K), mr ,

.
.
( -
),
.
. , -
( ).
,
-, -
. 1.2 F -
. , -
, :
F = p A. , . ,
.
.
,
( ). , .
.
.
. ,
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(. ), . F
,
(. 1.2).
, -
, ( _F
) . ,
.
, , p = F/A
, , , -
. -
, , ( . 1.2.
), . .
 33

-
. , ,
() -
:

p = p p

: p = p p
: p , p , p -
p . (y=0m)
, ,
. -
.
, -

.

1.2.3 .
. 1.2.
, .
.
:
m 1
= = (1.4)
V
:

= (1.4)
V
. (1.4) ( = m g)
(1.4) :

=g (1.4)

( ).
, , ,
(1.4).
, , ,
.
.
(.
), . , -
, 785
, 100C 1600
.
, , -
. -
. ( ) -
. ( )
. , -
34

, .
, .
, .
1.2.3.

1.2.3
(T = 20 C, p = 101,3 KPa, g = 9,807 m/s2).

Kg/m3 / m3 Kg/m3 / m3

() 998,2 9,79 630 5,71

() 1000 9.81 659 6,46

() 1025 10,05 684 6,71

708 6,94 703 6,89

789 7,74 730 7,16

792 7,77 774 7,59

879 8,62 700750 6,867,36

1022 10,0 780820 7,658,04

1489 14,6 Diesel 810860 7,948,43

1590 15,6 9001000 8,839,81

1834 18,0 880940 8,639,22

13550 133 910920 8,929,02

) .

.
(%)

(. 1.2.1), 5

4
, .
0C 4C: 3
2
0C 4C,
(. 1.2). 4C , 1
: 0
(. 1.2). 0 20 40 60 80 100
(oC)
. , -
4 , - . 1.2.
17 (.
1.2.2). , 20 .
 35

30oC ( ), 3,2%, 0,9%,

0,2%. -
.
, ,
. -
,
.
.
1.2.4 0 100C.
4 C.
.
1.2.4
.

(oC) (Kg/m3) (oC) (Kg/m3) (oC) (Kg/m3) (oC) (Kg/m3)
0 999,839 7 999,901 30 995,647 65 980,502
1 999,898 8 999,848 35 994,032 70 977,771
2 999,940 9 999,781 40 992,215 75 974,850
3 999,964 10 999,699 45 990,213 80 971,799
4 999,972 15 999,099 50 988,037 85 968,621
5 999,964 20 998,204 55 985,696 90 965,321
6 999,940 25 997,045 60 983,200 100 958,365

( ) ,
.
, ,
, :

m
p V = n Rw T = R w T
mr
p=RT (1.5)

p
=
R T (1.5)
: p , R .
,
mr:
R
R= w (1.5)
mr

: Rw = 8,314 J/(mole K) = 8314 J/(mole K).

, (21% 79% ),
:
36

mr = 32 0,21+28 0,79 = 29 g/mole = 29 g/mole R = 287 J/KgK.

= 293 K (20C) p = 101,3 KPa, = 1,205 g/m3.
) .
.
(1.5), . ,
. (
), (1.5) , -
. , 150C (423 K) 1 bar (100
KPa) 0,590 Kg/m3 [ (1.5), -
= 0,512 Kg/m3]. , 1,042
Kg/m3 ( 77%).
, . ,
,
. ,
. , 1 10 bar, -
, 100 bar
0,5%. 1000 bar, 5%.
, ,
, .
.
( , -
) , .
( )
o.
) .
.
, . (-
).

. , ( )
, - (kg/m3)
1023 1024 1025 1026 1027 1028
0
,
.
, - 500
.
(m)

, 1000

( ).
1500
-

1.2.4. 0C 2000
0 4 8 12 16 20 24
20C -
o
1000 Kg/m .
3 ( C)
, - . 1.2.
( - .
 37

) ( 1025 1028 Kg/m3, . 1.2). 1.2.5

.
1.2.5
NaCl (Kg/m3).

% 0C 10 C 25C 40C 60C 80C 100C

1 1007,5 1007,1 1004,1 999,1 990,0 978,5 965,1
2 1015,1 1014,4 1011,1 1005,9 996,7 985,2 971,9
4 1030,4 1029,2 1025,3 1019,8 1010,3 998,8 985,5
8 1061,2 1059,1 1054,1 1048,0 1038,1 1026,4 1013,4
12 1092,4 1089,5 1083,6 1077,0 1066,7 1054,9 1042,0
16 1124,2 1120,6 1114,0 1106,9 1096,2 1084,2 1071,3
20 1156,6 1152,5 1145,3 1137,7 1126,8 1114,6 1101,7
24 1190,0 1185,6 1177,8 1169,7 1158,4 1146,3 1133,1
26 1207,1 1202,5 1194,4 1186,1 1174,7 1162,6 1149,2

1 2, -
.
: m = m1+ m2. -
: V V1+V2.
V V1+V2, -
. -
( . 1.2.5) , (
. 1.2 14 ).
, ,
.
) .
, .

:
= (1.6)

( )

20 C: = 998,2 Kg/m3 ( 1000 Kg/m3).

: = 1,205 Kg/m3 ( = 293 p = 101,3 KPa).
:
= / = ( g)/( g) = / =
( )
( ).
38

1,9

H2SO4
1,8

1,7

HBr

1,6

HNO3
1,5

1,4
H3PO4

NaOH
K2CO3
1,3

MgCl2

1,2
HCl
H2O2

1,1

NH4Cl N2H4

1,0

0,9
3 C2H5OH

0,8

0,7
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
(w/w%)

. 1.2.
.
 39

) .

2
10 m3 20C 40C
20C 845 Kg/m3 = 9 10-4 -1.
:
20C: m20 = 20 V m20 = 8450 Kg.
40C: 845 Kg ( 20C
1 m3) :
V = V T V= (1 m3) (9 10-4 -1) (20 ) = 0,018 m3
845 Kg 1,018 m3 :
40 = m/V= 830,5 Kg/m3
m40 = 40 V m40 = 8305 Kg

3
50 lt 0,745.
:
:
= / = = 743,7 Kg/m3
V = 50 lt = 50 10-3 m3
= m/V m = V m = 37,18 Kg

4
(mr = 2) 20C -
, .
:
(1.5):
mr p
= = 0,0832 Kg / m 3
Rw T

101,3 KPa 293o K = 1,205 Kg/m3.

(1.6) ,= 0,069

: ( )
. (1.5) (1.6).

: ,= 2/29 = 0,069
, p T:

mr p To
=
mr po T

: mr , mr=29 , p = 101,3 KPa

T = 293o K.
40

5
(C2H5OH)
30% 70% .
:
(): o
: V= V+ V
V= 0,3 V = 789 Kg/m3 m= V= 236,7 V
V = 0,7 V =1000 Kg/m 3
m = V = 700 V
m= m+m = 936,7 V
= m/V = 936,7 Kg/m3
( . 1.2):
:
m= V= 236,7 V m = V = 700 V m = m+m = 936,7 V
(w/w%) : (m/m) = 25,3%
1.2 :
= 0,96 = 960 Kg/m3

: ,
( ), .

6
,
.
:
:
= 1/ = 1/937,6 m3/Kg = 1,0676 10-3 m3/Kg
: =1/ = 1/960 m3/Kg = 1,0417 10-3 m3/Kg
()/ = 0,024 2,4%

7
1042 Kg/m3 25C.
NaCl.
:
1.2.5: 4% 1 = 1025,3 m3/Kg
8% 2 = 1054,1 m3/Kg
: x% = 1042,0 m3/Kg
(84), (21)
(x4), (1)
:
(8 4)/(x 4) = (2 1)/( 1) x 4 = 2,32 x = 6,32 %
: , , -
. x
, . x1 x2,
x 1 2. ,
x:
 41

x 2 x1 2 1
=
x x1 1

8
4 m2, 2 m
910 Kg/m3 1 m. -
.
:
:
m = V = (A y) = (1000 Kg/m3) (4 m2) (2 m) = 8000 Kg
m = V = (A y) = (910 Kg/m3) (4 m2) (1 m) = 3640 Kg
m = m+m = 11.640 Kg
= m g = 114.188 N = 114,19 KN
1.2.4 (. 1.2).
() (),
. .
,
.
,
. , -
. ( -
: , , ).
, .
,
. (. ),
, . ,
, ,
.
, -
.
.
( )
(dV/V) -
(dp) :

dV / V 1 dV
= = (1.7)
dp

dp V dp

V dp V
, dp
(d/)
(dp):
dp

dp / 1 dp
= = (1.7) . 1.2.
dp dp .
42

= 1/ (1.7)

. . -
(
10-9 KPa-1 10-7 KPa-1), . -
, 510-7 KPa-1.
, 80 ,
20.000 .
1.2.6.
-
(
).
. , ,
( , ). -
, 10 200 Mbar 12% (
4,9 10-7 KPa-1 4,3 10-7 KPa-1), 200 400 Mbar 4% (4,15
10-7 KPa-1). 1.2, -
. .
,
(p = R T) :
= 1/p (1.7)

1.2.6
.
(10-7 KPa-1) (10-7) KPa-1
0,132 12,5
0,238 2,2
0,097 10,3
0,218 9,4
0,059 4,8
0,139 8,9
0,073 9,2
0,046 9,1
0,062 3,7
() 0,019 7,8 5,4
0,100 SAE 30 6,7
(Pyrex) 0,250 6,2
0,410 7,7
 43

1,20 1,02

1,15 1,00

(L/Kg)

1,10 0,98 1 bar

1200C 1 bar
1000C
1,05 800C 0,96

600C
20 bar 20 bar
1,00 0,94

0,95 0,92

0,90 0,90
0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 0 200 400 600 800 1000
(GPa)

. 1.2. . 1.2.
. .

, -
.
( ):

V p
Z= = (1.8)
Vid R T

.
. .
.
1.2
.
1.2.5 .
. ( ) ,
.
, ,
( ),
( ).
u ( )
.
() h,
:

p
h = u+p = u+ (1.9)

SI J/Kg.
m, :
44

U=mu (1.10)

=mh=U+pV (1.10)

, ,
. , ,
.
.
, -
(. u h
).
, :
q w = u (1.11)
2
( ): q w = h + v +g y (1.11)
2
: q w ,
v y .
, -
c.
o
1 K. ,
cv. ,
cp. , -
p . 1.2.7
, 1.2.8
.
( ),
:

u = cu (1.12)
h = cp (1.12)

k = cp /cv .

: cp cv = R (1.12)

1.2.9 (T, p, , , u, h,
cp, cv, k, R) -
. ( ) .
, -
.
( ):

u = cu (1.13)
p
h = cp + (1.14)

 45

1.2.7
( ) .
cp cp
k = cp/ cv
KJ/KgK KJ/KgK
1,005 1,400 4,18
1,04 1,400 2,55
0,92 1,395 2,46
0,88 1,289 2,13
0,48 1,324 2,05
14,31 1,405 1,74
2,26 1,304 2,62
1,72 1,187 2,22
1,63 1,127 2,09
1,54 1,240 Castor oil 1,97
1,65 1,195 1,97
2,09 1,304 0,14

1.2.8
0 C 100 C (p = 101,3 KPa).

T (C) Cp (KJ/KgK) 4,24

0 4,192
4,23
10 4,181
20 4,177 4,22
Cp (K/KgK)

30 4,178 4,21
40 4,180
4,20
50 4,184
60 4,190 4,19

70 4,197 4,18
80 4,206
4,17
90 4,216 0 20 40 60 80 100
T (oC)
100 4,230
46

1.2.9
.
cp cv = R R = Rw/mr
cp, cv, k, R
cp/cv = k Rw = 8,314 J/KmolK
p = R T p = R T

u = cu
h = cp

p, , T

( = 1/) q w = u p
p
p1 1n = p2 n2 n1 n=0

R T1 p2 n
n1 n1 w= 1
() T1 p1 2 n -1 p1 n=1
= n =
n=k
T2 p2 1

p1 = p2 = p p
n=0
w = p (2 1)
1 T1
(p = .) = q = h = cp (T2 T1)
2 T2

1 = 2 = p
n=1
w=0
p1 T1
( = .) = q = u = cv (T2 T1)
p2 T2

T1 = T2 = T p
n=1 p
1 p2 q = w = R T ln 1
(T = .) = p2
2 p1

p1 1k = p2 k2 p
n=k
k 1 k 1
T1 p1 2 w = u = c (T1 T2)
= k =
(q = 0)
T2 p2 1

1.2.6 .

, .
) .
, ,
. .
( -
), ( ) -
, -.
.
 47

+

- + +
(. 1.2 1.2).

( +
, , ,

..). . 1.2.
- .
( -
), -
-,
(. 1.2).
-
.

, -
,

( London, . 1.2).

: ,

( . 1.2.
), . .

( ).
+
: + +
1000 +
- 100 +
- 10 +
+
1 + +

( ) - . 1.2.
-.
,
( ), -
.

. ,
, -
(

). ,

. , - + +

( ).
( . 1.2.
) London.
48

,
. -

.
) .
Y F

.
,
( -
), .
, -
() ( . 1.2.
), .

.

F 0
(. 1.2).
-
.

(. 1.2). -
, -
, () ...


:
= F/L (1.15)
SI N/m.
-
. d
:

dW = F ds = d
= dW/dA (1.15)

SI : J/m2 = Nm/m2 = N/m.

-
, .

.
(
),
( --
) -
.
. 1.2.
, .
 49

. ,
0,484 N/m, 0,373 N/m.
, 0,0728 N/m,
0,020 N/m ( 20C).

. -
(, ) ( )
, ().
. .. ,
, , -
( ).
(
). 1.2
.
,
.
(
-), . ( )
, -
. . ,

0,080
(. 1.2).
, 0,070
(/m)

-
(>90). 0,060

. , 0,050
- 0 20 40 60 80 100
o
(< 90 ), -
( C)
. 1.2.
[

(. 1.2)]. ( .
),
.
,
.
( 0),
( 130).

-
.
:

p p = 2/r (1.16)

, -
1 mm, ( . 1.2.
20C ): .
50

p p = 2 0,484/10-3 = 968 Pa

,
( ):

p p = 4/r (1.16)

, = 2 10-2 N/m, ,
1 mm, :
p p = 4 2 10-2/10-3 = 80 Pa
) .
-
.
(<90), -
[. 1.2()],
.
,
. ,
. . -
:

2r cos = B = V = r2 h
2 cos
h= (1.17)
r
: , r = d/2, .
, .
, , . -
,
( ),
.
1.2() -
, ( < 90).

h2
h1
h3

() ()
. 1.2.
.
 51

, ( ) ( 0).
, -
( > 90, h). 1.2() -
( 130).
-
(, ..).
,
.
( 8 mm),
.
) .
, -
(. -).
, . ,
( )
,
. .
, (. 1.2).
, ,
.
( ) -
.
. ,
1.2.10, ,
.

. 1.2.
.

1.2.10
.
pv
25o C (KPa)
20o C (10-3 N/m)
22,7 16,7
() 22,4 7,8
21,7 2,8
()
52

pv

20 C (10-3 N/m)
o
25 C (KPa)
o

25,2 30,6
25,0 13,1
27,0 26,0
28,4 38,0
29,0 12,6
43,0 0,9
72,8 3,2
484,0 0,00025

, , -
.
(. 1.2).
, ,
.
. 100C
(101,3 KPa). , 100C .
120 KPa, .
104,8C 120 KPa .
( ).
.

34,6 C 78,3 C 100 C

101,3 KPa
100
(Pa)

80

60

40

20

20 40 60 80 100

(C)
. 1.2.
.
 53

,
. (, . 1.2).
1.2.7 .
(
) .
.
, , .
, -
. ,
[. 1.2()]. ,
,
[. 1.2()].
, , -
v. v .
F F -
. , -
, , -
, .
,
, . , -
F , -,
F, F.
.
. , , . ( ,
).

.
(=F/A)
,
,

v
F

()

F v
v

()
. 1.2.
.
) . ) .
54

Newton, () :

= (1.18)
dv / dy
: , dv dy .
dv/dy ( ).
.
SI N s/m2 = Kg/(m s).
:

= (1.19)

, () , -
.
SI m2/s.
) .
-
, . (1.18),
, .
(
, ).
,
.
, -
. .
: ,
(
). (
), -
.
. , (
) ( ).
, -
. -
, . (
, ).
, 1.2.11. -
55 ,
( )
.
1.2.11
(20C, 101,3 KPa).


10 Kg/ms
-3
10 m /s
-6 2
10 Kg/ms
-3
10 m2/s
-6

0,018 14,5 1,56 0,12

0,22 0,36 1,92 2,4
()
 55

10 Kg/ms
-3
10 m2/s -6
10 Kg/ms
-3
10 m2/s
-6

0,65 0,74 21,4 19,1

0,967 0,61 SAE 10 104 120
1,00 1,00 SAE 30 290 325
1,20 1,52 1490 1182

) .
. -
, .
, ,
. , 1 bar 50 bar
10%, 1%.
, , . -
: .
, ,
. , ,
, . 0C,
100C (1,78810-3 Kg/ms 0,28410-3 Kg/ms 1.2.12).
, .
, (
), -
. , ,
, . ,
1.2.12
( 1 atm) 0C 100C.

C 10 Kg/ms
-3
10 m2/s
-6

0 1,792 1,792
2,0
10 1,307 1,307 0,8
, Kg/ms (x10-3)

20 1,003 1,005 1,6

1,4
30 0,803 0,806 1,2
40 0,655 0,660 1,0
0,8
50 0,551 0,557
0,6
60 0,470 0,478 0,4
70 0,407 0,416 0,2
0,0
80 0,357 0,367 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
90 0,317 0,328 , C
100 0,284 0,296
56

0,5
0,4
0,3
0,2

0,1

Ca
0,06

st

or

oi
0,04

l
0,03
0,02


SA
0,01 E3
S 0
0,005 AE
10
, Kg/ms

0,004 Crude
0,003 oil (0,
86)

0,002

0,001

0,0006
0,0004
0,0003
(0,68
)
0,0002

0,0001
0,00006
0,00004
0,00003

0,00002


0,00001

-20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120

, C

. 1.2.
(p = 101,3 KPa).
 57

8
6
4

10-4
8
6

4
, m2/S

SA
3 E
SA 30
2 E
10

10-5
8
6
4 Crude o
il (0,86)
3
2



10-6
8

6


4
3
2

10-7
-20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
, C

. 1.2.
(p=101,3 KPa).
58

20 C 1,8110-5 Kg/ms, 100 C 2,18 10-5 Kg/ms.

,
.
:
2
T T
ln a + b + c (1.20)
o

, = 273 , = 1,79210-3 Kg/ms :

a = 1,94 b= 4,8 c = 6,74.
( Sutherland):

3
2
+ S
(1.21)
T+S
, S = 110,4 K.
,
(.
1.2 1.2).

) .
Newton (1.18),
( ) dv/dy ( ) . -
. , -
, ..
( ) . -
(1.18) , () .
, ( 1.2):
: .
: .
: .
:
, -

.

, -
, -

):

( -

)

( -
).

-
, .
dv/dy
.
. 1.2.
- .
 59

. -
( )
(

1,0 cm
, ).
1.2. 8,0 cm
,
. -
( -
).
1.2.8 .
,
.
(
) ,

( ). - . 1.2.
.

( ).
, .
, ,
, ,
( ) .
.
(
), .
V :

= m/V

: m V ( m
, : m =m).
, ,
, ,
. 1.2() ,
m/V. V=10-9 mm3.
3,31010 2,7107 ( -
).
,
(
) ( ) [.
1.2()].
, :
m
= lim
V V0 V

-
( ), ,
60

1,22 Kg/m3


1,21 Kg/m3


V

1,20 Kg/m3

1,19 Kg/m3
-9
Vo ~10
~ mm3 V
() ()
. 1.2.
) ) .

. ,
( ) -
.
(
), ,
. 1.2(), (
) .

1.3 .

.

. , -
, ,
. ,
.
, ,
.
, -
.
( ), -
(English Engineering EE) .
(1799),
-
. CGS (
: cm, gr, sec) .
, MKS MKSA (
: m, Kg, s, A), 1900 -
35 .
(General Conference Weights and Measures CGPM)
1960 SI (Systme International dUnits International
System of Units, ).
-
 61

.
.
:
) ( ) .
.
,
) ( 10) -
. , -
,
. ,
() (Pa)
(KPa). .
1.3.1 1.3.2
, SI.
1.3.1
SI.



(meter) m
(Kilogram) kg
(second) s
(Ampere) A
K (Kelvin) K
(mole) mol
(candela) cd

1.3.2
SI.

deca da 101
deci d 10-1
hecto h 102 centi c 10-2
kilo k 103 milli m 10-3
mega M 106 micro 10-6
giga G 109 nano n 10-9
tera T 1012 pico p 10-12
peta P 1015 femto f 10-15
exa E 1018 atto a 10-18
zetta Z 1021 zepto z 10-21
yotta Y 1024 yocto y 10-24
62

-
, (.. -
, ) -
.

(SI). ,
SI. 1.3.3 1.3.4 .

9
SI : 4,5 cm3, 500 s-1, 1017 mbar, 1,2
g/cm3 100 Km/h.
:
4,5 cm3 = 4,5 (cm)3 = 4,5 (102 m)3 = 4,5 106 m3
500 s1 = 500 (s)1 = 5 102 (106 s)1 = 5 108 s1
1017 mbar=1017 (10-3 bar)=1,017 bar = 1,017 105 Pa
1,2 g/cm3 = 1,2 (10-3 Kg)/(10-6 m3) = 1,2 103 Kg/m3
100 Km/h = 100 (103 m)/(3600 s) = 100/3,6 m/s = 27,78 m/s
( ).

10
1000 lbf.
) Kg;
) gmoon/gearth=1/6;
:
) =1000 lbf = 1000 (47,88 N) = 47880 N
gearth= 9,81 m/s2
= m g m = B/g m = 4880,73 Kg
) : m = earth/gearth= moon/gmoon
moon= earth gmoon/gearth= earth/6 moon= 7980 N

11
:
cv = 4293 ft2/(s2 oR) cp = 6010 ft2/(s2 oR).
SI.
:
cv = 4293 ft2/(s2 oR) = 4293 (0,3048 m)2/(s2 5/9 oK) = 718 m2/(s2 oK)
cp = 6010 ft2/(s2 oR) = 6010 (0,3048 m)2/(s2 5/9 oK) = 1005 m2/(s2 oK)

: (. 1.2.5) oR
, oR=5/9 oK (. . 1.3.3).

12
Kg/m3 2116 lbf/ft2
60oF.
 1.3.3
SI.

S.I. ... si CGS si ... si .. si

L m m 1 cm 10-2 ft (foot) 0,3048 ft 0,3048

M m kg hyl 9,81 gr 10-3 lb 0,4536 slug 14,59

t s s 1 s 1 s 1 s 1

T K C, K (*) grad 1 F, R (*) F, R (*)

m2 m2 1 cm2 10-4 ft2 0,0929 ft2 0,0929

V m3 m3 1 cm3 10-6 ft3 0,0283 ft3 0,0283

Q m3/s m3/s 1 cm3/s 10-6 ft3/s 0,0283 ft3/s 0,0283

v m/s m/s 1 cm/s 10-2 ft/s 0,3048 ft/s 0,3048

a m/s2 m/s2 1 cm/s2 10-2 ft/s2 0,3048 ft/s2 0,3048

F N kgf 9,81 dyn 10-5 Pdl 0,1383 lbf 4,448

p Pa kgf/m2 9,81 dyn/cm2 10-1 pdl/ft2 1,488 lbf/ft2 47,88

E J Kgfm 9,81 erg 10-7 ftpdl 0,04214 ft lfbf 1,356

P W Kgfm/s 9,81 erg/s 10-7 ftpdl/s 0,04214 ft lfbf/s 1,356

J Kgm/s kgfs 9,81 grcm/s 10-5 lbft/s 0,1383 lbf s 4,448

kg/m3 hyl/m3 9,81 gr/cm3 103 lb/ft3 16,02 slug/ft3 515,4

N/m3 kgf/m3 9,81 dyn/cm3 10 pdl/ft3 4,88 lbf/ft3 157,1

Ns/m kgfs/m2 9,81 poise 10-1 pdls/ft2 1,488 lbfs/ft2 47,88

. m2/s m2/s 1 stokes 10-4 ft2/ s 0,0929 ft2/s 0,0929

* (*) TK = 273+TC, TC = 5/9(TF-32), TK = 273+5/9(TF-32), TK = TC, TK = 5/9 TR

63
 64

1.3.4
SI.

S.I.

L m in (0,0254), mile (1609), Naut Mile (1852), Yard (0,914), (9,461015)

M m kg ounce-oz (0,02835), quarter (12,7), short ton (907,185), tonne (103)

t s min (60), h (3600)

m2 in2 (6,45210-4), Sq. mile (2,59 106), ha (104), (103), Sq. yard (0,8361)

V m3 in3 (1,63910-5), gallon US (3,785 10-3), quart US (9,463510-4), Barrels Oil (0,159), L (10-3)

Q m3/s m3/h (1/3600), ft3/min (4,719 10-4), gpm (6,309 10-5), Arce-ft per day (0,0143)

v m/s km/h (0,2778), miles/h- MPH (0,447), knot (0,5144), mach (341,39)

m/s2 g (9,806)

F N ton f (9806), ton f US (8896), ounce-force-ozf (0,278), poundal (0,1383)

Torr=mm Hg (133,3), mm H2O (9,807), Atm (1,01325105), at (9,806104), psi (6895),
p Pa
bar (105)
E J cal (4,184), BTU (1055), eV (1,610-19), Wh (3600), KWh (3,6106)

P W PS (735,5), HP (745,7), kcal/h (1,162), Btu/h (0,2931), horsepower (boiler) (9810)

J Kgm/s

kg/m3 oz/in3 (1730), oz/gal (6,236), oz/gal US (7,489), o Baum [0,147/(147)]

N/m3
o
Ns/m2 E (Engler), RI (Redwood), SUS SAE, ISO ()

. m2/s
 65

:
p = 2116 lbf/ft2 = 2116 (47,88 Pa) = 101.314 Pa
C=5/9(F32) = 15,56 oC T= 288,7o K
mr p
= (1.5) = 1,224 Kg/m3
Rw T
(Rw = 8,314 J/mole K, mr = 29)

13
100 lbf/in2 400o F )
) (ASME) .
:
p = 100 lbf/in2 =100 (4,448 N)/(0,0254 m)2 = 689441 Pa = 6,89 bar
T = 273 + 5/9(F 32) = 477,4o K
mr p
= (1.5) = 3,127 Kg/m3
R T
6,89 bar 477,4 K :
= 0,3084 m3/Kg = 3,244 Kg/ m3
, , . (
3,6%).

.
) SI: ( SI) SI
.
) SI: SI
.
) :
( SI) -
(SI).
) .
) L () bar () SI.
.
) (second), -
1.3.2 (.. 1 ms = 10-3 s), .
, min (=60 s), h (=3600 s) ...
) , .
. .:
= 60o F TK = 273+5/9 (TF 32) = 288,6o K.
T= 60o F TK = (5/9) TF = 33,3o .
) (Baum, Engler, SAE, ISO ..)
SI. -
. ( 3
4).
66

1.4 .

1. 2 in 150 m. -
10C 70C,
;
[L = 0,108 m, d = 0,000037 m]

2. 20oC 4 m
3 m. 80C, ;
[V = 37,7 m3, V = 0,081 m3 0,21%]

3. 750 mL 7 N. .
[ = 951,7 Kg/m3]

4. 2 m, 0,8 m
910 Kg/m3 0,5 m. -
.
[W = 38666 N]

5. 500 Kg 0,925.
[V = 0,541 m3]

6. (mr =16) 20 C
, .
[ = 0,552]

7. (mr=16) (mr=28) 0,935.

.
[ 7,37% CH4, 92,63% C2H4]

8. 5 l -
10 l .
[ = 950,3 Kg/m3, V = 14,67 m3]

9. 950 Kg/m3 20 C.

.
[m/m = 0,314]

10. 100 cm3 ( 20 C).

.
[ = 923,3 Kg/m3, V/V = 3,1%]

11. (NaCl) 1045 Kg/m3 25 C. -
NaCl 0,1 m3 .
[6,74% w/v, 33,68 Kg]
 67

12. 10 m3 30 C,
1 50 bar.
[V = 2,3510-2 m3, 993,3 Kg/m3]

13. 850 Kg/m3 ( 20 C)

3 m. ) . )

20 C 40 C, ; ( =
910-4 -1)
[) y = 1,58 m, ) y = 0,054 m]

14. , 2 m 3 m 20 C.

50 C. (
).
[m = 74 Kg]

15. ( = 36 10-6 -1),

;
[m = 61,1 Kg]

16. 100 MPa 20 C.

[ = 950,3 Kg/m3]

17. 5 in 6 in, 14 oz .
70 oz. SI.
[ = 822,35 Kg/m3]

18. 2 kg 50 C 3 bar. ,
8 bar. .
[1 = 3,24 Kg/m3, 2 = 8,63 Kg/m3]

19. ,

= + bT + cT2, C. ) a, b, c -
1.2.4. )
() .
.
[a = 999,18, b = 0,052, c = 0,005]

20. 2 m 20 C.
. 70 C;
[ = 0,91 J, ' = 0,80 J]

21.
4 mm. ;
[ = 0,024 J, p = 484 Pa]

22. 2 mm 4,5 mm.

0,025 N/m.
[p1 = 50 Pa, p2 = 22,2 Pa]
68

23.
0,1 mm, .
0,02 mm;
[p = 1456 Pa, p' = 2000 Pa]

24. 20C 1mm -

, 10 .
[h = 0,025 m]

25. 60 C 0,47

N/m 0,0662 N/m .
( ) -
0,4 mm ( 0
h
130 );
[h = 6,75 cm, h = 1,3 cm]

. 1.4.
26. h

, 1.4. h
20C = 0,5 mm 0;
[h = 2 cos/( ), h = 0,0297 m]

27. 20 C ,
, 1012 1 mm3. Avogadro
6,023x1023 /moles, ( Pa) ;
[p = 3,77 Pa]

28. 1,5 acre-ft . )

m3/h ) L/s;
[Q = 77,1 m3/h = 21,41 L/s]

29. 32 lb,
32 lbf/in2 . 3,0 ft3 75 F,
Kg;
[m = 0,116 Kg]

30. , 215 Kgf. ( Kg)

( ) (gmoon = gearth/6).
[m = 215 Kg, e = m = 2109 N, mm = 1290 Kg]

31. ) ;
o
(i) 45 in3 (ii) 3h + 45 min (iii) 5 Btu/(lb F) (iv) 5,2 lbf/in3
(v) 100 ft /h
3
(vi) 8 m /min
3
(vii) 25 at (viii) 1000 erg
(ix) 120 Kgf (x) 400 dyn/cm
) SI .
 69

KE 2

2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5 ,
2.6
2.7
2.8
70

2.1 .

, -
, .
, ( )
. , -

. ,
, -
. ,
( ,
, ).
, -
. .
.
, .
, (
), .


.
.
,
. -

.

, , .
, , -
.
,
.

2.2 .
2.2.1 . A

(
). ,
(. 2.2) :

Fx=0, Fy=0, Fz=0 (2.1)

F = pA B
=dmg ( )
-

, .
, - . 2.2.
 71

. ( y
, Fs
. S Fsy
Fx Fsx
y
).

. B
x
-
b, y x. - x
(.
2.2).
Fs Fy
Fsx Fsy : . 2.2.
Fsx = Fs sin b.

Fsy = Fs cos
z ( ), -
, :
Fz Fz=0
x:
Fx Fsx = 0 px y b = Fs sin = ps s b sin (1)
:
y = s sin px = ps
.
y:
Fy (Fsy+B) = 0 py x b = Fs cos + = ps s b cos + (2)
:
x=scos (2) :
(py ps) x b =
:
= V = g V = g (x y b)/2
(2), :
py ps= g y/2 (3)
y (. ),
py = ps.
:

:
px = py = pz = p (2.2)
g = 0
72

( ).
, .
, . ,
,
,
.
. p1 dA

2.2 (
d dy) : dy
F1 + B = F2 F1 F2 = B
p1 dA p2 dA = m g p2 dA

(p1 p2) dA = g V
dp = g dy (2.3) . 2.2.

() (2.3) . -
: .
(2.3) . ,
, (
).
, (2.3) yo po
, :
p p = g (y y)
p p (2.4)
+ y = o + y o = .

: = g .
(2.4) .
p/ [Pa/(N/m3) = (N/m2)/(N/m3) = m]
.
(y = 0)
p = p, (2.4) :

p = p y = p g y (2.5)
y
, y ,

(2.5)
( y = 0).
(2.5) . -
,
( ) (. 2.2).

: p=p. p p
. 2.2.
( ) g. -
, (- .
 73

), .
: , yy' , y . -
, y ,
, .. h (. . 2.5.2).

1
10, 100 1000 m -
( = 1025 Kg/m3).
:
p =101,3 KPa y = 0 m = 1025 Kg/m3
y = 10 m (2.5) p1 = 201,8 KPa
y = 100 m (2.5) p2 = 1106,8 KPa
y = 1000 m (2.5) p1 = 10.156,5 KPa
10 m . ,
10 m, 100 KPa.
: , (y y0), (h = y y).
(2.5) :

p = p + h = p + g h
2.2.2 .
1 y1
) y.
,

. 1 2 y1 y2
(. 2.2). : 2 y2

p1 = p y1
p2 = p y2 . 2.2.
: p2 p1 = (y1 y2)
: .
p = y = g y (2.5)
() .
y -
(y) :
y = (y) = (y) / = V/ = B/

: y,
y .

) .
, ,
. , -
(p = patm) , , -
74

. , (. 2.2):

P1= P2= P3= P4= P+ g y (2.5)

. (
) .
) .
(2.5) ,
. :

y = 0 p = 0 (2.5)
ptm
1 2 3

y1 y2 y3 y4

p1 p2 p3 p4
. 2.2. . 2.2.
: .
y1 = y2 = y3 = y4 p1 = p2 = p3 = p4.

,
( ), . :
.
,
(p). . :
,
, ( ).
: ,
. ,
. ,
.

(. 2.2), (p1 = p2 = p3 = p)
( ).
-
:
, -
, .
, y 0,
(2.5):

p = y = g y
 75

) .
:
.
.
( ).
, -
. , -
, .
:
, ,
(. 2.2).
' .
( 1 ):
pA = pB
, 2 y2

p1 = p2= p
y1 1 2
(2.5):
y=0 A
pA = p + 1 g y1
pB = p+ 2 g y2
1
:
p + 1 g y1= p + 2 g y2 . 2.2.
y 1 2
= (2.5) .
y 2 1
: y1 y2 .

2
2.2 (1) ( = 1024 Kg/
m3). y1 = 32 cm y2 = 40 cm, : ) (2) )
.
:
) (2.5) 2 = 1 y1/y2 2 = 819,2 Kg/m3
) pA= p= p + 1 g y1
pA=101,3 KPa +(1024 9,807 0,32)/1000 KPa = 104,5 KPa
) .
(..
), ()
, -
().
(2.5):
p = p 1 g y
y = 0 y = y1 : y1
76

. :
p1 = p 1 g y1
(y1<y<y2) :

p = p1 2 g (y y1) p = p p1 g y1 2 g (y y1)
2.2 .
(. 2.2):
, ( ) -
( ) .
, , .

p y=0

p1 y1

p2 y2

. 2.2. . 2.2.
. .

-
, .
,
.
(
).
) .
,
.
( ) -
. ,
g = 0 p = p,
, p. A2
-
1 2 1< 2, F1 F2
A1
(. 2.2). -
.
1 F1.
:
. 2.2.
p = F1/1 = F1/(d12/4) .
 77

2, :
F2 = p 2 = p (d22/4)
F2 A 2 d22
= = (2.5)
F1 A1 d12
( ),
. d2
d1, F2 = 100 F1. ,
(W = F1 s1= F2 s2).
.
2.2.3 .
) .
.
,
. -
. ,
. , ,
F.
g :

B F
g= =
m m
, -
.
. ,
, -
[. 2.2()].
( ,
, ). ,
:
= g
-
.



g g.
[. O
_
2.2()]. - s y _
(2.3) (2.5): x
dp = ds (2.6)

p = p + s (2.7) _ g g_ g
:
s -
. : () ()
. 2.2.
= g 2 +2 (2.7) .
78

tan = (2.7)
g
2.2:
s = x2 + y2 (2.7)
: y s.
(2.7), pi,
si .
: (2.6) (2.7)
x y:
p p
dp = dx + dy
x y

3
2.2 =1010 Kg/m3
. , 10
100 Km/h. ,
.
:
: AA = 0,08 m, A = 0,07 m
v = 100 Km/h = 27,8 m/s, t = 10 s, = 1010 Kg/m3

: ymax p, max
: O
A
v = t = 2,78 m/s2 _
7 cm
. . : S
g

tan = = 0,2834 =15,82o
g
8 cm
AB . 2.2.
tan = AB = OA tan AB =1,13cm
OA

, . :
s = cos s = 7,82 cm
(2.7) = 10,2 m/s2
(2.7) p, = 0,806 Pa
) .

.
(-
), . ( ) ,
. , -
. , -
.
,
. ,
 79

( 2.2).
, -
dm,
r .
dm ( = dm g) -
F. ,
F= dm , .
,
( F), F:
F = dm
: :
=2 r

: = g+
: = g 2 +2
:
1
p = p s = p g y + 2 r 2 (2.8)
2
: r y
: y=0.
2.2 :
1 2R 2 (2.9)
p A = p gy A + 2R 2 = p y A = h =
2 2g
(V = r2 h/2) -
h/2 ,
.
: . . -
( )
0,34% g.

4
2.2 ,
( = 1024 Kg/m3) .
A

r
3 cm
h

h
O B B O

g
7 cm

4 cm
. 2.2.
. . 2.2.
80

: ) )
.
:
) .
:
= AB = h/2 = 3 cm = 0,03 m h = 0,06 m
2R 2 2gh
h= 2 = 2 = 27,12 rad / s
2g R
( = 2n n = 4,316 rps = 259 rpm)
) :
1
p, = p p = g y + 2 r2
2
= 1024 Kg/m , = 27,12 rad/s
3

y = ( ) = 4 cm = 0,04 m, r = R = 4 cm = 0,04 m
: p,= 1 KPa.
) .

. , . -
(. 2.2).
,
: .
. -
, , r.

. -

, -
.

g
. -
(2.3) :

dp = dr = 2 r dr
r
: g
1
(
p = p + 2 r 2 ro2
2
)
(2.10)

: r () -

r
p.
g

. . 2.2.
, -
(centrifugal .
 81

(2) (2)
(1) (1)

r1
r2

(2) (2)
(1) (1)

. 2.2. . 2.2.
. .

separators) 2.2.
( g), -
( ),
, .
2.2 (de Laval).

5
: )
-
0,2 m
50% r1
8000 rpm (. 2.) ) r2
850 Kg/m3;
:
) -
r1 r2. :

V = r22 h
. 2.2.
:
V = r12 h

: V'/ V = 1 0,5 = 0,5
(2) (2)
V' r2 (1) (1)
= 0, 5 12 = 0, 5 r1 = 0, 5 r2 r1 = 0,1414 m
V r2
r1
= 2 n = 2 (8000/60 s-1) = 837,7 rad/s
r2
1 = 2 r1 = 99.226 m/s2 1 = 10.115 g

A
2 = 2 r2 = 140.348 m/s2 2 = 14.307 g
(2) (2)
) -
(1) (1)
(r2).

(2.10) pmax= 6068 KPa

6
2.2 - . 2.2.
82

(1) 850 Kg/m3 (2). 60 cm,

5 cm, 10 cm = 5000 rpm,
.
:
: = 1000 Kg/m3, = 850 Kg/m3, pA = 101,3 KPa, n = 5000 rpm
R = 0,30 m
R RB = 0,05 m RB = 0,25 m
RB RA = 0,10 m RA = 0,15 m
: p, p
(2.10):
1
p = p + 2 (R 2 R 2o )
2
: = 2 n = 2 (5000/60 s-1) = 523,6 rad/s
1 2 2 2
: pB = p A + (R B R A ) pB = 4762 KPa
2
1 2 2 2
: p = pB + (R R ) p = 8532 KPa
2

: , -
. , ,
. p' = p .

2.3 .

, ( )
, .
1.2.3:
p
= (1.5)
RT
(2.3) :
p dp g
dp = g dy = dy (2.11)
RT p RT
, (2.11) :
gy cy
(2.12)
p = p o exp = po e
g R T
: c =
RT
11 Km 20 Km (T = 56,5 C).
, (y = 0) y 11 Km (),
:
T T b y

T = 15 C

y =11000 m, T 56,5 C, : b = 0,0065 /m.
 83

(2.6) T T 0,0065 y, :
g/ (Rb ) 5,26
by 0,0065y
p = po 1 = po 1 (2.12)
To To
(2.12) (2.12) .
: (2.12) 0 11 Km -
(2.12) 11 20 Km.
2.3. ( . ).
R = 287 J/KgK.

60 60

50 50

40 40
, Km

, Km
30 30

20,1 Km
20 20
- 56,5 oC

11,0 Km
10 10
15 oC 101,3 KPa
0
- 60 - 40 - 20 0 20 0 40 80 120

, C , KPa
. 2.3.
.

7
10m, 100m, 1000m,
11.000m 20.000 m .
:
) (011 Km)
p = 101,3 KPa = 288 R=287 J/KgK
y1 =10 m (2.12) p1 =101,18 KPa p/p = 0,12%
y2 =100 m (2.12) p2 =100,10 KPa p/p = 1,18%
y3 =1000 m (2.12) p3 = 89,84 KPa p/p = 11,3%
y4 =11.000 m (2.12) p4 = 22,58 KPa p/p = 77,7%
) 11 20,1 Km (2.12) :

p' =p4=22,58 KPa ' = 273 +(56,5) = 216,5 y' = (y11000) m
y5 = 20.000 m y5' = (20.000 11.000) m = 9000 m
84

(2.12) p5 = 5,46 KPa p/p = 94,6%

1: (2.5) 10m, 100m 1000 m
=1,205 g/m3, : P1=101,18 KPa ( 100%), P2=100,12 KPa
( 99,98%), P3=89,48 KPa ( 99,6%). -
. . , (2.5),
y= p /(g) = 8572 m, . ,
( 1000 m), (2.5) ,

2: , , -
. , ,
, .
3: g: g
:

g = g (R /R)2
R 6400 Km g =9,807 m/s2.
20 Km, g = 9,807(6400/6420)2 = 9,746 m/s2, 0,6%. , -
g . 11 Km,
g 0,35% (9,841 m/s2). ( -
) g = 9,807 m/s2.

2.4 .
2.4.1 : .
2.3, ,
.
. 2.3.
( ),
:
p=101,3 KPa (=1 Atm)
, p .
, p -
( ) -
( ).
-
.
1643 Torricelli
(. 2.4) -
, .
Torricelli
,
,
(
Torricelli, . 2.4).
-
(y=0) : p = p.
,
. 2.4.
y. Torricelli.
 85

:
p=0 ()
p = y p = y (2.13)
L y= p/.
( Ly), -
, , .
( - 760 mm
p=ptm
). (2.13)
:
p = pv+ y (2.13)
(
20oC, pvHg = 0,16 Pa), .

( ): Hg=132,84 KN/m3.
-
. 760 mmHg: . 2.4.
Torricelli.
p= 101,3 KPa = 760 mmHg

. -
, ( -
) 10,3 m.
o
(pv=2,34 KPa 20o C, 3,2 KPa 25 C ..)
, ,
.
.
:
p = 101,3 KPa = 760 mm Hg = 10,3 m H2O.
-
( 76 cm).
( ).
[. 2.4()()].

() ()

. 2.4.
) . ) .
86

.
(F=patm A) ,
(). 2
,
y
. -
1 1
.
2.4.2 .


.


. -
U, . 2.4.
. U.
. 2.4
. -
. , ,
,
. , .
2.4 1 1' y1 = y1' p1 = p1'.
(2.5) p1= p1'= p2 (y1' y2) = p2 + (y2 y1)
p1 p2 = (y2 y1) (2.14)
:
p = y = g y (2.14)
1
2 :
y = y2 y1 = (p1 p2)/
(2.14) -
:

p2 = p p1, = p1 p = (y2 y1) (2.14)

,
:

y = y2 y1= (p1 p2)/ (2.14)

-
( ),
. , ,
( )
, -
.
U
(. 2.4). -
,
. ,
 87

8
2.4
y = 12 cm,
.
%;
:
x1 . y2 2
,
y
x2= y x1. 1 1
y=0
:
(y x1) 2 = x1 1

(y x1) d22/4 = x1 d12/4

d1 = 20d2 y x1= 400 x1
x1 = 0,03 cm . 2.4.
.

y' = 12,03 cm.
p p
(y' y)/ y = 0,0025 0,25%
-
(. 2.4) -
. , y, x
x,
y
. :
y = x sin
, .. = 30 x = 2 y . 2.4.
, .
.
, -

, Bourdon
( ).
Bourdon, -
2.4.

.
.

2.4.
2.4.3
. . 2.4.
) , - Bourdon.
88

() () ()
. 2.4.
. (), () , () .

. -
( ).
) .
()
.
.
) .
) ( ).
, ( ) , -
:
) ( ) ,
( ). .. -1-2-3-. ( -
).
) y , ,
(2.5):
p = y = p g y
.
) ( )
.
pAp 1, 2, 3,
:
pA p = (pA p1) + (p1 p2) + (p2 p3) + (p3 p)
:
) (SI) -
SI, SI.
) , Pa (=N/m2) -
:
1 KPa = 1000 Pa = 1 KN/m2
g y (= p) Pa: (Kg/m3) (m/s2) m = Pa. -
KPa ( ), g y
KPa ( 1000).
 89

g y y (= g y),
KN/m3, KPa.

9
,
2.4, -. -
.
:
1
1, 2, 2, 3, 4, 5
(. 2.4).
5
: p1 = p = 101,3 KPa 32 cm
R=1m
= 1000 Kg/m3, Hg = 13.550 Kg/m3 3
y1 y2 = 0,32 m, y3 y2' = 0,1 m, 10 cm
2 2
y3 y4 = y5 y3 = 1 m 4

: p3, p4, p5

p2 p1= Hg g (y2 y1) = Hg g (y1 y2) . 2.4.
p2 p1 = 42.523 Pa = 42,523 KPa
1
p2 = 143,8 KPa 5
p2 = p2'= 143,8 KPa (y2' = y2) 0,8

p2' p3 = g (y2' y3) 0,6

m

p2' p3 = 0,98 KPa p3 = 142,8 KPa 3

0,4
p4 p3 = g (y4 y3)
p4 p3= 9,81 KPa p4 = 152,6 KPa 0,2

p5 p3= g (y5 y3) 4

0 110 120 130 140 150 160
p5 p3= 9,81 KPa p5 = 133 KPa Pa
, - . 2.4.
(2.5):
p = p5 g (y5 y)

y p -
4 (y = 0
m, p = 152,6 KPa) 5 (y =1 m, p =133 KPa) 3

3 (. 2.4). 5 y1 1

10 4 4
y2

2.4, .
2 2
.
: y1 = 20 cm y2 = 40 cm
Y
:
1, 2, 2', 3, 4, 4', 5 - . 2.4.
90

( ):
: p1 = p = 101,3 KPa
= 1000 Kg/m3, Hg = 13.550 Kg/m3
y1 = y3 y4= 0,2 m, y2 = y2 y1 = 0,4 m
: p5
p2 p1= Hg g (y2 y1) = Hg g (y1 y2) = 53,154 KPa p2 = 154,454 KPa
= p2 = p2' = 154,454 KPa (y2 = y2')
p3 = p2 = 154,454 KPa ()
p4 p3 = g (y4 y3) = g (y3 y4) = 1961 Pa = 1,96 KPa p4 =156,4 KPa
p4 = p4' = p5 = 156,4 KPa

: ( )
:
p5 p1 = (p5 p4') + (p4' p4) + (p4 p3) + (p3 p2') + (p2' p2) + (p2 p1) = (p4 p3) + (p2 p1)
p5 p1 = g (y4 y3) Hg g (y2 y1) = g (y3 y4) + Hg g (y1 y2) =
= 55,1 KPa p5 = 156,4 KPa
( ),
.

11
2.4 = /= 0,85:
) (.
2.4).
)
.
:
: p1 = p = 101,3 KPa
y1 y2= 0,6 m, y3 y4 = 0,8 m, y y = 0,8 m, y y = 2,7 m
= 1000 Kg/m3, / = 0,85 = 850 Kg/m3 , Hg = 13.550 Kg/m3
: p, p, y p .
) p2 p1= Hg g (y2 y1) = Hg g (y1 y2) p2 = 181,03 KPa
p3 = p2 () p3 = 181,03 KPa
p4 p3 = g (y4 y3) = g (y3 y4) p4= 188,9 KPa
p = p4 () p = 188,9 KPa
p p = g (y y) = g (y y) p = 195,6 KPa
p p = g (y y) = g (y y) p = 222,1 KPa
) , , -
( ) (. 2.4). .
y = 0 m, :
(y 0 2,7 m): p = p g (y y) = 222,1 9,807 y KPa
(y 2,7 3,5 m): p = p g (y y) = 218,1 8,336 y KPa
(y>3,5 m): p = p= 188,9 KPa
 91

12
2.4
780 Kg/m3.
:
y1 yB' = (0,4 0,14) m = 0,26 m, y1' y2 = 0,08 m, y y2 = 0,20 m
= 1000 Kg/m3, = 850 Kg/m3, Hg = 13.550 Kg/m3
: p p
pA pB = (pA p2) + (p2 p1') + (p1' p1) + (p1 pB') + (pB' pB) (1)
pA p2 = (y2 yA) = 1,53 KPa
p2 p1 = Hg (y2 y1) = 10,64 KPa
p1' p1= 0 ()
p1 pB'= (yB' y1) = 2,55 KPa
pB' pB = 0 ()
(1):
pB pA = 6,56 KPa

3 3,5
1
3
0,8 m
0,6 m 2,5

m

0,8 m 4 2
2
B
1,5
1
2,7 m 0,5
Y 0
185 190 195 200 205 210 215 220 225
Pa
. 2.4. . 2.4.

40 cm 9 cm
20 cm 1 B
14 cm
8 cm
2

. 2.4.
92

13
2.4 ( )
. ,
y = 10 cm, .
:
: = 1000 Kg/m3, Hg = 13.550 Kg/m3
y1 y2 = 0,1 m, y= y
: p p
p p = (p p2) + (p2 p1) + (p1 p) (1)
p p2 = g (y y2) (2)
p2 p1 = Hg g (y2 y1) (2)
p1 p = g (y1 y) (2)
(1) p p = g (y y2) Hg g (y2 y1) g (y1 y)
p p = g (y1 y2) Hg g (y2 y1)
p p = g (y1 y2) (Hg )
p p= 12,3 KPa

14
2.4.
.
:
: = 1000 Kg/m3, Hg = 13.550 Kg/m3
y y= 0,5 m, = 45, = 0,38 m
pA = 101,3 KPa
: p1
yA y = AB sin yA y= 0,269 m
pB pA = Hg g (yB yA) = Hg g (yA yB) pB= 137 KPa
pB=pB' = 137 KPa
p p'= g (y y) p = p g (y y') p= 132,1 KPa
: , .
, . , ,
. 14 pB>pA p<p.

() ()
A
1 50 cm
38 cm
1 y
B
2 45o
2

. 2.4. . 2.4.
 93

. 2.5.

2.5 , .

, . -
(. 2.5), , ,
.., -
. .
2.1,
. -
. ,
. dA p
:
dF = p dA (2.15)
, (
) :
F = p dA (2.15)

2.5.1 .
( ) C
, - dA
y
. yc C
()
A
z, ,

z0. y xc x
. 2.5.
(. 2.5): .
94

B x c = x dB (A z ) x c = x (dA z ) x c A = x dA

1
A
xc = x dA (2.16)
:
1
A
yc = y dA (2.16)

. ,
,
, -
. xc yc.
c yc 2.5.1 (. . 102).
(P) -
.
,
. , .
xp yp.
2.5.2 .

, : -
, .
) .
( ),
. , -
, p. (2.15) :
F=pA (2.17)
,
F ( ) .
) .

, .
.
, , P
(. 2.5). , -

: F
F=pA (2.17)
F = (p + y) A C
F = p A + (y A)
F = p A + V
. 2.5.
F = F + (2.17)

.
 95

,
, .
, :
yP = yC ( xP = xC)

) . p y=0
,
(. 2.5), -
(.
2.2.1, 2.5): yc
yp
p = p y = p g y (2.5)
(2.15) :
C C
F = (p y) dA = p A y dA P
P
p
(2.16):
F = (p yc) A = pc A (2.18)
: yc, . 2.5.
.
(yc<0) pc -
.
, ,
.
( ) yp
. F x
C, :
F (y p y c ) = (y y c ) dF = (y y c ) p dA
:
I xc
y p y c = (2.19)
pc A
: Ixc = y 2 dA , xx -
. ()
.
, pc,
.
p = 0, pc= yc (2.19) :
Ixc (2.19)
yp yc =
yc A

:
I xyc
x p x c = (2.20)
pc A
96

: Ixcy = x y dA x, y
.
, XY = 0
: xp = xC
2.5.1.
) .
(. 2.5).
dA :
dF = p dA
dFo dF ( ). :
dFo = dF sin = p dA sin

dA sin = dA
d. : dFo = p dA
(2.17)
(2.18) :
Fo = pc A (2.21)
F = pc Ao (2.21)
: ,
,
-
.
F
.
:

F = Fo2 +F2 = pc A o2 + A 2 F = p c A (2.21)

, -
, . -
C hC ( ).
F ( ), -
x y, C, y
(. 2.5).
F x,
dF:
F y pc = y dF = y p dA
: I xc
y pc = sin (2.22)
pc A
:
hp hc = ypc sin
Ixc
hp hc = sin 2 (2.22)
pc A
 97
p

hc
hp
F

p
dF dF C

P
y cp
dA dFo y x
C
dA
dA
P
dA

cp
. 2.5. . 2.5.
. .

x:
I xyc
x cp = sin (2.23)
p c A
,
, =90.
: h, :
pc = p hc hC .

) .
. -
.
,
. dF, -
dA, , .
F
-

.
: -
1
-
Fx, -
y : dFy _ Fx 2 Fx
Ayx
Fx = dFx = p dA y (2.24) dFx
dA

2.5 () _F
y
(y, z) ()
yz. [ 2.5 z, . 2.5.
(x, y), , .
98

]. p (2.5):
p = p y = p g y
(2.24)
:
Fx = pc Ayz (2.25)
pc = p g yc .
, ,
.
Fz ( Fx),
,
(y, x):
Fz = pc Ayx (2.25)
:
(. 2.5,
). ,
:
Fy = B + F = g V + p Axz (2.26)
-
, ,
. F , Fy -
.
(. 2.5),
Fy, .

(2.26).
-
.
) .
. ,
, (-
),
,
.
V
-

. -

.

, Fy
Fx
r, L b (. Y
2.5), . - p


, - . 2.5.
, (z, y) .
 99

(x, y) 2.5. -
F y r
: z

F = pc A = 2 r L pc x

L F1
b
:
I
y pc = y p y c = xc C F
pc A
: Xc = L (2r)3/12 = 2 L r3/3 y y
F2
,
z x
. ,
() . . 2.5.
- .
F F1 F2
:
p
F = F1 + F2
, :
F1 = F2 = r L pc h
F1 F2 -
b L - p p=p+h
:
r
= F1 / (b L ) = p c (2.27)
b E
- E
(2.27).
,
F1 F2 . . 2.5.
.
(1 2 ).
( ):
2r y p
F (2r y p ) = F1 2r F1 = F
2r
yp
F y p = F2 2r F2 = F
2r
( yp= yc = r F1 = F2 = F/2).
2.5.3 .
a) .
-
(.. , , , ..). -
() (. 2.5). ,
:
100

dF = dF dF = (p p) dA = p dA
,
.
-
, ( h = y) :
p = p
p = p + y
y ( ) :
p = p p = y = p
, , -
, .
p p'
( ), :
p = (p p') + y
) .
1. ,
, -
( ).
:
-
yc (yc < 0).
pc,
: F= pc, A
:
, .
, (2.19) (2.20)
(yp yc) (xp xc) .
yp , .
, (2.22) (2.23) -
ycp xcp . (2.22)
hc .
2. ,
.
.
3. ,
.
4. -
, 2.5.2.
: 2.5
. (, ) :

0 > hc > hp h
) .
,
.
 101

-
. (

),
(x, y), .
, - p p =p _ gy
( - p = _ gy

).
(2.5):
F = p dA
()
. ( -
) B B E
. . 2.5.
2.5 - .

. -
.
, ''.

.
) .
, -
:
C, ( ) (. 2.5.1): (x, y)
xc yc. yc
,
. , xc = b/2 : b .
, :
.
x :
():
I Xc = y 2 dA
x, y :
I XYc = x y dA

( ).
2.5.1.
-
. ,
. , b h,
: yc = h/2.
. yc -
, .
102
2.5.1
.

c yc A IXc IXc

bh2(2 _ b)
h
C +b h bh 1
bh3
3 3 2 36 72

b

C h b h 1
bh bh3 0
2 2 12
b

(2 + b)h ( + b)h h3(2 + 4b + b2)

h
C
3( + b) 2 36( + b)

r
C r 4
r r r 2 0
4

4r r 2 8
C r r4 0
3 2 8 9
2r

4r 4r r 2 4 1 4
C r4 r4
3 3 4 16 9 8 9
r

C 2 . sin r4( _ sincos)

0 r 2 0
3 4

C b b h
bh bh 3 0
2 2 4 64

C b b 4h
bh bh 3 0

2 3 4 16
 103

, 2.5 :
yc = h/3 xc= (a + b)/3
, :
y = H yoc (< 0)

: 2.5.1 x-y.
. , -
C. (2.19),
(2.20), (2.22), (2.23) .
, :
I X = I Xc +d2y A I XY = I XYc +dx d y A
: dx dy .

) .
15

, -
2 m
5 m.
y
H
:
1 : -
h
yoc C
(. 2.5).
: = 1000 Kg/m3
AB = 5 m, AA'=2 m xoc x
: F, yp, xp.
1. : b
yc = AC = 2,5 m . 2.5.
p,c = gyc= 24,525 KPa
A = ' = 10 m2
A A y=0
F = pc, A F = 245,25 KN
2. : - p = _ gy
-
P yp:
I Xc I p,c = _ gyc
y p y c = y p = y c Xc C C
pC, A pc, A
1 3 1 F
bh Ic = (AA' )(AB ) I Xc = 20,8m 4
3 P P
I Xc =
12 12
y p = 3,33m

-
xp: B B B
xp = b/2 = (')/2 xp=1 m . 2.5.
104

2 : p1
A A y=0
:
F = b p,c yc = 245,25 KN p=p1 _ gy
H (x, y) -
,
2/3 . pc=p1 _ gyc
yp = 3,33 m C C
P P F
16

1 50 KPa,
-
;
B B B
:
, - . 2.5.
.
y (. 2.5):
p = p1 gy pc = p1 gyc pc = 74,525 KPa
F = pc A F = 745,25 KN
:
I Xc
yp = yc y p = 2,77m
pc A
( ,
).
xp : xp = 1 m
17
2.5() ( = 1024 Kg/m3).
2 m.
: ) ) -
.
:
) [. 2.5()]:
:
y AB
y AC = = y AB / 2 =1m hC = (3+1) m = 4 m
2
pC = ghC = 40,17 m2 KPa

AB = 22 +2, 52 m = 3,2m

A = (3,2 2) m2 = 6,4 m2
F = pC A F = 278 KPa
 105

) :
I
y PC = sin Xc
pC A
3m
1 1 hC
I Xc = bh3 Ic = 2 3,23 m 4
12 12 5m hp

Xc = 5,46 m4
2.5():
2m
tan = 2/2,5 =0,8 =38,66
C
F
yCP = 0,133 m
2,5 m
hp hC = yPC sin hp = 4,083 m
()
: xpc= 0 [.

2.5()].

18 y

2.5 - C x
1 = 800 C 2m
Kg/m3 2 = 1000 Kg/m3. - hCP

F
200 KPa, , 1 Atm. -
2,5 m B

() ()
.
. 2.5.
:
- 200 KPa
() xy () yz,
y ().
, ( ) -
0,4 m
(. 2.5):
: yA = 0 m yB = 0,4 m 1m
y= 1,4 m y= 2,4 m 1m
1 = 800 Kg/m 3
2 = 1000 Kg/m3
p, = (200 101,3) KPa = 98,7 KPa . 2.5.

p
y=0
0,4 m

1m
C1
(1)

(2)
C2
1m

() () ()
. 2.5.
106

: F, yp.
, -
(1) (2) .
1. (1):
:
F1 = pC1 A1 (1)
1 = r2/2 = 1,57 m2
yC1 y = 4r/3 = 0,424 m yC1= 0,976 m
pC1 = pA, 1 g yC1 pC1= 106,4 KPa
(1) F1= 167 KN
:
I Xc
y P1 = y C1 1
pC1, A1
8
I Xc = r 4 = 0,11 r 4 = 0,11m 4
8 9

yP1 = 0,981 m
2. (2):
:
F2 = pC2 A2 (2)
2 = 1 = 1,57 m2
y yC2 = 4r/3 = 0,424 m yC2 = 1,824 m
pC2 = (pA, 1 g y) 2 g (yC2 y) pC2= 113,83 KPa
(2) F2= 178,7 KN
:
I Xc
y P2 = y C2 2
pC2, A 2
8
Xc = r 4 = 0,11 r 4 = 0,11m 4
8 9
yP2 = 1,83 m
3. .
:
F = F1 + F2 F = 345,8 KPa
: ( ),
:
F1 yP1 + F2 yP2 = F yP yP = 1,42 m
2.5.
 107

19

' 2.5 .
:
1. Fx:
: 0


yz - _ 0,4
B
2.5 :
= 7 m, = 1 m yCx= AB/2 = 3,5 m
Ayz= (AB) (A) = 7 m2
F1
pCx,= gyCx= 34,265 KPa F _ 1,4

Fx= pCx, Ayz Fx= 239,85 KN
:
F2
Px, yPx:
I Xc
y Px = y Cx _ 2,4
pCx, A yz
1 3 1 . 2.5.
I Xc = bh Ic = 173 m 4 I Xc = 28,58m 4
12 12
E
yPx = 4,67 m A

xPx = xCx 5m
Z
2. Fy:
7m
: Fy
- 5m
:
Fy =BAA'BZE = B1 +B2

(1) : . 2.5.
V1 = (AE) (A) (')
V1= 5 1 2 m3 = 10 m3 A A E

B1 = V1 B1 = 97,9 KN (1)

(2) - A A A 5m Z
= ' = 5 m: Cx Cx
(2) 7m
V2 = r2 L/4 Px Px
Fx 5m
V2 = 52 1/4 m3 = 19,625 m3
Py
B2 = V2 B2 =192,1 KN
Fy
B2
Fy = B1 + B2 Fy = 290 KN B1

:
A
Py
. (1) . 2.5.
108

' x' = 2,5 m.

(2) '.
2.5.1:
x' = 4r/3 x' = 2,12 m xA' = r x'= 2,88 m
Py Fy, 1, 2 Fy :
B1 x'+ B2 x' = Fy xpy xpy= 2,75 m

2.6 .

-
,
( ). -
, ,
3 ..:
, ,

.
:
=V=gV (2.28)
: , V .
2.2.1, ,
,
: Fy:
Fy = Fy = m g = g V = V
Fy -
.
, .
, ,
(. 2.6).
2.6 .

A

Fy2

F=pA

Fy1

. 2.6. . 2.6.
. .
 109

() .
(.
2.5.2):
Fy1 = g V
Fy2 = g V
: V V
.
= Fy = g (V V) = g V
.
( -
, , ..).
(, , ..).
, , -
, .
2.6.1 .
, ,
:
F =
().
, :
V= V = V
= g V
=gV
:
= =( ) g V (2.29)
.
( > ) . = 0 (
). < 0 .
, ,
,
.
.
. , 1000
Kg/m3, 20C, 1,2 g/m3. .

. , , .
, -
. (
, = m/V).
, . ,
(
), .
110

20
800 85 lt. :
) .
) .
) .
) ;
;
:
: = 800 , V= 0,085 m3,
= 1,2 Kg/m3 ( 20C 101,3 KPa), =1024 Kg/m3
: , , .
) B = m g m = B/g m = 81,6 Kg
= m/V = 960 Kg/m3
) = g V = 1 N ( 0,12% )
) = g V = 853,6 N
) > . F= B = 53,6
N , :
= ' = 800
'= g V' V= 0,0797 m3
V'/V = 0,938 93,8%
21
( ) 500 Kgf.
300 Kgf. : ) ) .
:
: = 500 Kgf = 4905 , = 300 Kgf = 2943 , = 1000 Kg/m3
: V,
) = = = 1962
= g V V' = /( g) V= 0,2 m3
) = /V = 24.525 N/m3
= g = 2500 Kg/m3
(: = ( ) g V = /(g V) = 2500 Kg/m3)
22
10 m -
60 cm 1 cm (. 2.6),
15 m. 7200 Kg/m3.
:
: L = 10 m, d = 0,60 m,
r r = 0,01 m, y = 15 m
=7200 Kg/m3, = 1025 Kg/m3 r L
: W. r
O :
V = V V=r2 L r2 L =
= L(r2 r2) V = 0,1854 m3 . 2.6.
 111

B = V = g V B = 13.091 N
= = ( ) g V = 11.230
(F) .
:
W = F y W = 168.440 J = 168,44 KJ

2.7 .

, , , :
( ) .
, ().
(),
-
F = .
( ), -
, .
, -
F = A B.
(),
-
, ,
. , ,
: = .
.
( ), -
, .
:
(. 2.7):
= (2.30)
0:
= 0 (2.30)
, -
( = 0) .
, -
, ;
(. 2.7 2.7)
, =gV


, d.
=mg
, (, ) -
= d .

-
.
. 2.7.
. -
.
112

,
.
, -
.
(. 2.7).
, -
() -
. (. 2.7).
,
. , ,
.
. ,

B B

. 2.7.
: (..) ().

B
B

. 2.7.
: (..) ().
 113

, .

, . , 2.7()
2.7() .
(,
, ),
. ,
.

() ()

. 2.7.
) . ) .

2.7.1 .
. -
.
( ),
(. 2.7). ,

. :
= = g V = g (V+V) (V + V) = /g = m
= m/(V+V) (2.31)
: m , , V , V
.
. , -
, :
V= r2 y

( ).

.
. -

114

-
. -

. .
-
.
-
(, , ..). V
-
, .
. ,
.
Baum (-
Baum ). -
, V
(.. ).
,
-
(= ). :

= = ( ) g V = ( )/

B . 2.7.
= (2.32)
B .
2.8 .

1. 140 Pa; ( = 1025 Kg/m3).

;
[y=3,84 m, p=10,05 KPa]

2. 1005 mbars 400

mm Hg. .
[p=47,18 KPa]

3. 60 m. 98 KPa,
.
[587 KPa, 685 KPa]

4. 780 kg/m3.
3 m 2 m. , -
.
.
[116,6 KPa, 146 Ka ]

5. 8. -
300 20 cm,
, ( ).
[F' = 19.200 N, W = 60 J, s' = 3,1 mm]
 115

6. U .
, 10 cm
. 3 cm
.
.
[ = 769 Kg/m3, p = 0,98 KPa]

7. 20 cm 30 cm,
12 cm. : ) -
. ) 3000 rpm,
.
[) 15,34 rad/s, ) 195,7 KPa, 198,7 KPa]

8. 7, ( = 0,85) 20% ..
20 cm. 6000 rpm, -
.
[446,5 KPa, 709,5 KPa]

9. 101,35 KPa,
5 m: ) . ) .
;
[) 60 KPa, ) 54 KPa]

10. 1 2.8 -
.
[p1 = 136,37 KPa]

11. 2.8 0,91.

( = 20) 1 2
. ) L= 5 cm, h=12 cm ,
1 2 -
. ) ,
1 2 ;
[) 1084,3 Pa, ) 1070,9 Pa, L=0]

h
(1) 28 cm 1

L
45 cm
22 cm

. 2.8. . 2.8.
116

12. 2.8, -

. - 25 cm
, 38 cm
15 cm
.
[ = 1068,1 Kg/m3] 45o

13. . 2.8.
2.8 -
.
A
0,8.

[pB = 106,9 KPa] 5 cm

14. - B
. 3 cm
7 ft 8 cm
12,8 15,5 psi. - 4 cm


SI.
. 2.8.
[ = 890 Kg/m3, = 8,725 KN/m3]

15. 2.8

. : )
3,0 m
. ) . ) - A 2,8 m
- - 2,5 m
. 2,2 m
[p = 215,8 KPa, p = 235,1 KPa] 2,0 m

16. 2.8,
20oC.

) . 0,5 m
)
o . 2.8.
30 C, ;
; (
, 200
200
KPa). pa
[P = 310,56 KPa]

17. ( A 3,0 m
) - A 2,8 m
- 2,6 m
2 m
5 m. 2,0 m
[F = 245,25 KN, yp = 3,33 m]

18. ,
. 2.8.
 117

ptm
, -
50 KPa;
[F = 758,25 KN, = 2,77 m]
ptm
A 5 cm
19. 2.8
5 m. , -
: 45o
AB=2,5 m B =1,2 m.
: ) 3 m . 2.8.
. ) -
( ).
[) p = 130,73 KPa, 1,6 bar
) F = 121 KN, yCP = 0,09 m]

20. 2.8 . = 3m
= 45 = d = 3 m, : ) -
. )
( -
). -
, ;
. 2.8.
[) pA = 168,6 KPa, p =189,4 KPa,
) F = 549,2 KN, yCP= 0,07 m]
ptm
21. 2.8
4 m. p=50KP 2m
2 m.

.
2m
[F= 253,5 KN, yp= 3,03 m]
. 2.8.
22. 2.8
2 m 1 m.

.
[F= 469,9 KN, yp = 8,68 m]

10 m
23. -
5 m, -
4 m 3 m (. 2.8).
. 2.8. B
2 m -
.
. 3m
[F = 791 N, yp = 5,07 m, xp = 1,8 m]
24. (D = 8 m, L = 12 m) 5m
(d = 8 cm)
2.8 . . 2.8. 4m
118

(-
): )
. ) 10 m. )
% ; -
;
[) F1 = 1972,4 KN, yp = 5 m,
) F1 = 6902,7 KN, yp = 14,29 m, ) 0,0083%, 250%]
. 2.8.
25. 2.8, 8 m, -
.
) - 200
.
) 1m
A
2 cm;
[) Fx = 2956 KN, ) 9052 KN/m2, 9422 KN/m2]
3m
26. ,
1 m, . 2.8.
40%
60% . .
[ = 8534 Kg/m3]

27. 5 m 125 KPa 15 C. -
, .
2077 J/(KgK) ,
;
[F = 640 N]
28. 0,6, , 70, 50
10 cm, , . -
1 cm , .
[ = 45,5 ]

29. 1/7 . -
.
; [877,7 Kg/m3, 12,2%]
 KE 3

3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
120

3.1 .


.
.
. (),
(, , , , , -
..). , , , .
.
, , -
. ,
.
, ... -
(, ,
) .
, ,
.
( , , , , ..)
.

. , -
. ( Euler Lagrange
18 ). (
Rayleigh 19 ). .

( Euler, 1940),
.
,

.
( , -
, ). ,
( )
. ( ,
1 mm3 , 3 1016 , , ,
, ,
8 10-4 mm).

. -
.

. ,

.
3.1.1 .
) .
, , -
 121

( ) , (
). ( ) (..
). ( , ,
..).
,
( ).
. ,
Lagrange, ( -
)
. (
) . ,
.
, Euler, ,
(, ..). -
, ,
() ,
. , ,
. , -
, .
(flow field): -
. () .
, Euler, -
.
, -
, ,
.
( , streamline) -
, ,
.
, (stream
tube) (. 3.1). ,
.
( ).

.
, -
( )
.
(streakline)
-
.
(pathline)

.
3.1 () -
()
() (). . 3.1.
, - .
122

() () ()
. 3.1.

( ).
(control volume) , (
). ,
. ,
, . -
.
, ,
.

, .
,
(m ). , (Q).
:
= dm
m (3.1)
dt

Q = dV (3.1)
dt
m = V
= Q
m (3.1)
, .
:
=m
m (3.1)
t
Q=V (3.1)
t
SI, Kg/s m3/s.
) .
: -
( ) (
, , ),
( ).
( ) . ,
.
, , .
( ) :
(, , )
 123

. , .
.
.
, , , , , ,
... , (..
),
.
.
: -
, (
). .
, .
, : -
, .
, , , .
(, , ,
..) . -

. , ( ) -
, .
, -
.
, ,
(
). , y.
. , ...

() .
,
( , ) .
, .
, ,
.

( ).
( Prandtl o 1904)

( , boundary layer).
-
,

. - V
(
-
).

. V
, -
, ...
3.1 - . 3.1.
.
124

, (
, )
. , ,
. ( -
, no slip condition).
(
) .
,
( )
( ).
(viscid flow). , -
, (inviscid flow). (
).
, :
.
, (
), .
.
, ,
.
, . (
. 3.3).
, , 3.1. -
,
, . ,
. ( ) (laminar flow). (-
,
, . ,
Newton).
-
() .
(turbulent flow).
.
.
3.1.2 Newton.
-
. -
:
-
, , -
,

.
,
, . 3.1.
- .
 125

. , ,
,
.
,
(. 3.1). -
, . .
to F.
:
F = F F
: F .
, F , F = F
F = 0, v. (
, ). --
,
, F. ,
( , ), -
v . ,
:
= F /
.
, .
, F
. , -, -
.
(
-). ,
,
. .
, (
), (
) ( )
, . :
-
. v,
, .
0 v. 3.1

=F/
F F V dy
v

dv

. 3.1. . 3.1.
. .
126

.
Newton:

= dv (3.2)
dy
: .
Newton (
). , dv/dy (-
) . ,
.
,
, F (
) .
(P = F v) ( ).
( ) ,
:

F m mv J (3.3)
= = = =
A At At
: J = m v , F.
, .
.
, (
) ( ). :
, -
.
, -
.
3.1.3 .
,
. ,

.
, , (-
, )
. , , .
, -
,
.
,
dv/dy = F/A (
) (= F/A).
, -
( ) : ,
. ,
(. 1.2.7) ( viscosity):
 127

(3.4)

dv / dy 3

Newton, -

:

2


=



1


: = 0.
dv/dy
. 3.1.
, .
. 3.1
(1, 2, 3) F/A
- v dy
: 1 < 2 < 3. dv
, ,
(
).
. . 3.1.

1
20C. , -
30 cm/s, F (. 3.1).
1 cm.
.
:
3.1.2
3.1. :
= dv
dy

, -
:
= dv =
dy

1.2.11 (. 54, . 1.2.12 . 58)

20C: = 1,00410-3 Kg/ms.
:
y = 1 cm = 10-2 m v = vmax vmin = 30 cm/s = 0,3 m/s
: = 3,01210-2 N/m2.
(v = y/),
: v = v/2 = 0,15 m/s
128

2
-
F , ;
:
= F/A = 3,01210-2 N/m2
y = 1 cm = 10-2 m
= 1,00410-2 Kg/ms
= dv -2 -2
dy v = y/ v = 3 10 m/s v = 310 m/s = 3 cm/s
, : v = v/2 = 0,015 m/s
( ).
: -
, ,
:

: = dv
dy

: = ' dv'
dy
: v = ' v' v'= 3 10-2 m/s v= 3 10-2 m/s.
3.1.4 Reynolds.
, (
), , , .
) Reynolds.
Os-
borne Reynolds 1883. 3.1.
, (1)
( ) (2).
, .
(3) , , -
, ,
.
,
. , -
. .
.
. ,
. ,
, (. 3.1). ,
.
( ),
. -
().
 129

.
. :
.
.
. ,

(Ilya Prigogine, 1977).
,
, , x.
x
-
. , ()
(. 3.1).
: () -
,
.
3 (1)
) .
2
()
.
. . 3.1.
(- Reynolds.
-
).
,
.

( )
.


. . 3.1.

, , .
( ) (
- V
). - +5%
, (
_ 5%
),
( )
(
Reynolds). -

t
Newton: . 3.1.

= E dv (3.5) .
dy
130

, (Newton):

= dv (3.5)
dy
:

= ( + E ) dv (3.5)
dy
,
.
.
-
. ,
. , ()
.

, -
. ()
. , ,
. ( ),
( ) -
.

. .
) Reynolds.
Reynolds -
3.1, . -
( ),
.
.
.
Reynolds -
Reynolds. -
:
, Reynolds. :
v v
Re = = (3.6)

: v , l , ,
.
(3.6)
. SI : (ms-1) m /(m2s-1).
Reynolds , . Reynolds
,
( Reynolds).
. ,
l.
 131

(), -
() d. Reynolds :

v d v d
Re = = (3.6)

Reynolds 2100. :
Re < 2100.
(2100 < Re < 4000 ).
Re (Re > 4000) . ( ,
Re 2100).
,
, . ( )
:
4A (3.6)
dh =
L
: L () -
( , ).
, Reynolds
.
,
(dh = 42/4 = ).
Reynolds 2100.
,
, Reynolds : Re = 5105 (-
) Re > 5106.
, .
, Reynolds (
).
Reynolds . -
(3.6) v .
Reynolds (
). , .
(3.6) , -
(
).
( ),
.
3.1.5 .
3.1.2 -
, .
, (dv/dy) .
, .
.
, ,
( ,
). , ,
132

,
.
, . -
.
(. . 3.1.1). , -
, (
, ).
, ,
, .
) .
-
. : .
1) : ,
(. 3.1). -
v.

, , ( ).
y (
3.1). yo v.
.
y ,
v.
3.1
x1, x2 x3 .
( y)
x . x = 0, y = 0. -
, .
.
Reynolds ,
. ( , x

Reynolds: Re = vx/. , Reynolds
. 5105. : Re < 5105).
, ,
,
3.1.
(1) (2) (3) y
-
dv/dy, . v v v v
(, yo
v, . v
y

99% ).
2) : - x
v ,
- . 3.1.
, ( ).
 133

. Reynolds
(Re > 5105). -
, Reynolds 0 ( x = 0)
x. x (. 3.1)
:
v xo
= 5 10 5

x, .
x , (
).

.
,
(x1/2). ,
(x1/2)3 = x3/2.
.
, , . , -
:
, ,
Reynolds .
, ( ). (
, 0,25 mm).
,
( -
). y y

yo yo
( -
, Reynolds
).
- dy
. dv
-
, v dv/dy
. 3.1.
, , .
. Prandtl,
- v
,
(


). -

,

x
,
- . 3.1.
. ( ).
134

) .

() , ,
. ,
, X1 X2

3.1.
( x1 ),
,
, . 3.1.
( x2). .

(yo = d/2)
.

x2,
.

x2,

, .
Reynolds -
(Re < 2100),
. Reynolds 0% 50% 100%
(Re > 4000), . . 3.1.
(. .
x2), -
-
, v
.
3.1

.
,
x x
.
, . 3.1
,
.
50% (v=vmax/2). , -
,
. ,
(
), 80% .

3
20C 2 m/s, -
(. 3.1). 5 m
;
:
,
 135

, . ,
Reynolds. (3.6) -
x :
vx vx ()
Re = =

Reynolds x .
Reynolds 5105 Re
>5106.
, x 0 5 m.
1.2.12: = 1,003 10-3 Kg/ms 10-3 Kg/ms
: = 1000 Kg/m3
: v = 2 m/s
Re
() x =
v
Re = 5105 x = 0,25 m
Re = 5106 x = 2,5 m
, x = 0 x = 0,25 m.
x > x = 2,5 m . (
, ).
3.1.6 .

v (. 3.1
3.1).
, . , -
, (
) , .

. ,
. ( -
K ,
, ).
, ,
, 3.1.
. , -
(
). .
, -
( -,
).

. -
, ,
( ). , -
( )
( ).
136

3.1
,
. (
)
( . 3.5.3).

B
,
, ,
(
, ..),
( ,
..).
- . 3.1.
, - .
. , -
,
( ).
.
,
:
v2 (3.7)
FD = C D A
2
CD [
, CD ( 3.1.1)], -

3.1.1
.

CD

L/d = 1 0,91
. d2
d L/d = 2 0,85
4
L L/d = 4 0,87

L/d = 1 0,65
L L/d = 2 0,68
d.L L/d = 5 0,74
L/d = 10 0,82
d
L/d = 40 0,98

. d2
0,34
4

. d2
1,33
4

. d2 = 60 0,51
4 = 30 0,34
 137

Reynolds.

Re, -
-
( () () ()
). Re, . 3.1.
CD (. 5 CD > CD > CD.
6 ).
CD .
3.1 .
(v ) ,
(), () (),
(CD > CD > CD).
v -
. .
(,
, ..).

3.2 .

-
, -
. ()

. ,

. ,
. ,
, -
. , (-
). ,
( , , ).
:
, -
, 3.1.1.
: -
, .

.
. , m1 v1
1

1
-
,
v .
, . Q
( A2
). . v2
3.2. - W .
m2
, 2
. (1) . 3.2.
( ) 1 .
138

v1 (2) 2 v2.
.
,
.
: -
. : .
: . , -
,
.
(. -
), -
. , ( ),
, .
:

+ = +

: ,
, -
.
, ( -
) . :

= +

( -
)
:
=
, .
,
( Euler, Navier-Stokes ..). (
) .
, ,
( ) .
, -
.
,

.
,
. ( -
), -
.
.
,
.
 139

3.3 .

) . v1 v2

() , A A
dV ds,
A1 A2, ds
(. 3.3). v1 . 3.3.
v2 .
, .
, :
A1 = A2 = A
:
= m
m +dm

: m dt ( :
m = dm /dt), m
dm
( : dm = (dm dm
) / dt) .
:

m = ds A = ds A m
= V = 1 v1 A
1 1 1
dt dt

= 2 v 2 A
, : m
= 2 v 2 A 1 v1 A
: dm
dV, :
dm
dm dp 1 v1 A 2 v 2 A
dm
d = = =
dV dt dV A ds
v v d
1 1 2 2=
ds dt d ( v) d
= (3.8)
ds dt
(3.8) (-
) .
( ) , -
:
( v x ) ( v y ) ( v z ) dp
+ + = (3.8)
x y z dt
) .
, :
. ,
.
, -
. :
140
.
m
dp
dm
= =0
dt dV

(3.8) d( v) = 0 dv = v dp
= m
m = m
= v A v
.
m

i vi -
i : . 3.3.
m = i v i A i = (3.9)

, (.
3.3).
(3.9) :

m i
vi =
=m (3.9)
i A i Ai
,
( = 1/) .
(3.9) ( )
( ).
: (3.9), ( )
.

) .
. (3.9)
:

m
= v A =

Q:
=m
=m Q=m .
V Q
: Q = A i v i = (3.10)

, , ()
.
(3.10) :
Q
vi = (3.10)
Ai

. , , -
.
.
, -
. , ( ),
 141

( ) (
). , . (
,
).
(3.10)
. [ -
(3.9), ].
) .
() :
d2
Ai =
4
(3.10) :
d2i
Q= v i = (3.11)
4
:
4Q
vi = (3.11)
d2i
(3.11) ,
. , -
, .

4
887 Kg/m3 3.3.
2 in, 3 in, 1,5 in. .
7 m3/h,
.
:
:
= 887 Kg/m3

dA = 2 in = 0,0508 m

dB = 3 in = 0,0762 m
d = d = 1,5in = 0,0381 m . 3.3.

QA = Q = 7 m3/h = 7/3600 m3/s

Q = Q
A =m
: m B =m +m
.
( ): QA = QB = Q + Q
(3.11)
:

d2i 4Q
Q= v i = v A = v A = 0,959 m / s.
m/s
4 d2A
142

d2B
: Q = vB vB = 0,426 m/s
4
Q = Q = Q/2 v = v = 0,853 m/s
(

):
=m =m m = Q m i = i Q
V Q
A =m
m B = 6209 Kg / h =1,725 K
Kg/s

=m
m = 3104,5 Kg / h = 0,862 K
Kg/s

5
3.3 18 cm,
12 m/s. 6 cm, : )
. ) Kg . )
.
:
:
v2 = 12 m/s
d1 = 18 cm = 0,18 m, d2 = 6 cm = 0,06 m
: v1, m/10 min, .
2
) 2:
1
d22
Q= v 2 = Q = 0,0339 m3/s (= 122 m3/h) . 3.3.
4
1:
4Q
v1 = v1 =1,33 m / s
d12
2
d12 d22 v1 d 2
[ : Q = v1 = v2 = v1 = v 2 / 9 =1,33m / s]
4 4 v 2 d1
) ( ) ,
:
V = Q t V= 0,0339 m3/s 600 s V= 20,34 m3
= 1000 Kg/m3
m = V m =20.340 Kg
) Reynolds: Re = v1 d1/v
,
(. 1.2.12) = 10-3 Kg/ms v = / = 10-6 m2/s
: Re = 2,4 105. .

6
60 m/s, 10 bar 900C -
 143

1 bar 330C (. 3.3). -

, -
. ( A1 A2
: p = R T R = 0,287 KJ/KgK).
: . 3.3.
(3.9):
1 A1
= 1 v1 A1 = 2 v 2 A 2 v 2 = v1
m
(1)
2 A 2
,
:
p = R T p/ = R T = p/(R T)
(p1 = 10 bar = 1000 KPa, T1 = 900 C = 1173 K) 1 = 2,97 Kg/m3
(p2 = 1 bar = 100 KPa, T2 = 330 C = 603 K) 2 = 0,578 Kg/m3
(1): v2 = 716 m/s
) .
,
. ,
. (. 3.1.5),
( y ). -
( 3.9 3.11)
.
dA, : v dA,
: v . ,
.
, :
m = dA

(3.9) v:
m 1
v=
A
=
A
v r dA (3.12)

.
( ,
).

3.4 .

( ),
. -
.
3.4.1 .
-
, ( ) (
).
144

: -
.
,
.
) .
v :
v2
E = m
2
dm dt,
v. :
v2
E = dm
2
m -
v.
, :
E dm v 2 v2
= E , = m

dt dt 2 2
v2

m
2
SI J/s = W KJ/s =KW.
( )
. :
E , v 2
=
m 2
SI J/Kg = m2/s2 KJ/Kg.

:
E , v2
=
m g 2g
SI J/ = KJ/KN = m.
. .
:
E , E , v2
= =
Q m / 2
SI J/m3 = N m/m3 =Pa KJ/m3 = KPa.
.
,
.
(KJ/s = KW), (KJ/Kg),
(m) (KPa)
. , ,
.
 145

) .
. dm
:
, = dm g y1

g: y1 .
.
:
:
E,=m gy 1 (W, KW)
:
,/m = g y1 (J/Kg, KJ/Kg)
:
,/mg = y1 (m)
:
,/V = y1 (Pa, KPa)

) .
( ),

. (
, .
).
,
u ( SI J/Kg KJ/Kg).
dm, :
U = dm u
(u = cvT).
(
), ,
, . , -
, ,
, . .
) .
F2
,

p2
.
, dA2
. - ds 1
( F1
). . p1
dA1
3.4, F1 v1 . 3.4.
146

: F1 = p1 dA
dt : ds = v1 dt
: Wp1 = F1 ds = p1 dA1 ds1 = p1 dV1
: dV1 dt.
( ):

=p Q W
=m p
dV1 = Q1 dt Wp1 = p1 Q1 dt Wp1 1 p1
1
1
(KW).
:
p
w= = p (KJ/Kg)

, p/ -
( ).
,
: h = u + p/ = u + p
,
p (KJ/m3 = KPa) : p/ (KJ/KN = m).
, -
. , (
)
: Wp2 = F2 ds = p2 dA2 ds2 = p2 dV2
: Wp = p1 dA1 ds1 p2 dA2 ds2 =
p1 dV1 - p2 dV2
(flow work).
.
, . ,
, -
. (
), ,
. , W
( ).
.
( ) ,
,
.
.
,
(.. , Wp) -
(.. , Wt).
) .
-
, .
, .
 147

.
,
. ( -
, , , ..). -
(
).
-
, ,
.
3.4.1 .

3.4.1
.

/t E/m E/B E/V

J W J/Kg Pa * :
m
KJ KW KJ/Kg* KPa m2/s2 = J/Kg

v2 v2 v2 v2 v2
m
m
2 2 2 2g 2
gy -
mgy m gy y y
-
u
mu u
m u pu
g
- p p p p
m
m p

w
mw w
m w =h w
g
q -
mq q
m q q
g

3.4.2 .
3.4.
1 y1, v1 p1. 2 (y2, v2
p2 ).
v2
p2
( = ), :
.
E 1 +E 1 +U
+W
1 p1
= E +E
+dQ
2

2 +U 2 + Wp2 +dW
dQ y2

( 1 E 2 ) +( E 1 E 2 ) +( U
U
1
)+(W
2
W
p1
) = dW
p2

dQ
.
p1 dW
: v1
y1
dE +dE +dU+dWp
dW
= dQ
. 3.4.
148

:
v2
m p dW

d g y) + d(m
+ d(m u) + d m
1 = dQ
2 1

:
(v dv + g dy + du + p d + dp ) = dQ
m dW
(3.13)

: m , v , y , u , p ,
( = 1/), dQ ( ) dW
( ).
(3.13) -
.
(
), :
v 22 v12 p p

m + g ( y 2 y1 ) + ( u2 u1 ) + 2 1 = Q W (3.14)
2
2 2

: (3.13) (3.14)
:
:
E 1 +Q
= E + W
2
E E = Q
2 1
W

v 2
: E i = m
hi + 1 + g y i -
2


, Q (
) W
( ). -
:
h = u+p = u+ p

(: u , p , , ).
,
. ,

( )
.
, .
3.4.3 Bernoulli.
.
: 1 = 2 = (3.14) :

v2 v2 p p
W
2 1 + g (y 2 y1 ) + (u 2 u1 ) + 2 1 = Q
m (3.14)
2
0), -
( Q

(u2 u1 0). ( ,
).
 149

(3.14),
:

p p 2 v12 v 22
1
m + + g ( y1 y 2 ) = W (3.15)
2
( , , )
.
(3.15)
( SI W KW).
(3.15) , -
, (J/Kg KJ/Kg):

p1 p 2 v12 v 22
+ + g (y1 y 2 ) = w (3.15)
2
(3.15) (
),
. (SI: J/m3 = N m/m3
= N/m2=Pa KJ/m3 = KPa):
v 2 v 22
(p1 p 2 ) + 1 + (y1 y 2 ) = p w (3.15)
2
( ), (3.15)
=m
(B g ), :

p1 p 2 v12 v 22
+ + ( y1 y 2 ) = h (3.16)
2g
( SI :
J/N = N m/N = m KJ/KN = m). -
.

(3.16), p1 p2 -

v 2 v 22
(, ), 1 , -
2g
(y1 y 2 ), ,
1 2. h
, .
ht (.. ), ,
hp ( ),
(3.16):
p1 p 2 v12 v 22
+ + (y1 y 2 ) = h+ h t hp (3.16)
2g

: h = 0.
( ).
(..
150

1 2 ),
h 0. (3.10)
:
p1 p2 v12 v 22
+ + (y1 y 2 ) = 0
2g
:

p1 v12 p2 v 22
+ + y1 = + + y 2 = (3.16)
2g 2g
Bernoulli ( 1738):
,
,
.
Bernoulli.
3.4.4 .
) .
, (3.16), (3.16) (3.16)
. .
O p/ ( ) (pressure
head).
O v2/2g ( ) -
, (velocity head).
y ( )
(elevation head).
, (total head):
p v2
H= + +y (3.17)
2g

, (3.16) -
:
p1 v12 p 2 v 22
+ + y1 + h p = + + y 2 + h + h t (3.18)
2g 2g

(3.17):
1 + hp = 2 + h + ht (3.18)

.
Bernoulli : 1 = 2 = .
: 1 = 2 + h
: 1 = 2 + h + ht hp
, h , ht -
hp .
 151

) .
,
y , () -
( ) .
p/ .
,
(. 3.4). p/, -
()
( ).
.
. : pab = p + p
,
, (-
Pitot, . 3.4), . p/
v2/2g (. . 3.5.3, 11). -
p/, v2/2g.

p/ p/ + v2/2g

. 3.4. . 3.4.
. Pitot.

: y , p/ , v2/2g
Pitot.

. ,
.
(y + p/) -
( ) . (. 3.4).
,
. -
(. 3.4, 3.4).
(3.18) .
3.4
Bernoulli.
, .
, -
. -
(
).
152

p v2
H= + + y p v2
2g H= + +y
2.g
v i2
h23
pi 2g
i + yi p hp
+y h12
ht
pi h34
i


yi

1 2 3 4

i
. 3.4. . 3.4.
. .

3.4 (
2) ( 3). hp ht,
h12, h23 h34 .
. ,
3.4, 1-2
(12=h12).
, , . 2 -
(2'=2+hp). 2-3
(2' 3=h23). 3,
(3 3'=ht). , 3-4: 3' 4=h34. 1 4:

14 = h14 hp+ ht

3.4.5 .
, -
3.3:

m 1
v= = v dA
A A A
,
.
( ),
.
( 3.9),
. ,
.
:
2, 3, 4 5. : (2+3+4+5)/4 = 3,5.
, 3,52=12,25. : (22+32+42+52)/4=13,5.
v 2 v 2 (: v 2 v 2
 153

). -
, . , -
.

:
2
=v 2 (3.19)
v
, -
( 3.16) :
p1 p 2 1v12 2 v 22
+ + ( y1 y 2 ) = h + h t h p (3.20)
2g
-
.

( ,
).
, 2: = 2.

: = 1,13 = 1,04.
Reynolds.
Re = 104 = 1,10, Re = 105 = 1,05, Re = 106 = 1,04.
,
, -
,
, = 1.

7
10 cm .
1,0 cm :

0 1,0 2,0 3,0 4,0 5,0

(m/s) 0,00 2,05 2,35 2,53 2,63 2,67

.
:
-
. 3.4
1 cm 0
. 2,05
() [
2,35
, (0+2,05)/2, (2,05+2,35)/2 ..].
2,53
(3.12) -
1 2,63
: v = v :
A 2,67

= (r2 r2). . 3.4.

154

: v = 1,9 m/s
Reynolds: Re = v d/ = 1,9 105.
: = 1,05.
: , -
.

3.4.6 : .
, -
.
.
. ,
, , -
.
,
.
, . ,
(
), ,
.
:
dW = F ds
:
dW = d
, , -
:
P = dW/dt

dW , :
P=Fv
P=
(: ).
( ) -
( 3.13 3.15) -
P () W ( ).
, -
, (h) (hp)
(ht). :
h = W/B W = h B = h m g = h V g = h V
P = W/t = h V /t

: V/t = Q, :
P=Qh (3.21)
( ,
g h)
: P = m
 155

(3.21) ( -
Q ).
(3.21) :
Pp = Q hp (3.21)
Pp (-
). P.
, p:
p = Pp/P

P = Q hp/p (3.21)
:
Pt = Q ht (3.21)
.
t (t=Pt/Pt),
:
Pt = t Q ht (3.21)
SI W (J/s).
KW (J/s).

3.5 .

3.5.1 Torricelli.
1643 Torricelli , , :
, -
:

v = 2 g h (3.22)

h .
.
, Torricelli
( Bernoulli) -
: , ,
.
, Torricelli -
( -
). , n (
). (3.22) :

v = n 2 g h (3.22)

8
,
h = 5 m, .
. 0,90;
156

:
A. -
( ),
, :
Q v A
v = = A = vA 0
A A
(1) -
2 ( 1-2 . 3.5).
(), Bernoulli (3.16):

p1 v12 p2 v 22
+ + y1 = + + y2
2g 2g
v 22
v1 = 0, p1 = p2 = p, y1 y2 = h, : y1 = + y 2 v = max = 2 g h
2g
: vmax = 9,9 m/s.
: v = n vmax = 8,91 m/s
: , -
.
( Bernoulli)
, .

9
20 m/s 45
. ,
;
: 1
0-1-2 3.5
(: 1 2 -
h
0).
:
po = p1 = p2 = patm 2 v
A
v 0 vox voy:
vox = vo cos45 = 14,14 m/s
. 3.5.
voy = vo sin45 = 14,14 m/s
,
, 1
vo
(vx = vox) - y
, 1 45 2
= g.
1: x

v1y = 0 v1 = vx = 14,14 m/s . 3.5.

 157

Bernoulli 0 1 :
p1 v12 p v2
+ + y1 = 2 + 2 + y 2
2g 2g
v 20 v12
y= y =10,2 m
2g
x1
. :
v1y = v0y g t = 0 t = 1,44 s
x1 = vx t = 20,38 m x2 = 40,76
3.5.2 Venturi.
Venturi (. 3.5) ( ,
) 1 2
( ).
. (
3 : 1 3, -
).

10
Venturi 3.5 10 cm 6 cm,
.
1 = 70 cm 2 = 10 cm, . 3 =
66 cm, ;
:
: d1 = 0,10 m, d2 = 0,06 m, p1/ = z1 = 0,70 m, p2/ = z2 =0,10 m.
(3.16) 1 2:
p1 p2 v12 v 22
+ + (y1 y 2 ) = h (1)
2g
: y1 y2 = 0. (h = 0), :

p1 p2 v12 v 22
+ =0 (1)
2g
v 22 v12 p1 p2
=
2g
1 2
Q: z1 z3
4Q 4Q z2
v1 = v2 =
(2) d12 d22 1 2 3

(1) , . 3.5.
Q. Q: Venturi.
158

2 2
4Q 4Q p1 p2
2 2 = 2g
d2 d1

Q = 0,0104 m3/s = 37,43 m3/h

(2) v1 = 1,32 m/s
. :
1 3, :
p1 p3
= h13 h13 = 0,04 m

12 (h12 =0,02 m), -
(1) , : Q = 36,8 m3/h :
v1 = 1,30 m/s.

3.5.3 .
(. 3.1.6)

( ).
.

11
3.5 18 Km/h.
( = 1025 Kg/m3).
:
P/ = 6 m, = g = 10 KN/m3
v = 18 Km/h = 5 m/s
yA = yB, vA = 0

: . -
, v.

(Bernoulli), -
.
Bernoulli ,
( v) :
p A v 2A p v2
+ + y A = B + B + yB
2g 2g
6m
p p v2 p
A = B + B A = 7,37m v
2g
A
B
pA = 73,7 KPa
(
). . 3.5.
175 KPa. .
 159

3.5.4 Pitot.
Pitot (. 3.4.4).

:
p v2
+
2g

y, .
Pitot ( ),
(. 3.5).

12
0,83 3.5 d1=3 in d2=4 in.
,
2 .
:
: d1 = 3 in = 0,0762 m d2 = 4 in = 0,1016 m
h = 4 in = 0,1016 m = 0,83 = 1000 Kg/m3.
Bernoulli 1 2:
p/ + v2/2g
p1 v12 p v2
+ + y1 = 2 + 2 + y 2
2g 2g

: y1 = y2 v1=0 ( ), :

p1 p 2 v 22
=
2g
:
p1 +h = h + p2 p1 p2 = h ( ) (2)
v2
(1) : 2g
v2
h m/s
= 2 v 2 = 0,64 m /s
2g
. 3.5.
: Pitot.

d22
Q= v 2 Q = 0,0052 m3/s = 18,7m3/h
4 1 2

3.5.5 .
4 in
-
. -
. -
. . 3.5.
160

. 1
, (
). A 20 m
. 2
-
. B

13 . 3.5.

20 m, 10 cm (. 3.5).
: h = 10 v2/g : v .
.
:
( 3.16) -
:
p1 p2 v12 v 22
+ + (y1 y 2 ) = h
2g
: v1 = v2 = 0 ( ),
y1 y2 = 20 m, p1= p2= patm :
y1 y2 = h h = 20 m
h = 10v2/g v2 = h g/10 v = 4,43 m/s
, :

d22 3 3
Q= v Q = 0,0348 m /s = 125m /h
4
3.5.6 .
,
( , ..). , -
. -
,
. , .
, hp.
(3.16) hp (ht = 0) :

p 2 p1 v 22 v12
hp = + + ( y 2 y1 ) + h (3.23)
2g

(. 3.4.6), :

Pp = Q hp (3.21)

,
( , ),
(.. ), (.. ) . (
).
 161

14 2
1 bar 2 m3/min
6 bar (. 3.5). 20 cm 1
. 8 cm , 7
cm. ,
, . 3.5.
.
,
800 Kg/m3;
:
:
p1 = 1 bar = 100 KPa, p2 = 6 bar = 600 KPa, y2 y1 = 0,2 m
d1 = 8 cm = 0,08 m, d2 = 7 cm=0,07 m
Q = 1 m3/min = 1/60 m3/s , = 1000 Kg/m3, ' = 800 Kg/m3
1 2,
:
4Q
vi = v1 = 3,32 m s , v 2 = 4,33 m s
d12

(3.23):
p 2 p1 v 22 v12
hp = + + (y 2 y1 ) + h =
2g

= (50,97 + 0,39 + 0,20 + 0,0) m

hp = 51,56 m

Pp = Q hp Pp = 8,43 KW
, (
). (
) ( ):

' = 'g = 7,848 KN/m2 hp' = 64,3 m Pp' = 8,41 KW 2

,
B

15 m
( , 99%). -
,
. 1

. A

15
3.5 . 3.5.
162

150 m3/h. (-
) 5 in. 8 m, 70%,
.
:
: 1 ( )
2 ( ). :
y2 y1 = 15 m
d2 = 5 in = 0,127 m
p1 = p2 = p
Q = 150 m3/h = 0,0417 m3/s
h = 8 m
v1 = 0
= 9,81 KN/m2
v2 :
4Q
v2 = v 2 = 3,29 m / s
d22

(3.23) hp:
p 2 p1 v 22 v12
hp = + + (y 2 y1 ) + h
2g
hp = (0+0,55+15+8) m hp = 23,55 m
( 63,7% ,
2,3% 34% ).
(3.21): Pp = Q hp Pp = 9,63 KW
: Pp/P = 0,70 P = 13,76 KW
. -
.
(3.16) 3.4.3:
p1 p 2 v12 v 22
ht = + + ( y1 y 2 ) h (3.24)
2g
: Pt = Q ht (3.21)

3.6 .

1. 60C
, F.
20C ,
;
[v20 = 0,47 v60]

2. 2 cm
 163

60 C 1 m/s, .
[ = 2,35 10-2 N/m2 ]

3. 10 Kg 0,2 m2, -
3.6. , 1 mm 0,30
N s/m2. .
[0,056 m/s ]

4. 10C 1 m/s, -
. ( ) 60 cm,
;
[ : x = 0,68 m > 0,60 m ]

5. 8 cm 150 10-3 Kg/ms 900 Kg/m3.

;
20 C;
[79 m3/h, 0,48 m3/h]

6. 6 in 1,5 in.
90 m3/h, Reynolds
. ;
[1,37 m/s 2,1105, 21,9 m/s 8,3105 ]

7. 3.6 800 kg/m3.

. A1 = 0,2 m2, A2 = 0,3 m2, A3 = 0,2
m2, v1 = 2 m/s, v3 = 4 m/s, 1 3 9 m
12 m , .
[4 m/s, 11 m]

8. 5 in 20 m 45 -
. 180 m3/s. :
h = 2 v2/g.
: ) v
, ) , ) .
[) 169 KPa, ) 107 KPa, ) 138 KPa]

9.
20o
.
. 3.6.
10.
10 m, 8 cm.
h = 8 v2/g,
m3/h. 2
.
1 3
[Q = 63,4 m3/h]

11. 3 in, 90
m3/s (. 3.6). . 3.6.
164

. 0,4 v2/g,
(:
). .
, ;
[pAB = 2,1 KPa, pB= 26,1 KPa]

12. 2 m 2 cm. -
1,5 L/s. ; ,
; ( ).
[1,16 m]

13. ,
11,5 m. ( ).
[15 m/s]

14. 3.6
, -
. ; ( ).
[0,133 m, 1,62 m/s ]

15. 1100 Kg/m3 , -

1,4 bar. 2 m -
4 cm . , .
: ) )
. 0,80.
[) 10,47 m/s, ) 37,9 m3/h]

16.
30. -
B
3 m.

; ( . 3.6.
).
[15,4 m/s, 10,47 m ]
17. 3.6, 2 cm, h
900 Kg/m3.
,
30 cm

: )
) Kg 1 .
40 cm
[) 94,2 KPa, ) 47,5 Kg ]
. 3.6.
18. 20C 0,84 -
12 cm, 1 Km 75 m3/h.
, 3,3 atm. 0,4 m
15 m . 0,4 m
hf -
.
[hf =18,3 m, v2/2g = 0,173 m] . 3.6.
 165

19. 3.6 (d1 = 10 cm, d2 = 6 cm).

1 2 .
[21,67 m3/h ]

20. 3.6 (d1=10 cm, d2=6 cm) 0,015 m3/s.

h
. 0,2 m
[h = 0, v = 1,9 m/s, v = 5,3 m/s]

21. Pitot 3.6 - 1 2

-
. h.
[h = 0,37 m] . 3.6.

22.
3.6 3 in, : ) , h
) 0,85. -
.
[2,5 m/s 41,1 m3/h, 2,7 m/s 44,9 m3/h] 1 2

23. 3.6 (d1 = 10 cm, d2 = 6 cm)

. 3.6.
20C. -
0,83. p1=170 KPa,
2 .
[169,35 KPa, 0,658 m3/s] h
37 cm
1 2
24. -
150 m . 30 cm
: h=2 v2/g.
. 3.6.
( )
5 m/s.
70%, .
[348 KW]

25. 700 hp,

150 psi, 300 F 1 in
100 ft/s. .
40 psi 35 F.
6 in, . 3.6.
SI (R
= 287 KJ/KgK, cp =1005 KJ/KgK).
[74,37 m/s, 169 KW]
1 2
26. 30 m3/s
,
100 m . 8 cm
2 m/s.
20 m. .
[23.145 KW] . 3.6.
166

27. 70%, 2
5 bar 10
bar, 30 m3/h. - 15 m B
2 m
1
.
3 m, A
.
[56 m, 6,53 KW]
. 3.6.
3
28. 200 m /h,
6 m .
2 bar. hf =
7,5v2 2 /(2g), 10 cm,
.
[19,2 KW]

29. 3.6 12 W.
5 in. ,
: h = 6 v2/g (v );
[200,8 m3/s ]
 KE 4

4.1
4.2
4.3
168

4.1 .

4.1.1 .
(
), :
, , .. ( -
). ,
, . -
(
),
.

.
.
Reynolds (. 3.1.4),
(. 3.1.6). ,
,
, . ( ,
), .

. .
() . , -
,
.
, -
. ,
.
() .
. , -
.

. -
, .
, -
,
.
4.1.2 .
,
, . ,
, (. -
),
. , = 9,807 m (: m ),
45, SI,
.
lb. -
, (.
) .
 169

, ,
(. 1.3), .
, -
. , SI , ,
(. 1.3.1).
, : ,
. ( ) ,
. ,
. .
, L,
s, l, y, x ... SI
(m), CGS cm ... M -
m ,
t ,
.
, -
, (-
). , -
, L/T = L T 1, , L/T2= L T2,
, Newton
, : M L/T2= M L T2. ,
G :

[G]=L M T (4.1)

: [G] G , , , , (, ).
,
.
.
() (.. ).
, ( ) ,
. ,
, .
.
4.1.1
.
4.1.1
.
SI
L L, l, s, x, y m
M m kg
T t s
T K
L2 , S m2
L3 V m3
()
170

SI
3
ML kg/m3
L T-1 v m/s
-2
LT , g m/s2
rad
T-1 rad/s
-2
MLT F, B N ( = Kg m s-2)
M L-2 T-2 N/m3 ( = Kg m-2 s-2)
, M L-1 T-2 p, , Pa ( = Kg m-1 s-2)
M L T-1 J Kg m/s
M L2 T-2 E, Q, W J ( = Kg m2 s-2)

M L2 T-3 W
P, Q, W ( = Kg m2 s-3)

M T-1
m Kg/s
L3 T-1 Q m3/s
M L-1 T-1 N s/m2 ( = Kg m-1 s-1)
L2 T-1 m2/s
M T-2 N/m ( = Kg s-2)
L2 T-2 -1 cp, cv J/(KgK) ( = m2 s-2 K-1)
 171

:
v12 v 22
(p1 p 2 ) + + (y1 y 2 ) = p w (3.15)
2
:

(M L2 T-3)/(L3 T-1) = M L-1 T-2

, (3.15) (/t),
(3.16):
p1 p 2 v12 v 22
+ + ( y1 y 2 ) = h (3.16)
2g
:

(M L2 T-3)/(M L T-2/) = L

-
, .
. -
, , , .

1
1890 Robert Manning,
, .
Manning (BG):

1, 49 2/3 1/2
v= R S
n
: R , S ( ) n
( Manning).
) ;
) SI;
:
) : L/T = L T-1.
: L2/3 ( S n ).
, .
) 1,49 :

1,49 = n v R-2/3 S-1/2

: (L T-1) (L-2/3) = L1/3 T-1.

1,49 , : L1/3T-1.
( ) : 1,49 ft1/3/s.
SI, :

1,49 ft1/3 s = 1,49 (0,3048 m/ft)1/3/s = 1 m1/3/s

172

1 2/3 1/2
SI Manning : v = R S
n
: m/s m.
: ( Manning, ),
.

4.1.4 .
, -
( ),
, .
(3.16) h :
p1 p2 v12 v 22 (y1 y 2 )
+ + =1
h 2 g h h
.
. -
. , , -
(
), .
( ).
.

. , ,
,
Reynolds:
F m v 2 L2 Lv
Re = = = Re =
F (dv / dy) A vL

: L ( ), v -
.
, Froude (
), Weber ( -
), Mach ( ) ...
4.1.2 -
.

4.1.2
.

Lv
Reynolds Re, NRe .
.

Froude Fr, NFr v2 -

Lg . .

()
 173

Weber We, We Lv 2 -
T . .
p
Euler Eu, NEu (v 2 ) . .

Mach
v .

v .
cp
cp/cv k .
cv .
vLc p
Peclet Pe, NPc
k . .
cp
Prandtl Pr, NPt .
k .

Brinkman Br, NBr v 2 -

kT . .

hL -
Nusselt Nu, NNu
k . .
174

, : ,
, ( ), .
, . -
,
. ,
. -
,
.
:
) ,
, . ,
.
) :

Q = f (Q1, Q2,... Qk) (4.2)

: Q1, Q2,... Q k , () Q k
.
) ,
. ( , -
) :
G = (G1, G2, ... Gn) (4.3)

: n (n<k) G, G1, G2,... Gn, .

) ( )
.
(
), () .
4.1.6 Rayleigh.
( ). -
Rayleigh
1879. , Buckingham, .
Rayleigh
:

Q = C Q1a Q2b Qkk (4.4)

: C , Q, Q1, Q2, ... Qk -

a, b, ... k, .
(4.4) Q ,
(4.4) :

Q = Q1a Q b2 Q kk G i (4.4)

: Gi, .
C a, b, ... k,
. , -
 175

, ,
.
(4.4) :
[Q]=[ Q1]a [Q2]b [Qk]k (4.5)
j ( j = 3: L, M, T), -
(4.5),
a, b, ..., k:
,
.
, a, b, ..., k. -
, . -
, ,
.
:

2 ( Torricelli)
. h ,
(. 4.1). ( -
).
:
1. : v
g, h ,
, .
2. : ,
( 4.1.1):
v: LT-1.
g: LT-2.
h: L
: ML-3.
3. :
v = C ga hb c
4. : , :
L T-1=(L T-2)a Lb (M L-3)c L T-1= La+b-3c Mc T-2a
:
L: 1 = a + b 3c
1
M: 0 = c
T: 1 = 2a
-
: h
a = 1/2, b = 1/2, c = 0

, - 2 v
: A
v2
v = C g1/2 h1/2 = C g h = C2
gh . 4.1.
176

-
C. ( , ),
C2 = 2.
: ,
. ,
, , m -
, :
1
mg = mv 2 v = 2gh
2
(. . 3.5.1, Torricelli).

,
. ,
.

3 ( )
, -
FD (. v
3.1.6), 4.1.
D , FD
v ,
. , . 4.1.

;
:
1. : :
FD, d, v, ,
2. : ( )
:

FD L M T-2 M L-3
d L M L-1 T-1
v L T-1

3. : ( Rayleigh)
:
FD = C da vb c d (1)
4. : 5: a, b, c, d C.
(1) :
L M T-2 =La (L T-1)b (M L-3)c (M L-1 T-1)d
L M T-2 = La+b-3c-d Mc+d T-b-d (2)
:
L: 1 = a+b3cd
 177

M: 1 = c+d
T: 2= b d
3 4 . ,
( a, b, c) (d):
a=2d
b=2d
c=1d
(1) :
FD = C d2-d v2-d 1-d d
FD =C d2 d-d v2 v-d 1 -d d
FD =C d2 v2 1 (d-1 v-1 -1 )d
d
2 2 (3)
FD = C d v
v d
5. :
Reynolds:
Re = vd/
:
= d2/4 d2 = 4/
(3) :
FD = 4C A v 2 Re -d (4)

(4) -
. .
( 3),
FD . -
. FD .
, ( 4.4):

Ci Reidi
FD = A v 2 (5)

: Ci di .
CD:

CD = 2 Ci Redii = f (Re) (6)

(3.7) 3.1.6:
v2
FD = CD
A (7)
2
: CD = f (Re), , (. . 3.1.6).
: v2/2 -
. CD (5).

4.1.7 Buckingham.

178

. Buckingham 1914, ,
, .
,
, ,
:

k=nj (4.6)
: k , n -
() j
.
, j=3.
-
, .
:

f (Q1, Q2,... Qn) = C (4.7)

: Q1, Q2,... Qn C, . -

: Q1aQ2bQkn. j ,
j n . j
, k (n j = k). -
, k ,
(4.7):
(1, 2, ..., k) = C (4.8)

i :

i = Q1a Q2b Qkn (4.9)

2 , (v, g, h) -
(L, T). :
k = n j = 3 2 = 1, . , :
1/2
v2
v = C gh =C
gh
= v2 g-1 h-1.
3, (FD, d, v, , ),
(L, M, T). : k = n j = 53 = 2, -
. , :
d d
2 2 F v d
FD = C d v 2 D 2 =C
v d d v
FD v d
1= 2= = Re
d v2
2

Buckingham,
 179

.
, ( ) . -

, , 4.1.2.
, -
.

4 ( )

, . -
,
, .
:
1. :
:
p, d l , () v, -
. n = 6.
:
f (p, l, d, v, , ) = C (1)
2. :
:

p ML-1T-2 v LT-1

l L ML-3

d L ML-1T-1

(L, M, T): j = 3.
3. :
:
k = n j = 63 = 3
4. :
. 1, 2 3
. , -
Rayleigh, Buckingham.
4. Rayleigh: 3, :
p l d v = C (2)
:
(M L-1 T-2) L L (L T-1) (M L-3) (M L-1 T-1) = 0
L-+++-3- M++ T-2-- = L M T
:
180

L: + + + 3 = 0
M: + + = 0
: 2 = 0
, , , :
= 2 + +
=++
=
(2) :
p l d v-2++ -++ -- = C
p l d v-2 v v - - - = C
(p v-2 -1) (l v -1) (d v -1) = C

p 1 v d v

2 =C
v
:
+
p 1 d v
=C (3)
2
v d
3, ,
(3), :

p 1 d v
,
2
d
,
= C (4)
v
4. Buckingham: 1, 2 3 :
(1, 2, 3) = C (5)
:
= p l d v (6)
( 4):
L-+++-3- M++ T-2-- = L M T
( 4):
+ + + 3 = 0 (7)
++=0 (7)
2 = 0 (7)
-
, :
=1, = 0, = 0 = 2, = 1, = 0
(6), :
p
1= ( Euler)
v2
 181

() :
= 0, = 1, = 0 = 1, = 0, =
:
1
2=
d
3:
= = 0, =1 = 1, = 1, = 1
dv
3 = ( Reynolds)

:
p 1 d v
, ,
2 = C (8)
v d
1
p = C v 2 F ,Re (8)
d
4.1.8 .
1: , ,
. = 0, = 1,
= 0 (7).
2: -
, . , : = = 0, = 1 -
, : = 1, = 2, = 2 :
p l2
4 =
2
, :
4 = 1 22/32.
= 1, = 1, = 0 = 1, = 0, = 1
p l
5= =1 2 3 ...
v
:
.
.
.
, , -
, .
3: , , 3 -
, .
(7). , ,
Reynolds Euler. ,
Reynolds (Re = vd/), , -
, (6) ,
182

= Re. : = 0, = 0, = 1, = 1, = 1, = 1.
.
( (7), :
= Re).
, Euler [Eu = p/(v2)], () : = 1, = = 0,
= 2, = 1, = 0.
,
, : -
, . , ,
.
,
. .
, -
. , ,
, j.
. (n j = k),
.
.
:
.
.
.
.
.
, ,
.

5 ( )
h d , -
g, , (.
4.1). ) . ) h = 3 cm ,
h ,
, , ,
;
:
) .
1. :
h = f (d, g, , , ) (1)
n = 6 .
d
2. :
h
( )
h L
d L
g L-2
. 4.1.
ML-3
MT-2.
 183

3. ( ): -
:
k=nj=63=3
: 3 = ( -
).
4. .
: d, g, .
:
1 = (2)
h
2 = h(dagbc) (L)(LaLbT-bMcL-3c) = LMT b = c = 0, a = 1 2 = (3)
d
3 = (dagbc) (M T-2)(LaLbT-bMcL-3c) = LMT a = 2, b = 1, c = 1

3 = (4)
gd2
h
: = f2 2
, (5)
d gd
(. 1.2.6) (1.17),
:
h
=2 cos
d g d2
( ).

h1
) = f2 1 2 ,1
d1 gd2

h2
= f2 2 2 ,2
d2 2gd2
h2
d2 = d1/2, 2 = 1/2, 2 = 21, 1 = 2 = f2 2 2 2 ,2 =
d2 gd2
1 1 h
= f2 2
1 = h2 = 1, 5cm
1
,
21g 1 d12 d1
4

: .

6 ( )
wf - v
d
, L
d , , , ,
v, (. 4.1). L
. . 4.1.
184

:
wf ( ), [/m]=L2 T-2
1. :
wf = f1 (L ,d ,v, , , ). (1)
2. :
: L L
d L
L
: v L T-1
wf L2 T-2
: M L-3
M L-1 T-1.
3. ( ):
:
k = n j = 7 3 = 4

4. .
. ,
d ( ,
). -
L . v, wf . v
. . -
.
:

= da vb c LaLbT-bMcL-3c = L M T

a=b=c=0=0

:
1 = wf (da vb c)

L2 T-2 (La Lb T-b Mc L-3c) = L M T

La+b-3c+2Mc T-b-2 = L M T
wf
a = 0, b = 2, c = 0 1= (2)
v2
2 = L (da vb c)

L(La Lb T-b Mc L-3c) = L M T

La+b-3c+1Mc T-b = L M T
 185

L
a = 1, b = c = 0 2 = (3)
d
3 = (da vb c)

L(LaLbT-bMcL-3c) = LMT La+b-3c+1McT-b =

= L M T a = 1, b = c = 0 3 = (4)
d
4 = (da vb c)

M L-1 T-1 (LaLbT-bMcL-3c) = L M T

La+b-3c-1Mc+1T-b-1 = L M T

a = b = c = 1 4 = (5)
vd
4 :
1
vd
4 = = = Re (5)
vd

(1) :

wf L (6)
2
= f2 , ,Re
v d d

: : wf = ghf, hf ( , . . 3.4.3).
(6) :

g hf L v2 L
= f2 , ,Re hf = f2 , ,Re (6)
v2 d d g d d

( )
, .

4.2 .

4.2.1 .
. -
(640-546 ..), ,
, , .

,
.
186

,
(, , , ..),
.
:
) : .
) , :
: .
: .
: .
) : .
) : .
,
, -
. .
,
() , .. .
, -
,
. .
, -
,
. , ,
.
;

. :
m= f (m1, m2,... mk)
p = f (p1, p2,... pk),
:
m1= p1, m2= p2,... mk= pk
, , .
: -
, .
4.2.2 .
.

( ,
). , .
( , ...)
.
:

Lm y m (4.10)
= =
Lp y p
 187

30 m

3m

10
10
6m 0,6 m

() ()
. 4.2.
1:10.

Sm (4.10)
= 2
Sp

Vm (4.10)
= 3
Vp d1:d2 = 4:1 d1:d2 = 3,5:1 d1:d2 = 3:1

: ( ). . 4.2.

. .
-
,
.
4.2 -
1:10 . ,
, :
Lm: Lp = 3:30 = 6: 0,6 = Lm: Lp = 1: 10.

10. -
.

, . -

.
, 1:10 . ,
() ... -
, .
,
.
4.2, , .
188

1p
. , v1p
1m
, - v1m=k . v1p
, - 2p v2p 2m v2m=k . v2p
.
4.2.3 .
- . 4.2.
, :
(. ) .
, .
, .
, : -
,
.
.
, .
,
4.2.
.
, -
, Froude (
, .
):

v 2p v 2m
Frp = = = Frm (4.11)
Lp g Lm g
, . -
, :
Lm/Lp = (4.11)

:
1
vm L 2
= m = (4.11)
v p L p

:
Tm Lm / v m
= = (4.11)
Tp Lp / v p

, , -
, .
4.2.4 .
,
, . , -
o .
 189

, .
. -
, .
,
:
Fi.
Fg .
Fp .
Ff.
F.
,
.
. , ,
(. 4.1.4, 4.1.2). -
.
:
) : , Reynolds
( ) Mach,
.
) : ( ),
, Reynolds.
(.. ) Reynolds,
Froude ( ) -
. Weber (
) Euler (
).
, Newton
() , ,
:

Fp + Fg + Ff = Fi

,
,
.
4.2 . -

Fpp
Fgp
Fpm
Fip
Ffp Fgm
Fim
Ffm

() ()
. 4.2.
.
190

. -
, , Reynolds Froude ()
() . .
.
Reynolds Froude ,

. , ( ),
1/2 ( 4.11). Reynolds
:
v p Lp v m Lm v L 1 3
Re p Re m m m m 2 m 2 p (4.12)
p m p v p Lp

: m p .
() 1:10, :

= 0,1 3/2 = 0,0316 m = 0,0316 p

, , ,
3,16% , m =3,1610-8 m2/s.
. 1.2.11, ( -
) 4 -
. , Reynolds
. .
Froude, .
, Reynolds

. Reynolds ( -
) ( ).
,
, -
.
.

4.3 .

1. Q L,
:
3
Q = 3,09 L h 2

: h .
ft3/s L h ft. ) 3,09; )
SI; 3
[) L1/2 T -1, ) Q =1,71 L h 2 ]

2. ( ) :

522 K Q
hL =
d4
 191

: hL ft, K , Q -
ft3/s d in.
) ; ) 522; )
SI;
[) , ) L2T, ) 2,3410-3 m2s ]

3. , (
Hazen-Williams):
0,54
dp
Q = 61,9 d2,63
dx
: d dp/dx .
. 61,9;
[L1,43M-0,53T0,06]

4. :
= h A T
Q

: Q , ,
h .
,
:
1/4

h = 1, 42
L
: L, .
) h;
) ;
) 1,42;
[) -3, ) L1/4 -33/4]

5. -
: = y
: y .
;
[ , L-1 ]

6. ( )
:
) , v, L, cp
h
) d, , Q, h, [) , ) , ,...]
d Q

7. s
g t. s
g, t.
[s = C g t2]
192

8. ,
. .

[P = C Q H]

9. , F
v, d.
: F = f(d, v, ).
[F = C d v]

10. .
, .
p
[a 2 = f ]

11. (T) (m),
(l), (g) ().
, .
[2 = (l/g) f()]

12. P D,
, , Q.
.
P Q
[ 5 3
= f 3 ]
D D
13. p, ,
D, , Q. -
.
p Q
[ 2 2 = f 3 ]
D D
14. F, , (D),
(), (), (Q) -
. F .
F Q
[ 4 2
= f 3 ]
D D
15. . ()
(F), (),
(D) ().
.
M D2
[ = f ]
DF F
16. ,
, ,
 193

. .
1 3 g 2 H3/2 h
1

[Q = L g 2 H 2 f , ]
L

17. ,
, h, g .
) . ( , , g -
). ) ;

Tg h T g h
[) = f , 2 , ) = f ]
g

18. H Q
, ,
g, h d .
.
Q2 h
[ 5 = f , ]
gd d
19. , ,
, . -
.
v2 2
[ = f 3 2 , ]
dg d g
20. , -
D, , ,
v .
.
P v Dv v
[ 2 3 = f , , ]
D v D
21. 20C. -
,
Reynolds.
[v /v = 15,1]

22. 5,6 10-5 m2/s 6 in 250 m3/h.

1:3,
20C, ;
[2,04 m/s]

23. 200 m 35 (knots).

( m/s) 10 m, -
;
[2,47 Knots = 0,35 m/s]
194

24. , :
2 2
Fm m v L
= m m
Fp p v L
p p
1:30, 3 m/s
16 Kgf, ( KW) 15
m/s.
[52.974 KW]
 KE 5


5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
196

5.1 .

T K . -
, ,
( ). T K,

. ,
( ).

: (
). .
, ,
: , -
. -
, , .
,
. . ,
.
( , ), ,
, .
, , ,
(, , , ,
, , ..).
, -
.
( ) ,
, , -
.
,
. , -
.
(: , ,
Mach 0,4).
, () .
, ,
.
.
:
) .
) , : Q = .
) , : = .
, -
( ).
,
:
: (d), (L), ().
: (), (), ().
: (Q), (v).
 197

: (y), (p), (v), (h, hf, hk),

(hp) (ht).

, (, -
..). ,
.

5.2 .

) .
(. 3.1.4) ,
, : .
, . ,
(. 5.2).
, ,
, Reynolds:
vd
Re = (5.1)

: v , d . -
Reynolds 2100 (Re < 2100), .
(2100 < Re < 4000 ).
Re (Re > 4000) .

. 5.2.
.

(5.1) ,
().
( ) d,
v (Re < 2100). ,
, ( , 2100 < Re < 4000).
, (Re > 4000),
,
( , . 3.1.5). .
, , Reynolds,
.
, -
.
198

-
. (
), Reynolds
2100, Re=10000.
. , -
Reynolds .
Reynolds , -
, -
. Reynolds
:
F
Re = (5.1)
F
1
SAE 10, 20C, -
8 cm, .
:
: d= d=0,08 m.
Reynolds : Re= Re=2100.
1.2.11 : =110-6 m2/s, =12010-6 m2/s.
vd Re v
Re = v=
d
v= 0,026 m/s
v= 3,15 m/s.

2
5 m/s 4 cm.
10 m/s, . ;
:
Reynolds 2100. , -
4000:
v1 d
Re 2100 2100 95,3 10-6 m2/s

v2 d
Re2 4000 4000 10-4 =100 10-6 m2/s

: 95,3 10-6 100 10-6 m2/s.
) .
, 3.1.5,
L , ,
(. 5.2). L,
.
L , ,
: L= F (d, v, , ).
 199

L/d -
Reynolds:

L vd (5.2)
= F = F( Re )
d v
-
:
: p

L
0, 06 Re (5.2)
d p

:

L 1
6 (5.2)
4, 4 Re
d
: (5.2), : L L
. 5.2.
L 1 .
0,693 Re 4 (Latzko)
d
:
L = (25~40) d (Nikuradse)

, (
Re = 2.100): L,max = 126 d.
, L/d 18 95.

3
3 cm 20 m , 3,5 m/s.
( ).
:
: d = 0,03 m, L = 20 m,
v = 3,5 m/s,
= 10-6 m2/s ( 1.2.11).
: L
v d
Re = Re = 105000 = 1,05 10 5

. (5.2):

L/d =4,4 Re1/6 L/d = 30,2 L=0,91 m

L
( , 4,5%).
,
. 5.2,
( ) ,
200

p. 5.2
.
, ,
.
, .

. 5.2.
( ): ) . ) .

) .
L, .
, .
, (. 3.1.5),
.
u r -
, :
r = R ( ): u=0
r = 0 ( ): u = umax
,
. , ,
:
r2
u = umax 1 2 (5.3)
R
,
. , :
n
r
u u max 1 (5.3)
R
: n 1/9 1/5: 1/9 n 1/5.
, v,
:

m
v=
A
:
1
v=
A
A u dA (5.4)
 201

: v = 0,5 umax
A
: 0,5umax < v 0,8umax
, B
, - p1 _ p2
v.

) p1
. p2
p3


-
d,
, v (-
).
v 1 2 3
(
),

(. 5.2). - . 5.2.
( .
-
)
. Fp1 Fp2
,

F
-
1 2, . 5.2.
, r R (. 5.2): .

, Fp1:
Fp1 = p1 A = r2 p1
, , Fp2 :
Fp2 = p2 A = r2 p2
, , F,
:
F = =2 r L12
( ),
:
Fp1 Fp2 F = 0 R2 (p1 p2) = 2 r L12

L 12
p1 p 2 = 2 (5.5)
r
( ),
, L12. ,
. , -
, . ,
, .
202

( r=0). ,
, ,
(. . 3.1.4):
= ( + E) dv
dy
: .

5.3 .

, -
: ( ) -
( Bernoulli).
(. 3.3 3.4).
.
5.3.1 .
, Q
:
Q = Ai vi = (5.6)
: Q , vi Ai i -
.
() : = d2/4 :
d2i
Q= v i = (5.7)
4
, :
4Q
vi = (5.7)
d2i
,
. Q,
. , ,
. , ,
.

4
5.3 6105 m2/s, 180
3
m /h. : d1= 4 in, d2= 7 in, d3= 2 in.
1, 2 3.
:
: d1= 4 in = 0,1016 m, d2= 7 in = 0,1778 m, d3= 2 in = 0,0508 m
Q= 180 m3/h = 180/3600 m3/s = 0,05 m3/s, = 7105 m2/s
: v1, v2, v3,
(5.5) v1 = 1,54 m/s
v2 = 0,50 m/s
v3 = 6,17 m/s
 203

, Q
Reynolds: 1 2 3
v d
Re = Re1= 2607: . 5.3.

Re2= 1482 < 2100:
Re3= 5223 > 4000: .
: (5.7), .
, , ( -
). , , -
. , , (
), ( ).

5.3.2 .
3.4. -
.
1 , :
E 1 E v2 p (5.8)
= 1 = y1 + 1 + 1

mg Q 2g
(5.8) :

(M L2 T-3)/(M T-1 L T-2) = L

, SI (J/N = N m/N = m).

:
y1 : .

v12 : .
2g
p1 : .

1 2 ,
( ) h, . ,
1 2, h:

p1 v12 p v2
+ + y1 2 + 2 + y 2 = h
2g 2g
p1 p 2 v12 v 22
+ + ( y1 y 2 ) = h (5.9)
2g

, Bernoulli, -
.
(. 3.4). , 1 2, (
) ( ), :
204

p1 p 2 v12 v 22
+ + (y1 y 2 ) = h+ h t hp (5.9)
2g
: hp ht .
.
: y1 y2 0.
: p1 p2 0.
: v12 v22 0.
, (5.9) . ,
-
H, , 1 2
, :
p1 = p2 = patm, v1= v2 0
(5.9) :
y1 y2 = h H = h
1 2 -
, (. 5.3), :
4 Q
v1 = v 2 =
d2
(5.9) :
p1 p2
+ (y1 y 2 ) = h

, 5.2, y1 = y2 :

p1 p2
= h

: 3.4, ,
:

( SI W KW):

p p2 v12 v 22
Q 1 + = Q h
+ g (y1 y 2 ) = W (5.9)
2

(SI: J/Kg): 2 p2.A

p1 p2 v12 v 22
+ + g (y1 y 2 ) = w = g h (5.9) w
2
(SI: J/m3=Nm/m3= P
KJ/m3 = KPa): v
1 R
v 2 v 22 L Ly=y2 _ y1
(p1 p2 ) + 1 + (y1 y 2 ) = p w = h (5.9)
2
p1.A
Lx=x2 _ x1
(5.9) (
, SI: m) - . 5.3.
. .
 205

5
5.3 .
) 2, 1 240 KPa -
3 m.
) ;
:
: L=20 m, =9,81 KN/m3,
h=3 m.
4Q
) : v1 = v 2 =
d2
:
p1 p2 (1)
+ (y1 y 2 ) = h

y1 y2 = L sin y1 y2 = 10 m
p1 p2
(1) = 7m p1 p2 = 68,7 KPa p2 = 308,7 KPa.

) (h=0):
p1 p2' p p 2'
+ (y1 y 2 ) = 0 1 = 10 m p1 p2' = 98,8 KPa p2' = 338,8 KPa.

: p2' p2 = 30,1 KPa.
[: p2' p2 = p1 p2 p1 p2' = h (y y )+(y y ) p2' p2 = h
1 2 1 2

p2' p2 ].

v Q
2
L=20 m Ly

30o 30

. 5.3. . 5.3.

6
5.3 150 m3/h. : =20 m, dA=10 cm, dB=
15 cm. :
() 6,5 m.
() .
() .
206

:
: = 20 m, dA= 0,10 m, dB= 0,15 m
= 30,
() Q = 150/3600 m3/s, h= 6,5 m
() Q = 150/3600 m3/s, h= 0
() Q = 0.
: pA pB
Bernoulli :

p A pB v 2A v 2B
+ + (y A y B ) = h. (1)
2 g
) ( ,
). :
4Q
vi = vA= 5,3 m/s, vB= 2,36 m/s
d2i
yA yB = AB sin yA yB = 10 m
p A pB
(1) = 6,5 1,15 ( 10) = 15,35 m p A pB = 150,6 KPa

) , (h=0):
p A pB
= 0 1,15 ( 10) = 8,85 m p A pB = 86,8 KPa

) (vA= vB= 0 h=0):
p A pB p pB
+ (y A y B ) = 0 A = 10 m

pA pB = 98,1 KPa

5.4 .

, ( ),
.
hf hk .

. ( -
) ( , ,
, , ..).
5.4.1 .
,
, , ,
().
, : d,
L , ,
, g:
 207

hf = F (d, L, , , , , g) (5.10)
(. 4.1.8, 6) :

v2 L
hf = G , ,Re (5.10)
g d d
-
L/d, /d, Re.
d L,
v (. 5.4). ( 5.9)
1 2 (v1 = v2), :
p1 p 2
+ ( y1 y 2 ) = h f (5.11)

5.4: y1 y2 = L sin
,
.
:
:
p1 A= p1 R2
p2 A= p2 R2
:
F= w (2R)
: w .
: m g sin = ( R2L) g sin = g R2 ( y2 y1)
, :
p1 R2 p2 R2 g R2 (y2 y1) w (2R) = 0

p1 p 2 2 L w
+ (y1 y 2 ) = (5.11)
g R
(1) (2) :
2 L w 4 L w
hf = = (5.12)
g R g d
(5.12) - p2.A 2 g . sin
-
(w). g
w

.
w v
d , , R 1
v, - Ly= y2 _ y1 L
:
p1.A
w = F (d, , v, , )

: . 5.4.
.
208

w
(5.13)
2
= G Re,
v d
(5.12) :

4 L 2
hf = v G Re,
g d d
:

L v2 (5.14)
hf = 8 G Re,
d 2g d
:
8 w
(5.15)
f= 2
= 8 G Re, = F Re,
v d d
f Darcy.
(5.15), f Reynolds (Re = vd/) /d ( -
).
(5.14)
:
L v2
hf = f (5.16)
d 2g
(5.16), DarcyWeisbach,
.

7
6 cm 25 m 60 m3/h.
0,03.
:
: L = 25 m, d = 0,06 m
Q = 60/3600 m3/s, f = 0,03
: hf
:

4Q 4 (60 / 3600 m 3 / s)
v= v= v = 5,7 m / s
d2 (0,06)2
(5.16) :

L v2 25m (5,7 m s)2

hf = f hf = 0,03 hf = 22,14m
d 2g 0,06m 2 9,81 m 2
s
5.4.2 f Moody.
DarcyWeisbach (5.16)
, f. , -
, -
20 .
 209

, , .
, .
) .
,
. (5.12) (5.16) :

4 L w
hf = (5.12)
g d

L v2
hf = f (5.16)
d 2g
:
4 w v2 (5.17)
= f
2
Newton (. 1.2.7):
dv
= =
dv / dy dy
dy=dr (y , r ):
dv
= dr = dv
dr
, vmax = v/2 (. 3.1.5), -
:
64
f = (5.18)
Re
(5.16),
:
64 L v 2 32 L
hf = = v (5.19)
Re d 2g g d2

(5.19) -
v.
: (5.17) ,

. Fanning:
w f
ff = = (5.20)
2
v /2 4

Fanning 1/4 DarcyWeis-

bach , .
f, Fanning. ,
. :
DarcyWeisbach (5.19),
Fanning, :
16
ff, = (5.20)
Re
210

DarcyWeisbach.

8
100 ft 2 in 0,87 -
0,1 Kg/(ms). 60 ft3/min.
:
: L=100 ft =30,48 m, d=2 in =0,0508 m/s
=0,87 =870 Kg/m3 =0,1 Kg/ms,
Q=15 ft3/min=0,25 ft3/s = 0,0071 m3/s.
: hf
:
4Q
v= v = 3, 5 m / s
d2
Reynolds :
v d v d
Re = = Re = 1543

, (Re = 1543 < 2300)
(5.19):
32 L 32 (0,1 870 ) 30,48
hf = 2
v = 3,5m hf = 15,5m
gd 9,81 (0,0508)2

(: = / = (0,1 Kg/ms)/(870 Kg/m3).

9
5.4, 6 cm, 850 Kg/m3
210-4 m2/s. 1 2 250 150 KPa . L12=10 m:
) .
) .
: 2
: d = 0,06 m L12 = 10 m = 30 L 12
= 850 Kg/m3 = 210-4 m2/s
p1 = 250 KPa p2 = 150 KPa.
: () hf, () v, Q. 1 30
) 1 2, - . 5.4.
:

p1 p2 v12 v 22 p p
+ + (y1 y 2 ) = hf , v1 = v 2 1 2 + (y1 y 2 ) = hf (1)
2g
y1 y2 = L12 sin30o = 5 m
= g = 8338,5 N/m3 = 8,3385 KN/m3
(1) hf = 7 m.
 211

: 1 2
1 2: hf = 7 m.
: 2 1, (1) ( 1 -
). ( ),
.

) , (5.19):

9,81 m (0,06m)
32 L g d2 2
hf = v v = hf v = (7m) s
v = 3,86 m / s
g d2 32 L 32 2 10 4 m (10m)
2

:
v d
Re = Re = 1159 < 2300, .

:
d2
Q= v Q = 0,0191 m3/s = 39,3 m3/h
4
) .
DarcyWeisbach (5.16). -
, .
, ,
Moody 1944 .
: ,
Reynolds.
. Prandtl
1935 :
1 1
0, 8
= 2 log Re f 2
(5.21)
f
1
2
(5.21) .
. , H. Blasius (1913) Reyn-
olds 4000 105:
1
f = 0, 316 Re 4 ( 4000 < Re < 10 5 ) (5.22)

:
2
Re
f = 1,8 log (5.22)
6,9

5.4 (5.18) ( ), (5.21)

(5.22) ( ) .
( 5.4.1) -
Reynolds (Re4000).
212

0,10

0,08

0,06

0,04
f
f = 64 1
Re
f 1 /2 = 2
.l
og(
R e.
0,02 f 1/2
f= )_
1,8 . 0,8
log R
e -2
6,9

0,01
103 104 105 106
Re
. 5.4.
( ).

5.4.1
.
- Reynolds
(
, ) 4000 104 105 106 107 108
1
= 2l o g Ref 2 0,8
1
1 0,0399 0,0309 0,0180 0,0116 0,0081 0,0059
f 2
1
f = 0,316 Re 4 0,0397 0,0316 0,0178 0,0100

2
Re
f = 1,8 log 0,0404 0,0309 0,0178 0,0116 0,0081 0,0060
6,9

) .
. -
, 5.4 (
, ).
, .
, , -
(. 5.4). .
.
. ,
(. 5.4).
, , , .
 213

. 5.4. . 5.4.
( 700x). .

5.4.2 .
, (..
= 0,2 50%).

5.4.2
.


cm %
0,0002 50
0,0046 30
0,005 60
0,3 70
0,0046 20
0,015 40
0,012 50
0,026 50
0,0002 50
0,00015 50
0,00015 60
0,001 60
0,0180,06 60

,
. , .
-
(. . 3.1.5).
, .
, ,
. (/d). /d
214

(. 5.4).
Nikuradse (-
) - d

.
( Reynolds), -
-
. 5.4.
. .
5.4.
f ,
. , Reynolds ,
(5.21) (5.22) . -
, Reynolds ,

. , ,
. 5.4,
, (. Reynolds) .
) oody.
Nikuradse -
. Moody,
, 1944 (.
5.4).

0,10

0,08

0,06

0,04
f

64
Re
0,02 1
f= f 1/2 = 2 .
1,8 . log
log R (R
e e.
-2 f 1/2
6,9 )_
0,8

0,01
103 104 105 106
Re
. 5.4.
(Nikuradse, 1933).
 0,100
0,090
0,080

0,070 0,05
0,04
0,060
0,03
0,050
0,02
0,015
d

0,040
0,01

0,008

Re 0,006

0,030
0,004

64
0,025

f = Re

, f
,

0,002

0,020 0,001
0,0008
0,0006
0,0004
0,015
0,0002

0,0001
0,00005
0,010
0,009
0,008 0,00001
1.103 2 3 4 5 6 8 1.104 2 3 4 5 6 8 1.105 2 3 4 5 6 8 1.106 2 3 4 5 6 8 1.107 2 3 4 5 6 8 1.108
_ = 0,000001
Reynolds, Re = v d = 0,000005
d d
. 5.4.
oody.
215
216

Moody -
f. -
f ( ) Reynolds
( ) /d ():

vd
(5.23)
f = F Re = ,
d
5.4:
/d (..
/d=0,0020).
Reynolds (.. Re=8104).
/d Re.

(f=0,026).

0,100
0,090

0,080

0,070 0,05
0,04
0,060
0,03

f e/d

0,050
0,02

0,015
f = Re

0,040
64

0,01
() () () 0,008
0,006
0,030
0,026 0,004
0,025 0,0020 0,002

0,020 0,001
0,0008
0,0006
0,0004
0,015


0,0002

0,0001
0,00005
0,010
0,009
8 . 104 0,00001
0,008
1.103 2 3 4 5 6 8 1.104 2 3 4 5 6 8 1.105 2 3 4 5 6 8 1.106 2 3 4 5 6 8 1.107 2 3 4 5 6 8 1.108

Re
. 5.4.
Moody.

oody:
() [ () (. 5.4)].
Reynolds ( (5.18): f = 64/Re).
, Reynolds 2100
4000, , ,
.
 217

0,100
0,090


0,080
0,070 0,05
0,04
0,060
0,03

f e/d

0,050
0,02
f Re

0,015
=

0,040
64

0,01
() () () 0,008
0,006
0,030
0,004
0,025
0,002

0,020 0,001
0,0008
0,0006
0,0004
0,015


0,0002

0,0001
0,00005
0,010
0,009
0,008 0,00001
1.103 2 3 4 5 6 8 1.104 2 3 4 5 6 8 1.105 2 3 4 5 6 8 1.106 2 3 4 5 6 8 1.107 2 3 4 5 6 8 1.108

Re
. 5.4.
Moody.

() [ () (. 5.4)]. , ,
. f Reynolds
.
() [ () (. 5.4)].
, .
, .
, ( 5.4), -
Pigott :
3500
Re = (5.24)
/d
,
y. :
A y > 5, -
.
5 > y > 0,3,
.
y < 0,3, .

: y Reynolds (. -
. 3.1.5, ). y Reynolds.
218

10
6 cm 20C. -
20, 40 80 m3/h.
:
: d=6 cm = 0,06 m
Q1=20/3600 m3/s, Q2=40/3600 m3/s, Q3=80/3600 m3/s.
: f1, f2, f3.
f, /d
Reynolds:
f = F (Re, e/d).
5.4.2 : =0,012 cm.
:
/d = 0,002. 4Q 4 (20 / 3600)
: v i = 2
v1 = m/s
di 0,062
v1 = 1,965 m/s
v2 = 3,93 m/s
v3 = 7,86 m/s
1.2.11 20C: = 10-6 m2/s
v d
Reynolds: Rei = i
5
Re1 = 1,18 10
Re2 = 2,36 105
Re3 = 4,72 105
(Re, /d) Moody -
f:
(Re1= 1,18 105, /d = 0,002) f = 0,025
Moody
( )
5
(Re2= 2,36 10 , /d = 0,002)
Moody
f = 0,024 ( )
5
(Re3= 4,72 10 , /d = 0,002)
Moody
f = 0,0238 ( )

11
8 cm , 2105 m2/s,
3 m/s. f.
:
: d = 10 cm = 0,1 m,
= 2105 m2/s,
v = 3 m/s
: f
5.4.2 : = 0,026 cm.
Reynolds: /d = (0,026 cm)/(10 cm) = 0,0026
v d (3m s) (0,1m)
Re = = 5 2
= 1,5 10 4
2 10 m / s
Moody:
(Re= 1,5 104, /d = 0,0026) f = 0,0325.
Moody
 219

12
4 cm
.
:
: d=4 cm = 0,04 m, = 0,026 cm ( 5.4.2).
: f
,
: /d = 0,0065.
( , /d = 0,0065) f = 0,034.
Moody

) .
, -
.
. ,
. :
, Prandtl (5. 21),
(y > 5):

1
Re f 12
= 2 log Re f 2 0, 8
1
= 2 log (5.21)
f
1
2 2, 51

, Rey-
nolds.
von Karman (1930) Reynolds (
, y < 0,3 ):

1
3,7
= 2 log = 1,14 2 log ( d ) (5.25)
f
1
2
d
.
Colebrook (1939)
(5 > y>
> 0,3):
1
2, 51
= 2 log + d (5.26)
1
f 2 1
2 3,7
Re f
Colebrook :
Reynolds ,
Cole-
brook (5.21).
, Reynolds ( )
, (5.26)
(5.25).
(5.26) .
Colebrook -
. Moody
.
220

, Colebrook
. , .
, 2%, ( Haaland):

1,11
1 6, 9 + d
= 1, 8 log (5.27)
1 Re 3,7
f 2
SwameeJain (1976) :

1
5,74
= 2 log 0,9 + d (5.28)
f
1
2 Re 3,7

:
1

( )
1,5 12
f = A12 + B 8 + C 8 (5.29)

:
64
A=
Re
2
Re
B=
12900
2
7 0,9
C = 0,8687ln + 0,27 d
Re
,
.
,
Microsoft, Excel. ,
( Calk Open Office) -
.

13
(5.27), (5.28) (5.29)
(20C) 1, 3, 5, 7 m/s:
) 6 cm,
) 8 cm.
:
:

= 10-6

= 0,026 cm=0,00026 m (. 5.4.2) = 0,0002cm = 0,000002 m (. 5.4.2)

d = 6 cm = 0,06 m d = 8 cm = 0,08 m

: v = 1 m/s 3 m/s 5 m/s 7 m/s 1 m/s 3 m/s 5 m/s 7 m/s

 221

,
(/d) Reynolds (Re = vd/).
Excel (1 4) (.
5.4).
Reynolds ( 6
7) (. 5.4).
( ) f ( 9, 10
11).
f.

6 /d= 0,00433
C 7 Re= 6,0E+04
1 = 0,000001 m2/s 8
2 d= 0,06 m 9 (5.27) f = 0,0307
3 = 0,00026 m 10 (5.28) f = 0,0311
4 v= 1 m/s 11 (5.29) f = 0,0311
. 5.4. . 5.4.

-
, ( 2, 3 4 ).
, , , -
.

X 6 cm A 8 cm
1 m/s 2 m/s 5 m/s 7 m/s 1 m/s 2 m/s 5 m/s 7 m/s
(5.27) f 0,0307 0,0297 0,0295 0,0294 0,0188 0,0151 0,0139 0,0131
(5.28) f 0,0311 0,0299 0,0296 0,0295 0,0189 0,0152 0,0140 0,0132
(5.29) f 0,0311 0,0298 0,0296 0,0294 0,0189 0,0153 0,0140 0,0133

, -
1,5%.
1: ( )
/d = B3/B2
Re = B4*B2/B1
f = (1/(1,8*LOG(6,9/B7 + (6/3,7) ^ 1,11))) ^2
f = (1/(1,8*LOG(6,9/B7 ^ 0,9 + (6/3,7)))) ^ 2
f =((64/B7)^12+((B7/12900)^16+((0,8687*LN((7/B7)^0,9+0,27*B6))^2)^8)^1,5)^(1/12).

2: Colebrook (5.26),
. , -
, .

14
5.10
Moody.
222

:
Reynolds (
):
) (Re=6,0104, /d = 0,0043)
Moody
f = 0,031 .
5
) (Re=1,810 , /d = 0,0043)
Moody
f = 0,030 .
5
) (Re=3,010 , /d = 0,0043) f = 0,023
Moody
.
5
) (Re=4,210 , /d = 0,0043)
Moody
f = 0,023 .
) (Re=8,0104, /d = 0,000025) f = 0,019
Moody
.
) (Re=2,4105, /d = 0,000025) f = 0, 0153
Moody
.
) (Re=4,0105, /d = 0,000025) f = 0, 014
Moody
.
) (Re=5,6105, /d = 0,000025)
Moody
f = 0,0135 .
( ).
3: Moody, , , -
. , f 1%.

5.5 .

, ( ) ,
( ).
.
(. 5.2).
,
(), (-
), (), -
.
( -
). . , -
,
.
,
( v2/2g)
:
v2
hi = K i (5.30)
2g
. -
( ), -
. , (5.30):
hi
Ki = (5.30)
2
v / 2g
( ) ,
(5.7). ,
(1) (2) (.
5.5). y1y2. (
), (5.9) :
 223

p1 p2
= hi (5.30) :

hi p
Ki = = (5.30)
2
v / 2g v 2 / 2

: ( ), v
.

, ,
, Reynolds.
, (
).
(5.30), -
.
(Leq), (d):
L eq
= (5.31)
d
:
L eq v 2
hi = f (5.31)
d 2g
, , -
30, : Leq/d = 30. () -
5 cm, : Leq=150 cm = 1,5 m.
1,5 m.

:
L eq v 2 v2 Leq K
hi = f = K = (5.31)
d 2g 2g d f
1 2
- h
- Ki = 2 i .
v /2 g
.
. 5.5.
( ). .
-
,

.
5.5.1 .
(. 5.2 ), = 0,8 = 0,5 = 0,02 _ 0,5
, -
() () ()
. -
. . 5.5.
(. 5.5): .
) : ) . )
- . ) .
 224

. : = 0,8.
) : , :
= 0,5.
,
.
) : ,
, ( -
): = 0,020,5.

5.5.

0,5
R

0,4
d
0,3

0,2
= 1,0 = 1,0 = 1,0
0,1 () () ()
0,0 . 5.5.
0 0,05 0,10 0,15 0,20 0,25
.
R/d ) . )
. 5.5. . )
. .

5.5.2 .
(. 5.5), 1: = 1.
,
(
):
v2 v2
= h = K K = 1
2g 2g

5.5.3 , .
( , )
( , ).
:
) :
45 = 0,4

60 = 0,6
90 = 1,2.
) :
. ,
.
90, 0,2 0,7.
 225

1,0

, 60 , d
0,8
0,15 0,5 45, 0,1
/d R
0,4. =0
0,6 ,01

0,5
90, 0,4 /d
5.5. =0
,00
45 2
0,3 /d
60, : =0
,
45 = 0,60 90 /d 001
=0
60 = 0,78 90. ,00
0,2 05
-

,

,
[-
( )]. , 0,1
() 90,
, - 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 10
: R/d
. 5.5.
d (in) 1/2 1 2 4
90.
2,0 1,5 0,95 0,64

90, 1 1 2
1 (1/2") 0,2 (4")
() ,

0,4 0,15. v1 v2
-
, 180.
-

: = 2 ( . 5.5.
90, = 2 1,2 = 2,4). .
5.5.4 , .
. , -
.
) ().
-
. 5.5,
, (
). 1
2 :
p1 p2 v12 v 22 v12
+ = hi = K
2g 2g
226

- (. ):
d12 d2
p1 p2 2 = m (v1 v 2 ).
4 4
: m = Q
d12 d22
Q= v1 = v2.
4 4
, :
2
d2
K = 1 12 (5.32)
d2
() (5.32)
1,0
. -
0,8
5.5.
- 0,6
-
, - 0,4
d1 v 1 d2
(5.30)
d1: 0,2

v12
h =K (5.32)
2g 0,0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0
d1/d2
) . . 5.5.
.


1,2
(). -
, d1/d2=0
- 1,0
d1/d2=0,2
.

- 0,8
d1/d2=0,4
, -
. -
0,6 d1 d2

( 14). d1/d2=0,6
- 0,4
,
, 0,2 d1/d2=0,8
. -
- 0,0
5.5. 0 30 60 90 120 150 180
-
. 5.5.
(<30). , .
 227

40, ,
( 180).
) .
( ) 5.5. -
. 1
. , -
.
, . , -
2 ( 1).
vena contracta ,
(.. ).
1 1 2
,
, .
vena contracta,

. - v1 v2
-
5.5.

d2/d1<0,76
:
2
d2
K = 0, 42 1 22 (5.33) . 5.5.
d .
1

, 0,5
0,1
-

0,4
(
).
0,3
) ().
0,2
(. d1 v1 d2
5.5) , -
. 0,1

, 0,0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0
. , d2/d1
.
. 5.5.
- .

:
= 30, = 0,02 d1
= 45, = 0,04 v1 d2 v2

= 60, = 0,07

, . 5.5.
. .
228

-
, (5.30) v2 ( d2).

v 22
h=K (5.33)
2g
:
2 4
v2 v2 4Q 4Q d
h = K 2 = K' 1 K v 22 = K' v12 K 2 = K' 2 K' = K 1 (5.34)
2g 2g d d
2 1 d2

5.5.1
.

5.5.1
, , , , .

1. 0,8

0,5

0,020,5

2. 1,0

3.

90o 1,2

60o 0,6

45o 0,4

90o 0,2 0,7

180o 2,0

4.
d2/d1 = 0,2 0,45
d2/d1 = 0,4 0,4
d1 d2
d2/d1 = 0,6 0,3
d2/d1 = 0,8 0,13

0,05 0,25

()
 229

d1/d2=0,2 0,95
d1/d2=0,4 0,75
d1 d2
d1/d2=0,6 0,4
d1/d2=0,8 0,15

( < 30) 0,10 0,60

5.5.5 .
, , () -
( ), ,
. ( -
), . , ,
, Reynolds.
(valves) .
, , , ( ) (. 5.5), -
, ... , ,
. ,
( ), Reynolds.
5.5.2 :

5.5.2
.

,
0,5" 1" 2" 4" 1" 2" 4" 8" 20"
14 8,2 6,9 5,7 13 8,5 6 5,8 5,5
0,3 0,24 0,16 0,11 0,80 0,35 0,16 0,07 0,03
5,1 2,9 2,1 2 2 2 2 2 2
9 4,7 2 1 4,5 2,4 2 2 2

, . -
h D. 5.5
(1) (2) .
, ,
, -

. 5.5.
) , ) , ) ) .
230

20
:
=90 = 0,2 0,3 ( ) 18
=60 = 3 4 16

=40 = 20 30 14
12
, -
10
( ). -
8
,
6 (2)
(-
90), 4
Reynolds. 2 (1)
5.5.3.
0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 1,0
(), h/D
. 5.5.
(-
.
0,04).
-
,
. ,
50% . -
, 5.5.4.

5.5.3
.


0,5" 1" 2" 4" 1" 2" 4" 8" 20"
0,9 0,9 0,9 0,9 0,24 0,19 0,14 0,10 0,07
2,4 1,8 1,4 1,1 1,0 0,8 0,64 0,58 0,41

5.5.4
.

i
, 0,17
, (120 in) 4,0 14 . 5.5.2
, 4 60 . 5.5
, (120 in) 0,03 0,8 . 5.5.2
, 0,3 60 . 5.5
, (120 in) 1,0 9,0 . 5.5.2
() (120 in) 2,0 2,9 . 5.5.2
, 2,3 4,3
, 0,2 0,3
, 0,3 60
()
 231

i
1-6,5
15
, 0,07 0,9 . 5.5.3
, 0,4 2,4 . 5.5.3
, 0,04

15

5.5., 2 in.
:
,
, , (
) () 90. -
.

i

-
. 5.5.1 0,8

-
. 5.5.1 1,0

,
. 5.5.2 26,9
2" ()
. 5.5.3 0,9

. 5.5.3 1,4

90 , () . 5.5.3 31,2

=21,5

: =21,5 . 5.5.

5.6 .

h (. 5.3.2)
, , ( ) ( )
:
h = hf + hi
Darcy Weisbach:
L v2
hf = f (5.16)
d 2g
, :
v2 (5.30)
hi = K i
2g
232

, (5.34)
: 2
L v (5.35)
h = f + i
d 2g
Ki .
, -
.
(5.35) :
4Q
v= (5.7)
d2
(5.35) - :

L
8 (5.35)
h = 2
f + i Q 2
4
gd d
(5.35) .
Reynolds ( ),
f ( /d). :

L8 (5.35)
= 2
f + i
4
gd d
(5.35) :
h = Q2 (5.35)
h , d. , -
:

8 L (5.36)
hf = 2
f 5
Q2
g d
, :
8
hi = K i Q2 (5.37)
g d4
2

, -
24 = 16 25 = 32 (
f, -
).

5.7 .

, 4 -
:
d2i
: Q= v i = . (5.7)
4
p1 p2 v12 v 22
(Bernoulli): + + (y1 y 2 ) = h (5.9)
2g
 233

2
(DarcyWeisbach): L v (5.35)
h = f + i
d 2g

8 L (5.35)
h = 2
f + i Q 2
4
gd d

Moody: v d
(5.23)
f = F Re = ,
d
( Bernoulli) -
( -
). ( Darcy-Weisbach), ,
.
, , .
, , (5.18) (f=64/Re)
. , .
Moody, -
5.4.2: Colebrook (5.26) -
(5.27), (5.28), (5.29). , -
.
, f,
Moody.
, :
: L, d, (. 5.4.1).
: , (. 1.2.3 1.2.11 ).
: Q, v, Reynolds Re, f,
i.
: h, (y1y2),
(v12 v22)/2g (p1p2 )/.

( ):
h ( p).
.
.
. -
, ,
(.. p, y).
, , -
: Moody (5.18),
(5.19):
64
f = (5.18)
Re
64 L v 2 32 L
h f, = = v (5.19)
Re d 2g g d2
, .

2 3 5.4.2.
234

, -
, .
5.7.1 : .
h, (-
, , ), ( , ),
Ki, .
, Moody.
( ), (Bernoulli).

16
, 10 cm 50 m 90 m3/h. -
4 90.
) .
) y1 y2 = 2 m, .
:
: L = 50 m, d = 10 cm = 0,10 m, = 0,00026 m (. 5.4.2)
= 9,81 /m3 (. 1.2.3), = 10-6 m2/s (. 1.2.11)
Q = 90 m3/h = 0,025 m3/s
y1 y2 = 2 m
: () h, () p=p1p2
:
L v (1)
h = f + K i 2
d 2g
d2 4 Q (2)
Q= v v =
4 d2
v d (. 5.4) (3)
f = F Re = ,
d
p1 p2 v12 v 22 (4)
+ + (y1 y 2 ) = h
2 g
) DarcyWeisbach (1).
: h, f, , v. v,
f Ki.
v ( ):
3
4 0,025 m
(2) v = s v = 3,18 m s
2
(0,1 m)
vd
f: Re = Re = 0,318106 = 3,18105, /d = 0,0026

Moody (. 5.4): f = 0,026.
: 4 90, -
 235

. 5.5, 90 /d=
0,0026, 0,2 0,6. , 5.5.1
0,2 0,7. :
90 0,5 = 4 90 = 2.
:
m 2
50m (3,18 s )
(1) h = 0,026 + 2 h = 7,73 m
0,1m 2 9,81m 2
s
) (4).
: v1 = v2 = v (=3,18 m/s) v12 v22=0
p1 p2
(4) = h (y1 y 2 )

p1 p2
= 5,73m p1 p2 = 56,2 KPa

: f, Moody,
5.27:

1,11
1 6,9 d 1
= 1,8 log + 1 = 6,25 f = 0,0256
1 Re 3,7
f 2 f 2

h
( : L, d, , Q, , ):
1. (5.5), v.
2. Moody, f.
3. (5.35), h.
4. ( )
(5.9).
5.7.2 .
Q, (, ,
), ( , ), -
Ki h.
,
( , ), -
Bernoulli.
: -
, Moody.
,
: h ,
, . -
.

17
5.7 2
in 50 m. () ()
236

90. . 1

:
: L = 50 m, d = 2 in = 0,0508 m,
15m
= 0,00012 m (. 5.4.2),
= 9,81 /m3 (. 1.2.3), 2
=10-6 m2/s (. 1.2.11)
y1 y2=15 m.
: Q.
: . 5.7.
L v (1)
h = f + i 2
d 2g
d2 4 Q
Q= v v= (2)
4 d2
v d
f = F Re = , (. 5.4) (3)
d
p1 p2 v12 v 22 (4)
+ + (y1 y 2 ) = h
2 g
: (2), -
. , DarcyWeisbach (1).
, d L ,
h, f Ki.
f.
h (4) -
.
: y1 y2 = 15 m.
: v1 = v2 = 0, p1 = p2 = patm p1 p2 = 0
(4) (y1 y2) = h h = 15 m.
: , . -
, 2 m,
:
d12 d2 d2
Q= v1 = v v1 = 2 v v1 = 0,0006 v1 0
4 4 d1

Ki,
( ) .
1 2:
: 1= 0,8 (. 5.5.1)
: 2= 1,0 (. 5.5.1)
() 90: 3=2 1,2 (. 5.5.1)
: 4=2 6,9 (. 5.5.2)
: i = 17,6.
 237

, (/d)
Reynolds (Re=vd/). -
Reynolds, ( :
v Q).
( ,
Moody) ( Q, v, f).
, . ,
-
.
, Q' h' -
( , . 5.7.1). -
h' h (: h = 15 m)
Q Q'. :
h'> h Q'> Q
h'< h Q'< Q.
, .
:
h' h Q' Q
:

) ():
Q'=60 m3/h =60/3600 m3/s
(2) v' = 8,22 m/s
(/d = 0,00236, Re = vd/ =4,18 105) f = 0,025
Moody

(1) h' = 145,7 m>15 m h' > h Q'> Q Q < 60 m3/h

Q':
Q = 20 m3/h = 20/3600 m3/s
(2) v' = 2,74 m/s
(/d = 0,00236, Re = vd/ =1,39 105) f = 0,0255
Moody

(1) h' = 16,36 m >15 m h' > h Q'> Q Q < 20 m3/h.

Q = 18 m3/h = 18/3600 m3/s
(2) v' = 2,47 m/s
(/d = 0,00236, Re = vd/ =1,25 105) f = 0,0256
Moody

(1) h' = 13,29 m <15 m h' < h Q'< Q Q > 18 m3/h.

: 18 m3/h < Q < 20 m3/h. :
Q = 19 m3/h = 19/3600 m3/s
(2) v' = 2,6 m/s
(/d = 0,00236, Re = vd/ =1,32 105) f = 0,0256
Moody

(1) h' = 14,79 m <15 m h' < h Q'< Q Q > 19 m3/h.

Q = 19,2 m3/h = 19,2/3600 m3/s
(2) v' = 2,63 m/s
(/d = 0,00236, Re = vd/ =1,34 105) f = 0,0256
Moody
238

(1) h' = 15,10 m >15 m h' > h Q'> Q Q < 19,2 m3/h.
Q. -
, h' h, : Q' Q. ,
: h' h 0,01 m, Q 19,2 m3/h. -
(.. h' h 0,01 m), :
Q = 19,15 m3/h = 19,15/3600 m3/s
(2) v' = 2,62 m/s,
(/d = 0,00236, Re = vd/ =1,33 105) f = 0,0256
Moody

(1 ) h' = 15,02 m > 15 m h' > h Q'> Q Q < 19,15 m3/h

Q = 19,14 m3/h = 19,14/3600 m3/s
(2) v' = 2,62 m/s,
(/d = 0,00236, Re = vd/ =1,33105)
Moody
f = 0,0256
(1) h' = 15,002 m 15 m h' h Q' Q Q 19,14 m3/h.
: Q 19,14 m3/h = 0,00532 m3/s.
, ,
.
,
:

Q' (m3/h) v' (m/s) Re f h' h' h Q

60 8,223 4,18105 0,0249 145,07 130,07 Q<60
20 2,741 1,39105 0,0255 16,36 1,36 Q<20
18 2,467 1,25105 0,0256 13,29 1,71 Q>18
19 2,604 1,32105 0,0256 14,79 0,21 Q>19
19,2 2,631 1,34105 0,0256 15,10 0,10 Q<19,2
19,15 2,625 1,33105 0,0256 15,02 0,02 Q<19,15
19,14 2,623 1,33105 0,0256 15,002 0,00 Q=19,14

: -
, Calk Open Office, Excel Microsoft .. (. . 5.4.2,
7).
, -
Reynolds, f, -
, f ( 0,0249 0,0256: 2%),
(f = 0,0256).
. , -
Reynolds /d (
, ).
, :
 239

Reynolds,
, . ,
, Moody ()
. , , () . ,
( f Q).
.

) ( , ):
. -
Moody ( 5.25), ,
f:
(/d = 0,00236, ) f' = 0,0245
Moody

() :
8 50
(1) 15 = 0,0245 + 17,6 Q 2
9,81 0,0508 4
2
0,0508

Q' = 0,005384 m3/s = 19,38 m3/h

:
(2) v = 2,656 m/s
Re = vd/=1,3 105 f = 0,0256
Moody

f' f, , Q = Q'.
f'< f, f. -
(4,5%), :
, f:

(1) 15 =
8 50
2
0,0256
4
+ 17,6 Q 2
9,81 0,0508 0,0508
Q = 0,005317 m3/s = 19,14 m3/h
, f .
, , . :
(2) v= 2,623 m/s
Re = vd/=1,33 105 f = 0,0256
Moody

, Q :

Q= 0,005317 m3/s = 19,14 m3/h

Q (-
: L, d, , h, K, ):

) :
1. () Q'.
2. h' ( ).
3. h' () h:
h' > h Q'> Q, 2 Q'.
240

h' < h Q'< Q, 2 Q'.

h h Q' Q .

) :
1. ( ).
2. () f' Moody.
3. () Q' .
4. v ( ), Re(= vd/) o f.
5. :
f f' Q Q' .
f f', 3.
5.7.3 .
-
, .
,
.
: ,
( ) Rey-nolds,
/d. ( -
).
( -
), . ,
.

18
, 20 m, -
(20C) 60 m3/h, 8
m. : =4.
:
: L =12 m, = 0,00015 m (. 5.4.2)
=10-6 m2/s (. 1.2.11)
Q = 60 m3/h = 60/3600 m3/s
h 8 m, K = 4.
: d
:
2
L v
h = f + i (1)
d 2g
d2 4Q (2)
Q= v v =
4 d2

v d
f = F Re = , (. 5.4) (3)
d

p1 p 2 v12 v 22 (4)
+ + (y1 y 2 ) = h
2 g
 241

: , - DarcyWeisbach (1).
, d, f. Moody
f, Reynolds,
/d. : ()
d' h' ( -
, . 5.7.1). h
. -
, :
h' > h d > d' ( d' ).
h' < h d d' ( d' ,
).
(v, f, d) ( -
, , Moody). ( ,
, , ).
d' =10 cm = 0,10 m
(2) v' = 2,122 m/s
(Re' = vd/ = 2,1 105, /d = 0,0015) f' = 0,0227
Moody

(1) h' = 1,96 m < 8m d 10 cm.

:
d' = 5 cm = 0,05 m
(2) v = 8,49 m/s
(Re = 4,2 105, /d =0,003) f = 0,0265
Moody

(1) h' = 53,62 m > 8 m d > 5 cm.

d' =7 cm = 0,07 m
(2) v = 4,33 m/s
(Re = 3,0 105, /d = 0,00214) f = 0,0244
Moody

(1) h' = 10,49 m > 8 m d > 7 cm.

: d' = 8 cm = 0,08 m
(2) v = 3,32 m/s
(Re = 2,7 105, /d =0,00187) f = 0,0237
Moody

(1) h' = 5,56 m < 8 m d 8 cm.

7 8 cm:
7 cm < d 8 cm.
7 8 cm, 8 cm ( d=7 cm
). ,
, .. 1 mm:
: d =7,5 cm = 0,075 m
(2) v = 3,77 m/s
(Re =2,8 105, /d =0,002) f=0,024
Moody

(1) h' =7,55 m < 8 m d 7,5 cm

: d=7,4 cm = 0,074 m
242

(2) v =3,875 m/s

(Re = 2,9 105, /d = 0,00203) f = 0,0241
Moody

(1) h' = 8,05 m > 8 m d > 7,4 cm

: 7,4 cm < d 7,5 cm
d = 7,5 cm
, 60 m3/h
h = 7,55 m (< 8 m).
, :

d' (cm) v' (m/s) /d' Re' f' h' (m) h'h d (cm)
5
10 2,122 0,00150 2,1210 0,0227 1,96 6,04 d 10
5 8,488 0,00300 4,24105 0,0265 53,62 45,62 d>5
5
7 4,331 0,00214 3,0310 0,0244 10,49 2,49 d>7
8 3,316 0,00188 2,65105 0,0237 5,56 2,44 d8
7,5 3,773 0,00200 2,83105 0,0240 7,55 0,45 d7,5
5
7,4 3,875 0,00203 2,8710 0,0241 8,05 0,05 d>7,4

, (h 8 m)
. , -
,
. -
.

19
5.7, 2 bar. -
, 25 m.
) ( 0,5 cm),
40 m3/h.
) .
:
: L=25 m, = 0,00012 m (. 5.4.2)
=10-6 m2/s (. 1.2.11) 1
Q 40 m3/h =40/3600 m3/s
p1 = 2 bar = 200Kpa, p2 = 101,3 KPa, 5m
y1 y2 =5 m
2
: () d () h, Q.
: . 5.7.
2
L v (1)
h = f + K i
d 2g
d2 4 Q
Q= v v = (2)
4 d2
 243

v d (. 5.4) (3)
f = F Re = ,
d
p1 p 2 v12 v 22 (4)
+ + (y1 y 2 ) = h
2 g
) (1), h.
:
: 1 = 0,8 (. 5.5.1)

() 90 : 2 =2 1,2 (. 5.5.1)
: i = 3,2.
h, 1 2 (v1 = 0,
v2 = v):

(4) p1 p 2 v2
+ (y1 y 2 ) = h
2 g
(200 101,3)KPa v2
h = + 5m
9,81KN 3 2g
m
v2
h = 15,06 (SI) (5)
2 g

h, (5) . (1),
:
v2 L v
2
15,06 = f + K i
2 g d 2g
2
L v
15,06m = f + i + 1 (1)
d 2g
() d', . -
( ):
d' = 10 cm = 0,10 m
(/d = 0,0012, YET) f=0,0205
Moody

(1) v' = 5,626 m/s

(2) Q' = 159,1 m3/h > 40 m3/h d 10 cm

Q'. ( ) ,
.
40 m3/h.
d' = 5 cm = 0,05 m
(/d = 0,0024, YET) f=0,0246
Moody

(1) v' = 4,232 m/s

(2) Q' = 29,9 m3/h < 40 m3/h d > 5 cm
244

d' = 7 cm = 0,07 m
(/d = 0,0017, YET) f = 0,0225
Moody

(1) v' = 4,915 m/s

(2) Q' = 68,1 m3/h > 40 m3/h d 7 cm

d'= 6 cm = 0,06 m
(/d = 0,002, YET) f = 0,0234
Moody

(1) v' = 4,60 m/s

(2) Q' = 46,8 m3/h

: Re=vd/= 2,8105 f = 0,024

Moody

(1) v' = 4,56 m/s

(2) Q' = 46,4 m3/h > 40 m3/h d 6 cm

d' = 5,5 cm = 0,055 m

(/d = 0,00218, YET) f = 0,024
Moody

(1) v'= 4,424 m/s

(2) Q' = 37,8 m3/h

: Re=vd/= 2,4105 f = 0,0246

Moody

(1) v' = 4,38 m/s

(2) Q' = 37,47 m3/h < 40 m3/h d > 5,5 cm
: 5,5 cm < d 6 cm d = 6 cm
:

d' (cm) /d' f' () v' (m/s) Q' Q'Q d

10 0,00120 0,0205 5,626 159,08 119,08 d<=10
5 0,00240 0,0246 4,232 29,91 10,09 d>5
7 0,00171 0,0225 4,915 68,09 28,09 d<=7
6 0,00200 0,0234 4,601 46,83 6,83 d<=6
5,5 0,00218 0,0240 4,424 37,84 2,16 d>5,5

) (5):

v2
h = 15,06 (SI) h= 14 m
2 g
Q 6 cm:

Q = 46,4 m3/h

d:
 245

1: : L, , Q, K,
hmax:
1. () , d'.
2. h' ( ).
3. h' hmax:
h' > hmax d >d'. 2 d'.
h' hmax d d'. d' , -
. 2 d'.
2: : L, , h, K,
Qmin:
1. () , d'.
2. Q' ( -
. ).
3. Q' Qmin:
Q' < Qmin d >d'. 2 d'.
Q' Qmin d d'. d' ,
. 2 d'.
, -
. , ,
.

5.8 .

1. 20C 8 cm 5 m3/h. Reyn-

olds : ) , ) SAE 10, ) , ) ,
) , ) .
[Re: 19, 184, 9210, 22105, 184207, 1524]

2. SAE 10 2 in.
: ) 20C, ) 60C.
[) 5 m/s, ) 1 m/s]

3. 60 ft 1 in 20C, 30 l/min. -
.
[Re = 2,5 104, 3,3%]

4. 5.8, 6 cm 20C 100 l/min. -

2,1 3,7 bar .
Reynolds, (-
).
[, Re = 29,9, hf = 22,94 m, L = 36,34 m]

5. 6 in 150 m3/
h. 10 m
(. 5.8) 1 in. -

: ) . 5.8.
246

, ) -
d2
. d1 15
[v1 = 2,284 m/s, v2 = 82,23 m/s, ) p1 = 3480 KPa, v1 v2
) p1 = 3547 KPa]

6. 2 mm 30 cm,
3 cm3/s. . 5.8.
1,110-6 m2/s,
.
[hf = 25,7 cm] 2

7. SAE 30, 20C, -

5 in.
1 m, -

12
L
2,5 KPa.
Rey-nolds, .
= 49,1 Kg/s]
[Re = 1698, v = 4,35 m/s, m
1
8. 5 mm - 45
950 Kg/m3. 1,2 l/min,
380 kPa . N - . 5.8.
Rey-
nolds.
[ = 3,0710-4 m2/s, Re = 16,6]

9. 900 Kg/m3
2 10-4 m2/s 2 in
45 -

5.8. p1p2=100 KPa, y2y1= 7,5 m, -
:
) .
) .
) .
) . . 5.8.

[12, Re = 362,5, hf = 3,83 m, v = 1,43 m/s,

Q = 10,4 m3/s]

10. 0,9 5.8

16,5 l/min. 2 m 0,5 in. H=3,5 m,
, Reynolds .
[h = 3,26 m, Re =742, = 3,710-5 m2/s]

11. SAE 10, 20oC, 870 Kg/m3, 2 cm, -

30 . -
, ,
Reynolds ( m3/h).
[hf/L = 0,5, Re = 85,2, Q = 0,578 m3/h]
 247

12. SAE 10, 20oC,

2 cm , -
5.8.
,
Reynolds. 2m
[Q = 2,36 m3/h, hf = 4,08 m, Re = 348] 28 cm

13. -
.
f,
-
. 5.8.
. 5
[ Q1 = d 2]
1
Q 2 d2 L2

14. , -
800 m 3 in, 20C. p1
H2
60 m3/h, -
. H1
[h = 133,9 m, p = 1313,5 KPa]
L
15. 150 m 1

6 in, 0,88 -
. 5.8.
410-5 m2/s.
8 . 150
m3/h, .
[h = 8,64 m, p = 254,8 KPa]

16. , 500 m 18 cm, -

20C, 800 Kg/m3 400 m3/h.
.
[h = 59,85 m, P = 52,2 KW]

17. 5.8, . :
H1 = 5 m, H2 = 45 m, L1 = 60 m, L2 = 30 m, d = 2 in.
.
20C, p1, 40 m3/h.
;
[p1 = 1337 KPa, h = 84,45 m]

18.
180 ft 5 in, 2,5 m/s.
[h = 2,79 m, p = 27,33 KPa]

19. 710-4 m2/s 0,86,

15 in, 5 Km 0,1 m3/s.
KW: ) = 25, ) = 0.
[) 40,5 KW, ) 39,7 KW]
248

20. 900 Kg/m3 10-5 m2/s, 0,2 m3/s -

500 m 20 cm.
, 10
25.
[h = 147,6 m, p = 536,4 KPa]

21. 8 cm 60 m.
60 m3/h. 5,
.
[h = 12,26 m]

22. , 4 ft, , -
2,7105 m3 , 910 Kg/m3 10-5
m2/s. .
200 KPa ( ) 2 MPa. ,
.
[h = 201,6 m, L = 44,1 Km]

23. 17, p1 = 700 KPa,

. ( ).
[ Q = 19,4 m3/s, h = 20,67 m]

24. 500 m 8 cm, -

6 .
, , 5 m
. .
[Q = 56,1 m3/h]

25. , 10 m , -
, 2 in 12 m.
90, , .
1 m . ( m3/h).
[Q = 23,9 m3/h]

26. 20C 40 m .
6 in 700 m.
15 80 m,
, .
[h = 40 m, Q = 167,6 m, P = 36,5 KW]

27. 5.8
6 cm. -
, 2 W.

10. 20 m
[Q = 316 m3/s]
20
m

28. 5.8 -
1200 m 5 cm, 20 m
. 45, 4 - . 5.8.
 249

90 .
100 m ( 1),
( m3/h) .
[Q = 11,23 m3/h, hf = 98,35 m]

29. 3 Km 12 in, -
, 60 m.
, .
[Q = 629 m3/h]

30. 950 Kg/m3 10-5 m2/s,

, 30 cm 100 m. 8 m,
.
[v = 2,54 m/s, Q = 287,5 m3/s]

31. 15 cm, 120 m 0,001 cm, 45o

5 cm. 30 m
,
.
[Q = 320 m3/h, v = 45,3 m/s]

32. 12 m3 , 20 m
1 in.
30 m .
[1h 30 min 10 sec]

33. , 100 m -
20C.
40 kPa 2
60 m3/h,
( mm).
[d 44 mm]
45o
34. , 120 m, -
20C, 1 45o
, 8 m
. . 5.8.

30 m3/h; (K = 10)
[d 73 mm]

35. 5.8

20C. H = 30 ft,
, 10 m ,
0,015 ft3/s ( mm);
[d 15 mm]

36. - . 5.8.
250

5 m. 100
m. ,
10. 10 l/s,
( )
.
[dmin = 89 mm, Q = 10,2 l/s]
 KE 6

6.1 -
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
252

6.1 .

(
) .
, :
( ) Bernoulli ( ).
,
. Newton,
, ,
, .
,
, . . -

, , -
, .
( , . . 3.3)
. ,
, -
.
, -
, , ...
Newton, ( ) -
, ,
:
d m v dJ
F (6.1)
dt dt
:

J=mv (6.2)
(6.1), :
, ,
.
(6.1) :
2

J2 J1 = F dt (6.3)
1

:
= F dt
1
(6.4)

-:
, :

J2 J1 = (6.5)

. ,
( ). , -
, (6.3) x, y z,
:
 253

2
J 2x J1x = Fx dt (6.3)
1

2
J 2y J1y = Fy dt (6.3)
1

2
J 2z J1z = Fz dt (6.3)
1

, , -
, .
( , ), (6.3)
() :

J2 J1 = F t (6.3)
-,
, .

1
1000 Kg, 100 Km/h, 30,
20 m. )
, .
. ) .
:
: v1 = v2 = 100 m/h= 27,78 m/s

( v 1 , v 2 ) = 30o, m=1000 Kg, R = 20 m

: F .
) , F
, :

F = m v 2 R F= 38.580 N = 38,58 KN

:
= mg B = 9810 N = 9,81 KN F
. v2
: F = 3,93 B m
) ( - 30o
) , m . v1
() . -
x y.
( ) J2
30o ( . 6.1), - J2 _ J1
:
J1
J1 = J2= m v = 27.778 Kg m/s
. 6.1.
:

J1, J2 J1 = 180 75 = 105o
254

:
( ):
J1x = J1 = 27.778 Kgm/s J1y = 0
J2x = J2 cos 30o = 24.056 Kg m/s J2y = J2 sin 30o = 13.889 Kg m/s
x = J2x J1x = 3722 Kg m/s y = J2y J1y = 13.889 Kg m/s
:
= 2x + 2y =14.379 Kg m s

tan( J1 , )= y (J1, ) = 75o
x

: (6.3), . -
, .
, M .
, ,
. , ( ,
). , -
, (..
, ).

6.2 .

(6.1), ,
. , ,
. . -
, ( ,
. 3.1.1) .
12
6.2. (. 3.1.1)
. -

dA1,
v 1 ( dA1) , dA2
v
2 ( dA2). dt dA1
, dm1 dA2, dm2. ,
dt, :

dJ1 = dm1 v1 dJ2 = dm 2 v 2
v2y v2
12 :

dJ2 dJ1 = dm 2 v 2 dm1 v1
2
--: v2x

dJ2 dJ1 = dF dt
: v1y v1 1

dF dt = dm 2 v 2 dm1 v 1
v1x
dm v dm v . 6.2.
dF = 2 2 1 1
dt .
 255

2 v 2 dm
dF = dm 1 v1 (6.6)
: = dQ
dm
dQ = v dA
(6.6) :

dF = ( v 2 ) v 2 dA 2 ( v1 ) v1 dA 2 dA 1 (6.7)
6.2:

F = ( v 2 ) v 2 dA 2 ( v1 ) v1 dA1 (6.8)
A2 A1

v 1 1 v 2
2, (6.8) :

F = ( v 2 ) v 2 A 2 ( v1 ) v1 A1 (6.8)
, :
Q1 = Q2 = Q v1 A1 = v2 A2= Q

: F = Q (v 2 v1 ) (6.9)
, , ,
,
.
(6.9) .
.
( ) () x, y z

:
Fx = Q (v 2x v1x ) (6.9)
Fy = Q (v 2y v1y ) (6.9)
Fz = Q (v 2z v1z ) (6.9)
( .. ),
(x, y) , .
(.. ), x
.
,
. , :

J = Q v (6.10)
dt

(.. ).
(6.9). , - :

J J
F = F = Q i v i Q j v j (6.11)
dt
256

(6.11) .
(6.9),
.

2
, 3 cm,
2 m (. 6.2).
,
.
:
: h=2 m, =9,81 KN/m3, d=0,03 m.
: v2, J2/t, F.
, Bernoulli 1
( ) 2 ( ).
, :

p1 p 2 v12 v 22
(y1 y 2 ) + + = h (1)
2g
y1 y2 = h 1

p1 = p2 = p p1 p2 = 0
v1 = 0 h
v2
h K 2
2g 2 v2
(1) v 2 = 2gh (2)
(K + 1)
= 0,5 (. 5.5.2, )
. 6.2.
(2) v2= 5,11 m/s.

: , :
v 2 = 2gh v2= 6,26 m/s

, , . ,
. v2 ,
J2, , x:
J2x J1x = J2x = J2.
Newton ( 6.1):
dJ/dt =F J2/t =F
:
d22
Q= v 2 Q = 0,0036 m3/s
4
(6.9):
 257

Fx = Q (v2x v1x) F = 18,5 N 1 2

: J2/t =F= 18,5 N.

v1
v2
(A -).

3
. 6.2.
2 in, 420
L/min. , 6.2
. .
:
: d1 = 2 in = 0,0508 m, d2 = 2 d1 =0,1016 m
Q = 420 L/min = 0,07 m3/s
= 1000 Kg/m3.
: F
() x. ,
. :
F = Fx, v1 = v1x, v2 = v2x
:
Fx = Q (v2xv1x) F = Q (v2v1) (1)
:
4Q
vi = v1 = 3,454 m/s, v2 = 0,863 m/s.
d2i
(1) : F = 18,13 .

( , x).

4
3 in, 0,8 60 m3/h. -
90, .
:
: d = 3 in = 0,0762 m, Q = 60 m3/h = 60/3600 m3/h,
= 0,8, 90.
: F
, ,
x y. .
. (
, . 12
).
:
Fx = Q (v2xv1x) (1)
Fx = Q (v2xv1x) (2)
1 2 v, .
258

6.2 :
v1x = v v1y = 0 2
v2x= 0 v2y = v 1 v2
v1
:
x
4Q
vi = v = 3,655 m s
d2i
y
60 . 6.2.
(1) Fx = (0,8 1000) (0 3,655) N Fx = 48,73 N
3600

60 F
(2) Fx = (0,8 1000) (3,655 0) N Fx = 48,73 N Fy
3600

(. 6.2):
x
F = Fx2 + Fy2 F = 68, 9 N
F
Fy y
tan = tan = 1 = 135o . 6.2.
Fx

6.3 .

[ 6.9
(6.9), (6.9), (6.9)],
. , ,
.

. , , -
: , -
. , .
, . ,
,
. .
(. 3.4.5). -
.
,
. , -
, (
).
, u v .
(6.8), ,
:
J / t = u u dA (6.12)
A

( , ).

n () , :

u = u n
(6.10) :
 259

J / t = n u 2 dA
A
(6.12)

v, :

J / t = v2 n A = v Q n (6.12)
:
u dA = v Q
2

,
. , v
:

u dA = v Q = v 2 A
2

:
1
=
v A2
A

u2 dA (6.13)

(6.9) ,
:
F = Q ( 2 v 2 1 v1 ) (6.14)

(6.10) (6.11).
,
. (.
5.2):
r2
u = u max 1 2 (5.3)
R
, :
n
r 1 1
u u max 1 n (5.3)
R 9 5
: = 4/3
= 1,33.
, -
: = 1,04 ( n = 1/5) = 1,01 ( n = 1/9).
, , =1 ( ).

5
1,26 1,18 10-3 m2/s -
2 in, 420 L/min. -
6.3 1 2
.
. v1
v2

:
: d1 = 2 in = 0,0508 m, d2 = 2 d1 = 0,1016 m
. 6.3
260

Q = 420 L/min = 0,07 m3/s

= 1,26 =1260 Kg/m3, = 1,1810-3 m2/s.
: F
3, :
4Q
vi = v1 = 3,454 m/s, v2 = 0,863 m/s
d2i
Reynolds :
v i di
Re = Re1 = 148,7 Re2 = 74,3

. -
1 = 2 = 4/3 ( 6.12):
F = Q (2 v2 1 v1) F = 30,46

: , : F = 22,85 ,
25%. , ,
.

6.4 .

, -
,
.
.
, . , -
,
. :
) 1 2 (. 6.4):

Fp1 = p1 A1 n1 (6.15)

Fp2 = -p 2 A 2 n 2 (6.15)

: n1 n 2 1 2 (
- ) p1, p2 1 2.
:
Fp1 = p1 A1 (6.15)

Fp2 = p2 A2 (6.15)

Fp2 , v2.

: , ,
, ( ),
(. 2.5.3).

) , (. 6.4) ( ,
) :
 261

Fp2 = _ p2A2n2

n2
A2 A2

A1 F
A1
n1 n1

Fp1 = _ p1A1n1
. 6.4. . 6.4.
. , , .

=mg=V=Qt (6.16)

: , V , Q t -
.
, ( ) :
t = L/v (:L ). (6.16) :

B = QL / v
d2
B= L (6.16)
4
.

(.. ).
) , F .
:
, F ( ), (
). ,
( ).
, . -
.
, F .
( ). ,
,
,
, . -
, () .
. ,
:

F = F +F
, -
:
262

F = ( Fp1 + Fp2 ) + B + F (6.17)
, -
. (6.15) :
Fx = (Fp1x+ Fp2x)+Bx+ Fx (6.17)
Fy = (Fp1y+ Fp2y)+By+ Fy (6.17)
Fz = (Fp1z+ Fp2z)+Bz+ Fz (6.17)
, :
F , , (
6.9).
Fp1 Fp2 (6.15),

.
(6.16).
F ,
. (6.17).
, , -
( ). -
F .
F, (
- Newton).
:
1. . -
(6.9), (6.9) (6.9), -
, .
2. ()
( ).
3. F, (6.17).
4. -, ,
F:

F = F
, , -
, .

6.5 .

6.5.1 .
, L d,
Q (. 6.5). -
y, F
. Fp1 Fp2
, - v
,
. 6.5.
. .
 263

x,
.
. , -
( ). , .
, :
F = 0 Fp1 Fp2 F = 0
d2
F = ( p1 p 2 ) A = ( p1 p 2 ) (6.18)
4
,
. , Ber-
noulli.
: y1 y2 = 0 ( )
v1 = v2 = v ( )
h = hf ( )
Bernoulli :
p1 p 2
= hf p1 p 2 = hf

DarcyWeisbach:
8 L
hf = 2
f 5 Q2
g d
8 L
p1 p 2 = 2 f 5 Q 2
d
(2), :
2 L
F = f 3
Q2 (6.19)
d

, -
, .
-
, . , -
,
, .

6
, 2,5 in, 20 m
30 , ( ) 60 m3/h.

.
:
: d = 2,5 in = 0,0635 m,
L = 20 m, = 0,00012 m, = 30
= 1000 Kg/m3
Q = 60 m3/h = 60/3600 m3/s
264

: F, F
x ( 30 ,
6.5).
x
1: : F = 0. Fp2
2: x
, - v
F
x. : x
F = 0 Fp1 Fp2 F x = 0 (1)
x:
Fp1
2
d
B= L ( 6.16) = 621,4 . 6.5.
4
= sin 30o = B 0,5 = 310,7 N
Bernoulli,
:
4Q
v= v = 5,26 m/s
d2
(/d = 0,0019, Re = 4,18105 ) f = 0,0236
Moody

8 L
h = hf = 2
f 5 Q 2 hf = 10, 5 m
g d
p1 p 2 v12 v 22 (2)
(y1 y 2 ) + + = h
2g
y1 y2 = L sin y1 y2 = 10 m
p1 p 2
(2) 10 + = 10, 5 (SI) p1 p2 = 201.105 Pa

d2
Fp1 Fp2 = (p1 p2) = (p1 p2) Fp1 Fp2 = 636,9 N
4
3: :
(1) F = Fp1 Fp2 x F = 15,5
4: -, x -
: F = F = 15,5
: F , , -
. (
) .

6.5.2 .
d1, d2 (.
6.5). , ,
. ,
.
( ),
() . x (
 265

), : F = Q (v2
d1 d2
v1). v1 v2

, Fp1, Fp2
F. - . 6.5.
F. , .
(
),
. 6.5 dF
dFy -
: F dF dFy

F = dFx

-
, ,
. . 6.5.
-
, .
.
: .
, .
, .

7
, 2,5 in, 3/4
in. 30 m/s.
) = 0,05
, .
) ;
:
: d1 = 2,5 in = 0,0635 m d2 = 3/4 in = 0,019 m
v2 = 30 m/s p2 = 101,3KPa
K = 0,05 =1000 Kg/m3
: F
) . x.
1: :
F = Q (v2 v1) (1)
Q v1 :
d22
Q= v 2 Q = 0,00855 m3/s
4
4 Q
v1 = v1 = 2,7 m/s
d12
(1) F = Fx = 233,4 N
2:
266

x, Fp1 Fp2,
F. Fp1 F Fp2
6.5 :
F = Fp1 Fp2 F (2)
. 6.5.
Fp2 = p2 d2 Fp2 = 0
2

4
d12 (3)
Fp1 = p
4
p1 Bernoulli, .
p1 p2 v12 v 22 p p 2 v12 v 22 v2
(y1 y 2 ) + + = h 1 + =K 2
2g 2g 2g

(K + 1) v 22 v12 (0,05 + 1) 30 2 2,72

p1 = p2 + p1 = 101,3 10 3 + 1000 Pa
2 2
p1 = 570.155 Pa p1 = 468.855 Pa

(3) Fp1= 1485 N

3: :
(2) F =Fp1 Fp2 F F = 1251,5 N
4: F . --
, , -
:
F = 1251,5 N
) , : h = 0. ,
Bernoulli:
p1 p 2 v12 v 22
+ = 0 p1' = 547.655 Pa p1' = 446.355 Pa
2g
(3) Fp1'= 1414 N
(2) F' = F = 1180 N
() , :
F = F F = 71,5
6.5.3 ().
, -
.
, . -
(. 6.5).
4,
(x y) . -
(6.9) (6.9), Fx Fy. (
 267

,
z).
.
6.5 x y, ,
. Fp1 Fp2 (
) F.
( . ),
.
8 y
12 cm, -
180 m3/h. , v2
45, .
210 KPa. v2y
- v1
.
v2x
:
. 6.5.
: d = 12 cm = 0,12 m,
Q = 180 m3/h = 0,05 m3/s, y
= 1000 Kg/m3, = 45, p2 = 210 KPa
: F, F Fp2y
1: . Fp2
v1 v2 . F
: Fp1 Fy

4Q Fx Fp2x
v1 = v2 = v = v = 4,42 m/s F
d2
. 6.5.
xy -
(. 6.5) (, y
):
v1x = v1 = 4,42 m v1y = 0, v2
v2y
v2x = v2 cos = 3,126 m v2y = v2 sin = 3,126 m
45
x y v1
( 6.9, 6.9) Fx Fy - v2x
(. 6.5):
Fx= Q (v2x v1x) Fx= 64, 7 . 6.5.

Fx= Q (v2x v1x) Fy=+156,3 y

:
F
F = F + F
2
x
2
y F = 169,2 Fy
45
:

Fy Fx
tan = tan = 2,414 = 112,5
Fx
. 6.5.
268

2: .
, Bernoulli. (
,
, ). : = 0,4 (. 5.5.3):
p1 p 2 v12 v 22 p p v2
(y1 y 2 ) + + = h 1 2 = K
2g 2g
p1 p2 = 5.863 Pa p1 = 215.863 Pa p1 = 114.563 Pa
p2 = 210.000 Pa p2 = 108.700 Pa
Fp1 Fp2 ( -
) () F . x
y (. 6.5).
:
y
d2
Fp1 = p1 Fp1 = 1295,7 N
4 Fp2y
Fp1x = Fp1 Fp1x = 1295,7 N Fp2
F
Fp1y = 0 Fp1 Fy

d2 Fp2x
Fp2 = p 2 Fp2 = 1229,4 N Fx
4
Fp2x = Fp2 cos Fp2x = . 6.5.
869,3 N
Fp2y = Fp2 sin Fp2y = 869,3 N
. ()
x y, . (-
,
, 6.5).
3: .
(6.17) (6.17) ( ):
Fx = (Fp1x + Fp2x) + Fx 64, 7 = 1295,7 + (869,3) + Fx (SI) Fx = 491,1
Fy = (Fp1y + Fp2y) + Fy 156,3 = 0 +(869,3) + Fy (SI) Fy = 1025,6
:
F = Fx2 + Fy2 F = 1137 N
:
Fy
tan = tan = 2,09 = 115,6
Fx

4 : .
F
6.5:

F = F
: F = 1137 N
 269

6.5.4 . y
-
F
, .
- Fy
( , ), 45
.
, , Fx Fx
(6.9) (
), (6.11). Fy
6.5 : F
. 6.5.

J
= Q1 v1 Q3
dt d3 v2

J
= (Q 2 v 2 + Q 3 v 3 ) d1
dt
v1
Q1
(6.11) :
d2
F = (Q2 v 2 + Q 3 v 3 Q1 v1 ) (6.20) v3
Q2
(6.20),
, . 6.5.
F. , .
.
-
, , - v2
, :

Q = Q
v1
6.5:

Q1 = Q2 + Q3 130o

3 v
-
,
. 6.5.
(
).
. -
.

9
6.5, 120 m3/h.
d1 = 4 in, d2 = d3 = 3 in.
p2 = p3 = 120 Kpa. , o
2 3 .
:
: d1 = 4 in = 0,1016 cm, d2 = d3 = 3 in = 0,0762 m
270

Q1 = 120/3600 m3/s Q2 = Q3 = 1000 Kg/m3

p2 = p3 =120.000 Pa h = 0 v2

: F
1: .
v1
: Q = Q1= Q2 + Q3 Q3 = Q3 = 60/3600 m3/s. 50
v1, v2 v2 130o
:
v3
4Q
v= v1 = 4,112 m/s,
d2
. 6.5.
v2 = v3 = 3,656 m/s
(6.20) -
x y. (.
6.5): Fp2 = Fp2y
v1x= v1= 4,112 m/s v1y= 0
v2x= 0 v2y = v2= 3,656 m/s Fp1 = Fp1x
o F
v3x= v3 cos 50 = 2,35 m/s v3y= v3 sin 50o = 2,8 m/s
(6.20) : 50
Fp3
Fx = (Q2 v2x + Q3 v3x Q1 v1x) (1) Fy Fp3y

Fy = (Q2 v2y + Q3 v3y Q1 v1y) (2)

Fp3x
(1) Fx = 97,90
(2) Fy = 14,25 . 6.5.

2: .
. -
x y.
p1 Bernoulli:
p p v 2 v 2
+ = 0 p1 = 118.226 Pa
2g
:
d2i
Fpi = A i p i = p i Fp 1 = 958, 5 N
4
Fp2 = Fp3 =547,2
6.5. :
Fp1x = Fp1 = 958,5 N Fp2y = 0
Fp2x = 0 Fp2y = Fp2 = 547,2 N
o
Fp3x = Fp3 cos50 = 351,8 N Fp3y = Fp3 sin50o = 419,2 N
3: .
. Fx
Fy ().
(6.17) (6.17) ( ):
 271

Fx = (Fp1x + Fp2x + Fp3x) + F 97, 9 = 958,5 + 0 351,8 + Fx (SI) Fx = 704,6

Fy = (Fp1y + Fp2y + Fp3y) + Fy 14,25 = 0 547,2 + 419,2 + Fy (SI) Fy = 142,3

2
: F = F + Fy2 F = 719 N
:
F
tan = y tan = 2,02 = 168,6
Fx
4: .
F
6.5:

F = F
: F = 719 N
F
6.5.5 .
168,6
-
, 50
, , F
v, .
.
,
. - . 6.5.

, v
F
, - v2
v1 F
.
-
, .
, ,
.
. 6.5.
F,
. , F
F.
, ,
, (
, F).

10
10 cm, 4
cm. o 100 m3/h, ,
(. 6.5).
) , -
.
) , .
( ).
272

:
: d1 = 0,10 m, d2 = 0,04 m, Q = 100/3600 m3/s,
= 1000 Kg/m3 p2 = p
: () F () F/F
) v1 :
4Q
v1 = v1 = 3,58 m/s v2 =22,1 m/s
d2
v2 =22,1 m/s .
, yz -
, 6.5. xy,
, ,
v2 v3=v4=v. , Q/2.
x y 2 :
Fx = (Q3 v3x + Q4 v4x Q2 v2x)
Fy = (Q3 v3y + Q4 v4y Q2 v2y)
: Q2 = Q, Q2 = Q3 = Q/2
v2x=v2 v3x=v4x=0
v2y= 0 v3y=v3 v4y=v4
:
Fx = Q v2 (1)
Q
Fy = (v 3 + v 4 ) (2)
2
. 6.5.
(1) : Fx = 614 N
(2), v3 = v4, : Fy = 0
y
: F = Fx = 614 N v3 Q/2
2, 3 4 - F
: v2
v1 F
p2 = p3 = p4 = p
Q
. -
, x
v4 Q/2
F (. 6.5). -
: . 6.5.
F = F
) , -
12, 7 6.5.2.
1 2
x:
F = Q (v2 v1) F = Fx = 233,4 N
, x,
Fp1 Fp2, F. :
 273

F = Fp1 Fp2 F (3)

d22
Fp2 = p2 Fp2 = 0
4
d21
Fp1 = p1 (4)
4
p1 Bernoulli. :
p1 p 2 v12 v 22 p1 p 2 v12 v 22 v 22 v 21
(y1 y 2 ) + + = h + = 0 p1 = p2 +
2g 2g 2
p1 = 339.358 Pa p1 = 238.058 Pa
(4) Fp1= 1354 N
:
(3) F = Fp1 Fp2 F F = 1354 N
F (
) :
F = 1354 N
F/F = 0,453
6.5.6 .

, , .
, () , -
, (, -
, ..). () .
, , -
. , (. :
).
-
( ).
, ( -
),
. , .
( ) :
, (
):

p1 = p2 = p p1 = p2 = 0.

11
, 4 cm, 40 m3/h -
6.5, 40.
90% .
) -
.
274

) - v2
3 m/s
-
; v1

:
: d = 0,04 m, Q = 40/3600 m3/s, . 6.5.
= 40o, = 1000 Kg/m3
y
v2 = 0,9 v2 v2

() v = 0 () v = 3 m/s.

: ) F, h ) F. v1
x
)
( . 6.5
).
1: . . 6.5.
v1
: y
v2
F
4Q
v1 = v1 = 8,84 m/s Fy
d2 8,2
o

v1 Fx 11
v2 = 0,9 v1 v2 = 7,96 m/s. Fx x
xy -
:
Fy
v1x = v1 = 8,84 m/s v1y = 0, F
v2x = v2 cos = 6,1 m/s v2y = v2 sin = 5,12 m/s. . 6.5.

x y ( 6.9, 6.9)
Fx Fy :
Fx = Q (v2x v1x) Fx = 30,5
Fx = Q (v2x v1x) Fy = 56,8 .
2: .
:
p1 = p2 = p
.
, F.
3-4: (. 6.5).
:
Fx = Fx Fx = 30,5
Fy = Fy Fy = 56,8

F2 + Fy2
F = F = 64,5 N
Fy
tan = tan = 1,86 = 118,2
Fx
 275

:
Fx = Fx Fx = 30,5
v2 v2
Fy = Fy Fy = 56,8
v1
F = F
- h v1
v
Bernoulli. :
y1 y2 = 0 p1 p2 = 0, : . 6.5.
v12 v 22
= h h = 0,76 m
2g
) (. 6.5) , x
v = 3 m/s, :
vx = 3 m/s vy = 0
v1x, = v1 vx = 5,84 m/s v1y, = 0,
v2x, = v2 cos vx = 3,1 m/s v2y, = v2 sin = 5,12 m/s
. v1 = v1x, =
= 5,84 m/s:
d2
Q' = v1 Q' = 0,00734 m3/s (= 26,43 m3/h)
4
- :
Fx = Q (v2x v1x ) Fx = 20,16
Fx = Q (v2x v1x ) Fy = 37,55
Fx = 20,16
Fy = 37,55

F = F2 + Fy2 F = 42,6 N

tan = 1,86 = 118,2

F = F

.
.

6.6 .

,
( angular mo-
mentum).
,
(linear momentum) .
-
, :
276

L =I (6.21)

.
m , :
L=I

= m r2

=v
r
:
L = r (m v)
: r, .
, :

L = r (m v) (6.21)

: ( -
, , , ) .
, (6.21),
(6.23) (6.24).

,
:

= r F
r F ( ,
F, ). -
r, F [. 6.6()].
[. 6.6()].
( ). -
:
= r F sin

z z M=rxF z L = r x (m . v)

x x x
r F m.v
F
r r
r

y y y
() () ()
. 6.6.
.
 277

: .
, , -
[. 6.6()] :
L = r (m v) sin (6.21)
: ,
.
( ),
, .
: Newton,
, -
, :

d [r (m v)

] dL 2

= = L 2 L1 = dt (6.22)
dt dt 1

-
6.2, :

= m
i r v i m
j rvj (6.23)

:
mi = Qi, mj = Qj
Q i = Q i

:
1 =m
m 2 =m
= Q :

= Q ( r2 v 2 r1 v1 ) (6.24)
, . -
,
xy, z.
x y:

Mz = Q (r2xy v 2xy r1xy v1xy ) (6.24)

M y = Q (r2xz v 2xz r1xz v1xz ) (6.24)

M x = Q (r2yz v 2yz r1yz v1yz ) (6.24)

( ) -
, ,
z. , (6.24) -
.
-
. , ,
.
, ,
.
278

, ,
.

12
6.6, 1 2 -
. 1 290 KPa 2, 220 KPa.
90 m3/h , 3 in.
h1 = 10 cm, h2 = 30 cm.
:
: d = 3 in = 0,0762 m Q = 90 m3/h = 0,025 m3/s
p1, = 290 KPa p2, = 220 KPa h1 = 0,1 m h2 = 0,3 m
: MA
, :
4Q
v= v1 = v2 = v = 5,48 m/s
d2
(6.24) 1 2
:
M = Q ( r2 v 2 r1 v1 ) (1)
xy,

: = z

r v hv, h
. (1) :
= Q (h2 v2 h1 v1)= Q v (h2 h1)
: = 27,4 Nm.
,
A
1 2 1 h1
v
. (:
-
h2 2
):
= Fp1 h1 Fp2 h2 + MA (2)
. 6.6.
d2
Fp1 = p1 Fp1 = 1322,5 N
4
d2
Fp2 = p2 Fp2 = 1003,3 N
4
(2) M = Fp2 h2 Fp2 h1 + M
MA = 196 Nm

13
-
6.6. 10
L/min 30 kPa. - . 6.6.
 279

5 mm , 40o
. :
) .
) o .
) .
) 35 rpm.
:
: R = 0,16 m d = 0,005 m Q = 10 L/min = 1,6710-4 m3/s
po, = 30 KPa = 40
: ) v, ) = 0, ) max, ) =35 rpm.
) .
, :
Q = Q/2= 8,3310-5 m3/s
4Q
v= v = 4,24 m/s
d2

.
)
M :

M + M = 0 (1)
: -
.
40. -
xy (. 6.6):
vxy = v cos = 3,25 m/s.
-
xy ( 6.6): v

v1xy = v 2xy vz
z

: v1z = v 2z
-
vxy
: r1 = r2 = R, r1 = r2
.
, (6.23) : . 6.6.

M = m 1 r1 v 1 + m
2 r2 v 2 m
o ro v o vxy

= (Q1 r 1 v1 + Q 2 r2 v 2 Q o ro v o )
: 1 2 ()
0 .
: Q1 = Q2 = Q/2, ro = 0, :
Q
= ( r1 v1 + r2 v 2 )
2
xy vxy
z: . 6.6.
280

Q
= (r1 v1xy + r2 v 2xy + r1 v1z + r2 v 2z )
2

: r1 v1z + r2 v 2z = r1 v1z +( r2 ) v 2z = 0

r1 v1xy +( r1 ) (v1xy ) = 2 r1 v1xy
:

= Q r1 v1xy (2)

= 0,0864 Nm

,
, (. 6.6).

,
:
(1) M = .
) , .
- , (v = R),
vxy (. 6.6). -
xy :
v1xy, = v1xy v = v1xy R
(2) :

= Q r1 (v1xy v ) (3)

: = Q R (v1xy R ) (4)
-
( ). :
= 0 v1xy R =0 v1xy = R = v1xy/R = 20,3 rad/s = 193,9 rpm
) = 30 rpm = 30 2/60 rad/s = rad/s
M (. 6.6), :

+M = 0
= = Q R (v1xy R ) (4)
= 10001,6710-4 0,16 (3,250,16) (SI) M = 0,073 Nm

v2
v2 v2

r2
r2 r2
r1
r1 r1
v v

v1 =0
v1
v1 = 0
. 6.6. . 6.6. . 6.6.
 281

6.7 .

T K -
. ,
Bernoulli. ,
, (
: ). , ,
. , -
, .
6.7.1 Reynolds.
(. 3.2), (
, , ), :

= +

.
(control volume, cv) . , , -
( ).
dm d.
, :
= d dm
(6.25)
d = dm = dV
, sys , :

sys = dV (6.26)
sys

, :
) , t : cv
( , ).
) , , .
) , .

sys = cv +

:
d d d d
dt = dt + dt dt
sys cv

d
= dV + v d v d
dt sys t cv
(6.27)
A

(6.27) Reynolds. , -
, , , , .
, -
.
6.7.2 .
m, : = dm =1
dm
, (6.27) :
282

dV + v d v d = 0
t cv
(6.28)
A

:
. , -
.
(6.28) :

v d = v d (6.28)
A

, = = (6.28) :

v d = v d (6.28)
A

(. 3.3).
6.7.3 .
= = e ( ).


: (dE / dt)sys = Q W . (6.27) :

= e dV + e v d
W
Q
t cv e v d (6.29)
A

: e = u + v2/2 + g y
3.4.3 ,
Bernoulli.
6.7.4 .

, : = J = m v , = v
Reynolds , :

d(m v)
F = = v dV + v v d v v d
dt sys t cv A A

F = v dV + v dm
v dm
(6.30)
t cv A

. , , -
. x :

F = v dV + v x dm
v x dm
(6.30)
t cv A

, :

t cv
v dV = 0

:
(6.30)
F = v
A

dm v



dm

(6.30), (6.9), (.
6.2).
 283

(6.30) ( . -
). , :

F dm cv = v dV + v dm
v dm
(6.30)
cv t cv A A

6.7.5 .
:

= L = r (mv) = r v
Reynolds :

r v dm
M = r v dV + r v dm (6.31)
t cv A
:

t cv
r v dV = 0 :

M = rv

dm rv

dm (6.31)

, , (6.24).
,
( -
11 6.5.6).
6.7.6 .
,
, ,
. :
:
u u u
+ ux + uy + uz + x + y + z = 0 (6.32)
t x y z x y z

, = :
u x u y u z
+ + =0 (6.32)
x y z
:

p y z u u u u
g x ux u y uz (6.33)
x x y z t x y z

p y yy u y
zy u y u y u y
g y ux uy uz (6.33)
y x y z t x y z

p z yz u z
zz u u u
g z ux z u y z uz z (6.33)
z x y z t x y z

NavierStokes:
Navier Stokes
:
284

p 2u 2u 2u u u u u
g x 2x 2x 2x x u x u y u z (6.34)
x x y z t x y z

p 2u 2u 2u u u u u
g y 2y 2y 2y y u x y u y y u z y
y x y z t x y z (6.34)

p 2u 2u 2u u z u u u
g z 2z 2z 2z ux z u y z uz z (6.34)
z x y z t x y z

NavierStokes
, . -
. .
,
. , .

6.8 .

1. 1 in,
3 m (. 6.8).
: ) ) =
0,5.
[) 7,67 m/s, 29,8 N, ) 6,26 m/s, 19,9 N]

2. 0,8 10-5 m2/s,

, 3 in 20 m 30 .
60 m3/h, ,
.
[Fx = 174 N, Fy = 620 N]

3. 12 cm 5 cm.
80 m3/h 0,05.
, .
[F=2123 N]

4. , 3 in, 1
1,5 in . -
2 bar. = 0,05, -
: ) ( m3/h) , 3m
)
2 v2
.
[) Q = 82,6 m3/h v = 20,1 m/s, ) F= 565,7 N]

5. 6.8 d1 =12 in d2 . 6.8.

= 6 in, 2,6 bar 16 m/s.
z d1 d2
. v1 v2

[F= 11767 N]

6. d1 = 6 cm d2 = 4 cm, . 6.8.
 285

v2 = 8 m/s. v1
500 KPa. , d1 v2
, . d2
= 10 Kg/s, F = 836 N]
[v1 = 3,56 m/s, m
h
7. 6.8 : d1 = 8 cm, d2 = 5 cm, p2=
= 1,3 bar. -
. h=58 cm, . 6.8.
.
[F = 191,2 N]
1 2
8. 6.8 (orifice)
v1 v2
. 10 cm 6 cm
1900 L/min, 145 KPa.
orifice -
. . 6.8.
[F = 912 N, K = 1,4]

9. 90 KPa
8 cm, 500 KPa V2
5 cm (. 6.8). 80 m3/h, V1

.
[F = 1108 N, hp = 46 m]
. 6.8.
10. 5 cm 6 m/s.
,
8 cm.
300 KPa. 1
.
[m =11,78 Kg/s, F = 904 N]

11. 15 cm, 30. - 2

0,1 m3/s -
130 kPa.

. 6.8.
.
[F = 1482 N, = 105]

12. 5 cm. 180 - V2

24 cm, (. 6.8). 2
45 m3/h, 1 165
KPa.
=2,
1
1 2. V1
[F = 329,7 N, = 180, F1 = 241,7 , F2 = 88 N]

13. 6.8 . 6.8.

286

= 40. 50 cm
10 cm 3 cm. 50 V2
m3/h 1 2,3 bar. -
2

50 cm
1 (
).
1
[F = 2060 N, = 175,6]

14. 6.8 d1 = 30 cm, d2 = 15 cm.

15 m3/min,
1 190 KPa. . 6.8.

. V

[F =14.745 N, = 76 , = 1768 m]
15. , 3 cm, v F
6.8.
23 , -
;
[v = 5,7 m/s]
. 6.8.
16. -
, 10 cm 230 m3/h,
V
.
.
[F = 520 ] v vc

17. 40 m3/h 5 cm, -

15
m/s, 6.8. . 6.8.
,
.
V
[F = 49,1 ]

18. 10 cm, v F
0,79. -
4 cm.
(. 6.8).
425 . - . 6.8.
,
: ) , )
.
= 20,5 Kg/s, ) F12 = 937 N]
[) m v
v
19. 6.8 -
5 cm
.
700 , -
.
= 37,1 Kg/s]
[v =18,9 m/s, m . 6.8.
 287

20. - V1
6.8,
,
. . v

. F
[Q1/Q2= (1+cos )/(1cos )]
v2
21. 5 cm - . 6.8.
1,5 m3/min
45 . - v
.
[F = 225 N]
v v
22. 6.8, 6 cm, -
20 m/s, -
3 cm
. . 6.8.
.
[F= 848 N]
v
23. 6.8 - h
,
4 cm 8 m/s, F
=
60. h,

. 6.8.
.
[h = 4,9 m, F = 40,2 N, A=69,6 N] v
24. , -
45 ft/s 200 gal/min
, 6.8. -

,
= 45.
[Fx = 356 N, Fy = 147,3 N]
25. 10 cm,
, =75 -
0,3 Kg/s, 6.8. . 6.8.

. - V V
. .
[ = 10,5 ]

26. 6.8,
.
: d1 = 6 in, d2 = 3 in, d3 = 4 in -
2 3 1: 2 = 30, 3 =
40. 110 m3/h . 6.8. V
288

1 170 KPa, : )
v2
2 3, ) 2
. 2
1
[) p2 =165,8 KPa, p3 =169,6 KPa, ) F = 2083 N]
v1
27. 6.8, 3
,
3
, R v3
. 6.8.
. -
,
, v
( )
. R
vo
[ = Q R2 ]

28. 6.8, -
16 cm, 12 L/min, - . 6.8. v
.
8 mm, : )
-
)
.
[) 0,166 Nm, ) 310 rpm]

29. (. 6.8) . 6.8.

15 cm,
1 cm,
1,7 m3/h. = 20 (:

), -
( rpm): ) o -
, ) o
25%
.
. 6.8.
[) = 360 rpm, ) = 270 rpm]

30. 200 L/min

1 in , v
1
6.8, h= 10 cm.

1 2 200 KPa 165 KPa . h
A. . 6.8. 2
[=10,6 Nm]
31. 6.8
30 Kg/s. 8 cm
v2
4 cm. =0,2 -
, - . 6.8.
1 h
h = 12 m. 1

[p1, = 144 KPa, MA = 96,4 Nm]

 KE 7


7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
290

7.1 .

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292

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 293

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294

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7.1.1
.

PVC
CPVC
LDPE
MDPE
HDPE
PP
P
PVDF
PVDC
PCTFE ---- (Halar)(1)
PTFE -- (Teflon)(1)
ETFE ---
ECTFE ----
FEP -
ABS -- (Buna-N)(1) (E)(2)
FKM, FPM (Viton, Fluorel) (1) ()(2)
IIR - (Butyl) (1) ()(2
NR SBR - (Buna-S) (1) ()(2)
CR (Neoprene) (1) (E)(2)
CPE (E)(2)
(1): .
(2): : .
 297

) .
: .
,
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(. 7.1.2) -
, () ,
(. 7.1.3).
7.1.2
.


Kg/m3 Kg/m3
7875 PP 910
7751 MDPE 930940
75298027 HDPE 940965
71977335 PB 920
7197 PVC 1450
8941 CPVC 1540
8470-8747 PVDF 1760
11341 ABS 1080
2685-2713 PVDC 1750

7.1.3
.

, , , , .
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298

7.1.2 .
, -
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(standardization) 20 -
. 1901 -
(British Standards Institute, BSI).
(: DIN, : AFNOR, :
ANSI ..). ,
(International Standards Organization, SO), -
. ISO
, ,
IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission). 1961 -
(CEN), -
, (HD) ().
, CENELEC.
, , 1976, ()
. ISO, IEC, CEN
CENELEC
.

, .
ISO/TC 37, , , ISO
( ISO, IEC ISO/IEC). ,

, .
(standardization) -
,
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, .
(standard) (technical specification).

(.. , , , ). -
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)
(.. ). (EN) -
CEN,
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(ISO) -
 299

ISO,
.
, ,
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, .
-
. , CEN . ,
( ).
,
-
. ,
ASTM (American Society for Testing and
Materials), 1898.
7.1.4 .
( )

7.1.4
.
ISO International Organization for Standardization
CEN Comite Europeen de Normalization

DIN Deutsches Institut fr Normung
BSI British Standards Institute
. -
AFNOR Association Franaise de Normalisation
.
AENOR Spanish Association for Standardisation
UNI Ente Nazionale Italiano di Unificazione
NEN Nederlands Normalisatie-instituut
ANSI American National Standards Institute
JIS Japan Industrial Standards
FIEC European Construction Industry Federation
CEFIC European Chemical Industry Council
ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials
API American Petroleum Institute
ASME American Society of Mechanical Engineers
. -
ASQC American Society for Quality Control
.
MSS Manufacturer s Standardization Society
AISI American Iron and Steel Institute
SAE Society of Automotive Engineers
AWS American Welding Society
NIST National Institute of Standards and Technology
300

, ,
. (
) (
, -
). ( ), -
, ,
.
, ISO
9000 (Quality management systems):
ISO 9000: -
ISO 9000. 81
.
ISO 9001: , ,
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.
ISO 9002: . -

.
ISO 9003: .
, ,
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ISO 9004: ,
. .
) .
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:
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.
: , -
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-
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,
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SAE ASME), , ISO CEN, -
DIN. , .
, , ,
() , (
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:
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 301

. 7.1.
.

( ) -
. (.. ), (..
), ( )
(.. ).
( ,
..).
(.. 1335:
).

.
, 10020 (2000,
), 10079 ( ) ... ,
:
: ( -
2%) ,
7.1.5.
7.1.5
.
% w/w % w/w
Al 0,10 Ni 0,30
B 0,0008 Pb 0,40
Bi 0,10 Se 0,10
Co 0,30 Si 0,60
Cr 0,30 Te 0,10
Cu 0,40 Ti 0,05
La 0,10 V 0,10
Mn 1,65 W 0,30
Mo 0,08 Zr 0,05
Nb 0,06 (*) 0,10
(*) , , , .
302

,
7.1.5, -
.
:
10,50 % , 1,20 % , -
( 10020: 5.2.2.2.1).
:
( 10 020: 4.2.2), -
.
, EN 10027-1 (1992)
. , St37-2 ( DIN 17100) -
S235 [S: , 235 (N/mm2): ].
(.. S235 J2G3). -
, (.. X2CrNi18-9).
ISO (ISO 4948-1 Steels Classifica-
tion Part 1: Classification of Steels into Unalloyed and Alloy Steels Based on Chemical Composi-
tion 1982, ISO TR 4949:1989 Steel names based on letter symbols ..).
, P (), M
( ) K (). N ( ), S
( ) H ( ).
, 12, ISO
.
, ,
. -
,
(CEN) (ISO).
) .
1. .
, ,
, ,
.
(Nominal Diameter, DN): mm in ,
() ,
.
D (Outside Diameter, OD): ,
(. 7.1.6). : -
, -

.
d (Inside Diameter, ID):
, D d
, .
,
. b
b (Wall thickness):
( ), - . 7.1.
, . -
, .
 303

. (. 7.1),
:
Dd
b= (7.1)
2
, ,
:
d=D2b (7.1)

, ( 10% -
) ().
-
(: , ) (. 7.1).

d1 d2 d3 D

b2 b3
b1
() () ()
. 7.1.
: ) , ) ) .

:
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):

d2
A= (7.2)
4
( ) ,
.
, S:

S=D (7.3)

, -
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(7.1), (7.2) (7.3), ,
D b.

1
100 (ISO) 4 mm.

:
7.1.6 : D = 110 mm = 0,11 m.
304

d = D 2 b d =(110 24) mm d = 102 mm = 0,102 m

d2
A= A = 0,00817 m2
4
S = D S = 0,346 m2

2. .
,
, , m/L (-
, ).

m ( D2 d 2 ) (7.4)
= = b (D b)
L 4
.
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ISO (SI),
,
. 7.1.6
, ISO ANSI. , -
, ( ANSI
Lbf/in2 = psi DIN Kp/cm2) (ANSI: Lbf/ft, DIN:
Kp/m). (
). ,
, .
7.1.7 ,
7.1.8 .
 305

7.1.6
ISO ANSI.
ISO ANSI

D D
mm in mm in in mm in mm
6 0,236 10 0,394 1
/8 3,2 0,41 10,3
8 0,315 12 0,472 1
/4 6,4 0,54 13,7
10 0,394 16 0,630 3
/8 9,5 0,68 17,1
15 0,591 20 0,787 1
/2 12,7 0,84 21,3
20 0,787 25 0,984 3
/4 19,1 1,05 26,7
25 0,984 32 1,260 1 25,4 1,32 33,4
1 /4
32 1,260 40 1,575 1 31,8 1,66 42,2
1 /2
40 1,575 50 1,969 1 38,1 1,90 48,3
50 1,969 63 2,480 2 50,8 2,38 60,3
2 /2
65 2,559 75 2,953 1 63,5 2,88 73,0
80 3,150 90 3,543 3 76,2 3,50 88,9
100 3,937 110 4,331 4 101,6 4,50 114,3
125 4,921 140 5,512 5 127,0 5,56 141,3
150 5,906 160 6,299 6 152,4 6,63 168,3
200 7,874 225 8,858 8 203,2 8,63 219,1
250 9,843 280 11,02 10 254,0 10,75 273,1
300 11,81 315 12,40 12 304,8 12,75 323,9
350 13,78 356 14,00 14 355,6 14,00 355,6
400 15,75 407 16,00 16 406,4 16,00 406,4
450 17,72 457 18,00 18 457,2 18,00 457,2
500 19,69 508 20,00 20 508,0 20,00 508,0
550 21,65 559 22,00 --
600 23,62 610 24,02 24 609,6 24,00 609,6
650 25,59 660 25,98 --
700 27,56 711 27,99 28 711,2 28,00 711,2
750 29,53 762 30,00 30 762,0 30,00 762,0
800 31,50 813 32,00 32 812,8 32,00 812,8
850 33,46 864 34,02 --
900 35,43 914 35,98 36 914,4 36,00 914,4
1000 39,37 1016 40,00 40 1016,0 40,00 1016,0
1050 41,34 1067 42,00 --
1100 43,31 1118 44,00 44 1117,6 44,00 1117,6
1200 47,24 1219 48,00 48 1219,2 48,00 1219,2
1300 51,18 1321 52,00 52 1320,8 52,00 1320,8
1400 55,12 1422 56,00 56 1422,4 56,00 1422,4
1500 59,06 1524 60,00 60 1524,0 60,00 1524,0
306

7.1.7
.

496 1982

497 - 1982

1136 1990

EN 10220
2004

EN 10297
2003

EN 10216 2002

EN 10217 2005

280
1983
, -
281
1979
,
EN ISO 1127
1996
-
EN 10312
2003
, ,
EN 545 E2
2003

616 1982

1121
1988
-
EN 12449
1999
273 1979

391
1982

710 1982

(PE)
734
1982

EN 1452
() (PVC-U) 1999

50 1980

9
1979
 307

7.1.8
.

ISO 2 ISO 1 ISO ME DIUM ISO HEAVY

ISO 65 ISO 65
ISO 65 L2
ISO 65 L1 BS 1387 M BS 1387
BS 1387(L)
270 DIN 244 DIN 2441
271
269 268

D b m/L b m/L b m/L b m/L b m/L

mm in mm mm Kg/m mm Kg/m mm Kg/m mm Kp/m Kg/m mm Kg/m

15 21,3 1,8 0,874 2,0 0,95 2,3 1,08 2,6 1,08 1,21 3,2 1,44
20 26,9 2,0 1,24 2,3 1,38 2,3 1,39 2,6 1,39 1,56 3,2 1,87
25 1 33,7 2,2 1,71 2,6 1,98 2,9 2,20 3,2 2,2 2,41 4,0 2,93
32 1 42,4 2,3 2,29 2,6 2,54 2,9 2,82 3,2 2,82 3,10 4,0 3,79
40 1 48,3 2,4 2,710 2,9 3,23 2,9 3,24 3,2 3,24 3,56 4,0 4,37
50 2 60,3 2,5 3,56 2,9 4,08 3,2 4,49 3,6 4,490 5,03 4,5 6,19
65 2 76,1 2,7 4,89 3,2 5,71 3,2 5,73 3,6 5,73 6,42 4,5 7,93
80 3 88,9 2,9 6,20 3,2 6,72 3,6 7,55 4,0 7,55 8,36 5,0 10,3
100 4 114,3 3,1 8,55 3,6 9,75 4,0 10,8 4,5 10,80 12,2 5,4 14,5
125 5 139,7 5,0 16,6 5,4 17,9
150 6 165,1 5,0 19,8 5,4 21,3

: 269, 270 271 (24/2/2005) .

) .
,
, -
(. 7.1).

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.
, , -
, -

.
, -
.
-
. -
( ) - . 7.1.
.
308

. -
, .
BS 1710, (
) 7.1.9.
.
7.1.9
BS 1710.


RAL BS 4800
6010 12D45
9006 10A03
Biscuit 1006 08C35
5012 20E51
4001 22C37
8001 06C39
9005 00E53
2003 06E51
3000 04E53

(DIN 2403) .
, . ,
: , ,
, , , (. 7.1.10).

7.1.10
DIN 2403.


RAL DIN 6164
6018 23:7:3
3000 7:8:3
7001 18:1:3
1021 2:6:1
(*)

(*)

9005 N:0:9,5
2003 5:5:1
4001 11:2:4
8001 3:5:4
(*)

()
 309

RAL DIN 6164
(*)
9005 N:0:9,5

5015 17:5:2
(*)
.

, ANSI A13.1, -
, : (, ,
, , ),
( ) .
, -
(. 7.1.11).

7.1.11
ANSI A13.1.




,







, , CO2, Halon ..

, -
. ISO
14726 (1999, Ships and marine technology Identification colours for the content of piping systems
Part 1: Main colours and media) , ,
, ( ).
ISO 14726-2 (2002, Ships and marine technology Identification colours for
the content of piping systems Part 2: Additional colours for different media and/or functions)
, (. 7.1).
7.1.12 .
7.1.13
( ). -
(
132 72).
310

: ISO/DIS 14726 (2007, Ships and marine

technology Identification colours for the content of piping systems) , ( )
. 7.1.12 7.1.13 -
.

. 7.1.
ISO 14726.

7.1.12
ISO 14726.

RAL

BK 9005
BU 5015
BN 8001
GN 6018
GY 7001
(*) MN 8015
OG 2003
SR 9006
RD 3000
VT 4001
WH 9010
YE 1021
(*) Air and sounding pipes ISO 14726-1. Masses (dry and wet).

7.1.13
.

Waste media BK Non-flammable gases GY
Black water BK BU BK Oil other than fuels OG
Waste oil/used oil BK BN BK Steam SR
Bilge water BK GN BK Fire fighting RD
Exhaust gas BK GY BK Acids, alkalis VT
Grey water BK WH BK Ventilation system WH
()
 311

Sewage, contaminated BK YE BK Flammable gases YE
Fresh water BU Oils other than fuels OG
Fresh water, sanitary BU BN BU Thermal fluid OG BU OG
Potable water BU GN BU Oil for gas turbines OG GN OG
Distillate BU GY BU Hydraulic fluid OG GY OG
Gas-turbine wash water BU OG BU Oil for steam turbines OG SR OG
Feed Water BU SR BU Lubrication oil for gears OG VT OG
Cooling fresh water BU VT BU Oil for ICE () OG YE OG
Chilled water BU WH BU Steam SR
Condensate BU YE BU Steam for heating purp. SR BK SR
Fuel BN Exhaust steam SR WT SR
Heavy fuel (HFO) BN BK BN Supply steam SR YE SR
Aviation fuel BN BU BN Fire fighting/protection RD
Biological fuel BN VT BN Fire-fighting water RD GN RD
Gas-turbine fuel BN WH BN Fire-fighting gas RD GY RD
Diesel fuel (MDO) BN YE BN Sprinkler water RD OG RD
Sea water GN Spray water RD VT RD
Decontamination water GN BU GN Fire-fighting powder RD WH RD
Sea water, sanitary GN BN GN Fire-fighting foam RD YE RD
Ballast water GN VT GN Acids, Alkalis VT
Cooling sea water GN YE GN Air in ventilation systems WH
Non-flammable gases GY discharge air WH BK WH
Oxygen GY BU GY Mech. supply air, cold WH BU WH
Inert gas GY BN GY Natural exhaust air WH BN WH
Nitrogen GY GN GY Atmospheric air WH GN WH
Refrigerant GY MN GY Mechanical exhaust air WH GY WH
Compressed air LP GY OG GY Decontaminated supply air WH MN WH
Compressed air HP GY RD GY Mech. recirculated air WH OG WH
Control air/regulating air GY VT GY Mech. supply air, warm WH SR WH
Breathing air GY WH GY Smoke clearance WH RD WH
Breathing gas GY YE GY Conditioned supply air WH VT WH
Air and sounding pipes Natural supply air WH YE WH
Waste media BK Flammable gases YE
Fresh water BU Hydrogen YE BU YE
Fuel BN Acetylene YE GY YE
Sea water GN Liquid gas YE VT YE
312

.
:
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3 5 ( ).

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,
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[ , screwed joint, . 7.2()].
-
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(, ..).
[ , socket-weld, SW, . 7.2()]. -

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 313

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7.1.1), .

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314

, .
: )
(hub and spigot) ) (hub-
less).
(hub)
().
(spigot) , , -
. -
: (. 7.2)
(. 7.2).
,
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7.2,
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 315

. 7.2. . 7.2.
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. (hub),
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(solvent cementing). -
,
(heat fusion). , , ,
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. 7.2.1 -
.

7.2.1
.
ABS PVC CPVC PE PP PVDF
X X X
X X X
*
X X X X X X
**
X X X X X X
*
X X X X X X
X X X X X X
X X X X X X
X
*
( ).
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316

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7.2.2 .
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7.2.3 ().


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, -
. -
90, 60, 45 30. -
(.. 90+30=120,
90+90=180). -
180 (). -
90 (. 7.2).
, R.
.
, ( -
),
. -
(R = 1 x D), (R = 1,5 x D), - . 7.2.
(R = 3 x D). - 90
, . (R = 1,5 D).
 317

,
. -
.
,
(Mitered Elbow). .
, , .
(
90 180) .
7.2.4 .
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( ) -
() (. 7.2). (. 5.5.4) -
vena contracta ( )
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7.2.6 .
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. ,
.
. 7.2.
. ( .
318

, , , ..),
. ,
, -
.
.
, ,
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on-off .
, .
0,3 0,8 (
). . 7.2.
, .
.
on-off,
.
-
. ,
, .
7.2 -
.
) (Globe valves).
(. 7.2)
().
,
(
).
, . 7.2.
. ( ) .
 319

. ,
-
,
. ,
,
. ,

.
4 14 ( ) 60
. (. 7.2) -

.
) (Angle valves).
, , -
(). 7.2,
,
90. -
90, ,
. - . 7.2.
, , .
( ).
( )
. , , -
, -
.
.
1 9 ( ).
) (Check valves).
-
.
(backflow). - . 7.2.
, 7.2, .
.
-
.
, -,
.
, -
, -
( 2 3).
,

.
) (Ball valves).
(. 7.2) . 7.2.
. - .
320

,
.
, 90, -
on ( )
off ( ).

, .
, (<0,2).
) (Butterfly valves).
(. 7.2) . -
-,
.
( ).
90
( ), . 7.2.
( ). , .
.
, -
. 0,2 0,3 (
). on-off,
. , (
).
) (Relief valves).
( ) .

, -
. ,
( ),
. ,
. ( ,
, ) .
7.2 .
) (Control valves).

.
( )
. (
). ,
.

7.3 .

7.3.1 .
-
. -
.
 321

. 7.2.
.

, -
, .
, .
, , -
.
, , .
( , , ..),
. ,
(. . 1.2.1).
,
(. 2.4.2). , , -
. ,
(gauge). ,
, .
, : (
) . .
( -
). , .
(.
3.4.4). (
), .
, h, :

h= p p = h (7.5)

. pab :

p ab = p+p = h+p (7.5)

322

7.3.2 .
,
: ) ( -
) ) ,
.
(pressure differential devices) 18 .
Pitot (1732) Venturi (1797) . (flow
nozzle) 1800 (orifice) -
20 . ,
, . , , ,
, , ,
...
: ,
( Pitot,
).
( ), Bernoulli
.
) Pitot.
Pitot (. 7.3) , -
. : ,
, ,
. 7.3
Pitot, . ,
Pitot.
, 1, v
1.
Bernoulli 1 -
1 , :
1/2
v12 v 2A p1 p A p A p1 v 2 p p1
y1 y 2 + + =0 = v = 2 A (7.6)
2g 2g
, :

d2 p p1
Q= 2 A (7.7)
4
: -

h
1 . Pitot
, -
(
-
). , 1 A
Cv, -
. (7.7) :

d2 p p1 (7.7) . 7.3.
Q = Cv 2 A
4 Pitot.
 323

p A p1 p p1
: =h A = gh

(7.7) :
d2 (7.7)
Q = Cv 2gh
4
h, .
Pitot, , -
.
) Venturi.
Venturi 3.5.2. -
, (
) (. 7.3). h
1 2 (
2). Bernoulli (
) :
v12 v 22 p1 p 2
y1 y 2 + + =0
2g

p1 p 2 v 22 v12
= (7.8)
2g
:
2
d12 d22 V d
Q= v1 = v 2 1 = 2 = 2 (7.8)
4 4 V2 d1
2 = 2/1 = (d2/d1)2, Venturi,
.
v1 (7.8) -
Cv :
p p2
v 2 = Cv 2 1 (7.8)
(1 4 )

d22 p1 p 2 (7.9)
Q = Cv 2
4 (1 4 )

: = d2/d1 Cv ( -
, 0,97).
p1 p2 p p2
: =h 1 = gh
h

(7.9) :
1 2
d22 2gh
Q = Cv 2 (7.9)
4 (1 4 )
. 7.3.
Venturi Venturi.
324

( , - d2
,
)
, -
3
. d 1 2 d3
, -

.
, - h
.
) orifice.
. 7.3.
(orifice) - orifice.
Venturi. -
( ) -
Venturi,
(. 7.3). , , -
vena contracta (. . 5.5.4).
, orifice (2),
(3). , 3 7.3
. 1 3:

(p1 p3)/ = h (7.10)

Bernoulli 1 3 ,
(7.9):

d23 p1 p 3 (7.10)
Q = Cv 2
4 (
1 (d3 / d1 )4 )
vena contacta d3 .
, : Cc= 3/2. :
2
A d
C c = 3 = 3 d3 = C c d2
A 2 d2

(7.10) = d2/d1, :

d22 p1 p 3
Q = C v Cc 2 (7.11)
4 (
1 C2c 4 )
(7.10), (7.11) :

d22 2gh
Q = C v Cc (7.11)
4 (
1 C2c 4 )
0,6 0,7 ( ,
orifice Reynolds).
 325

: -
Venturi Cc=1. , Venturi -
vena contacta. Pitot h
Cc=1 =0. (7.11) (7.11)
.

orifice ,
:
.
, -
. 1 2
-
.
-
. . 7.3.
, - .
.
( -
), ,
( ).
) (nozzle).
( )
Venturi orifice. A2/A1=
(. 7.3). -
. ( orifice),
vena contracta (Cc 1).
(7.11) (7.11) . -
0,2 0,8.
Venturi,
orifice. .
-
. , . Venturi,
.
, -
. ISO 5167 (2003: Measurement
of fluid flow by means of pressure differential devices inserted in circular cross-section conduits run-
ning full) , (Part 1: General principles
and requirements, Part 2: Orifice plates, Part 3: Nozzles and Venturi nozzles, Part 4: Venturi tubes).
7.3 .
, (7.11) -
. , (7.11) :

d22 2gh
Q = Cd (7.11)
4 (
1 4 )
Venturi (Cd = Cv , Cc 1).
Cd, orifice.
, Cd
Reynolds :
326

Cd = f (, Re) (7.12)

,
. orifice
:
0,5
10 6
Cd 0,9965 - 0,00653 (7.12)
Re D

Venturi 7.3 1,5105 < Re< 2106:

Cd 0,9858 - 0,196 4,5 (7.12)

Ellipse

2d
3
Bevel angle:
d 0,6d 45o to 60o
d
Flow D
d
Flow Edge thickness:
0,005D to 0,02D

t2 <13mm
Plate thickness:
up to 0,05D
t1 < 0,15D

() ()

Conical
ISA 1932 diffuser:
nozzle shape

Throat tap

D < 15
2
0,7d
d
2

Flow
()

. 7.3.
ISO :
a) , ) orifice ) Venturi.
 327

-
. Reynolds 10.000,
Venturi 7500 o orifice 4000.
) .
, .
,
, , . , (turbine me-
ter), ( ) , ,
, .
(vortex flowmeters), (Ultrasonic flowmeters),
...
, , -
. ,
Bernoulli, -
. .
. ,
:
.
, ,
.
, .
( ),
( ),
( LaserDoppler).

7.4 .

, , -
. ,
(
). ( ),
, , -
,
. .
, , .
, ,
, .
, , (,
, ). ,
( CAD),
, (3D model) (. 7.4).
, -

. , (
). -
. , , (
), .
,
328

. 7.4.
.

. -
DIN 2429 (Symbolic representation of pipework components on
engineering drawings; functional representation ,1988) BS 5070 (Engineering
diagram drawing practice, 1988) ...
, ISO 14617 (Graphical
symbols for diagrams, 2002). ISO 14617 15 .
ISO 14617-7 (Part 7: Basic mechanical components),
ISO 14617-8 (Part 8: Valves and dampers) ISO 14617-9 (Part 9: Pumps, compressors and fans
Graphical symbols for diagrams). -
(CAD).
, ,
. -
. ,
,
( 7.4.1).
7.4.1
.

 KE 8

8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
8.5
8.6
330

8.1 .

.
,
. , , -
. ,
, , .

, , .
, .
, . -
,
[. , , ()
]. .
, , ,
.
.
( ) -
. (. -
), , , (.
). .
(1) (2) (. 8.1).
, :
Q = . Q = Q1 = Q2 (8.1)
2
Q 1 Q
d12 d22
v1 = v2
4 4
2 . 8.1.
v d .
d12 v = d22 v 2 1 = 2 (8.1)
v 2 d1
, -
( )
(1), (2).
Bernoulli ( 1), ( 2) ( -
):
v 2 v 2B p A pB (8.2)
A B : y A yB + A + = h1
2g

v 2B v 2 pB p
B : y y + + = h2 (8.2)
2g

v 2A v 2 p A p (8.2)
A : y A y + + = h
2g
(8.2) . :
h = h1 + h2 (8.2)
 331

: Bernoulli ,
( ). ,
. ,
, . 8.1:

v12
hk = (8.2)
2g
(DarcyWeisbach):
L v2 8 L Q2
h1 = f1 1 + K1 1 = 2 f1 1 + K1 4
d1 2g g d1 d1
L v2 8 L Q2
h2 = f2 2 + K 2 2 = 2 f2 2 + K 2 4
d2 2g g d2 d1

(8.2) :
8 L1 1 L2 1 2
h = f1 + + f2 + 2 4 Q (8.3)
2 g d1 1 4
d1 d2 d2
, , (8.1) (8.2)
. :
:
) .
) ( -
):
Q = Q1 = Q2 = ... (8.1)
h = h1 + h2 + ... (8.2)
, , -
Bernoulli ( ), ,
, , Moody .
, :
.
.
.
, .
8.1.1 .
,
(Li, di, i) Q ( ). h.
( ). -
Bernoulli, h.

1
8.1 , 100 m 120 m
12 cm 10 cm . -
3. 60 m3/h h
.
332

: 1
: L1 = 100 m L2 = 120 m
d1 = 0,12 m d2 = 0,10 m (1)
1 = 2 = 3
B
1 = 2 = 0,00026 m (. 5.4.2) (2)
2
=10-6 m2/s ()
Q =60 m3/h =60/3600 m3/s
. 8.1.
: h,
, (8.1) (8.2):
Q1 = Q2 = Q (1)
h = h1 + h2 (2)
. -
[ (8.1)] (Li, di, i). -
( , . 5.7.1).
(1):

4 Q1
v1 = v1 = 1,47 m s
d12
v1 d1
Re1 = 1,8 10 5 , / d1 = 0,00217) f1 = 0,025
Moody
(Re1 =

L v2
h1 = f1 1 + K1 1 h1 = 2,62 m
d1 2g
(2):

4 Q2
v2 = v 2 = 2,12 m s
d22
v 2 d2
Re2 = 2,1 10 5 , / d2 = 0,00216) f2 = 0,0258
Moody
(Re2 =

L v2
h2 = f2 2 + K 2 2 h2 = 7,80 m
d2 2g
:
(8.2) h = 10,5 m
(-
) Bernoulli:

v12 v 22 p1 p2
y1 y 2 + + = h H = y1 y 2 = h H = 10,5 m
2g

: -
, :
.
 333

8.1.2 .
, (Li, di, i),
. h. ,
h, Bernoulli.
, h.

2
, 15 m,
( ).
:
: L1 = 100 m L2 = 120 m
d1 = 0,12 m d2 = 0,10 m
1 = 2 = 3 1 = 2 = 0,00026 m =10-6 m2/s
= 15 m
: Q
. :
Q1 = Q2 = Q (1)
h = h1 + h2 (2)
( H = y1 y2), -
Bernoulli :

v12 v 22 p1 p2
y1 y 2 + + = h H = y1 y 2 = h h = 15 m
2g

,
. , -
. :
1 ():
( ) Q' -
, h1' h2' ( 1).
(8.2) .
) ,
(h1'+ h2'> h),
(Q < Q').
, .
) (h1'+ h2'< h),
(Q > Q').
, .
) h1'+ h2' h, .
,
, .
:
1 : Q' = 100 m3/h = 100/3600 m3/s
(1):
334

4 Q1
v1 = v1 = 2,46 m s
d12
v1 d1
(Re1 = Re1 = 310 5 , / d1 = 0,00217)
Moody
f1 = 0,0245

L v2
h1 = f1 1 + K1 1 h1 = 7,2 m
d1 2g
(2):
4 Q2
v2 = v 2 = 3,54 m / s
d22
v 2 d2
(Re2 = Re2 = 3,5 10 5 , / d2 = 0,0026)
Moody
f2 = 0,0256

L v2
h2 = f2 2 + K 2 2 h2 = 21,48 m
d2 2g

: Q'= 100 m3/h, : h' = 7,2 + 21,48 = 28,67 m

h = 15 m () h' > h Q' > Q Q < 100 m3/h
2 : Q' = 50 m3/h = 50/3600 m3/s
:
h'=1,83+5,44=7,27 m h' < h Q' < Q Q > 50 m3/h
3 : Q' = 75 m3/h = 75/3600 m3/s
:
h'= 4,07+12,13 =16,21 m h' > h Q' > Q Q < 75 m3/h
4 : Q' = 70 m3/h = 70/3600 m3/s
h = 3,55+10,58 = 14,14 m h' < h Q' < Q Q > 70 m3/h
5 : Q' = 72 m3/h = 72/3600 m3/s
h'= 3,76+11,19 =14,95 m h' h Q' Q Q = 72 m3/h
: Q = 72 m3/h
:

.
Q' v1 f1 h1 v2 f2 h2 h' Q
m3/h m/s m m/s m m m3/h
100 2,46 0,0245 7,20 3,54 0,0256 21,48 28,67 > 15 Q < 100
50 1,23 0,0250 1,83 1,77 0,0259 5,44 7,27 < 15 Q > 50
75 1,84 0,0247 4,07 2,65 0,0257 12,13 16,21 > 15 Q < 75
70 1,72 0,0247 3,55 2,48 0,0257 10,58 14,14 < 15 Q > 70
72 1,77 0,0247 3,76 2,55 0,0257 11,19 14,95 15 Q 72
 335

2 ( ):
, -
f1 f2: ,
Reynolds. (. 5.7.2),
(
) Moody f1 f2.
(8.3):
8 L1 1 L2 1 2
h = f1 + + f2 + 2 4 Q
2 g d1 1 4
d1 d2 d2
, Q, .
( -
, Reynolds f1 f2
Moody). f1 f2 ,
(8.3) .
: -
. ,
, SI:

hi = i Q12 (SI) (8.3)

: i :
8 Li 1
i f i (SI)
2 i d 4 (8.3)
g i di

( i m-5s2)
, (8.3) :

h (1 + 2 ) Q2 (8.3)
:
1/2
h
Q= (8.3)
1 + 2

:
, :
(1):
(/d1= 0,0021, ) f1= 0,024
Moody

(8.3) 1 = 9141 (SI) h1 = 9141Q2 (SI)

(2):
(/d2= 0,0026, ) f2= 0,025
Moody

(8.3) 2 = 27410 (SI) h2 = 27410 Q2 (SI)

(8.3) 15 = 36551 Q2 (S) Q = 0,02026 m3/s = 72,9 m3/h
:
4Q
v1 = 1,8 m/s Re1 = 2,15105 f1= 0,0247
Moody
v1 = 2
d1
336

4Q
v2 = 1,8 m/s Re2 = 2,15105 f2= 0,0257
Moody
v2 =
d22
f 3%. .
, f, -
:
(): 1 = 9387 (SI), 2 = 27970 (SI)
(8.3) Q = 0,02004 m3/s = 72,1 m3/h
, , .
:
: ( ).
(
).
8.1.3 .
, . -
( ) .
, ,
.

3
, 5 m
40 m, , 12 cm, 25 m.
( mm) ,
50 m3/h. .
:
: L1 = 25 m d1 = 0,12 cm 1= 2= 0,00012 m (. 5.4.2)
L2 = 15 m = 0 Q 50 m3/h y1 y2 = 5 m
: d2
, ( y1 y2),
Bernoulli:
v12 v 22 p1 p2
y1 y 2 + + = h = y1 y 2 = h h = 5 m
2g
, (8.3):

8 L1 1 L 1
h = 2
f1 + 1 4 + f2 2 + 2 4 Q 2
g d1 d1 d2 d2
, d2 ( )
f1 f2. , .
Moody f1
f2. f2 ,
2/d2. , , d2' -
, Q' ( 2)
Qmin:
Q' < Qmin d2 > d2' ( d2' ).
 337

Q' > Qmin d2 d2' ( d2' ,

).
Q' Qmin.
, . -
().
, ,
. .
:
1 : d2' =100 mm = 0,100 m
, :
(1):
(/d1 = 0,001, ) f1 = 0,0196
Moody

(8.3) 1 = 1630 (SI) h1 = 1630Q2 (SI)

, (1), -
.
(2):
(/d2= 0,0012, ) f2 = 0,0205
Moody

(8.3) 2 = 2545 (SI) h2 = 2545Q2 (SI)

1/2
h
: Q= (8.3)
1 +2
(8.3) Q' = 0,0346 m3/s = 124,5 m3/h
Q' > Qmin d2 d2'= 100 mm
2 : d2' = 50 mm = 0,050 m
(2):
(/d2 = 0,0024, ) f2 = 0,0245
Moody

(8.3) 2 = 97560 (SI) h2 = 97560Q2 (SI)

: (8.3) Q' = 0,0071 m3/s = 25,5 m3/h
Q' < Qmin d2 > d2'= 50 mm
:

d2' Q' Q'

/d2 f2 2 1+2 d2
mm m3/s m3/h
100 0,0012 0,0205 2545 4175 0,0346 124,6 Q' > Qmin d2 100

50 0,0024 0,0246 97559 99189 0,0071 25,6 Q' > Qmin d2 > 50

70 0,0017 0,0225 16584 18214 0,0166 59,6 Q' > Qmin d2 70

60 0,0020 0,0234 37330 38960 0,0113 40,8 Q' > Qmin d2 > 60

65 0,0018 0,0229 24493 26123 0,0138 49,8 Q' > Qmin d2 > 65

66 0,0018 0,0228 22602 24232 0,0144 51,7 Q' > Qmin d2 66

338

, , -
65 66 mm:
65 mm < d2 66 mm
66 mm,
( ) ( ):
:
4Q
v1 = 1,25 m/s Re1= 1,5105 f1= 0,0213 0,0196
Moody
v1 =
d12

4Q
v2 = 4,12 m/s Re2= 2,7105 f2= 0,0235 0,0228
Moody
v2 =
d22

: 1 = 1767 (SI),
2 = 23263 (SI)
(8.3) Q' = 0,0141 m3/s = 50,9 m3/h (>Qmin=50 m3/h)
: d2 = 66 mm
( Q = 50,9 m3/h)
,
.
, . -
, () (
). , -
.
, ,
, (
) ( -
).

8.2 . Q1

Q A Q
, -
Q2
() -
, (by pass).
. 8.2.
( ) . .
(1) (2) 8.2, -
. , Q, -
Q1 Q2. .
:

Q = . Q = Q

Q = Q1 + Q2 (8.4)

, .
:
 339

Q = . Q = Q Q1 + Q2 = Q
(8.4).
( ),
(8.2.1) :
d2 d12 d22
v = v1 + v 2 d2 v = d12 v1 +d22 v 2 (8.4)
4 4 4
Bernoulli (1), B, :
p A pB v 2A v 2B
y A yB + + = h1 (8.5)
2g
(2):
p A pB v 2A v 2B (8.5)
y A yB + + = h2
2g
, :
h = h1= h2 (8.5)

.
:
L1 Q12 L 2 Q 22
f
1 + 1 = f
2 + 2 4
(8.5)
4
d1 d1 d2 d2
:
L1 L2
f1 Q12 = f2 Q 22 (8.5)
d15 d25
i:
1 Q12 = 2 Q 22 (8.5)

(8.4) (8.5) ()
:

Q= Q1 + Q2 +... (8.4)
h = h1= h2 = ... (8.5)

:
.
.
: , ,
. ,
( )
.
8.2.1 .
,
340

. , .

4
8.2 , 3 cm, 4 cm 5 cm
60 m, 40 m, 60 m .
15 L/s,
. : 1 = 3, 2 = 1, 3 = 3.
:
: d1 = 0,03 m d2 = 0,04 m d3 = 0,05 m Q1
L1 = 60 m L2 = 40 m L3 = 60 m Q Q2 B Q
1 = 3 2 =1 3 = 3 Q3
= 0,00026 m (. 5.4.2) = 10-6 m2/s
. 8.2.
Q = 20 L /s = 0,015 m3/s
: h Q1 Q2 Q3
, (8.4) (8.5):
(8.4) Q = Q1 + Q2 + Q3 (1)
(8.5) h = h1 = h2 = h3 (2)
,
. -
. , :
1 ():
h'. , (2),
. () Qi' (
).
(1):
Q'> Q h'> h. h'.
Q'< Q h'< h. h'.
Q' Q h' h .
, , ( ),
, . ,
( ), -
.
2 ():
, , -
, ( Moody).
, i:
(1):
(/d1= 0,0087, ) f1= 0,036
Moody

2
1 = 7677922 (SI) h1 = h = 7677922 Q1 (SI) (3)
(2):
(/d2= 0,0065, ) f2= 0,033
Moody
2
2 = 1097388 (SI) h2 = h = 1097388 Q 2 (SI) (3)
(3):
(/d3= 0,0052, ) f3= 0,0307
Moody
 341

2
3 = 527193 (SI) h3 = h = 527193 Q 3 (SI) (3)
(3), (3) (3), Q1, Q2 Q3
() h:

Q1 = h 1 Q1 = 0,000361 h (SI) (4)

1

Q 2 = h 1 Q 2 = 0,000955 h (SI) (4)

2

Q 3 = h 1 Q1 = 0,001377 h (SI) (4)

3

Qi (1), -
h:

Q = Q1 + Q 2 + Q 3 Q = 0,000361 h + 0,000955 h + 0,001377 h (SI)

Q = 0,002693 h (SI)
h = 31 m

(4, 4, 4), :
(4) Q1 = 0,00201 m3/s
(4) Q2 = 0,00532 m3/s
(4) Q3 = 0,00767 m3/s
: , -
. f ,
.
1: v1 = 2,84 m/s Re1 = 8,5104 f1 = 0,0369
Moody

2: v2 = 4,23 m/s Re2 = 1,7105 f2 = 0,0335

Moody

3: v3 = 2,84 m/s Re3 = 8,5104 f3 = 0,0312

Moody

2%,
. :
h = 31 m
Q1 = 0,00201 m3/s = 2,01 L/s
Q2 = 0,00532 m3/s = 5,32 L/s
Q3 = 0,00767 m3/s = 7,67 L/s

: : h = 31,5 m, Q1= 1,99 L/s, Q2= 5,28 L/s, Q3= 7,61 L/s

8.2.2 .

. ,
. , .
342

5
(1), (2) (3) 8.2 8, 6 4 cm, 100, 150 80
m 0,24, 0,12 0,20 mm. 150 KPa
5 m ,
( m3/h). .
:
: d1 = 0,08 m d2 = 0,06 m d3 = 0,04 m Q1
L1 = 100 m L2 = 150 m L3 = 80 m Q Q2 B Q
1 =0,00024 m 2 =0,00012 m 3 =0,00020 m Q3
= 10-6 m2/s = 9,81 KN/m3
. 8.2
pApB = 150 KPa yAyB = 5 m
: Q1 Q2 Q3
, (8.4) (8.5):
(8.4) Q = Q1 + Q2 + Q3 (1)
(8.5) h = h1 = h2 = h3 (2)
, Bernoulli,
:

v 2A v 2B p A pB
A B : y A yB + + = h
2g
p pB
y A yB + A = h h = 20,3 m

( 2),
( ).
(1):
(/d1 = 0,003, ) f1 = 0,0265
Moody

2
1 = 65977 (SI) h1 = h = 65977 Q1 (SI)
Q1 = 0,0174 m3/s = 62,8 m3/h
: v1 = 3,5 m/s Re1 = 2,8105 f1 = 0,0267 0,0265
Moody

(2):
(/d2 = 0,002, ) f2= 0,0237
Moody

2
2 = 378077 (SI) h2 = h = 378077 Q 2 (SI)
Q2 = 0,00733 m3/s = 26,4 m3/h
: v2= 2,59 m/s Re2=1,6105 f2= 0,0245
Moody

: Q2 = 0,00721 m3/s = 26,0 m3/h

(3):
(/d3 = 0,005, ) f3 = 0,0307
Moody

2
3 = 1966744 (SI) h3 = h = 1966744 Q 3 (SI)
Q3 = 0,00321 m3/s = 11,6 m3/h
 343

: v3= 2,56 m/s Re2=1105 f2= 0,0313

Moody

: Q3 = 0,00317 m3/s = 11,4 m3/h

: Q1 = 62,8 m3/h
Q2 = 26,0 m3/h
Q3 = 11,4 m3/h
8.2.3 .
, ,
,
. ,
.

6
10 cm .
8 m, 10 m
, 15 m3/h (. 8.2).
Q2
( mm), -
60 Q Q1
A
m3/h. : 1 = 0, 2 = 5
. 8.2.
:
: d1= 0,10 m L1= 8 m L2 = 10 m 1=0 2=5
1 = 2 = 0,000046 m (. 5.4.2) = 10-6 m2/s
Q 1 60/3600 m3/s Q2 = 15/3600 m3/s
: d 2
,
( ):
2 (1)
h1,max = 1 Q1,max
(1)
:
(1) Q1 = Q1,max = 60/3600 m3/s:
4Q v1 d1
v1 = 2
v1 = 2,12 m s Re1 = Re1 = 2,1 10 5
d1

(Re1= 2,1105, /d1 = 0,00046) f1= 0,018

Moody

L v2
h1 = f1 1 + 1 1 h1 = h2 = h = 0,337 m
d1 2g
: hmax = 0,337 m
, ,
o . 5.7.3 ( 18), -
:
1 : d2'= 100 mm = 0,1 m.
344

4 Q2 v1 d1
v'2 = 2
v2' = 0,53 m/s Re1 = Re2' = 5,3104
d'2

(Re2' = 5,3104, /d2' = 0,00046) f2'= 0,022

Moody

L v2
h2 = f2 2 + 2 2 h2' = 0,103 m
d2 2g
h2' < hmax d2' d2 d2 100 mm
2 : 100 mm -
:
d2' =50 mm = 0,05 m h2' = 2,138 m > hmax d2 > 50 mm

d2' v2' h2' d2

e/d2' Re2' f2'
mm m/s m hmax mm
100 0,00046 0,53 5,3104 0,0219 0,103 < 0,337 d2 100
5
50 0,00092 2,12 1,110 0,0216 2,138 > 0,337 d2 > 50
5
70 0,000657 1,08 7,610 0,0214 0,481 > 0,337 d2 > 70
5
80 0,000575 0,83 6,610 0,0215 0,269 < 0,337 d2 80
5
75 0,000613 0,94 7,110 0,0215 0,356 > 0,337 d2 > 75
5
77 0,000597 0,89 6,910 0,0215 0,318 < 0,337 d2 77
5
76 0,000605 0,92 7,010 0,0215 0,336 < 0,337 d2 76

, , : d2 = 76 mm

8.3 .

, ,
8.3.
-
. , 8.3
:
Q1 = Q2 + Q3 Q3 = Q4 + Q5
:
Q = Q1 = Q2 + Q3 = Q2 + (Q4 + Q5) = Q6 = Q7 (8.6)
, :
h4 = h5 h2 = h3+ h4
: h = h1 + h2 + h6 + h7 (8.7)
. ,
, (DarcyWeisbach) :

h i = i Q2i Qi = i-0,5 h 0,5

i
(8.8)

, 3, 4 5 , :
 345

Q 3 = Q 4 + Q 5 Q 3 = ( -0,5 -0,5 0,5

4 + 5 ) h 4

i ( ),
, (Q3, Q4, Q5), -
(Q3, h4) .
-
. , ,
,
. , 8.3
4 5, . -
3, 2
(3, 4, 5) , 2, 6, 7 (2, 3, 4, 5).
, .
8.3 ,
1, 6 7. (8.7) 2
. , 3,
. , 4 5, -
( ).

2 2

1 6 7 1 4 6
4
3 3 B
5 5
. 8.3. . 8.3.
.

7
8.3,
:

L1 = 30 m d1 = 12 cm L4 = 4 m d4 = 3 cm
L2 = 15 m d2 = 6 cm L5 = 7 m d5 = 3 cm
L3 = 8 m d3 = 6 cm L6 = 20 m d6 = 10 cm

(1) 60 m3/h. , -
. (
).
:
( ):
Q1 = 60/3600 m3/s = 0,00012 m y1 = y2 = y3 = y4 = y5 = y6
: Qi, hi
:
346

Q1 = Q2+Q3 = Q6 (1)
Q3 = Q4+Q5 (1)
hAB = h1+h2+h6 (2)
h2 = h3+h4 (2)
h4 = h5 (2)
(1) (6), (Q1=
Q6). h1 h6:
(1):
4 Q1
v1 = v1 = 1,47 m/s
d12
v1 d1
Re1 = 1,8 105, /d1 = 0,001) f1 =0,021
Moody
( Re1 =

L1 v12
h1 = f1 h1 = 0,58 m
d1 2g
(6):
4 Q6
v6 = v6 = 2,12 m/s
d26
v 6 d6
Re6 = 2,1105, /d6 = 0,0012) f2 =0,0216
Moody
( Re6 =

L v2
h6 = f6 6 6 h6 = 0,99 m
d6 2g
(2), (3), (4) (5),
- (
SI):
(2):
(2/d2 = 0,002, ) f2 = 0,0237
Moody

2
(8.3) 2 = 37808 h2 = 37808 Q 2 (3)
(3):
(3/d3 = 0,002, ) f3 = 0,0237
Moody

2
(8.3) 3 = 20164 h3 = 20164 Q 3 (4)
(4):
(4/d4 = 0,004, ) f4 = 0,0287
Moody

2
(8.3) 4 = 390564 h4 = 390564 Q 4 (5)
(5):
(5/d5= 0,004, ) f5= 0,0287
Moody

2
(8.3) 5 = 683487 h5 = 683487 Q 5 (6)
.
(4) (5) :
 347

2 2
h4 = h5 390564 Q 4 = 390564 Q 5 Q4 = 1,323Q5 (7)
Q3 = Q4 + Q5 Q3 = 1,323 Q5 + Q5 Q3 = 2,323Q5 (8)
2 2 2
h2 = h3 + h5 37808 Q 2 = 20164 Q 3 + 683487 Q 5
2 2
37808 Q 2 = 20164 (2,323Q5)2 +683487 Q 5
2 2
37808 Q 2 = 792287 Q 5 Q2 = 4,578Q5 (9)
Q1 = Q2 + Q3 Q1 = 4,578 Q5 + 2,323Q5 Q1 = 6,9Q5 (10)

Q1 , :
(10) Q5 = 0,00242 m3/s = 8,70 m3/ h
(7) Q4 = 0,00319 m3/s = 11,50 m3/ h
(8) Q3 = 0,00561 m3/s = 20,20 m3/ h
(9) Q2 = 0,01106 m3/s = 39,80 m3/ h
, .
(3) (f2 = 0,0248).
:
Q5 = 0,00241 m3/s = 8,66 m3/ h
Q4 = 0,00319 m3/s = 11,50 m3/ h
Q3 = 0,00560 m3/s = 20,16 m3/ h
Q2 = 0,01107 m3/s = 39,84 m3/ h
:
hAB = h1 + h2 + h6
8 L2 2
h2 = f2 Q 2 h2= 4,71 m
2 g d25
hAB = 6,29 m
Bernoulli :

v 2A v 2B p A pB p pB v 2 v 22
y A yB + + = h AB A = h AB 1 p A pB = 61,7KPa
2g 2g

8.4 .

, -
. - (1)
( ) . (2)
,
(, ), - (3)
(.. ). A

(. 8.4). . 8.4.
.
348

:
Q = Q (8.9)
, (8.9)
. , , Q1 ( ), Q2 Q3
. (8.9) :
Q1 = Q2 + Q3 (8.9)
(2) ,
(8.9) :
Q1 + Q2 = Q3 (8.9)
, .
-
:
, .
, .
, :
Q = 0 Q1 + Q2 + Q3 = 0 (8.9)
(8.9), ,
.
: , (8.9).
.

,
-
.
.
, -
. .
8.4.1 .
(1), (2) (3) , , -
, y1, y2 y3 (. 8.4).
:
y1 > y2 > y3
( ), ,
. . -
:
y2 (y1), ,
. (y3), .
:
Q1 + Q2 + Q3 = 0 (8.9)
, (+) ( -
), () (
).
 349

- 1 y1
, y1 > y2 > y3, :
Q1 Q2 Q3 = 0 (8.9)
2 y2
- (1)
3 y3
-
, , (2) (3)

(. 8.4).
- . 8.4.
y1 y3 (y1 .
> > y3).
Bernoulli 1
,
, :
v12 v P2 p1 pp
y1 P+ + = h1 y1 P = h1
2g
y1 - h1 = P (8.10)

, Bernoulli 3 ( > y3) :

P y 3 = h3 h3 + y 3 = P (8.10)

, :
(y2 > ),
Bernoulli 2 :

y 2 P = h2 y 2 h2 = P (8.10)

(y2 < ),
Bernoulli 2:
P y 2 = h2 h2+y 2 = P (8.10)

(y2 = ), Bernoulli :

y 2 P = h2 h2 = 0 Q 2 = 0
(8.10) (8.10)
:
y1 h1 = y 2 h2 = y 3 + h 3 = P (8.10)

1: : hi = hi
2: Q2 h2 ( ) , (8.9)
(8.10), , ( ), ( ), -
. : (8.9) (8.10) y1 > y2 > y3.
, .

:
: (d1, L1, 1), (d2, L2, 2), (d3, L3, 3).
y1, y2, y3 ( ).
350

Q1, Q2, Q3.

, , -
. , .
( ) . , -
(8.9) (8.10),
( , Moody, ).
.
) .
: , (
) .
: .
, , 8, -
.

8
8.4 -
:
A y1 _ y2
d1 = 30 cm L1 = 500 m
d2 = 15 cm L2 = 250 m 1
B y1 _ y3
d3 = 25 cm L3 = 200 m 2
-
60 m 45 m . 3
100 m3/s.
. 8.4.
.
.
:
: d1 = 0,30 m L1 = 500 m 1 = 0,00026 m
d2 = 0,15 m L2 = 250 m 2 = 0,00026 m
d3 = 0,25 m L3 = 200 m 3 = 0,00026 m
y1 = 60 m y2 =45 m
Q2 = 100/3600 m /s ( ) = 10-6 m2/s
3

: y1 y3, Q1, Q3
2
, , : hi = i Q i .
,
(1 , ). , -
(2).
1: (2).
4 Q2
v2 = v2 = 1,57 m/s
d22

v 2 d2
Re2 = 2,36105, 2/d2= 0,0017 ) f2 = 0,0233
Moody
( Re2 =

 351

L 2 v 22
h2 = f2 h2 = 4,9 m
d2 2g
2: (1).
(8.10)
(1) ( ):
(8.10) y1 h1 = y2 + h2 h1 = y1 y2 h2 h1 = 10,1 m
: . , ,
( x. 8.4), . , ()
. , h1 .

2 ( ),
:

(1/d1 = 0,00087, ) f1 = 0,0193

Moody

8 L2 2
h1 = 2
f1 Q1 Q1= 0,175 m3/s = 630 m3/h
g d2
: v2 = 2,48 m/s Re1 = 7,5105 f1 = 0,0193
Moody

: Q1 = 0,175 m3/s = 630 m3/h

3: , (3).
, , (8.9),
.
Q1 + Q2 + Q3 = 0 (+630 m3/h) + (100 m3/h) + Q3 = 0
Q3 = 530 m3/h ,
Q3 = 530 m3/h ( )
:
4 Q3
v3 = v3 = 3,0 m/s
d23
v 3 d3
Re3 = 7,5105, 3/d3 = 0,001) f3 = 0,0202
Moody
( Re3

L 3 v 23
h3 = f3 h3 = 7,41 m
d3 2g
:
(8.10) y1 h1 = y3 + h3 y1 y3 = h1 + h3 y1 y3 = 17,51 m
(y3 = 42,49 m)
) .
: , (
) .
: .
352

-
, A y1 _ y2

. 1
B y1 _ y3
9 2
8.4
: 3
d1 = 6 in, d2 = 4 in, d3 = 5 in,
. 8.4.
L1 = 60 m, L2 = 20 m, L3 = 30 m.
5 m
150 m3/h, : -
Q2 Q3 ( m3/h).
:
: d1 = 6 in = 0,1778 m L1= 60 m 1=0,00012 m
d2 = 4 in = 0,1016 m L2= 20 m 2=0,00012 m
d3 = 5 in = 0,127 m L3= 30 m 3=0,00012 m
y2 y3 = 5 m
Q1 = 150/3600 m3/s ( ) =10-6 m2/s
: y3, Q2, Q3
,
, . -
, ,
. , , :
y3= 0 m, y2= 5 m.
,
. (1).
(8.10) .
1: (1).
4 Q1
v1 = v1 = 2,28 m/s
d12
v1 d2
Re1 = 3,5105, 1/d1 = 0,00079) f1 = 0,0194
Moody
( Re1 =

L v2
h1 = f1 1 1 h1 = 2,04 m
d1 2g
. (8.10), -
h2 h3, ,
:
(8.10) y1 = h1 = y 2 h2 ( y1, h2)
(8.10) y1 h1 = y3 + h3 ( y1, h3)
.
(Q1), (Q2'), -
 353

(8.9) (Q3').
Q2', Q3', h2' h3'.
(8.10), -
(Q2').
, Q2' = 0,
h2' = 0:
1 : Q2' = 0 h2' = 0
(8.9) Q3' = Q1 = 150/3600 m3/s ( )
(3):
4 Q3
v3 = v3 = 3,29 m/s
d23
v d
( Re3 = 3 3 Re3 = 4,2105, 1/d1 = 0,00094) f1 = 0,02
Moody

L v2
h2 = f2 2 2 h3' = 2,65 m
d2 2g
: (8.10) y 2 h2 = y 3 + h3 y 2 y 3 = h3 h2 = 5 m
:
h3' h2' = h3' = 2,65 m < 5 m h3' < h3 Q3' < Q3 Q3 >150 m3/h Q3 > Q1
, .
(8.9) (8.10) :
Q1 + Q2 = Q3 (1)
y1 h1 = y2 h2 = y3 + h3 = P (2)
(2) :
y2 y3 = h3 + h2 h3 + h2 = 5 m (3)
2 : Q2' = 50 m3/h () Q3' = 200 m3/h
( ), h2' h3':
h2' = 0,64 m, h3' = 4,61 m
:
h2'+ h3' = 5,25 m h2'+ h3' > h3 + h2 Q1' > Q Q < 50 m3/h.
50 m3/h, :

Q2' Q3' h2' h3' Q2

f2' f3' h2'+h3'
m3/h (Q1 + Q2') (2 Q22) (3 Q32) h2+h3=5 m3/h
0 150 0,0000 0 0,0201 2,61 2,61 2,61<5 Q2>0
50 200 0,0218 0,64 0,0199 4,61 5,25 5,25>5 Q2<50
40 190 0,0220 0,42 0,0199 4,16 4,58 4,58<5 Q2>40
45 195 0,0219 0,52 0,0199 4,38 4,90 4,90<5 Q2>45
47 197 0,0218 0,57 0,0199 4,47 5,04 5,04>5 Q2<47
46 196 0,0219 0,54 0,0199 4,43 4,97 4,97<5 Q2>46
46,4 196,4 0,0218 0,55 0,0199 4,44 5,00 5,00 = 5 Q2 = 46,4
354

: Q2 = 46,4 m3/h ()
Q3 = 196,4 m3/h ()
h2 = 0,55 m
h3 = 4,44 m

(2), (8.10):
(2) y1 y3 = h1 + h3 = (2,04 + 4,44) m y1 y3 = 6,48 m

) .
: (
).
: .
,
, . -
.
.
, ,
(8.9) ( ). (8.10) -
.
. , (8.9)
.
(8.10):
y1 h1 y 2 h2 = y 3 +h3 = P
y1, y2, y3 (). P,
() h1', h2' h3'. , Q1', Q2'
Q3'. (8.9) .
,
. , :
h2' = 0 P' = y2

Q1' Q3' (Q2' = 0) :

Q1' > Q3' , P > y2.
Q1' < Q3' , P < y2.
, , (8.9) (8.10) .

10
8.4 , (1) L1 = 450
m d1 = 30 cm. (2) (3) L2 = 250 m, d2 = 15
cm, L3 = 350 m, d3 = 20 cm. 6 m
18 m . = 10-6 m2/s, .
:
: d1 = 0,30 m L1 = 450 m 1 = 0,00026 m
d2 = 0,15 m L2 = 250 m 2 = 0,00012 m
 355

d3 = 0,20 m L3 = 350 m 3 = 0,00012 m

y1 y2 = 6 m y1 y3 = 18 m
: Q1, Q2 , Q3
() ,
. -
( ). y3 = 0 m:
y3 = 0 m y1 = 18 m y2 = 12 m

1 : P'= y2 = 12 m
(8.10) h2' = 0 Q2' = 0
(8.10) y1 h1'= P' h1'= 6 m
y3 + h3' = P' h3' = 12 m
(1):
(1/d1 = 0,00087, ) f1 = 0,0193
Moody

2
1 = 295 (SI) h1 = 295 Q1 (SI) Q1' = 0,143 m3/s = 513,6 m3/h
(3):
(3/d3 = 0,0006, ) f3 = 0,0177
Moody

2
3 = 1600 (SI) h3 = 1600 Q 3 (SI) Q3' = 0,0866 m3/s = 311,8 m3/h

: , ,
f. , ,
. .

:
Q1' Q2' Q3' = Q1' Q3' = 201,8 m3/h Q1' > Q3'
P > y2
:

(8.9) Q1 Q2 Q3 = 0 Q1 = Q2 + Q3 [] (1)
(8.10) y1 h1 = y2 +h2 = y3 + h3 = P (2)
(2) h1 = y1 P (2)
h2 = P y2 (2)
h3 = P y3 (2)
-
(1) (2).
P > y2:
2 : P' = 15 m
(1): (1) 1
( ):
2
h1 = 295 Q1 (SI) (3)

(2) h1' = 3 m
356

(3) Q1' = 0,101 m3/s = 363,1 m3/h

(2):

(2/d2 = 0,0008, ) f2= 0,0189

Moody

2 = 5144 (SI)
2
h2 = 5144 Q 2 (SI) (3)
(2) h2' = 3 m
(3) Q2'= 0,024 m3/s = 86,9 m3/h
(3): ( ):
2
h3 = 1600 Q 3 (SI) (3)
(2) h3' = 15 m
(3) Q3' = 0,097 m3/s = 348,6 m3/h

: 363,1 m3/h < (86,9+ 348,6) m3/h Q1'< Q1 h1'< h1 P<15 m

:

P' h1' h2' h3' Q1' Q2' Q3' P

3 3 3
m (y1 P) (P y2) (P y3) m /h m /h m /h Q1 Q2 Q3 = 0 m

12,00 6,00 0,00 12,00 513,6 0,0 311,8 201,8 P>12

15,00 3,00 3,00 15,00 363,1 86,9 348,6 72,4 P<15

13,00 5,00 1,00 13,00 468,8 50,2 324,5 94,1 P>13

14,00 4,00 2,00 14,00 419,3 71,0 336,7 11,6 P>14

14,50 3,50 2,50 14,50 392,2 79,4 342,7 29,8 P<14,5

14,10 3,90 2,10 14,10 414,0 72,7 338,0 3,3 P>14,1

14,15 3,85 2,15 14,15 411,4 73,6 338,6 0,8 P<14,15

14,14 3,86 2,14 14,14 411,9 73,4 338,4 0,05 P=14,14

,
f, , (3)
Q:
:
(1): v1 = 1,62 m/s Re1 = 4,9105 f1 = 0,0195 0,0193
(2): v2 = 1,15 m/s Re2 =1,7105 f2 = 0,0203 0,0189
2
: 2 = 5514 (SI) h2 = 5514 Q 2 (SI) Q2 = 71,1 m3/h
(3): v3 = 3 m/s Re3 = 6105 f3 = 0,018 0,0177
: :
 357

Q1= 411,9 m3/h Q2= 71,1 m3/h Q3= 338,4 m3/h

( ) :
Q1 = Q2 + Q3
: 411,9 71,1 + 338,4 = 409,5
2,4 m3/h , -
:
Q1= 410,7 m3/h Q2= 71,4 m3/h Q3= 339,3 m3/h
:
(2). (
0,5%), .

8.4.2 .

. 8.4.
, , .
y1, y2 y3. ,
1, 2 3. :
v12 p1
H1 = y1 + + (8.11)
2g

v 22 p2
H2 = y 2 + + (8.11)
2g

v 23 p3
H3 = y 3 + + (8.11)
2g
(8.9) . (8.10)
yi, Hi. (1)
(3) , (8.10) :

H1 + h1 = H2 h2 = H3 + h 3 = P (8.11)

: H1, H2 H3 (8.11, 8.11, 8.11).

,
( ).
.
.
(8.9) :

Qi = 0 (8.12) 1

, - 2
(+ , ). ,
(1)
(+ ,
(2) 3
), :

i hi = P (8.13) (3)
. 8.4.
, - .
358

8.5 .

-
(. 5.4.2). -
( ),
. , ,
, .
, , Excel
Microsoft, Calc Open Office, Spread ...
, :
( ). -
.
, ,
, -
. , Bernoulli,
: , , Moody.
, ,
. -
.
) .
Q = Q1= Q2 = ...
h = h1 + h2 +...
1.1: , .
1. Q = Q1= Q2 = ... hi
2. h = h1 + h2 +... h
1.2: , .
1 ():
1. (, ) Q'.
2. h' .
3. h' h .
h' > h Q' > Q Q', 1.
h' < h Q' < Q Q', 1.
2 : ( , ):
1. fi'
2. i hi = i Q2 (SI)
3. h = i Q2 Q
4. : fi fi', .
fi > fi', 2.
1.3: , ( ).
1. Q o hmax .
2. (, ) di'.
3. h' di'.
4. h' h .
h'> h di' < di di', 2.
h'< h di' di di', 2.
 359

) .

Q = Q1 + Q2 +...
h= h1= h2 = ...
2.1: , .
1. fi'
2
2. i hi = i Q i (SI) Qi = i h0,5 (i = 1/i0,5)
3. Q = Qi Q = i h0,5 h
4. : fi fi', .
fi > fi', 2.
2.2: , .
1. h= h1= h2 = ... Qi
2. Q = Q1 + Q2 +... Q
2.3: , ( ).
1. h Qmax .
2. (, ) di'.
3. Q' di'.
4. Q' Q .
Q'> Q di' < di di', 2.
Q' < Q di' di di', 2.

) .

Q1 + Q2 + Q3 = 0
y1 h1 = y 2 h2 = y 3 + h3 = P

3.1: (.. : y1, y2, Q1).

.
1. (Q1 h1).
2.
(h2).
3. (h2 Q2).
4. (Q3).
5. (Q3 h3).
6. (y3).
3.2: (..: y1, y2, Q3).
.
1. (Q3 h3).
2. (y1 y2 = h1 h2).
3. , (Q1' Q2').
4. (Q1' h1', Q2' h2').
5. :
h1' h2' > y1 y2 Q1' > Q1: 3.
h1' h2' < y1 y2 Q1' < Q1: 3.
h1' h2' y1 y2 Q1' Q1: .
6. (y3).
360

3.3: (y1, y2, y3).

.
1. h1 = 1 Q1 h2 = 2 Q2 h3 = 3 Q3
2. ' = y2 [h1' Q1'], [Q2' = 0], [h3' Q3']
Q1'> Q3' ' = y2 <
Q1'< Q3' ' = y2 >
3. ' h1', h2', h3' ( ).
4. : h1' Q1', h2' Q2', h3' Q3'
5. , :
Q1' +Q2' +Q3' > 0 ' > : 3.
Q1' +Q2' +Q3' > 0 ' < : 3.
Q1' +Q2' +Q3' 0 ' : .
6. , , .
: Q1 + Q2 + Q3 = 0.
() .
:
f: /d Reyn-
olds, (5.27):
2

1,11
1,11
1 6,9 d 6,9
= 1,08 log + f = 1,8 log + d
1
Re 3,7 Re 3,7
f 2

, :
: L B1, d B2, B3, B4, Q B5
: /d B6: = B3/B2
v B7: =4*B5/PI()/B2^2
Re B8: =B7*B2/B4
f B9: =(1,8*LOG(6,9/B8+(B6/3,7)^1,11))^2
: . (Re < 2100), : f =
64/Re (. . 5.4.2).
f : /d
Reynolds ( ), (5.25) -
(von Karman):
2

1 3,7 3,7
= 2 log = 1,14 2 log ( ) f = 2 log
1 d
f 2
d d

:
: L B1, d B2, B3, B4
: /d B6: =B3/B2
f B9: =(2*LOG(3,7/B37))^ 2
i: , , :

hi = i Q i2

:
 361

8 Li 1
i = 2 fi + i 4
g di di

f. f 9
( ) ( ) 10, 11 :
= 8/ PI()^2/9,81*(B9*B1/B2+B10)/B2^4
, , .
C, D .. ,
.
, .
,
. -
, . , ,
, , . ,
.
,
, .

8.6 .

1. 8.6 200 m 220 m 7 in 5

in . 180 m3/h,
. ( ).
[h = = 38,07 m]

2. 8.6 , -
25 m
2 4 .
[Q = 139,2 m3/h]

3. 12 m, ,
, 100 m 120 m 15 cm 10 cm .
,
- 1
. ;
[Q = 79,6 m3/h]
(1)

B
4. 8.6
(2)
. , 2
40 m 10 cm. (

mm) , 20 m, . 8.6.
60 m3/h.
, -
= 0,9 = 4,5.
B
[dAB,min = 91 mm] A
7m

5. 50
m, 70 m 40 m 5 cm, 7 cm 4 cm
, .
. 8.6.
362

180 KPa 5 m ,
, . ( = 1,110-6 m2/s,
).
[Q = 15,2 m3/h, h1 = 6,09 m, h2 = 1,45 m, h3 = 15,8 m]

6. , -
,
;
[Q = 110,3 m3/h, 27,2% 55,9% 16,9%]

7. 8.6 (1) 10 cm 4 m,
(2), 2 cm 6 m. .
0,2 L/s, Q
. ( .
).
[Q = 18,3 L/s, pA pB = 2,75 KPa]

8. 8.6 L1 = 80 m, L2 = 60 m
d1 = 3 in, d2 = 2 in. 20oC, 0,82
30 KPa, (
, ).
[Q1 = 64,7 m3/h, Q1 = 25,5 m3/h]

9. ( = 0,0002 m) , 400 ft, 300 ft

500 ft 2 in, 3 in 4 in . 0,6
ft3/s, ( m3/h). (
0,86, = 810-5 m2/s,
).
(2)
[h = 5,1 m, Q1 = 4,34 m3/h, Q2 = 20,57 m3/h,
Q3 = 36,25 m3/h]
(1) B
10.
. 8.6.
8.6, L1 = 60 m,
L2 = 55 m, d1= 5 cm, d2 = 4 cm
0,9 -
(2)
4,410-6 m2/s. (2) ,
p =
2,5. A (1)
14 m3/h, -
. 8.6.
.
[Q1 = 9 m3/h, Q2 = 5 m3/h, pA pB = 28,6 KPa]
(1)
11.
hp = 50 m A
15 KPa,
. (2)
P
3 3 3
[Q1 = 6,4 m /h, Q2 = 21,8 m /h, Q = 21,8 m /h] . 8.6.
 363

12. 80 m, 60 m, 90 m 6 cm, 4 cm, 5 cm

, . 60 m3/h,
.
[Q1 = 30,3 m3/h, Q2 = 12,1 m3/h, Q3 = 17,6 m3/h, h = 12,2 m]

13. 8.6, ,
, 8 cm L1 = 250 m, L2 = 200 m, L3 = 150 m.
750 KPa, . (
).
[Q1 = 43,6 m3/h, Q2 = 48,8 m3/h, Q3 = 92,4 m3/h]

14. , 75 m3/h, -
.
[Q1 = 35,4 m3/h, Q2 = 39,6 m3/h, Q3 = 75 m3/h,
pApB = 497 KPa] (1)

15. 8.6 - A (3)

:
L1 = 250 m d1 = 10 cm (2)
L2 = 150 m d2 = 12 cm
L3 = 200 m d3 = 8 cm . 8.6.
L4 = 150 m d1 = 15 cm
- (1)
,

A (2) (4)
, Q4 = 250 m3/h.
[h = 30,6 m, Q1 = 67,2 m3/h, Q2 = 141 m3/h, (3)
Q3 = 41,8 m3/h]
. 8.6.
16. 8.6 -
, 8 cm :
LAB= 100 m, L= 50 m, L= 70 m
.
- 25 m
: ) , )
=0,5. A
5m
[) Q = 60,7 m3/h, B
) Q = 69,8 m3/h] 20 m

17. 8.6,
. 8.6.
:
L1 =200 m d1 = 20 cm
1
L2 = 100 m d2 = 14 cm
L3 = 150 m d3 = 12 cm

150 m3/ 2 25 m
h, (1) 3

Q1 Q2. (2) (3)

[y1 y2 = 14,37 m, Q1 = 322 m3/h,
Q2 = 172 m3/h] . 8.6.
364

18. 8.6 1
:
L1 =1200 m d1 = 30 cm
50 m
2
L2 = 500 m d2 = 15 cm
L3 = 600 m d3 = 20 cm (1)
3
. (2) (3)

500 m3/h,
. 8.6.
Q2 Q3.
[y1 y3 = 40 m, Q2 = 189,5 m3/h, 1
Q3 = 310,5 m3/h] 10 m
2
19. 8.6 -
(1) 3
:
(2) (3)
L1 = 300 m d1 = 15 cm
L2 = 200 m d2 = 10 cm
. 8.6.
L3 = 250 m d3 = 10 cm
15 L/s,
1
Q2 Q3.
[y1 y3 = 14,84 m, Q1 = 27 L/s, Q3 = 12 L/s] 2

(1) 3 6m
20. 8.6 -
(2) (3)
:
d1 = 6 in, d2 =3 in, d3 = 4 in,
L1 =180 ft, L2 = 60 ft, L3 = 90 ft . 8.6.
2,2 ft
3
/s. : H
Q2 Q3 (
ft 3/s). 16 m
[y1 y3= 11,7 m, Q2 = 0,5 ft 3/s, (1)
(2)
Q3 = 1,7 ft 3/s]
(3)
21. 8.6 -
: . 8.6.
L1 = 30 m d1 = 5 cm K1 = 3
L2 = 20 m d2 = 5 cm K2 = 2
L3 = 25 m d3 = 7 cm K3 = 5

A
20 m3/h,
- 1
. B
[y1 y2= 4,30 m, Q1 = 22,1 m3/h, 2
Q3 = 42,1 m3/h]
3
22. 8.6 -
:
L1 = 120 m d1 =12cm . 8.6.
 365

L2 = 30 m d2 = 6 cm
L3 = 80 m d3 = 8 cm
7 m 5 m
, . (
).
[Q1 = 73,5 m3/h, Q2 = 24,2 m3/h, Q3 = 49,3 m3/h]

23. 8.6 : L1
= 80 m, L2 = 30 m, L3 = 70 m : d1 = 8 cm, d2 = 4 cm, d3 = 7 cm.
4 m 12 m,
. ( ).
[Q1 = 41,4 m3/h, Q2 = 4,9 m3/h, Q3 = 46,3 m3/h]

24. , -
(3), (
);
[d3 = 6,4 cm]

25. , , y1 = 25 m, y2 = 75 m
y3 = 60 m, (1), (2) (3) 8.6.
d1 = d2 = d3 = 8 in : L1 = 95 m, L2 = 125 m, L3 = 160 m.
.
[Q1 = 908 m3/h (), Q2 = 636 m3/h (), Q3 = 272 m3/h ()]
26. 8.6

L1 = 1800 ft, L2 = 1200 ft, L3 = 1600 ft
d1 = 8 in, d2 = 6 in, d3 = 5 in. (2)
(3)

y 1= 20 ft, y2= 100 ft y3 = (1)
50 ft.
. . 8.6.
[Q1 = 198 m3/h (), Q2 = 171 m3/h
(), Q3 = 27 m3/h ()] pA

1m
27. 8.6
:
(1) 6m
L1 =100 m d1 = 8 cm (2)
L2 = 60 m d2 = 6 cm
L3 = 80 m d3 = 8 cm (3)


- . 8.6.
60 m3/h, pA
. 1 2
[pA, = 373 KPa, Q1 = 85,1 m3/h,
(1)
Q2 = 25,1 m3/h] (2)
6m
3
28. 8.6 - (3)
:
L1= 20 m d1= 8 cm . 8.6.
366

L2= 40 m d2= 6 cm
L3= 50 m d3= 8 cm
: L1 (1) 1 . -
(1) 80 m3/h, 1 (2) (3).
[p1, = 85,2 KPa, Q2 = 18,1 m3/h, Q3 = 61,9 m3/h]

29. 8.6 :
L1= 220 m d1= 8 cm
L2= 150 m d2= 5 cm
L3= 170 m d3= 6 cm
(1) () = 0,5.
.
[Q1 = 32,9 m3/h, Q2 = 9,25 m3/h, Q3 = 23,65 m3/h]

30. 1
8.6 , -
15 m
()
2 25 m
(),
(2) . 3
(1)
(3); (2) (3)

[Q1 = Q3 = 18,7 m3/h, =220]
. 8.6.
 KE 9

9.1
9.2
9.3 Hardy Cross
9.4
9.5
9.6
9.7
368

9.1 .

-
.
. -
, , , .
, -
. ,
:
, , , -
, , , ,
, , ...
,
. , , .
, ,
.

. , ,
... (
), , -
, , (
Halon, ), ...
-
.
, .
,
(, , ,
..). , : -
(tree system), (grid system) (loop
system). 9.1 :
,

() () ()

. 9.1.
: ) , ) ) .
 369

.
,
. , ,
.
, ,
.
: ,
, -
, , ,

. , ,
.
, ,
. , ,

.

9.2 .

, -
, ( ), [. 9.2(), 9.2()]
.
. [. 9.2()], -
.

() () ()
. 9.2.
: ) , ) ) .

, ,
. , -
. ,
.
, , -
.
, -
. () -
,
.
, ( -
) , :
m = m
(9.1)
:
370

Q = Q (9.1)
, , .
(+ , ), :
Q = 0 (9.1)
9.2:
Q1 Q2 + Q3 Q4 Q5 = 0
Q1 + Q3 = Q2 + Q4 + Q5 (9.1)
, -
. ,
, , -
. , 9.2,
, : ----.
. .
, [. 9.2()].

2 B
1

5 4

. 9.2. . 9.2.
. B.

9.2,
(, , , ) (, , , ).
, Bernoulli -
, :
h = h h + h = h + h
h + h h h = 0 (9.2)
, +
, (9.2)
:
h + h + h + h = 0
h = 0 (9.2)
(9.2) (). -
(9.1) (),
. -
.
.
9.2 (9.1),
 371

9.2, (9.2).
()
(DarcyWeisbach):
8 Li 2
hi = 2 fi + i Qi
g di4 di
:
h i = i Q2i (9.3)

8 L
: i = 2
fi i + i (9.3)
g di4 di
,
(9.1), (9.2) (9.3) ( , -
).
(Hardy Cross, NewtonRaphson,
), . -
Hardy
Cross (1936) .

9.3 Hardy Cross.

(), ( ) -
. ( ) (
).

.
, : , -
.
, -
. ,
. Hardy Cross -
. , :
) ,
( , -
, .. 9.3).
( -
).
9.3 : Q = (100+40) L/s = 140 L/s
:
20L/s
Q = (30+20+30+20+20+20) L/s = 140 L/s 30L/s
100L/s
, 30L/s
, - 20L/s
Li, di, i
i. 20L/s
, -
(. , - 20L/s
40L/s
),
. 9.3.
. .
372

) .
, (. 9.3 , , , , , , , , , ).
) (. 9.3). -
, . , -
, .
.
. -
.
. ,
(
). , : I, II, III, IV V.

20L/s 20L/s
100L/s 30L/s 100L/s 30L/s
B 30L/s B II 30L/s
A 20L/s A 20L/s
K I K
20L/s IV III 20L/s
V
I I

20L/s 20L/s
40L/s 40L/s
. 9.3. . 9.3.
: . : .

, (1, 2, 3, i). -
(.. , ..).
. () -
(.. , ..), ,
(.. , III IV).
) ,
.
. ,
(9.2), -
. ,
,
(DarcyWeisbach), :
h i = i Q2i (SI) (9.3)
i: (, , ..).
( , 14), (
) .
:
, I J .
, I [ -
(9.3)] .
(9.1) (9.2).
N N1 (
). J . ,
 373

. ,
: I = J + N1
9.3 : I = 14, N = 10, J = 5. 14 -
, 9 5 .
. -
:
(9.1) .
(9.2) .
:
1. : -
( -
). .
, N1 . ( +1 = J)
. , -
14 , 5 .
, .
( ).
, , 100 L/s
60 L/s,
40 L/s, (9.1): 100 = 60+40.
,
.
9.3 () .
, -
. ,
.
9.3 . ,
. .
2. : (9.2),
,
2.
:
: h = hAB + h + h h h hA = 0 (9.2.1)
: h = h h h h = 0 (9.2.2)

20
100 30 15
5 30
B 15 II
30 20
15 A
60 10
20 I K 10
40 35 IV 20
30 III
K 20 10
35 V
30 I
10
10
10 20
40
. 9.3. . 9.3.
. : ().
374

: h = h h + h = 0 (9.2.3)
V: hV = hK hEH + hHK = 0 (9.2.4)
V: hV = hK h + hH = 0 (9.2.5)
3. : 1 (-
) hj' (9.3). hj' ( j: I, II, III,
IV, V) (9.2). , ,
. ,
.
4. :
(
), , -
, . ,
:

( h'i ) j
Q j = (9.4)
2 i Qi j

, Qj j, i -
j Qi .
(
3), .
, j :
,
() Q : Qi' = Qi + Qi
, -
: Qi' = Qi Qi
,
.
, , .
, .
5. : 2.
,
(9.2). 3 4 (, ). -
4
, .
: (9.4) :
Qi, : Qi +Q. ,
, :

hi = 0 i (Qi + Q)2 = 0 i ( Q2i + 2Qi Q + Q2 ) = 0

, : Q <<
Qi, :

i ( Q2i + 2Qi Q + Q2 ) i ( Q2i + 2Qi Q) = 0

i Q 2i + Q 2i Q = 0 hi + Q 2i Q = 0
 375

Q (9.4).
.
, Q Qi. -
. , .
,
. , , (-
) .
.
. , .

9.4 .

1
9.4 = 10 m, = 12
m, = 8 m 5 cm, 6 cm, 7 cm .
. .
.
:
: L = 10 m d = 0,05 m = 0,00015 m
L = 12 m d = 0,06 m = 0,00015 m
L = 8 m d = 0,07 m = 0,00015 m
3
Q =0,010 m /s ()
Q =0,006 m3/s ()
Q =0,004 m3/s ()
= 10-6 m2/s
: Q, Q, Q
, .
(. 9.4) 1, 2 3.
- :
: (/d = 0,003, ) f = 0,0262
Moody

2
(8.3) = 69.180 (SI) h = 69.180 Q AB (SI) (1)
(/d = 0,0025, ) f = 0,025
Moody
:
2
(8.3) = 31.720 (SI) h = 31.720 Q A (SI) (2)
(/d = 0,0021, ) f= 0,02394
Moody
:
2
(8.3) = 9385 (SI) h = 9385 Q B (SI) (3)

B 6L/s B 6L/s

I
10L/s 10L/s
A A
4L/s 4L/s
. 9.4. . 9.4.
376

1 : . , -
. , -
. (1), (2) (3):
i, .
, :
Q = 3 L/s = 0,003 m3/s ( ):
Q = 7 L/s = 0,007 m3/s (10 = 3+7)
Q = Q Q:
Q= 3 L/s = 0,003 m3/s ( )
9.4.
(Q = 3 L/s). .
2. :
, .
9.4 :
h = hAB hB hA = 0 (4)
3. :
(1) h = 0,62 m
(2) h = 1,55 m
(3) h = 0,08 m
(4) h' = 1,02 m 0
4. :
h ( 1,02)
Q = Q =
2 i Q i 2 (69.180 0,003 + 31.720 0,007 + 9385 0,003)

Q = 0,0011 m3/s = 1,1 L/s

( ):
: Q = (3+1,1) L/s = 0,0041 m3/s
: Q = (7 1,1) L/s = 0,0059 m3/s
: Q = (3 1,1) L/s = 0,0019 m3/s
2 : h, h -

B 6L/s B 6L/s

3 3+1,1=4,1

I 3 I 3 _1,1=1,9
10L/s 10L/s
A A
4L/s 4L/s
7 7 _1,1=5,9

. 9.4. . 9.4.
 377

Q, :
(1) h = 1,17 m
(2) h = 1,10 m
(3) h = 0,03 m
(4) h' = +0,03 m 0
Q = 0,00004 m3/s = 0,04 L/s
( 1,9% ). -
:
Q = 0,00406 m3/s = 4,06 L/s
Q = 0,00594 m3/s = 5,94 L/s
Q = 0,00194 m3/s = 1,94 L/s
-
( ).
:
QA = QAB + QA (1)
Q = QAB + Q (2)
2 2 2
Q AB Q B Q A = 0 (3)
QAB = x, (1) (2) :
QA = QA x, Q = Q x
(3), x:

x 2 (Q x)2 (Q x)2 = 0
( ) x 2 + 2 (B Q + Q ) x Q 2 Q 2 = 0

SI:
28.082 2 + 747 3,51 = 0 x = 0,00407 m3/s = 4,07 L/s
: QAB = 4,07 L/s, QA = 5,93 L/s, Q = 1,93 L/s
Hardy Cross,
, .
.
,
,
. 200 L/s 60 L/s
A 30 cm 20 cm
2
9.4
20 cm

15 cm

:
= = = = 150 m
= = = 200 m. 15 cm 15 cm
E

100 L/s 40 L/s
, 9.4. -
. 9.4.
378

. ( , = 10-6 m2/s, yA = y).

:
: QA = 200 L/s = 0,2 m3/s, Q = 60 L/s = 0,06 m3/s
Q = 100 L/s = 0,1 m3/s, Q = 40 L/s = 0,04 m3/s

d (m) 0,3 0,2 0,15 0,20 0,20 0,15 0,15
L (m) 150 200 150 200 150 200 150
(m) 0,00026

: 7 , pA pZ.
: ( ),
. ( , , :
-
). 6 7.
( ). :
1 . -

. Hardy Cross:
. ,
, ,
-, .
:

/d 0,00087 0,00130 0,00173 0,00130 0,00130 0,00173 0,00173
f 0,0190 0,0210 0,0226 0,0210 0,0210 0,0226 0,0226
(SI) 97 1082 3681 1082 812 4908 3681
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
h 97 Q AB 1082 Q EZ 3681 Q EZ 1082 Q EZ 812 Q EZ 4908 Q EZ 3681 Q EZ
 379

, 200 L/s 60 L/s

. : 80+20 = 100. A 120 80
(
9.4)
. 80 I 40 II 20
2. :
-
20 E 20
,
: 100 L/s 40 L/s
. 9.4.
h = hAB + hBE + h hA = 0 (1)
h = h + h h h = 0 (2)
3. :

(SI) 97 1082 3681 1082 812 4908 3681
Q 0,120 0,080 0,020 0,040 0,080 0,020 0,020
h 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
97 Q AB 1082 Q EZ 3681 Q EZ 1082 Q EZ 812 Q EZ 4908 Q EZ 3681 Q EZ
h(m) 1,393 6,925 1,472 1,731 5,194 1,963 1,472

(1) hI' = 2,328 m

(2) hI'= +3,953 m
4. :
hI' ( 2,328) 2,328
Q I = Q I = =
2 i Q i 2 (97 0,12 + 1082 0,08 + 3681 0,02 + 1082 0,4) 430,1

Q = 0,0054 m3/s = 5,4 L/s

hII ( +3,953) 3,953

Q II = Q II = =
2 i Q i 2 (1082 0,04 + 812 0,08 + 4908 0,02 + 3681 0,4) 430,1

Q = 0,0071 m3/s = 7,1 L/s

(. 9.4):
Q = (120+5,4) L/s = 125,4 L/s
200 L/s 60 L/s
Q = (80 5,4) L/s = 74,6 L/s
A 120+5,4 80+(_7,1)
Q = (20+5,4) L/s = 25,4 L/s
Q = (40+5,4(7,1)) L/s = 52,5 L/s
80 40 20
Q = (80+(7,1)) L/s = 72,9 L/s _ 5,4 I +5,4 II +(_7,1)
_(_7,1)
Q = (20+(7,1)) L/s = 12,9 L/s
Q = (20(7,1)) L/s = 27,1 L/s 20 _ 5,4 E 20 _ (_7,1)
, 100 L/s 40 L/s
, . . 9.4.
380

2 :
( , ,
), . hi'.
, (1) (2) , h' h':

(SI) 97 1082 3681 1082 812 4908 3681
Q 0,1254 0,0746 0,0254 0,0525 0,0729 0,0129 0,0271
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
h 97 Q AB 1082 Q EZ 3681 Q EZ 1082 Q EZ 812 Q EZ 4908 Q EZ 3681 Q EZ

h(m) 1,522 6,020 2,377 2,979 4,317 0,822 2,695

(1) hI' = + 0,858 m

(2) hI = 0,535 m
,
.
:

hI' 0,858
Q I = Q I = Q I = 0,00177 m 3 / s = 1,8 L s
2 i Q i 486

hII' 0,535
Q II = Q II = Q II = 0,00096 m3 / s = 0,96 L s
2 i Q i 558
:
Q = (125,4 1,8) L/s = 123,6 L/s
Q = (74,6 + 1,8) L/s = 76,4 L/s
Q = (25,4 1,8) L/s = 23,6 L/s
Q = (52,5 1,8 0,96) L/s = 49,74 L/s
Q = (72,9 + 0,96) L/s = 73,86 L/s
Q = (12,9 + 0,96) L/s = 13,86 L/s
Q = ( 27,1 0,96) L/s = 26,14 L/s

3 :

(SI) 97 1082 3681 1082 812 4908 3681
Q 0,1236 0,0764 0,0236 0,0497 0,0739 0,0139 0,0261
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
h 97 Q AB 1082 Q EZ 3681 Q EZ 1082 Q EZ 812 Q EZ 4908 Q EZ 3681 Q EZ

h(m) 1,479 6,308 2,058 2,678 4,432 0,948 2,508

 381

(1) hI' = 0,092 m

(2) hI' = +0,194 m
:
hI ( 0,858)
Q I = Q I = Q I = 0,0002 m 3 / s = 0,2 L s
2 i Q i 471

hII 0,194
Q II = Q II = Q II = 0,00035 m3 / s = 0,35 L s
2 i Q i 556

hI' hI' -
. ,
:
200 L/s 60 L/s
Q =(123,6+0,2) L/s Q =123,8 L/s
A 123,8 73,5
Q = (76,4 0,2) L/s Q = 76,2 L/s
Q = (23,6 + 0,2) L/s Q = 23,8 L/s
76,2 I 50,3 II 13,5
Q = (49,74 + 0,2+ 0,35) L/s Q = 50,3 L/s
Q = (73,86 0,35) L/s Q = 73,5 L/s
23,8 E 26,5
Q = (13,86 0,35) L/s Q = 13,5 L/s 40 L/s
100 L/s
Q = (26,14 + 0,35) L/s Q = 26,5 L/s . 9.4.

, -
, . ,
. 9.4 .
:
. ,
(hAZ = hAZ = hAZ = hAZ):

h AZ = h AB + h + h h AZ = Q 2AB + Q 2B + Q
2

h AZ = 97 Q 2AB + 812 Q B
2 2
+ 4908 Q (SI) h AZ = 6,77 m

Bernoulli ,
:
v 2A v 2Z p A pz
yA yZ + + = h p A p Z = h p A p Z = 66,5KPa
2g
1: ,
( ) :
Q = 0,08 L/s, Q = 0,04 L/s
2:
, , .
, , .
382

3: , .
, .
( ) ,
, . ,
.
(1) (2).
2, ,
.
. ,
9.3 , , (14
10 ). , , ,
(Excel, Calc ..) -
.

3
9.4, , , -
.
9.4,
.
:
:

L, m 25 50 40 30 30 40 50 40 30 30 50 30 25 40
d, cm 10 10 8 8 6 6 8 10 12 8 6 6 6 6
K 3 2 3 4 4 4 3 1 2 2 4 4 2 3

: QA = 100 L/s Q = 40 L/s

: Q = Q = Q = Q = 20 L/s,
Q = Q = 30 L/s
= 0,00012 m
T : = 10-6 m2/s.
: 9.3, , -
(, II, III, IV, V) (. 9.4).
- ().
.

20L/s 20L/s
100L/s 30L/s 100L/s 30L/s
B 30L/s B 30L/s
II
A 20L/s A 20L/s
K I K
20L/s IV III 20L/s
I V
I

20L/s 20L/s
40L/s 40L/s
. 9.4. . 9.4.
 383

.
.
Excel. , ( SI)
: 1-5, - .
(6) /d:
5 3 d, 6: = 5/3
- C6-O6.
/d ( 6-6).
, (7) f (8),
i.

A B C D E F G H I J K L
1
2 L 25 50 40 30 30 40 50 40 30 30 50 30 25 40

3 d 0,1 0,1 0,08 0,08 0,06 0,06 0,08 0,1 0,12 0,08 0,06 0,06 0,06 0,06

4 K 3 2 3 4 4 4 3 1 2 2 4 4 2 3

5 0,00012 0,00012 0,00012 0,00012 0,00012 0,00012 0,00012 0,00012 0,00012 0,00012 0,00012 0,00012 0,00012 0,00012

6 /d 0,0012 0,0012 0,0015 0,0015 0,002 0,002 0,0015 0,0012 0,001 0,0015 0,002 0,002 0,002 0,002

7 f 0,0205 0,0205 0,0217 0,0217 0,0234 0,0234 0,0217 0,0205 0,0196 0,0217 0,0234 0,0234 0,0234 0,0234

8 6721 10137 27966 24505 100161 125047 33445 7614 2753 20470 149934 100161 74967 118672

f
(5.25):
2
3,7
f = 2 log

d

7: = (2*LOG(3,7/B6))^2 - -
C7-O7.
8 :

8 Li 1
i = f + i 4
2 i
g di di

8: = 8/PI()^2/9,81*(B7*B2/B3+B4)/B3^4 C8-O8.
/d, f (
6, 7 8 ).
1. : ( ) . -
( ) .
,
, ,
. , ,
, . -
5 ( ).
: (QA = 100 L/s, = 6721, = 6721):
QAB = 40 L/s QAI = 60 L/s
384

: Q = 10 L/s 20 L/s
100 L/s 30 L/s 25
: Q = 40 L/s
30 L/s
: Q = 25 L/s Q = 15 L/s B
10
II 5
A 15 20 L/s
: Q = 5 L/s 40 15 5
I K
60 IV 20 L/s
: Q = 15 L/s Q = 25 L/s 25 25 III
40 15
V
: Q = 25 L/s, I
15
Q = 15 L/s Q= 15 L/s 15
20 L/s
: Q = 5 L/s 40 L/s
: Q = 15 L/s . 9.4.

: 25+25 = 15+20+15.
9.4
( 9, m3/s).
2. :
, :
(): hI = hAB + h h h h hAI = 0 (1)
(): hII = h + h h + h = 0 (2)
(): hII = h h + h = 0 (3)
(V): hIV = h h + h = 0 (4)
(V): hV = h h h = 0 (5)
Excel ( 10-14):
, +1 1, .
, ( ). , 10
h , 11, ...

3. : (hi = i
Qi2) (1) (5). :

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O
8 6721 10137 27966 24505 100161 125047 33445 7614 2753 20470 149934 100161 74967 118672
9 Q 0,04 0,01 0,025 0,005 0,005 0,015 0,015 0,04 0,06 0,015 0,015 0,025 0,025 0,015
10 I 1 1 1 1 1 1
11 II 1 1 1 1
12 III 1 1 1
13 IV 1 1 1
14 V 1 1 1
15 h 10,75 1,01 12,18 9,91 4,61 46,85
16 h 17,48 0,61 4,61 33,74
17 h 2,50 28,14 26,70
18 hV 33,74 62,60 26,70
19 hV 7,53 62,60 46,85
20 hI 61,79 hII 11,04 hIII 1,07 hIV 69,63 hV 23,27
 385

15 19, . 15 -
( ) . 15 : =
10*8*9. .
20 h' . , C20 : = SUM(B15:
O15). F20, I20, L20 O20.
4. : (9.4) .
C21 , F21 .. ,
:
() C21 = C20/SUMPRODUCT(B8:O8;B9:O9;ABS(B10:O10))/2
() F21 = F20/SUMPRODUCT(B8:O8;B9:O9;ABS(B11:O11))/2
() 21 = I20/SUMPRODUCT(B8:O8;B9:O9;ABS(B12:O12))/2
(V) L21 = L20/SUMPRODUCT(B8:O8;B9:O9;ABS(B13:O13))/2
(V) O21 = O20/SUMPRODUCT(B8:O8;B9:O9;ABS(B14:O14))/2

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O
20 hI 61,79 hII 11,04 hIII 1,07 hIV 69,63 hV 23,27

21 QI 0,0102 QII 0,0016 QII 0,0001 QIV 0,0053 QV 0,0024

, ,
( 1014).
:

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O
1
21 QI 0,0102 QII 0,0016 QII 0,0001 QIV 0,0053 QV 0,0024

22 Q 0,0502 0,0202 0,0266 0,0066 0,0049 0,0151 0,0126 0,0298 0,0498 0,0064 0,0081 0,0173 0,0172 0,0202

. :
22 = B9+B10*$C21+B11*$F21+B12*$I21+B13*$L21+B14*$O21

20 L/s
26,6
9.4. 100 L/s 30 L/s
, - 6,6 30 L/s
B 6,4 II
. A 20,2 20 L/s
50,2 8,1 4,9
I K
- 49,8 17,3 IV 20 L/s
17,2 III
29,8 20,2
. , - I V
, 15,1
12,6
( 20 L/s
40 L/s
m3/s L/s): . 9.4.
386

hI 15,38 hII 12,07 hIII 22,18 hIV 8,81 hV 13,18

QI 0,0033 QII 0,0027 QII 0,0023 QIV 0,0008 QV 0,0019

0,0535 0,0235 0,0239 0,0039 0,0025 0,0175 0,0107 0,0265 0,0465 0,0004 0,0116 0,0162 0,0158 0,0171

53,5 23,5 23,9 3,9 2,5 17,5 10,7 26,5 46,5 0,4 11,6 16,2 15,8 17,1

, , -
( hj ).
m3/s:

0,0535 0,0235 0,0239 0,0039 0,0025 0,0175 0,0107 0,0265 0,0465 0,0004 0,0116 0,0162 0,0158 0,0171

0,0547 0,0247 0,0247 0,0047 0,0029 0,0171 0,0089 0,0253 0,0453 0,0001 0,0097 0,0133 0,0164 0,0185

0,0557 0,0257 0,0239 0,0039 0,0024 0,0176 0,0089 0,0243 0,0443 0,0018 0,0113 0,0141 0,0154 0,0171

0,0557 0,0257 0,0245 0,0045 0,0028 0,0172 0,0080 0,0243 0,0443 0,0012 0,0103 0,0129 0,0162 0,0179

0,0562 0,0262 0,0242 0,0042 0,0026 0,0174 0,0082 0,0238 0,0438 0,0020 0,0112 0,0136 0,0156 0,0172

0,0561 0,0261 0,0246 0,0046 0,0028 0,0172 0,0077 0,0239 0,0439 0,0015 0,0106 0,0129 0,0162 0,0177

0,0564 0,0264 0,0245 0,0045 0,0027 0,0173 0,0079 0,0236 0,0436 0,0019 0,0110 0,0134 0,0157 0,0172

, ( )
. , : ()
(), , :
(): hI = hAB + h + h h h hAI = 0 (1)
(): hII = h + h h h = 0 (2)
, 10 (1) 11 (1).
.
,
9.4 :
QAB = 0,0564 m3/s = 56,4 L/s QB = 0,0264 m3/s = 26,4 L/s
Q = 0,0245 m3/s = 24,5 L/s Q = 0,0045 m3/s = 4,5 L/s
Q = 0,0027 m3/s = 2,7 L/s Q = 0,0173 m3/s = 17,3 L/s
Q = 0,0079 m3/s = 7,9 L/s Q = 0,0236 m3/s = 23,6 L/s
Q = 0,0436 m3/s = 43,6 L/s Q = 0,0019 m3/s = 1,9 L/s
Q = 0,0110 m3/s = 11,0 L/s Q = 0,0134 m3/s = 13,4 L/s
Q = 0,0157 m3/s = 15,7 L/s Q = 0,0172 m3/s = 17,2 L/s
-
. (
 387

20 L/s A
100 L/s 30 L/s 24,5
4,5 30 L/s
B 26,4 1,9
A 20 L/s
56,4
K 11,0 2,7 B
43,6 13,4 20 L/s
15,7
23,6 17,2
I 17,3
7,9

20 L/s . 9.5.
40 L/s
. 9.4.
.

.. Excel Calc solver Excel),

.
,
(EPANET, WaterCAD, KYpipes ..).

9.5 .

.
, , 1 L/s -
2 bar.
,
, -
. , :
, , .
, ,
9.5, Bernoulli,
, :
v 2A v 2E p A pE P v 2 v 2E p A
y A yE + + = h E hp E = y A y E + A + h AE + hp
2g 2g
(
3 m/s ),
:
pE p
= y A y E + A h AE + h p (9.5)

: hAE = hAB + h + h =
9.2.
9.5.1 .
9.5,
(9.5), .
.
.
,
388

. 9.5, ,
.
. , h,
hp. (. ,
, ), Bernoulli :
p p E
y yE + = h hp

:
p p
y y + = h

pE p
yE y + = h

:

(h hp) + h + h = 0 (9.6)
. , :
h + h + h = 0
, , ( -
), .
(9.2) :
( h i h p,i ) = 0 (9.6)

hi,j = hp,j (9.6)

: i j .

(9.6), hp,j -
:

,
.


. -
-
9.3, : . 9.5.
.
( h p,i h i ) j
Q j = (9.7)
2 i Qi 70 L/s
j 40 L/s
P
: i j.
, ,
-
(ht).

4 30 L/s
9.5 - . 9.5.
 389

:
LAB = L = 200 m, LA = L = 150 m, L = 120 m
dAB = d = 5 in, d = d= 4 in, d = 3 in
, 10 m. -
:
) .
) pA =3 bar, yA y = 8 m.
( ).
:
: QA = 0,07 L/s, Q = 0,04 L/s, Q = 0,03 L/s, = 0,00015 m
= 10-6 m2/s, hp, = 10 m, pA = 300 KPa, yA y = 8 m

L (m) 200 150 120 150 200
d (m) 0,127 0,127 0,0762 0,1016 0,1016

: () Qi, () p
) 2 : () ().
i ( . 9.3):

(SI)
L 200 150 120 150 200
d 0,127 0,127 0,0762 0,1016 0,1016
/d 0,00118 0,00118 0,00197 0,00148 0,00148
f 0,0205 0,0205 0,0233 0,0216 0,0216
10.232 7.674 90.010 24.773 33.031

1. : ( ) (. 9.5).
i, .
: Q = 40 L/s Q = 30 L/s
: Q = 10 L/s () Q = 10 L/s
: Q = (30 10) L/s = 20 L/s
: : 20+10 = 30 70 L/s
40 40 L/s
P
2. :
(): h = (h hp) h h = 0 I 10
30 10
2 2 2 II
h = Q AB Q B Q A = 10 (1)

(): h = h h + h = 0 20 30 L/s
2 2 2
h = Q B Q + Q = 0 (2) . 9.5.
390

3. :

h h h h h hI hII
16,37 m 6,91 m 9,00 m 2,48m 13,21 m 0,46 10 1,73 0

4. :
(9.7):
h t hI
(9.7) Q I = Q I = 0,0031 m3 / s
2 i Q i I

hII
(9.7) Q II = Q II = 0,0005 m3 / s
2 i Q i II
:
Q = (0,040 + 0,0031) m3/s = 0,0431 m3/s
Q = (0,030 0,0031) m3/s = 0,0269 m3/s
Q = (0,010 0,0031 + 0,0005) m3/s = 0,0074 m3/s
Q = (0,010 + 0,0005) m3/s = 0,0105 m3/s
Q = (0,020 0,0005) m3/s = 0,0195 m3/s
- .
:

Q Q Q Q Q h h QI QII
0,0431 0,0269 0,0074 0,0105 0,0195 8,54 4,96 0,00055 0,00158
0,0437 0,0263 0,0084 0,0121 0,0179 7,80 0,66 0,00078 0,0002
0,0444 0,0256 0,0078 0,0123 0,0177 9,67 1,15 0,00012 0,00036
0,0446 0,0254 0,0081 0,0126 0,0174 9,49 0,17 0,0000440 0,0000126
0,0447 0,0253 0,0079 0,0127 0,0173 9,92 0,27 0,0000066 0,0000197
0,0448 0,0252 0,0080 0,0128 0,0172 9,88 0,04 0,0000103 0,0000030
0,0448 0,0252 0,0080 0,0128 0,0172 9,98 0,06 0,0000016 0,0000046
0,0448 0,0252 0,0080 0,0128 0,0172 9,97 0,01 0,0000024 0,0000007
0,0448 0,0252 0,0080 0,0128 0,0172 10,00 0,01 0,0000004 0,0000011

(. 9.5):
Q = 44,8 L/s
Q = 25,2 L/s
Q = 8 L/s
Q = 12,8 L/s
Q = 17,2 L/s
) Bernoulli () ,
:
 391

1
70 L/s A 2
44,8 40 L/s

P
Q1 Q2

I 12,8 Q
25,2 8 II
QE
17,2 Q
30 L/s
Q
. 9.5. . 9.5.
.

p A p p p
y A y + = h hp A = h hp (y A y )

, :
p A p
= h AB + h hp (y A y ) = h +h (y A y )

: h = 20,57 m, h = 4,06 m, h = 4,86 m, h = 9,77 m, yA y= 8 m,
hp = 10 m, = 9,81 KN/m3, :
pA p = 65 KPa p = 235 KPa

: , -
. , hp ,
.

9.5.2 .
-
. , ,

( 9.5).
9.5, -
Q1 Q2 ,
( ) . 2 , 5 4 .
5 3 2
. 7 5
.
:

Q = Q (9.8)

Q1 + Q2 = QB + Q + Q + QE (9.8)
, Bernoulli -
.
392

1
p p v 2 v 22
y1 y 2 + 1 2 + 1 = h12 y1 y 2 = h12 A 2
2g
II
- Q1 Q2
- Q
, 12.

(, 9.5) I II
, 12. QE
. Q

(9.6) : Q
. 9.5.
hIII = y (9.9) .
(9.9) ( 9.6) , .
, ,
y = y1 y2 (
, ).
hp, y,
.
- () (9.7)
( ):
y - hi,j
Q j = (9.10)
2 i Q i j

, ( ,
, ).
Hardy Cross.
,
, . , (1)
9.5 (2) -
, y p/.
:
p p1 - p2
hi,j = = (9.9)

p / - hi,j
Q j = (9.10)
2 i Q i j

, (j) ,
, :
p
h i, j = y + + hp (9.9)

( y + p + h p ) h i, j
(9.10)
Q j =
2 i Qi j

5
9.5, .
 393

. .
,
, :

L d y
m cm L/s m
300 30 60 7
250 20 110 10
220 20 85 0
230 15 25 3
180 20 y1 = 37 m
250 20 y2 = 34 m
280 25 = 0,00026 m

:
() () , ( -
) - () (. 9.5). ,
i (), () ():

(SI)
L 300 250 220 230 180 250 280
d 0,3 0,2 0,2 0,15 0,2 0,2 0,25
0,00026 0,00026 0,00026 0,00026 0,00026 0,00026 0,00026
/d 0,00087 0,00130 0,00130 0,00173 0,00130 0,00130 0,00104
f 0,0190 0,0210 0,0210 0,0226 0,0210 0,0210 0,0198
193 1353 1190 5644 974 1353 470

1. : ( ) .
i ,
(. 9.5).
: (9.8):
Q1 + Q2= 280 L/s
Q1 = 180 L/s = 0,18 m3/s II
3
Q2= 100 L/s= 0,1 m /s. 180 100
110
: Q1 = Q + Q + Q
: Q = 70 L/s Q = 50 L/s 50
70
: : Q = 10 L/s
I 10 II
Q + Q = Q + Q Q= 50 L/s
50
: Q+ Q = Q + Q 60 25 25
Q = 25 L/s

, : 85
Q = Q+ Q+ Q (100 = 25+25+50) . 9.5.
394

2. :
h = h + h h = 0 ()
h = h + h h = 0 ()
h = h h + h + h = 3 ()
: hi= iQi2.
() (). (9.9) y = y1 y2 =
(3734) m. y
.
3. :

hAB h h h h h h hI hII hIII

6,27 6,63 2,98 0,56 2,43 0,85 4,70 4,22 2,15 5,77

4. :
(9.4) QI = 0,010 m3/s, QI = 0,00775 m3/s
y hIII
(9.10) Q III = QII = 0,00614 m3/s
2 i Q i III
(m3/s):

QAB Q Q Q Q Q Q
0,18 0,07 0,05 0,01 0,05 0,025 0,1
0,1739 0,0538 0,0600 0,0078 0,0484 0,0327 0,1061

Q . () ():
h= h h h = 0 ()
h= h + h + h = 0 ()
[, h = Q 2 :
h = Q|Q|, () ()].
- .
:

QAB Q Q Q Q Q Q QI QII QIII

0,1739 0,0538 0,0600 0,0078 0,0484 0,0327 0,1061 0,00187 0,00181 0,00197
0,1758 0,0577 0,0581 0,0077 0,0446 0,0346 0,1042 0,00038 0,00005 0,00110
0,1747 0,0562 0,0585 0,0080 0,0458 0,0345 0,1053 0,00043 0,00023 0,00015
0,1749 0,0568 0,0581 0,0078 0,0454 0,0347 0,1051 0,00001 0,00009 0,00021
0,1747 0,0566 0,0581 0,0079 0,0455 0,0348 0,1053 0,00011 0,00007 0,00002
0,1746 0,0567 0,0580 0,0079 0,0454 0,0349 0,1054 0,00002 0,00004 0,00005

()
 395

0,1746 0,0566 0,0580 0,0079 0,0455 0,0350 0,1054 0,00003 0,00003 0,00002
0,1746 0,0567 0,0579 0,0079 0,0454 0,0350 0,1054 0,00001 0,00002 0,00002
0,1746 0,0566 0,0579 0,0079 0,0454 0,0350 0,1054 0,00001 0,00001 0,00001

: QAB = 0,1746 m3/s = 174,6 L/s Q = 0,0566 m3/s = 56,6 L/s

Q = 0,0579 m3/s = 57,9 L/s Q = 0,0079 m3/s = 7,9 L/s
Q = 0,0454 m3/s = 45,4 L/s Q = 0,0350 m3/s = 35,0 L/s
Q = 0,1054 m3/s = 105,4 L/s

( m):

hAB h h h h h h hI hII hIII

5,90 4,34 3,99 0,35 2,01 1,66 5,22 0,00 0,00 3,00

: Bernoulli (1)
:
p1 pB
: y1 y B + = h1B pB, = (y1 y B h1B )

pB, = (y1 yB hAB) pB, = 236,5 KPa
: p, = (y1 y hAB h) p, = 164,5 KPa
: p, = (y1 y hAB h) p, = 266,0 KPa
: p, = (y1 y hAB h + h) p,= 252,8 KPa

: ,
. , . , .
Bernoulli :

p E p
yE y + = h p = p + (y y E + h )

, Bernoulli -
.

9.5.3 HazenWilliams.
, ,
DarcyWeisbach. ,
: hi = i Qi2. , ,
, , fi
i. ( , ).
, ,
, DarcyWeisbach, Hazen
Williams. , ,
,
. -
( SI):
396

v = 0,849 C R 0,63 ( h f L )0,54 (9.11)

: R , hf/L (
).
, DarcyWeisbach.
HazenWilliams, SI, :

10,665 L
hf = 1,852
Q1,852 (9.12)
C d4,871
: hf L d.
C , HazenWilliams.
. 9.5.1
. C ( ).

9.5.1
HazenWilliams.
HazenWilliam C
130 140
120
110
140 150
120 140

DarcyWeisbach, HazenWilliams, :

hi = A i Qni (9.13)

DarcyWeisbach:
8 Li
A i = i = 2
fi , n=2 (9.13)
g di5
HazenWilliams:
10,665 Li
Ai = 1,852
, n = 1,852 (9.13)
C di4,871
, :
h j'
Q j = (9.14)
n1
n A i Qi

HazenWilliams Darcy-Weisbach, -
C. , f
( , Reynolds)
Moody ( 5.4.2).
. :
DarcyWeisbach
. ,
DarcyWeisbach, . ,
DarcyWeisbach -
(. . 4.1.8, 6).

: (.. , ), ,
 397

ChezyManning:
L
hf = 4,1 n2 5,33
Q2
d
: n, ( Manning).
.

6
9.5 HazenWilliams.

:
2, DarcyWeis-
bach. hi = iQi2 (
DarcyWeisbach) (9.13):
hi = A i Qin
:
10,665 Li
Ai = 1,852
4,871 n = 1,852
C di
, (9.14).
( , ), i.
, C 9.5.1 ( ): C = 130. (9.13)
:

(SI)
d 0,3 0,2 0,15 0,20 0,20 0,15 0,15
L 150 200 150 200 150 200 150
i 68,5 658,6 2005,8 658,6 494,0 2674,4 2005,8

( 1 200 L/s 60 L/s

2) (. 9.5).
A 30 cm 20 cm
:
hI = hAB + hBE + h h = 0 (1)
20 cm

hI = hB + h h h = 0 (2) 15 cm
hi :
15 cm 15 cm
hi = A i Q1,852
i E
100 L/s 40 L/s
(SI)
. 9.5.
d 0,3 0,2 0,15 0,20 0,20 0,15 0,15
L 150 200 150 200 150 200 150 200 L/s 60 L/s
i 68,5 658,6 2005,8 658,6 494,0 2674,4 2005,8 A 120 80

Q 0,12 0,08 0,02 0,04 0,08 0,02 0,02

hi 1,35 6,13 1,43 1,70 4,59 1,91 1,43 80 I 40 II 20

h h:
h = 1,65 m h = 3,37 m 20 E 20
100 L/s 40 L/s

(9.14): . 9.5.
398

h j'
Q j =
1,852 A i Q 0,852
i

Q = 0,0044 m3/s = 4,4 L/s

Q = 0,0068 m3/s = 6,8 L/s

( )
( hi, h h, Q Q). ,
. :

0,1200 0,0800 0,0200 0,0400 0,0800 0,0200 0,0200

1 0,1244 0,0756 0,0244 0,0512 0,0732 0,0132 0,0268
2 0,1227 0,0773 0,0227 0,0488 0,0739 0,0139 0,0261

3 0,1229 0,0771 0,0229 0,0493 0,0736 0,0136 0,0264

4 0,1228 0,0772 0,0228 0,0492 0,0736 0,0136 0,0264

L/s ( 2, -
DarcyWeisbach) :
QAB = 122,8 L/s (123,8 L/s)
QA = 77,2 L/s (76,2 L/s)
Q = 22,8 L/s (23,8 L/s)
Q = 49,2 L/s (50,3 L/s)
Q = 73,6 L/s (73,5 L/s)
Q = 13,6 L/s (13,5 L/s)
Q = 26,4 L/s (26,5 L/s)
Darcy-Weisbach,
.

9.6 .

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 401

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ISO 14617 (1999, Ships and
marine technology -- Identification colours for the content of piping systems), -
(. 7.4).

9.7 .

1. 9.7 :
= 150 m, = 150 m, = 100 m : 8 cm, 6 cm, 5 cm . (
).

[Q = 64,4 L/s, Q = 35,6 L/s, Q = 14,4 L/s]
50 L/s
2. 9.7 A
QA = 0,32 m3/s (), Q = 0,28 m3/s () Q 100 L/s
50 L/s
= 0,10 m3/s (). -

, 25 cm = = 200 m = =
. 9.7.
100 m.
[QAB = 0,218, QA = 0,102, QA = 0,062,
QA = 0,202 (m3/s)] B

3. ( L/s)
9.7.
: = 100 m, = 150 m,
= 200 m, = 150 m, = 200 m.
( ).
[QA = 36,5, Q = 25,32, Q = 10,32, . 9.7.
Q = 13,5, Q = 11,18 ( L/s)]
B
4. 9.7,
8 cm 8 cm
f = 0,025, = = 600 ft,
= = 450 ft, = 750 ft, - 50 L/s 5 cm
15 L/s
. QA= 3 5 cm
ft3/s,
5 cm
. 120 psi,

, .
[QAB =1,78, QA = 1,22, Q = 1,48, Q = 0,3,
Q = 2,7 (ft3/s), pB =116,1, p =114,2, p =105,1 (psi)] . 9.7.

5. A 8 in
pA pB = 15 psi,
. (:
9i
n
6 in

3 in

).
[QAB = 3,47, Q = 2,38, Q = 0,58,
Q = 2,9, Q = 5,27 ( ft3/s)] 8 in

6. 9.7 . 9.7.
402

0,022, 5 in : = = 400 ft, = = 300 ft, = 300 ft.

90 psi. 20C.
, . ( ).
[QAB = 0,95, Q =1,05, Q = 0,24 Q = 0,31, Q = 0,19 ( ft3/s)]

7. 9.7.
:
= = = = 100 m 2 ft3/s 1 ft3/s
= 50 m = 112 m.
A
( , =10-6 m2/s).
[Q = 28,7, Q = 46,9, Q = 24,4
Q = 28,7, Q = 6,3, Q = 18,1 ( L/s)]

8. 9.7

:
==100 m = =150 m 0,5 ft3/s 0,5 ft3/s
===120 m. . 9.7.
3 in -
, 100 L/s
9.7.
A d=10 cm
. (-
, yA = y).
[QAB =25,4, QA =24,6, Q =16,1, Q = 9,3, d=10 cm d=8 cm d=8 cm
Q = 1,1, Q = 4,6, Q = 13,9 (L/s),
pAZ = 887 KPa]
d=8 cm d=5 cm
9. E
- 65 L/s 35 L/s
9.7. : . 9.7.

L (m) d (cm) 50 L/s 15 L/s

150 12 A

150 15
100 8
180 8
150 8
E
120 8 20 L/s 15 L/s
. 9.7.
180 10

[QAB = 54,3, QA = 95,7, Q = 35,0, Q = 23,0 150 m3/h

Q = 3,7, Q = 15,0, Q = 41,9 (m3/h)] B
3
50 m /h

10. 9.7
.
( L/s).
40 m, - 50 m3/h
E
, 5 m .
: . 9.7.
 403

= 300 m, = = = =150 m 200 L/s

= = = = =120 m A 30 cm
[Q = 103, Q = 97, Q = 58,9, Q = 38,1, Q = 22,

20 cm

20 cm
Q = 11,9, Q = 63,1, Q = 39,9, Q = 10,1 (L/s)]

s
L/
0
20 cm 20 cm

10
E
11. 9.7,

15 cm

15 cm

15 cm
. -
, . 25 cm 25 cm 50
: ) L/

s
H

L/
s

50
, ) , yA
yZ = 4 m. . 9.7.
:

L, 15 10 10 6 8
60 60 80 80 50 80 80 50
m 0 0 0 0 0
d,
12 10 8 8 8 8 10 12 8 8 8 8 8
cm

[Q = 66,1, Q = 28,2, Q = 10,5, Q = 9,5 30 L/s 20 L/s

120 L/s 40 L/s
Q = 26,0, Q = 11,9, Q = 13,9 30 L/s
Q = 53,9, Q = 2,1, Q = 12,3, Q = 13,5
20 L/s
Q = 22,1, Q = 23,7 (L/s), pA pZ = 87,4 KPa] E

12. 9.7
H
: LAB = LE 40 L/s Z
= 150 m, LAE = LE = 200 m, L = 120 m dAB = 60 L/s
. 9.7.
d = 10 cm, d = d = d = 8 cm.
70 L/s
30 m. 20 L/s
A
, pA = 8 bar, yA= y
= 20 m.
[Q = 36,6, QE = 33,4, QBE = 5,8, Q = 30,8
Q = 19,2 (L/s), p = 200,2 KPa]

13. 9.7, B P 50 L/s
(1) (y1=128 m) (2) (y2=122 m). . 9.7.
. -
: QB=Q=60 L/s, Q= Q=40 L/s. - 1
A 2
. :
yB = yE= 40 m y=50 m y = 28 m

L = 500 m, L = 300 m, L =150 m,
L = L = L = L = 120 m
. 9.7.
dAB = d= 20 cm, d = d =10 cm
404

d = d = 8 cm, d =6 cm
[Q = 105,1, Q = 20,7, QB = 24,4, Q = 9,0, Q = 28,3 Q = 26,6 Q = 94,9 (L/s)
P = 570,2 KPa, P = 367,3 KPa, P = 215,5 KPa, P = 562,9 KPa]
14. , , 9.7 45
m 8 cm. , ,
, , :
p = 950 kPa p = 350 kPa
p = 675 kPa p = 100 kPa
,
( = 10-6 m2/s).
[QAK = 38,1 L/s, QKB = 23,7 L/s, QK = 23,0 L/s, QK = 37,4 L/s]

15. 9.7 -
. :
y1 = 150 m, yB = 50 m, y = 53 m, y = 45 m, A
y = 65 m, y = 60 m, y = 30 m, y = 35 m.
B

d L d
L (m)
(cm) (m) (cm)

200 15
. 9.7.
100 10 40 10

50 5 25 5 1

30 5 20 5

[QAB =75,4, Q = 28,6, Q = 12,1, Q = 16,5
Q = 46,8, Q = 22,5, Q = 24,3 (L/s)]
16. 100 m -
4 in, .
hf =AQn
60 KPa: ) DarcyWeis-
bach, ) HazenWilliams.
[) hf = 19.600 Q2, Q = 0,0177 m3/s, ) hf = 8920Q1,852,
Q = 0,0196 m3/s] . 9.7.
 KE 10

10.1
10.2
10.3
10.4 ( )
10.5 ( )
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406

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408

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 411

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414

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416

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Q:
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 417

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418

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(. 10.4). - (Viking).

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 423

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,
-
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.
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).
,
. -
, . 10.5.
. , , .
426

, , -
. , ,
(. 10.5 10.5). ,
, ,
. , ,
.
, (1,52 bar).
, .
, (
).
, -
, ,
. ,
(ballast pump, ), -
(heeling and trimming pump, ).
, ,
, .
, ,
, . -
, .

. 10.5.
(Weir).

() () ()
. 10.5.
. 10.5. : ) , ) )
. (: edraulic Institute).
 427

. ,
.
10.5.3 .
, ,
( ), , -
. ,
, (. 10.5).
, ,
. , -
, . , -
.
, ,
. .
, -
, (. 10.5).

. 10.5.
(Sulzer).

10.5.4 A .
,
( ,
). .
, .
(. 10.5). ,
, (. 10.5).
( ) .
: -
428

. 10.5. . 10.5.
(Mepco). .

, , ,
... ,
. , ( -
). , ,
. , -
.
, ,
. ,
(Peripheral pumps).
, , .

( 20% ). -
.
.
10.5.5 .
(jet pumps) , (
Giffard ), .
, () ,
. , -
(. 10.5).
.
d1, v1
p1 d2, v2 p2, : p2 < p1. -
, , :
d12 d22
Q= v1 = v2
4 4
2
d
v 2 = v1 1
(10.8)
d2
 429

Bernoulli:

p1 p2 v12 v 22
y1 y 2 + + = hj
2g
p1 p2 v12 v 22
+ = hj
2g
(v 22 v12 )
p1 p2 = + hj
2

(10.8):

v12 d1
4

p1 p 2 = 1 + h j (10.9)
2 d 2

(10.9) . -
, , 1 m/s
4 (d1/d2 = 4), ,
(10.9) : p1 p2 = 255 KPa.
: (v12/2g) (hj) ,
Bernoulli ( ):
v 22
p1 p2 = (10.9)
2

( 2 10.5) -
3,
.
. (-
), .

( -
). ,

. -
, , -
.
, ...
, ,
, -
...

10.6 .

-

, . 10.5.
. .
430

, -
. ,
,
.
,
,
:
) , , -
. 25.000 m3/h (
100.000 m3/h),
1000 m3/h.
) ( -
1200 2000 rpm).
) , -
.
) , -
, .
) ( , ,
).
:
) ,
. , .
) -
( ).
610-4 m2/s,
1,3 m2/s.
) -
. ,
, .
)
( ),
, .
) ( ) -
.
, , -
, -
.
,
. -
, ,
( -
), , ,
.
,
:
) -
.
.
 431

) , -
.
.
) ,
,
.
) , , -
. .

(Viking Pump Inc) (. 10.6.1):

10.6.1
Viking.

(m3/h) 363 7,3 184 640

(bar) 17 172 27 14

(m2/s) 4,410-1 1,6510-2 4,4 10-1 510-4

(C) 370 230 205 260

- -

, ,
.
( ), -
, ( m3/h 25.000 m3/h)
, ( -
7 bar),
( 400 bar).
, ,
.
.
.
m3/h
100.000 m3/h ( 300.000 m3/h). 2 bar,
,
( 30 bar).
( -
432

, ). -
, , .
, , -
( ), -
.
.
, -
KW 5000 KW.

,
. , ,
, .
 KE 11


11.1
11.2
11.3
11.4
11.5
434

11.1 . 2

-
-

A K
. ,
.
,
, () 2
, 1
.
.
,
, K
.

,
1 A
Bernoulli ()
( , . 3.3 3.4),
. . 11.1.
11.1(), - .
:
1-, -2, , .
1 (
y1, p1 v1) 2 ( :
y2, p2, v2).
1 2 -
. ,
11.1(), 1 2 .
(v1 = v2 = 0),
(v v) . ( , -
).
11.1.1 .
, ,
.
. ,
. ,
, .
(.. -
).
-
. ,
. . , ,
.
,
:
, .
, .
 435

,
:
Q = A v = . (11.1)
: Q , A v
.
: A = d2/4, A = d2/4,
(11.1) :
d4 d4
Q = Av = v = v (11.1)
4 4
: v v .
, .
, :
d < d v > v
( ),
. , ,
(11.1). (-
) , .
11.1.2 .
,
Bernoulli. , ,
. . Bernoulli -
, .
Bernoulli .
11.1,
Bernoulli 1 2.
( ) ,
, ( )
( ):
p1 v12
H1 = + + y1 (11.2)
2g

p2 v 22
H2 = + + y2 (11.2)
2g
(1-) (-2) Q,
:
h = h + h (11.2)
, H -
.
( ) :

1 + = 2 + h = (2 1) + h (11.2)

H1 H2 :
436

p2 p1 v 22 v12
o = (y 2 y1 ) + + + h (11.2)
2g
H
y2 y1, . -
, H y y1,
H, y2 y. :

= y2 y1 = H + + hp (11.2)

: hp = yK yA , .
(10.3) :
p 2 p1 v 22 v12
o = H + + + h (11.2)
2g
(11.2)
:
1: ( : = y2 y1).
p p1
2: ( : 2 ).

v 22 v12
3: ( : ).
2g
4: ( : h = h + h ).
4 (11.2),
h. -
. :
() -
. , ( 1
2 ).
, -
(.. ,
..)
(. 11.1), ,
(11.2) :
= + h (11.2)
1 2, (
).
-
. , -
, .
:
p2 p1
Ho = + h (11.2)

, -
.
 437

. -

(.11.1), .
, -
(
, ). ( ),
(v1 = 0) (v2
0). , -
, ,
. .
( 2),
d2 , , v2 .

1
,
11.1
:
y1 = 10 m, p1 = p
y2 = 5 m, p2 = 300 KPa, v2 = 3 m/s
:
. -
, ( 1).
2 ( )
v2 ( ).
: = y2 y1 H = 15 m

p2 p1 (300 101,3) KPa

: = = 20,24 m
9,81 KN / m3

v 22 v12 (3 02 )(m / s)2

: = = 0,46 m
2g 2 9,81 m / s2

2

2

y2 _ y1

1 1

. 11.1.
. . 11.1.
438

1 2 :
H = (15+20,24+0,46) m H = 35,7 m
T :
/ = 15/35,7 = 0,42 42%
, 56,7%,
, 1,3%.
35,7 m,
, h (
11.2).
(11.2),
:

8 L Q2 8 L Q2
h = h +h h = f
f
4
2 g d 4 2
d g d d

h = Q2 + Q2 h = ( + ) Q2

8 Li 1
: i = 2
fi + i 4
g di di
(10.3), :
p 2 p1
o = H + + ( + ) Q2 o = + Q2 (11.3)

p p
: = H + 2 1 (11.3)

:
v 22 v12
v2 = v1 = 0 = +
2g
8 L 1 L 1
= 2
f + 4 + f + 4 (11.3)
g d d d d

v 22 v12 v 2 8
v1 = 0, v2 = v = = 2 4
Q 2 :
2g 2g g d

8 L 1 L 1
= f + + f + + 1 4 (11.3)
2 g d 4
d d d
v1 = 0, v2 > v ( d2)

v 22 v12 v 22 8
= = 2 Q 2 :
2g 2g g d24
8 L 1 L 1 1
= f + + f + + 4 (11.3)
2 g d 4
d d
4
d d2
 439

(11.3) ,
.
(11.3)
, (11.3)
.

, P.
H,
(11.2). = m g,
:
Wo = Ho m g
, ( ) :
Wo Ho m g
Po = = g
= Ho m
t t
:
m
= m = Q
Q
g = ,
:
Po = Q Ho (11.4)
: , Q H
.
(11.4) ,
, .
,
(11.3), :
Po = Q ( + Q2)

Po = Q + Q3 (11.5)
(11.3) (11.3), (11.3)
(11.3).
(11.5)
, , , ,
.
11.1.3 .
) .
,
, .
,
( ).
, .
, :
1) . -
440

, ( ).
, , Darcy
Weisbach Moody.
2) . ,
:
, (11.2). -
,

.
Po, (11.4).
.
( ,
Moody) Ho
:
p p v2 v2
Ho = H + 2 1 + 2 1 + h (11.2)
2g
P = Q Ho (11.4)
, ( -
),
, (11.2). -
, ,
(.. ,
, ).
.
:
1: Q.
Po.
. -
:
1. .
2. ( 11.2).
3. P ( 11.4).
2: P.
Q.
1 ()
( ), .
-:
1. (, ) Q' h', Ho', P' (-
1).
2. P' P:
P' > P Q' > Q. 1 .
P' < P Q' < Q. 1 .
P' P, .
, :
1. ,
f f.
2. (11.3) (11.3 ).
 441

3. (11.5), Q.
4. , , f -
.
: (11.5) Q, ,
(-). .

3: , ,
P Q.
.
1. ( 11.4).
2. ( 11.2).
.
3.
( ) .
4.
( , . 5.7.3).
.
1. (11.2) ( ). -
1 2 , :
Ho = H + h.
2. (
). -
, ,
.
) .
2
11.1
220 m3/h, 140 mm
120 mm. . -
, 90,
.
:
: 1 (
) 2 (-
). -
, 20 m 2
.
11.1 : 8m
= (3+8) m = 11 m
3m
: 1

L 3 m, L= (8+20) m = 28 m
11.1,
, - . 11.1.
442

5.5.1 5.5.4 :
(=0,8) (=2), :
= 2,8.
90 ( = 0,5), ( 0,5)
( = 2), : = 3.
( = 9,81 /m3, = 10-6 m2/s).
= 0,00015 m ( 5.4.2). :
: L = 3 m d = 0,14 m = 2,8 = 0,00015 m
L = 28 m d = 0,12 m = 3 = 0,00015 m
3 -6 2
= 9,81 KN/m = 10 m /s v1 = 0 v2 = v
= 11 m p1 = p2 = p Q = 220/3600 m3/s
: Ho, Po
1: :
:
4Q
v = v = 3,97 m / s
d2
v d
(Re = Re = 5, 56 10 5 , /d =0,00107)
Moody
f = 0,0205
v
L v2
h = f + h = 2,60 m
d 2g
:
4Q
v = v = 5, 4 m / s
d2
v d
Re = 6, 48 10 5 , /d =0,0017) f = 0,0211
Moody
(Re =
v
L v2
h = f + h = 11,80 m
d 2g
:
h = h + h h = 14,40 m
2: :
p2 p1 v 22 v12
Ho = H + + + h (11.2)
2g
v 2
Ho = H + + h Ho = 26,89 m
2g
3: :
Po = Q Ho (11.4) Po = 16,12 KW
:
1. ( 18% ) -
 443

2
.
2. , 5,5%
-
. 41% 1
( ) 53,5% -
.
3. ,
: = 20,2 m, Po . 11.1.
= 12,1 m. .
, ,
.
( ).
4. -
, .

3
11.1, .
2 m 12 cm, , 160 m
10 cm. 5 m. -
300 m3. 2 10 ,
. ( , 11.1).
:
: 1 (
) 2 ( ). -
: v1 = v2 = 0.
: = y2 y1 = 5 m
(. 5.5.1 5.5.4):
: =0,8
: 90 = 0,5+1= 1,5
( = 9,81 /m3, = 10-6 m2/s).
= 0,00026 m (, 5.4.2).
: VB tB
. ,
:
Q=V
t
: V t.
:
: L = 2 m d=0,12 m = 0,8 = 0,00026 m
L= 160 m d = 0,10 m = 1,5 = 0,00026 m
3 -6 2
= 9,81 KN/m =10 m /s v1 = 0 v2 = 0
= 5 m p1 = p2 = patm V = 300 m3
t = 2 h, 10 min = 7800 s
444

: Po
VB
Q= Q = 0,0385 m 3 / s
tB

1: :
:
4Q
v = v = 3, 4 m s
d2
v d
Moody
(Re = Re = 4,08 10 5 , /d =0,00217) f = 0,0243
v
L v 2
h = f + h = 0,71 m
d 2g
:
4Q
v = v = 4,9 m s
d2
v d
Re = 4,9 10 5 , /d =0,0026) f = 0,0255
Moody
(Re =
v
L v2
h = f + h = 51,64 m
d 2g
:
h = h + h h = 52,35 m
2: :

p 2 p1 v 22 v12
Ho = H + + + h (11.2)
2g
= + h = 57,35 m
3: :
Po = Q Ho (11.4) Po = 21,64 KW
,
. , : Po = 20,68 KW.

4
12 W, -
.
:
: L = 2 m d = 0,12 m = 0,8 = 0,00026 m
L= 160 m d = 0,10 m = 1,5 = 0,00026 m
= 9,81 KN/m3 = 10-6 m2/s v1 = 0 v2 = 0
= 5 m p1 = p2 = p V = 300 m3
Po = 12 kW
 445

: t
:

Q=V t=V
t Q
Q.
,
:
1: Q' = 100 m3/h = 100/3600 m3/s.
' [ () -
]:
:
v' = 2,46 m/s Re' = 2,95 105, /d = 0,00217 f' = 0,0245 h' = 0,37 m
:
v' = 3,54 m/s Re' = 3,54 105, /d = 0,0026 f' = 0,0256 h' = 27,04 m
:
h = h + h h' = 27,41 m
:
= + h ' = 32,41 m
:
Po = Q Ho Po' = 8,83 KW

2: , ()
Po = 12 KW.
() Po', Po:
Po > Po' Q > Q' Q > 100 m3/h
1 :
1: Q' = 120 m3/h = 120/3600 m3/s.
:
v' = 2,95 m/s Re' = 3,54 105, /d = 0,00217 f' = 0,0244 h = 0,53 m
:
v' = 4,24 m/s Re' = 4,24 105, /d = 0,0026 f' = 0,0255 h' = 38,85 m
:
h = h + h h' = 39,38 m
:
Ho = H + h ' = 44,38 m
:
Po = Q Ho Po' = 14,51 KW
( ):
Po < Po' Q < Q' Q < 120 m3/h
, , Po Po':
446

Q' h' h' h' Ho' Po' : Q

m3/h m m m m KW Po=12 KW m3/h

100 0,37 27,04 27,41 32,41 8,83 Po > Po' Q > 100

120 0,53 38,85 39,38 44,38 14,51 Po < Po' Q < 120

110 0,45 32,68 33,13 38,13 11,43 Po > Po' Q > 110

112 0,47 33,87 34,34 39,34 12,01 Po Po' Q = 112

: Q = 112 m3/h = 0,0311 m3/s

:
t=V t = 9643 s = 2 h, 40 mim, 43 s
Q
:
1: f f:
(, /d = 0,00217) f = 0,024
Moody

(, /d = 0,00217) f = 0,025
Moody

2: (11.3):
(11.3) = 5 (SI)
(10.3) = 34.960 (SI)
3: (11.3):
(11.3) 12 = 5 9,81 Q + 34.9609,81Q 3 (SI)
:
Q' = 100/3600 m3/s 12 < 8,8 Q > 100/3600 m3/s
Q' = 120/3600 m3/s 12 > 14,5 Q < 120/3600 m3/s
Q' = 110/3600 m3/s 12 < 11,4 Q > 110/3600 m3/s
Q' = 112/3600 m3/s 12 11,98 Q 112/3600 m3/s
4: :
v = 2,75 m/s Re = 3,3 105 f= 0,0244 0,024
Moody

v = 3,96 m/s Re = 3,96105 f = 0,0255 0,025

Moody

: Q =112 m3/h = 0,0311 m3/s

2
5
2m
11.1, 12 KW (II) 80 m
(IV)
250 m3/h. (III)
- 10 m
1
() ( ), (I)
() ( 90), () ( - 1m
) (IV) ( ).
o . . 11.1.
 447

) ( 1 cm).
) 50% ,
;
:
: h = 0
L = 86 m
= 0,00012 m 0,5+0,5+2+1 = 4 (. 5.3.1, 5.5.4)
= 9,81 KN/m3 = 10-6 m2/s
v1 = 0 v2 = 0 p1=p2 = p
= (1+10+2) m = 11 m ( )
Q = 250/3600 m3/s Po, max = 12 kW
: () d
() d' = 1,5d Po'
) :
1: ( 11.4):
Po
(11.4) Ho = o,max = 17,61 m
Q
2: ( 11.2):
(11.2) = + h hmax= 6,61 m
3: :
h = 0
h = h + h h,max= 6,61 m
4: :
d'= 10 cm = 0,1 m
v' = 4Q/( d2 ) v = 8,84 m/s,
(Re = 8,84 105, /d = 0,0012) f' = 0,0208
Moody

2
L v
h = f + i h ' = 87,36 m
d 2g
: h' > h,max = 6,61 m d > d' = 10 cm
10 cm . -
:
d'= 30 cm = 0,3 m
2
v' = 4Q/( d ) v = 0,98 m/s,
(Re = 2,95 105, /d = 0,0004) f' = 0,0175
Moody

2
L v
h = f + i h ' = 0, 44 m
d 2g
: h' < h,max = 6,61 m d d'= 10 cm
30 cm ,
448

. ,
:

d' v' h' : d

Re' / d' f'
(m) (m/s) (m) h,max = 6,61 m (cm)
0,1 8,84 8,84105 0,0012 0,0208 87,4 87,36 > h,max d > 10
0,3 0,98 2,95105 0,0004 0,0175 0,44 0,44 < h,max d 30
5
0,2 2,21 4,4210 0,0006 0,0183 2,95 2,95 < h,max d 20
0,17 3,06 5,20 105 0,00071 0,0187 6,43 6,43 < h,max d 17
5
0,16 3,45 5,5310 0,00075 0,0189 8,62 8,62 > h,max d >16

: 16 cm < d 17 cm d = 17 cm
:
h = 6,43 m, = 17,43 m, = 11,88 KW.
) d' = 1,5d = 25,5 cm,
:
1: :
2
v' = 4Q/( d ) v = 1,36 m/s,
(Re = 3,47105, /d = 0,00047) f' = 0,0177
Moody

2
L v
h = f + i h ' = 0,94 m
d 2g
h = h + h h = 0,94 m
2: :
= + h = 11,94 m
3: :
(11.4) = 8,15 KW

: , Po, = Q = 7,5 KW -
.
, .

11.2 .

,
. - 1
, -
.
. , ,

, - . 11.2.

(). .
 449

(. 11.2). Bernoulli 1 (
) ( ) :

p1 p A v12 v 2A p p A v 2A
y1 y A + + = h H + 1 = h
2g 2g
p1 p A v2
= H + A + h (11.6)
2g
v2
p A = p1 + A + h (11.6)
2g


. -
(11.6), ,
2
, v A /2g, -
h. ,
, .
:
: p .
, p1 = p = 101,3 KPa,

, pA . ,
:
p1 p A (101,3 0) KPa
< (11.7)

( = 9,81 KN/m3):
p1 p A
< 10,33 m

(11.6):
p1 p A v2
= + A + h < 10,33 m (11.7)
2g
,
10,33 m. -
1 (h 0)
2
( v /2g 0),
10,33 m. , :
< 10,33 m
:
p (11.7)
H <

: .
,
. (. 1.2.6),
450

.
(pv) . ,
25C, pv = 3,2 KPa, , pv = 12,6 KPa
(. 1.2.10). . , 60C,
pv = 19,9 KPa (. 11.2.1). (
), .
, -
, (p)
(pv ).
: (p)
, (pv).
(11.7):
p1 p A (p p v ) (11.7)
= atm
max
, , -
:
p pv
H < atm (11.7)

, 25C,
:
p1 p v,25 (101,3 3,2)KPa
H < = H < 10 m
,v ,25o 9,81 KN / m 3 ,v ,25 o

60 C:
p1 p v,60 (101,3 20)KPa
H < = H < 8,3 m
,v ,60 o 9,81 KN / m3 ,v ,60 o

11.2.1, 0 101C.
11.2.1
.
t, C 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
0 0,6 0,7 0,7 0,8 0,8 0,9 0,9 1,0 1,1 1,1
10 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,5 1,6 1,7 1,8 1,9 2,1 2,2
20 2,3 2,5 2,6 2,8 3,0 3,2 3,4 3,6 3,8 4,0
30 4,2 4,5 4,8 5,0 5,3 5,6 5,9 6,3 6,6 7,0
40 7,4 7,8 8,2 8,6 9,1 9,6 10,1 10,6 11,2 11,7
50 12,3 13,0 13,6 14,3 15,0 15,7 16,5 17,3 18,1 19,0
60 19,9 20,9 21,8 22,8 23,9 25,0 26,1 27,3 28,5 29,8
70 31,2 32,5 33,9 35,4 37,0 38,5 40,2 41,9 43,6 45,5
80 47,3 49,3 51,3 53,4 55,6 57,8 60,1 62,5 64,9 67,5
90 70,1 72,8 75,6 78,5 81,4 84,5 87,7 90,9 94,3 97,7
100 101,3 105,0
 451

:
. ,
, , ,
. Ber-
noulli ' ,
' , :
p A p A ' v 2A v 2A'
+ = h
2g

p A ' p v 2A v2
= + h + A' (11.8)
2g 2g
h ' (. 11.2),
. -
' (
, ), :
v 2A'
H = h +
2g
p A ' p A v 2A
= + (11.8)
2g
pA pv.
p pv:

p A v 2A p v
pA' pv + + (11.8)
2g

p/
-
, -
p/.
(-
, 1
,
),
.
(11.8) - p1/
:
p1 p A ' v2
= H + 1 + h + (11.8)
2g pA /+v2/2g
NPSH pA / NPSr
(Net Positive Suction Head) pv /

, , . 11.2.
: .
452

p v2 p p p v v 2
NPSH = A + v = + (11.9)
2g 2g

NPSH,
,
( ) .
, , ( -
) ' ( , )
H, . H
NPSHr (Net Positive Suction Head Re-
quired) . (11.8) :
p v2 p p p A' v 2
NPSHr = A + A' = + (11.9)
2g 2g
, NPSH (11.9) -
(
), NPSHa (Net Positive Suction
Head Available). , (11.9),
, NPSHa. ,
. , NPSHa -
( p ).
, :
NPSHa > NPSHr
,
(p' = pv), :
p' = pv NPSHa = NPSHr
NPSHa -
, NPSHr,
.
,
11.2. , , -
', ,
NPSHa.
,max :

v 2 p pv
H,max = H ,max + + h = 1 NPSHr (11.10)
2g
.
,max 18C -
( ).
,max :

p1 p v v12 p1 p v v 2
H,max = h = h NPSHr (11.10)
2g 2g
 453

|,max|.
,
, (11.12) :
p1 p v p pv
H,max = = 1 NPSHr (11.10)

, -
. , ,max
,max.
, -
,
, -
(11.10) (11.10) .
.

6
(p1 = 101,3 Pa).
8 m 10 cm. 4,7 m
120 m3/h,
NPSHa , 25C 70C.
, 16 cm
5 m;
:
) : d = 0,10 m L = 8 m = 0,00026 m = 9,81 KN/m3
3
p1 = 101,3 KPa Q = 120/3600 m /s = 4,7 m
: p1 p, NPSHa 25C 70C.
:
4Q
v = v = 4,2 m s
d2
v d
Re = 4,24 105, /d = 0,0026) f = 0,0255
Moody
(Re =
v
L v2
h = f 5 h = 1,87 m
d 2g
p1 p A v2
(11.6) = H + A + h p1p= 73,5 KPa
2g
p A p v v 2
(11.9) NPSHa = +
2g
NPSHa
25 C 70C. 11.2.1 :

pv,25 = 3,2 KPa

pv,70 = 31,2 KPa
pA = P1 73,5 KPa = 27,8 KPa
454

25C: NPSHa = 3,43 m

70C: NPSHa = 0,57 m
) L = 5 m
d = 0,16 m, , . -
, :
v = 1,66 m/s
h = 0,10 m
(11.6) p1 p= 48,5 KPa
(11.9) 25C: NPSHa = 5,20 m

70 C: NPSHa = 2,35 m
NPSHa, -
. -
, , -
NPSHr, .
,
. ,
, ,
,
.

11.3 .

( )
, :
) ( = g).
(p/). ( -
) .
. (11.4),
.
) .
.
. , -
( ).
, (
) . -
. .
) , .
, -
(NPSHa) ,max,
. (.
), -
.
) .
, ,
 455

, ( ),
(). ,
( Henry).
,

. , , , -
.
) .

. , -
, , -
. ,
. , pH 04 -
( ,
, , , ),
( : PVC 60C, 120C).
p 46 . p 69 ,
p 914 ( i-Cu).
( ) .
) .
, , , .
, , .
, -
.
: -
,
.
. -
,
.

11.4 .

, ,

. ,
. -
.
.
( -
): , , .
11.4.1 .
-
. , ,
, .
456

) .
-
(. 11.4). (11.2) :
1. ( ) , .
,
.
.
,
. p ( -
), :

= y2 y1 = + + p (11.11)

: y1 y2 .
2. .
, (p/).

.
:
p p1
p = 2 (11.12)

(p1 = p2),
11.4, .
(p p1)/, (p2 p)/ -
(p p)/.
( : pA < p1 p2 < p).
, (p < p), ,
, .
-
2

. -
-
.
H
3. .
K
(v2/2g). A H
hv

-
. H
v1 = v2 -
. , , 1


(.. ).
4. . . 11.4.
- .
 457

. p/

-
:

h = h + h (11.13)
ptm/ 1 2
-

,



,
(
). 2
5. (
), .


.


:

p2 p1 v 22 v12
Ho = H + + + h (11.2)
2g
(11.2), 1
,
,
.
) . . 11.4.
.

, : (p),
(m), [(vK2 vA2 )/2g], (hp). ,
, ,
.
( ),
, .
1. .
, -
, .
, , , ,
, , .
, ,
. ( , -
, ).
, -
Hm.
458

, 2

. , -
-
.
.
11.4,
(- K
) ().
,
: 1 A

p p A
Hm = (11.14)

(11.2) - . 11.4.
: .

p p A v 2K v 2A
Ho = p + + (11.15)
2g
: p= yK yA (
). ,
,
.
(11.14) (11.15), -
:
v 2K v 2A
Ho = m + + p (11.16)
2g
, (
NPSHa). , -
. p
. ,
m.
:
p p
Hm = (11.17)

11.4 11.4, (pA)
(p1), -
. (p1 = p), pA
(pA < patm, )
.
, -
:
p p
Hm = (11.17)

 459

-
.
(11.14), (11.17) (11.17) :

m = Hm m (11.17)

7
11.4, .
3 in 4 m , 2,5 in
50 m. , 0,6 bar , 5,92
bar. , ,
. ( , yA yK).
:
: d = 3 in = 0,0762 m L = 4 m
d = 2,5 in = 0,0635 m L= 50 m
= = 0,00015 m = 10-6 m2/s,
= 9,81 KN/m3
yA y1 = 3 m yA yK y2 yK= 7 m
p1 = p2 = p pA p1 = 60 KPa, pK p2 = 500 KPa

: Q, Ho, Po, Hm, Hm, Hm

:
p A p
Hm = Hm = 6,11 m

pK p
Hm = Hm = 60,35 m

pK p A
Hm = = Hm Hm Hm = 66,46 m

Bernoulli 2
( 1 ), :

p1 p A v12 v 2A
y1 y A + + = h 7m
2g
K
p p A v 2 L v2 A
y1 y A + 1 = f
2g d 2g
3m
p1 p A L v 2 1
y1 y A + = f + 1 (1)
d 2g
(1) -
. . 11.4.
460

, f:
(, /d =0,00197) f= 0,0233
Moody

y1 yA= 3 m, p1 pA= 60 KPa

(1) v = 5,243 m/s
: Re = v d/ = 4 105 f = 0,0238
Moody

: (1) v = 5,215 m/s

:
d2
Q= v Q = 0,0238 m3/s = 85,6 m3/h
4
4Q
v = v= 7,51 m/s
d2

:
1 : :
v 2 v 2A
Ho = Hm + = 67,95 m (11.16)
2g
2 : (
):
L v 2
h = f h = 1,73 m
d 2g
(Re = 4, 8 105, /d = 0,00236) f = 0,0248
Moody

L v 2
h = f h = 56,23 m
d 2g
p2 p1 v 22 v12
Ho = + + + h
2g
= + h + h = 67,95 m
:

Po = Q Ho Po= 15,86 KW

1: (Hm = 66,46 m,
= 67,95 m, 2%). , ,
, . , ,
, ,
( ,
).
2:
. 1
2 ( ) .
,
:
 461

p p1 p p
p1 = p2 = p Hm = A Hm = 2

(
) ( ).
3: () (p/) -
. .
( )
( ) (. 11.4).
2. .

. -
:
= + hp (11.18)
, -

. .
3. .
-
,
11.2. -
(NPSHa NPSHr ),
(,max). :
NPSHa (Net Positive Suction Head Avail-
able)
, :

p v2 p p p v v 2
NPSHa = A + - v = A + (11.9)
2g 2g

NPSHa .
NPSHr (Net Positive Suction Head Re-
quired) :

p v2 p p p A' v 2
NPSHr = A + A' = A + (11.9)
2g 2g
NPSHr .
,max
(
):
v 2 p p
H,max = H,max + +h = 1 v NPSHr (11.10)
2g
,max,
:
462

p1 p v v12 p1 p v v 2
H,max = h = h NPSHr (11.10)
2g 2g
11.4.2 .
,
, ,
.
, Q
( ). -
,
. , ,
, .
, .
( ,
DarcyWeisbach, ),
. (11.3):

= + Q2 (11.3)

(11.3) (11.3).
(.. ,
..) , , .

.
, ,
, :
Qn ,
. ,
,
.
.
Q . -
, ,
.
, .
, .
, ,
:
Q = Q + Q (11.19)

Q -
:
Q = Q + Q + Q (11.20)

: Q Q .
: Q < Q < Q.
Q.
, .
 463

11.4.3 .

. , , -
. ,
,
.
, ,
,
.
:

, -
. , :
) P ( ) -
.
.
. , -
, P, KW KW.
) P
.
. :

P = P (11.21)

(
, . -
), = 1 .
.
) P ( ,
) .
, , -
(, ).
:

P = P Pm = Q (11.22)

: Pm Pp
(Pp = Q hp).
) P
. . -
(-
Q, Q). ,
:
464

P = P P Pp (11.23)

: P Pp
: Pp = Q hp.
(. ) .
Ho Q. -
, , :
Po = Q Ho (11.4)
: .
11.4.4 .
, -
. (
), . ( )
, .
, -
( Ho) Q
. , ,
.
, -
:
) h ( ) Ho
() H:
H
h = o (11.24)
H
= + hp ( 11.18) :

Ho (11.24)
h = <1
Ho + hp

: hp ( ) .
(11.24), ,
.
) v
Q Q:
Q
= (11.25)
Q
(11.19): Q = Q + Q, (11.25) :
Q
= <1 (11.25)
Q + Q
) m P (.
) P (
):
 465

P
m = (11.26)
P
(11.22) : = + Pm :
P
m = <1 (11.26)
P + Pm
: Pm .
) .
, .
( ) ( ):
Po
= (11.27)
P
(11.4) : Po = Q .
(11.26) (11.22) :
P Q
P = =
m m
(11.27) :
Po Q Q
= = = m
P Q / m Q

= m v h (11.28)
, -
.

. 70% 90%. (.
),
.
11.4 -
.

= m =

. 11.4.
.
466

11.5 .

1. 11.5, 300
KPa.
18 m/s. y = 30 m.
) ,
. ) 18 m,
.
[) 30 m, 20,25 m, 16,51 m, ) = 26,26 m]

2. -

6 cm : y
h = 15.650Q2 (SI),
. p
[Po = 33,35 KW]

3. 11.5, -
130 m3/h.
. 11.5.
-
120 mm 80 mm.
-
11.5. () 20 m
(), -
.
, 5m
8m
75%. (II)
[ = 16,7 KW, = 22,3 KW]
(I) 2,5 m
4.
11.5, 150 m3/h. -
. 11.5.
0,86 -
810-6 m2/s.
4 in 10
m. 2
,
p2 = 7 bar. -

5 m.
. (

). 1
[o = 79,55 m, Po = 28 KW]

5.
11.5
150 m3/h. : . 11.5.
 467

(i): .
(ii): . 1m
(iii): 90. 6m
(iv)
(iv): . (iii)

120 mm , 100 mm.

8m
.
[ = 18 m, = 7,35 KW]

6. - (ii)
1m
, 800 m (i)
20 in, 1600 m3/h. 2m

. 11.5.
75%,

: ) - 2

, )
20 m
. 10 m
[) = 21,16 m, P = 123 KW,
) = 41,16 m, P = 239,3 KW]
1
7. 11.5
, 250 m3, 2 40 .
120 m, -
8 cm .
) . 11.5.
,
. ) -
, 10 cm, ,
;
[) = 14,2 KW, ) Q = 134 m3/h, 1 h 52 min]

8. 40 KW,
300 m 6 m. )
5 in, . )
300 m3/h; , ;
, ; (
).
[Qmax = 213,2 m3/h]

9. , 15 m -
. 100 m 4 in.
26 W 75%. =5 -
, ( m3/h).
[Q = 164,5 m3/h]
468

10. 20C , 5 m -
7 bar -
.
20 m 10 cm. 30 KW,
( m3/h).
.
[Q = 136,8 m3/h]

11. 11.5 30 W. ( -
), 10 cm. = 15
400 m3, : ) . )
. )
, 150 min.
[) 3 h 19 min, ) 1 h 45 min, ) dmin = 13 cm]

12. ,
12 KW, 75% 100 m3/h.
, 23 m,
90. 5 m.
-
( 0,5 cm).
100 m
[d = 7,0 cm]

13. 20 KW,

-
300 m 50 m
6 m. ) -
180 m3/h,
( 1 cm) 2m

. )
;
. . 11.5.

[) d = 14 cm, ) Qmax = 195 m3/h]

(iii) 50 m
14. -
( 0,5 cm),
11.5
300 m3/h,
15 m

22 KW.

, 22 cm.
: (ii)
1m
(i): . (i)
(ii): . 2m
(iii): 90.
[d = 15,5 cm] . 11.5.
 469

15. 7 m
8 cm. ,
4,5 m, = 0,8 65 m3/h.

NPSHa : ) 20C ) -
0,82 22 KPa.
[) p = 71,1 KPa, NPSHa = 3,4 m, ) p = 58,3 KPa, NPSHa = 2,6 m]

16. 11.5, .
12 cm,
8 m = 2,5. -
10 cm, 70 m
= 8. 25 KW

2,5 m. -
20C. ) - 15 m

. )


,
)
H
.
[) NPSHa = 3,27 m, H,max = 3,77 m,

) Q = 158,2 m3/h, Ho = 57,94 m, Hm = 57,11 m,
) p = 27,73 KPa, p = 588 KPa]

17. 11.5,
. - . 11.5.
10 cm 6 m
8 cm
80 m. , -
20C. -
, 73 KPa
530 KPa. o ,
, , 24 m
-
.

-
.
[Q = 0,0249 m3/s, Hm = 61,47 m, Ho= 62,21 m, 3,5 m
Po = 15,2 KW, NPSHa = 3,27 m]
18. 500 m3/
h. 0,75
bar 6 bar .
() -
22 cm 18 cm. . 11.5.
470

76%,
, 20C.
[Po = 94,9 KW, Pa = 124,9 KW, NPSHa = 3,04 m]
 KE 12


12.1
12.2
12.3
12.4
12.5
12.6
472

12.1 .

.
, : ( -
), ( ). ,
,
. ( )
,

.
, ,
,
. , , . ,
, ( )
, [. 10.4.1,
(10.4) (10.5)]. (
). -
[ (10.7)]. ,
.
, .
, . ,
( ), ,
... , -
, .
, .
( ),
.
, -
.
, :
) , -
(, ) 100%. -
, . ,
.
,
. .
) .
, -
. (
), ,
.
, , -
. 12.1 :
-1: , -
, (1) r1.
.
(. 11.2) .
1-2: ,
 473

,
,
(1) r1 -
(2) r2. -
,
, . -

,
.
.
2-: ,
, -
. -
,
. . 12.1.
12.1.1 - .
.
,
. :
) ( ).
)
. (perfect guidance). -
(
). , ,
r ( ),
.
,
( Bernoulli), (
, . 0.9 ).
12.1 ,
.
1 ( )
, -
. (
) u1 ( ) w1.
v1:

v1 = u1 + w1 (12.1)
1 v1 u1
( ).
v1 .
2 ( ) u2
w2, v2:

v 2 = u2 + w 2 (12.2)

:
474
v2 u2

w2 w1
2 1
2 v1
1
1 u1
r1 r2

. 12.1.
.

v 22 = w 22 + u 22 2 w 2 u 2 cos 2 (12.2)
, :
, , -
:
u1 = r1 (12.3)
u 2 = r2 (12.3)
r2 r1, u2 -
u1:
u 2 r2
= (12.3)
u1 r1
, -
. dA ,
w 1 2.
, , dA. ,
,
w , .
, -
1 2, u
w. 2
v2 u2 1 1 (
. 12.1).
 475

2 v2
w2 w2 w2
vr2 vr2
2, -
, 2 2
- u2
2 vu2
v2, -
.
w2 . 12.1.
(2 90). :
2 < 90. .
-
u w w1
. 12.1 v1
2, vr1
,
, .
1 1
v2 -
: vu1 u1
vr2 vu2. . 12.1.
-
(. 12.1), : .

v r2 = v 2 sin 2 (12.4)
v u2 = v 2 cos 2 (12.4)
m 2 (, . 0.9):
v u2
L 2 = I2 = m r22 L 2 = m r2 v 2 cos 2 (12.4)
r2
1 (. 12.1), :
vr1 = v1 sin 1 (12.5)
vu1 = v1 cos 1 (12.5)
L1 = m r1 v1 cos 1 (12.5)
1 = 90:
vr1 = v1 vu1 = 0
,
2,
. , (12.4) (12.5), m
:
m
=m = Q
t
Newton , -
:
t = L2 L1 = m (r2 v2 cos 2 r1 v1 cos 1)
476

(r2 v 2 cos 2 r1 v1 cos 1 )

M=m
= Q (r2 v2 cos 2 r1 v1 cos 1) (12.6)
(12.6) ,
v2 Q2.
,
:
P = M P = Q (r2 v2 cos 2 r1 v1 cos 1) (12.7)
, 1 (12.6) -
:
P = Q r2 v2 cos 2 (12.7)
(12.7) (12.7) () -
.
( )
, :

P = Q H H = ( r2 v 2 cos 2 r1 v1 cos 2 ) (12.8)
g
1 = 90 :

H = r2 v 2 cos 2 (12.8)
g
, :
2 v2. -
.
( 2) vr2:

Q = A 2 v r2 v r2 = Q
A2
12.1:
vu2 = v2 cos 2
v r2 v
tan 2 = v u2 = v 2 cos 2 = u 2 u2
u 2 v u2 tan 2
u2 = r2 (12.8), :

2 r22 r2
H= Q (12.9)
g g A 2 tan 2
, :
H=ABQ (12.9)

2 r22 r2
: A= , B= (12.9)
g g A 2 tan 2
H-Q ,
2:
 477

2 (2 < 90 tan2 > 0), :

.
2 (2 = 90 1/tan2 = 0), : -
.
2 (2 > 90 tan2 < 0), :
.
, , -
. H-Q -
,
( ). ,
(max = 2r22/g)
. , -
(r2, A2, 2).
(12.9) 12.1.
:
r2
P = Q H P = 2 r22 Q Q2 (12.10)
A 2 tan 2
Bernoulli , -
,
( ):
p 2 p1 v 22 v12
H= + (12.11)
2g
(-1) -
(2-), .
Bernoulli (
) :
p p1 v12 v 2
= (12.11)
2g
p p2 v 22 v 2
= (12.11)
2g
(12.11)

, (


NPSHr (. 11.4.1).
(12.11)
, -
.
-
Q
(- . 12.1.
). ,
. - .
478

.
, .
( = = ),
.
, .

.
12.1.2 .
(12.9),
, . ,
, , .
12.1
, (12.9) (2
< 90).
.
) .
2 12.1 2'
2. :
,

.


, -

-

.
-
. -
,
. 12.1()
. -
(
). Q
, . 12.1.
. - .

, 12.1().
(
: u = r).
,
2'
v2. 2'
w2' u2'.
:
u2' = r2 = u2 () ()

, - . 12.1.
12.1, .
 479

2' 2. v2
v2
w w2 w w2
2
2
(12.8). -
2 2
2 2 2
,
: 2 u2
vu2
(12.7),
vu2

. . 12.1.
) .
.
(
) o -
(
). ,
.
Bernoulli 1 2 (
) :
p 2 p1 v 22 v12
H = + + hp (12.12)
2g
: hp .

, , . ,
(. 12.1).
.
) .
,
v2,
. 2 (. 12.1),
, ,
. , , -
( ) -
, (
). (h).

(hp)
(h) .
,
. -
, ,
. Q
(
) Q.
.
, , ,
.. .
. (diffuser)
480

,
.
( , . 10.5.1).
( ) ,
.
12.1.3 .
,
.
, .
12.1.1,
, m = 1. (m < 1).
:
) .
, -
.

, .
.
) .
() ()
, .
-
, , , .
,
.
( ) .
,
. ().

:
1. .
, , ,
, ( ).
.
2. .

.
3. .
,
.
, (wearing ring). -
, . ,
, .
, -
, .
 481

12.1 . -
. Qn
,
.
,
.
12.1.4 .
12.1.1,
100%: m = v = h = = 1. -
, , (m< 1) (v< 1)
(h< 1).
( < 1).
, ( 11.27),
: = /.
12.1, , -
, ,
. ,
. ,
(Q 0), .
( ) -
( ,
). , , .
( ),
, . -
, , .
,
. , ,
12.1. , , -
. -
Qn. , .
12.1.
.

max

Po Qn Q
Qn Q . 12.1.
. 12.1. -
. .
482

12.2 .

( ) , -
12.1, -
. ,
. -
, r1 r2 b. ,
1 2. ,
. , ,
. , ,
n ( = 2n).
, Ber-
noulli ( -
). ,
. ,
.
Bernoulli 1 2 (
, . 12.1). (12.12):
p 2 p1 v 22 v12
H = + + hp (12.12)
2g

:
Q = i vri (12.13)
: i ri ,
( ). 2
: 2 = 2r2 b. , : 1 = 2r1 b
, :

Q2 = 2 r1 b1 vr1 = 2 r2 b2 vr2 (12.13)

(12.13) b1 = b2,
() :
r1 vr1 = r2 vr2 (12.13)
:
1 90 r1 1 r2 = v2 sin 2'
(. 12.1 12.1),
. , -
v w u
vr vu :

v i = w i + ui = v ri + v ui (12.14)

,
. 2:
v 22 = w 22 + u 22 2 w 2 u 2 cos 2 (12.14)
 483

1, 1 90: v1 = vr1 (12.14)

, -
(12.13) -
vr ,
u :
ui = ri = 2 n ri (12.15)

1
12.2
8 cm 36 cm.
1,65 cm
2 = 60.
1200 rpm, 30 L/s. - . 12.2.
(1 90)
, :
) , ) , ) 1, ) w1
v1 = vr1

)
d = 10 cm v = 1. 1 1
u1
:
. 12.2.
: r1 = 8/2 cm = 0,04 m, r2 = 36/2 cm = 0,18 m
b = 1,65 cm = 0,0165 m, 1=50o, 2 = 60o, 1 90o
Q = 30 l/s = 0,03 m3/s, n =1200 rpm = 20 rps, = 9,81 KN/m3
: ) H, ) P, ) 1, ) p2 p1, ) p p1 d = 0,1 m v =1
) (12.9):
2 r22 r2
H = Q (1)
g g A 2 tan 2
: = 2 n = 125,7 rad/s
2 = 2r2b 2 = 0,01866 m2
(1): H = 50 m
) H :
P=QH P = 14,71 KW
) 1 (. 12.2).
1 90o, v1 = vr1.
(12.13) Q= 2 r1 b1 vr1 v1 = vr1 = 7,23 m/s
(12.15) u1 = 2 n r1 u1 = 5,03 m/s
v
tan 1 = 1 tan 1 = 1,44 1 = 55,2
u1
) , -
Bernoulli 1 2:
484

p2 p1 v 22 v12 p p v2 v2
H = + 2 1 = H 2 1 (2)
2g 2g
:
Q
(12.13) Q = 2 r2 b v r2 v r2 = v r2 = 1,608 m/s
2 r2 b
(. 12.2):
v 22 = w 22 + u 22 2 w 2 u 2 cos 2 (3)
w2 = vr2/sin 2 w2 = 1,856 m/s
u2 = r2 u2 = 22,62 m/s
(3) v 22 = 467,2 (m/s)2 v2 = 21,61 m/s
(2), :

p2 p1 21,612 7,232
= 50 m = 28,87 p2 p1 = 283 KPa = 2,83 bar
2 9,81
) v =1 Q = Q = 0,03 m3/s
, :
4Q
v = v = 3,82 m / s
d12
Bernoulli
(12.11):
p p2 v 22 v 2 p p2
= = 23,07 m p p2 = 226,3 KPa
2g
p p1 = (p p2) + (p2 p1) p p1 = 509,5 KPa

: Bernoulli 1 :

p p1 v 2 v12 p p1 v 2 v12 p p1
H = + = H = 50 m ( 1,92 m) p p1 = 509,5 KPa
2g 2g

2
o 95%,
90%, .
:
: - v2
w2 w2
, vr2 vr2
. 2 2
: u2
vu2
m = 0,95, h = 0,90, v = 0,90
: , Po . 12.2.
 485

(11.28):
= m v h = 0,77 77%
[ (11.27)]:
Po P (1)
= P = o
P
, o (. 11.4.4):
Ho
h = Ho = h H Ho = 45 m
H
Q
v = Q = v Q Q = 0,027 m3/s
Q
: Po = Q Ho Po= 11,92 KW
(1): P = 15,49 KW
:
:
P P
m = P = P = 11,92 KW
P m

,
.

3
20C 12.2, . -
14 cm, 6 m 2, -
, 11 cm, 140 m 12 . ,
1750 rpm, 16 cm 36 cm, 2 cm
1 = 50 2 = 60.
: h1 = 30 Q2
200 m3/s, 95%
93%, :

)
,
.
) , , -
15 m

.
) .

:
: - 5m
, -
( - A
):
, : -
(. 12.2).
: , . . 12.2.
486

1, 2: .
: , .
(. 12.2) -
:
K

: 1 2
: Q Q Q
: H H
: pA p p1 p2 p pB
T: vA v v1 v2 v vB
: h hp h

. 12.2.

.
.
, ( . 11.1.3). ,
, (
).
( ), Bernoulli -
(, 1, 1-2, 2).
: d = 0,14 m , L = 6 m, = 0,00026 m, = 2
d = 0,11 m, L = 140 m, = 0,00026 m, = 12
r1 = 0,08 m, r2 = 0,18 m, b = 0,02 m, 1 = 50, 2 = 60, n = 1750/60 rps
Q = 200/3600 m3/s, m = 0,95, v = 0,93
3
p = p = 101,3 KPa, = 9,81 KN/m
pv = 3,2 KPa ( 20 C, 1.2.10)
: ) NPSHa, NPSHr, Ho,max
) Ho, H, P, P, Po,
) p, p1, p2, p
) NPSHa, NPSHr, Ho,max.
:
p v 2 p v p p v v 2
NPSHa = + = + (11.9)
2g 2g

. .
v :
4Q
v = v = 3,61 m / s
d2
Bernoulli :
p A p v 2A v 2 p p A v 2
y A y + + = h = H h (1)
2g 2g
 487

:
(/d = 0,00186, Re = v d/ = 5 105) f = 0,0233
Moody

L v2
h = f + h = 1,99 m
d 2g
(1) p/ = 2,67 m
(11.9) NPSHa = 3,01 m
(11.9),
, :
p v 2 p1 p p1 v 2
NPSHr = + = + (2)
2g 2g
: 1 -
.

, :
v = Q/Q Q = Q/v Q = 0,05974 m3/s = 215 m3/h
(12.13):
Q = 2 r1 b vr1 = 2 r2 b vr2 (12.13)
1 = 90 v1 = vr1 (12.13) :
Q
v1 = v1 = 5,94 m/s
2 r1 b
Bernoulli 1:
p p1 v 2 v12 p1 p v 2 v12
+ = h1 = + h1 (3)
2g 2g
h1 = 30 Q2 = 0,09 m
(3) p1/ = 1,44 m
(11.9) NPSHr = 1,89 m
: NPSHr . NPSHr
,
.
To (11.10):
v 2 p pv
H,max = H,max + + h1 = 1 NPSHr H,max = 8,11 m
2g
:
H,max = 7,35 m
) Ho, H, P, P, Po, .
-
488
. (11.2):
pB p A v 2B v 2A
Ho = H + + + h Ho = H + h (4)
2g
h = h+ h
:
h = 1,99 m
:
4Q
v = v = 5,85 m/s
d2
(/d = 0,00236, Re = v d/ = 6,4 105) f = 0,0248
Moody

L v 2
h = f + h = 75,81 m h= 77,8 m
d 2g
(4) = 97,8 m
(11.4):
Po = Q Ho = 53,24 KW
, -
, :
. 1 = 90,
(12.9):
2 r22 r2
H = Q (5)
g g A 2 tan 2
= 2 n = 183,26 rad/s
(5) He = 105,8 m
:
Ho
h = v = 0,924
H
(11.22):
P = Q = 62 KW (5)
(11.28):
= m h v = 0,817
:
Po Po
= P =
P P = 65,26 KW
P = 65,26 KW , = 62
KW , (3,26 KW) .
62 KW, = 53,24 KW , (8,76 KW)
.
 489

) p, p1, p2, p.
() , 1:
p/ = 2,78 m p = 26,20 KPa
p1/ = 1,55 m p1 = 14,15 KPa
[
, (11.15)], (p = 0):
p p v 2 v 2 p p v 2 v 2
Ho = Hp + + = Ho + p/ = 99,4 m p = 975,1 KPa
2g 2g
2, -
(1-2):
p2 p1 v 22 v12 p2 p1 v 22 v12
H = + + h12 = H + h12 (6)
2g 2g
vr2 :
Q =2 r1 b vr1 = 2 r2 b vr2 vr2 = 2,64 m/s
(. 12.2):
v 22 = w 22 + u 22 2 w 2 u 2 cos 2 (7)
w2 = vr2/ sin 2 w2 = 3,05 m/s
u2 = r2 u2 = 32,99 m/s
(7) v2 = 31,57 m/s
-
. () :
p, = = 8,76 KW
p, = Q hp hp = p,/( Q) hp = 14,83 m
, : h12
7,47 m.
(6) p2/ 50,81 m p2 500 KPa
. -
, .
, -
, .

12.3 .

12.1.1, - v2
w2 w2
vr2 vr2
. 2 2
, u2
vu2
(, -
, ..), -
. 12.2.
490

. ,
12.1.2 12.1.3.
.
. -
,
, .
.
( )
( DarcyWeisbach Moody)
( Bernoulli).
.
, .
.
( ),
.
, -
,
.
12.3.1 .
(. 12.1.1)
(12.8),
:
n
g = ( 2 n r2 )2 Q (12.16)
b tan 2

g H ( )
(. . 3.4.1). ,
( ).
(12.16), -
: Q, n
( r, b, ).
. .
12.1.2, (
=/), . ,

:
g H = f (Q, n, d, , , , l, ) (12.17)

9 , -
(M, L, T). , Buckingham (.
4.1.7), :

k=nj=93=6

12.3.1
:
 491

12.3.1
.

1 gH L2 -2
3 -1
2 Q () L T
3 n T-1
4 d L
5 M1 L-3
1 -1 -1
6 M L T
7 L
8 l L
9

:
(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6) = C (12.17)
( ), : 6 = .
5 :
= (gH) Q n d l (12.17)
(12.17) :
M L T= M+ L2+3+-3-++ T-2--- (12.18)
:
+=0 (12.18)
2 + 3 + 3 + + = 0 (12.18)
2 = 0 (12.18)
n, d , -
(. . 4.1.7):
= 1, = = = = 0 1 = g H (12.19)
n 2 d2

=1, = = = = 0 2 = Q (12.19)
n d3
n d2 n d2
= 1, = = = = 0 3 = = (12.19)

= 1, = = = = 0 = (12.19)
4
d
= 1, = = = = 0 = l (12.19)
5
d
(12.17) :
492

gH Q n d2 l g H Q n d2 l
2 2 , , , , , = C 2 2 = F , , , , (12.19)
n d nd
3
d d n d nd
3
d d

P:

P gH P
P = QH = gQH gH = 2 2= (12.20)
Q n d n d2 Q
2

(. .
4.1.8, 2):
P Q P
2
2
3
= (12.20)
pn d Q nd n 3 d5

(12.19), (12.20) (12.20), :

Q n d2 l
= f n d3 , v , d , d ,
(12.20)
n3 d5

: , (12.17), (l).
, ,
, , .. -
,
(l/d). . ,
, 1,
NPSH.

(12.19) Reynolds (
):
n d2 u (d /) n d2
u = d/2 = d n = Re = (12.21)
v v v
, (12.19) Froude
( ):

1 g H
= 2 2 (12.22)
Fr n d

(12.19) -
. :

Q d b vr vr b
3
= 2
= 2 (12.23)
nd ( u / ) d u d

, -
12.3.2.
 493

12.3.2
.

gH
Nh =
n 2 d2
Q
NQ = ( )
n d3
P
NP =
n3 d5
n d2 n d2
NRe = = Reynolds
v

Nr =
d

, -
. , ,
, .
12.3.2 .
, ,
( )
. ,
, -
.
4.2, -

. ,
, . -
:
P Pm
3 5
= (12.24)
n d m n 3m dm
5

gH gH
2 2
= 2 m2 (12.24)
n d n m dm

Q Qm
3
= (12.24)
nd nm d3m

n d2 nm d2m
= (12.24)
v vm
m
= (12.24)
d dm
494

l lm
= (12.24)
d dm
(12.24-),
, . ,
4.4, -
.
, :
) . ,
.
, .
, ,
(12.24) (12.24).
:
dm m lm (12.25)
= = =
d l
, -
. :
m m
= =1 (12.25)

-
(. 4.2.2):
Sm
= 2 (12.25)
S
Vm
= 3 (12.25)
V
) . , -
,
. ,
, ,
. (12.24),
, :
Q Q
3
= (12.26)
nd n m d 3m
.
, -
.
) . -
: -
( ), ( )
. , ,
. (12.24):
n d2 n m d2m
= = Re (12.27)
v v
 495

g H g Hm 1
= = (12.28)
n2 d2 n2m d2m Fr
(12.24) -
.
, .
, -
( ) ,
, . , -
.
,
.
. ,
.
12 in 80% .
. -
= 1,
. ,
n1 n2, ,
, .
:
Q1 Q2
(12.26) 3
=
n1 d n 2 d3
Q1 n1
= (12.29)
Q2 n2
g H1 gH
(12.28) 2 2
= 2 22
n1 d n2 d
2
H n
1 = 1 (12.30)
H2 n 2
P1 P2
(12.24) 3 5
=
n1 d n 32 d5
3
P n
1 = 1 (12.31)
P2 n2
-
, . -
.
, Q, n.
(12.29) .
.

12.4 .

12.4.1 .
-
496

, , , . -
,
, .
,
.
, .
,
.
, -
: (
n: = 2 n), Q .
.

12.3.2. , NS NQ
d :
Q Q
NQ = 3
d3 =
nd n N

gH (g H)0,5 3 (g H)1,5
Nh = 2 2 d = d = 3 1,5
n d n N0,5
h n Nh
:
Q (g )1,5 Q NQ NQ Q 0,5
= 3 1,5 n2 = = n (12.32)
n NQ h (g H)1,5 N1,5
h Nh0,75 (g H)0,75
n ,
:
N0,5
Q Q 0,5
2 0,75 = (12.32)
Nh (g H)0,75

(12.32)
su. ,
:

Q0,5 Q0,5
N SU = = 2 n (12.33)
( g H )0,75 ( g H )0,75

: (rad/s = s-1), n ( -
, rps = s-1), Q (m3/s), H (m) g
(g = 9,807 m/s2). ( SI).
SU, n1
n2, , :

Q10,5
NSU1 = 2 n1
H10,75
 497

Q 0,5
2
NSU2 = 2 n2
H0,75
2

:
0,5 0,75
NSU1 n1 Q1 H
= 2
NSU2 n2 Q 2 H1

i (12.29) (12.30), :
0,75
NSU1 n1 n
0,5 n 2 NSU1
= 1 2 = 1 NSU1 = NSU2
NSU2 n2 n2 n1 NSU2

,
(.. -
), , -
(12.33). ( ),
, ,
.
, .
( )
(BEP: Best Efficiency Point), ,
, , Qn:

Q 0,5
n
NSU = 2 n (12.33)
(g Hn )0,75

(12.33)
.
, ( -
).
, -
. .
, .
SU (Universal Specific Speed), -
, -
.
12.4.2 .
, ,
, -
. , -
,
.
..., gpm (gallons US per min).
gpm, rpm
ft. , , . ,
, .
498

2. :

NS (US) n(rpm)
Q(gpm)
0,5
(12.34)
H(ft)0,75
,
( ).
, , -
rpm m3/h.
g 2:
0,5
Q(m 3 / h)
NS (Metric) n(rpm) (12.34)
H(m) 0,75

, (-
NSU), :
( Q )0,5
Ns = n (12.34)
( Q )0,75
:
[Ns] = [L]0,75[T]1,5
NS
.
,
(12.34), :
NS
, -
.
Hydraulic Institute,
Europump,
( rpm),
1 m ( USA 1 ft) 1 m3/h ( USA 1
gpm).

SI, SI: rps
(= s-1), m3/s, m. ,
(rpm rps), .
,

. , -
.
. -
, (
n, Q, H):
: NSU
US: (rpm, gpm, ft), NS (US)
Metric: (rpm, m3/h, m), NS (M)
 499

SI: (rps, m3/s, m), NS (SI)

4
1600 rpm , 380
3
m /h 85 m. SI
, US, Metric SI.
:
: n = 1600 rpm, Q = 380 m3/h, H = 85 m
: NSU, NS(US), NS(M), NS(SI)
NSU,
.
SI: n = 1600/60 rps, Q = 380/3600 m3/s, H = 85 m, g = 9,81 m/s2
(12.33) NSU = 0,351
: 1.3.3:
n = 1600/60 rps, Q = (380/3600)/0,0283 ft3/s
H = 85/0,3048 ft, g = 9,81/0,3048 ft /s2 = 32,185 ft /s2
(12.33) NSU = 0,351
NSU, ,
.
US (rpm, gpm, ft):
n = 1600 rpm
Q = (380/3600)/(6,30910-5) gpm = 1673 gpm ( 1.3.4)
= 85/0,3048 ft = 278,9 ft
(12.34) NS(US) = 959
Metric (rpm, m3/h, m):
n = 1800 rpm, Q = 380 m3/h, H = 40 m
(12.34) NS(M) = 1114,2
SI (rps, m3/s, m):
n = 1600/60 rps, Q = 380/3600 m3/s, H = 85 m
(12.34) NS(SI) = 0,31
12.4.1 ,
, :
12.4.1
NS.
SU NS(SI) NS(M) NS(US)
SU 1 0,882 3176 2734
NS(SI) (m, m3/s, rps) 1,13 1 3600 3100
NS(M) (m, m3/h, rpm) 3,1510-4 2,7810-4 1 0,861
NS(US) (ft, gpm, rpm) 3,6610-4 3,2310-4 1,162 1
500

, NSU -
NS,
SI. SU S :
NSU = 2 NS(SI)/g0,75 NSU = 1,13 NS(SI) (12.35)
Hydraulic Institute,
, ,
, . SI: n =
NS HS = 1 m QS = 1 m3/s.
:
Po = Q Ho S = W (SI)
,
.
-
, ,
(12.34) :

NS n
P / ( H)
0,5
n
P0,5
N SP = N S 0,5 n
P 0,5
(12.36)
(H)0,75 0,5 ( )1,25 ( H )1,25
NSP .
(12.36), NS (
).
, .
,
.
, (
):
SP
,
.

, :
NSP = NS (12.36)
, SI
:
SP (SI) = 3.13 NS (SI) (12.36)
, (
).
12.4.3 .
.
(12.34),
. , .
NS .
, -
. , () ,
 501

(
).
-
, ,
.

. , ( ). -
,
.
, , -

.
12.4 -
.
() NSU
0,17 1,5 [( 500 4000 NS(US)]. , 1,5 3,2 (4000 9000, US)
( ), 3,2 ( 9000, US).

10.6: ,
.
0,15

0,20

0,25

0,30
0,35
0,40

0,50
0,60

0,80

1,00

1,50

2,00

2,50
3,00
3,50
4,00

5,00
6,00
Nsu
1000

1500

2000

3000

4000

5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000

15000
500
600
700
800
900

Ns(US)

r2
r2
r2
r1 r1 r1

r2/r1>2 r2/r1<1,5 r2/r1 = 1

M
. 12.4.
.
( SI/HI 1.1-2.-2000)

: NSU , -
. -
(, , )
, .
. 12.4
.

, -
, . ,
. , -
502

0,01 0,1 0,15 Nsu

. 12.4.
.

.

, ,
. 12.4 . -
, -
. .
( ).
. , NSU = 0,25 100 250 m3/
h, 68%, NSU =0,65
80%. ( )
, NSU = 0,65.
,
.
, , ,
.
( ).
-
,
.

5
0,5 (SI) 150 l/s
70 m. ) )
1600 rpm 12.4, ,
.
:
: NS(SI) = 0,5, Qn= 150 l/s = 0,15 m3/s, Hn= 70 m, = 9,81 KN/m3
: ) nn, ) n = 1600 rpm, H, Q, P
) S
(12.34):
H0,75
(12.34) n n = NS 0,5
n
Qn
SI :
nn = 31,24 rps = 1875 rpm
) , -
(12.29) (12.30):
 503

90
500 - 2 >200
250 - 500 m3/h 000 m 0 m3
3/
h /h
%

0 m3/h
80 100 - 25
m3/h
0 - 100
5
70 m3 /h
5 - 50
2

60

50

40
0,15

0,20

0,25

0,30
0,35
0,40

0,50
0,60

0,80

1,00

1,50

2,00

2,50
3,00
3,50
4,00

5,00
6,00
Nsu
1000

1500

2000

3000

4000

5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000

15000
500
600
700
800
900

Ns(US)

r2
r2
r2
r1 r1 r1

r2/r1>2 r2/r1<1,5 r2/r1 = 1

. 12.4.
.

Qn nn n
(12.29) = Q1 = Q n 1 Q1 = 0,128 m3/s = 128 l/s
Q1 n1 nn
2 2
H n n
(12.30) n = n H1 = Hn 1 H1 = 51 m
H1 n1 nn
:
Po = Q Ho P1= 64 KW
(12.35) NSU = 1,13 NS(SI) NSU = 0,565
12.4, NSU = 0,565 Q = 0,15 3600 = 540 m3/h, :
= 0,84
: = / =/ P = 76,2 KW

6
600 m3/h 60 m.
504

1500 rpm .
, , .
:
: Q = 600/3600 m3/s, H = 60 m, n = 1500 rpm, = 9,81 KN/m3
: NS, NSP, P
(12.34):
Q n0,5
NS = nn NS(SI) = 0,475
Hn0,75
NSU = 1,13 NS(SI) NSU = 0,535
(12.36):
NSP = NS NSP(SI) = 1,48
Po :
2
P0,5 N
NSP = n 1,25 P = SP H2,5 P = 98,1 KW
H n
: P = Q H P = 98,1 KW

:
. -
, ( ),
.
(. 12.5.3) ,
, .

7
6 , 360 m3/h 180 m.
1600 rpm.
210 KW.
:
: Q = 360 m3/h = 0,1 m3/s, H = 180 m, n = 1600 rpm,
P = 210 KW, = 9,81 KN/m3
: NS,
:
H = H/6 = 30 m
Q 0,5
NS = nn n
0,75 NS(SI) = 0,658 NSU = 0,743
Hn
:
P = Q H P = 176,6 KW
Po
= = 0,841 73,6 %
P
-
 505

(
) 6.

12.5 .

,
, . ,
. , -
( ), . -
, -
. ,
. ,
.
( ). (cavitation)
.
12.5.1 .
(. 11.2),
. -
,
,
(. . 1.2.6). ,
, .
NPSHa (Net Positive
Suction Head Available), 11.2 ( 11.9).
, :
p A v 2
HA = y A + + (12.37)
2g
, ,
pv. , , :
pv
Hv = y A + (12.37)

, :
PSHa = HA Hv
p v2 p p p v v 2
= NPSHa = A + v = A + (12.37)
2g 2g

, -
.
()
, 12.5. ,
Bernoulli, . -
,
. , (
506

), (. 12.5).
( ,
).
,
.
( ),
.

NPSHr

..

A A

. 12.5.
.

, NPSHr (Net Positive
Suction Head Required) .
NPSHr, Bernoulli
:

p A v 2A p A v 2A
+ + = h AA'
2g 2g
p v2 p v2
NPSHr = A + A A' = h AA' + A' (12.38)
2g 2g
(12.38), , -
. hA'
, ' (
),
.
.
NPSHr ,
12.5.
, NPSH . -
, .
3% ,
 507

NPSH.
NPSH , -
.

,
-
(NPSHa)
(NPSHr):
NPSHa > NPSHr (12.39)
: ,
3%, .
Hydraulic Institute
, -
NPSHa NPSHr.

: . 12.5.
= NPSHa NPSHr (12.39)
PSHr.
8
60C, -
, 80 m3/h. O , 8 cm
4 m. 2.
) 3 m,
;
) NPSHr 3,5 m,
;
:
: L = 4 m, d = 0,08 cm, = 0,00026 m, = 2, Q = 80/3600 m3/s
p1 = 101,3 KPa, pv = 19,9 KPa (. 11.2.1), = 9,81 KN/m3
: ) H = 3 m NPSHr =;
) NPSHr = 3,5 m, H = ;
) .
. Bernoulli -
1 :
p1 p A v12 v 2A
(y1 y A ) + + = h (1)
2g
yA y1 = H
o :
4Q
v = v = 4,42 m/s
d2
v d
( Re = Re = 3,54 105, /d = 0,00325) f = 0,0271
Moody

v
L v 2
h = f + h = 3,34
d 2g
508

p1 p A v2
(1) = H + A + h p1 p = 72,0 KPa pA = 29,3 KPa
2g
p A p v v 2
NPSHa = + NPSHa = 1,95 m
2g
(12.41) NPSHr < 1,95 m
) NPSHr = 3,5 m, (12.41) :
NPSHa > NPSHr = 3,5 m (2)
p A p v v 2 p pv v2
NPSHa = + A = NPSHa
2g 2g
pA pv
> 2,5m p A p v > 24,56KPa p A > 44,46 KPa

p1 p A v 2
(1) H = h H <1,45 m
2g
-
1,45 m.
.
12.5.2 .
(12.39)
. ,
( -
). ,
. , -
:

NPSHa NPSHr (12.40)

,
NPSH,
NPSH, . 12.5.1 -
NPSHa:
12.5.1
NPSH.

NPSHa
1. -
NPSHa.
(h)

2. ()
NPSHa.

3. (p1) NPSHa. -
, patm NPSHa.
pv,
4.
NPSHa.
 509

. 12.5.
.

-
(12.39), NPSHa NPSHr.
. ,
, NPSHr (-
12.38) , -
, , NPSHa ( 12.37). ,
,
. -
NPSH
( 15% NPSHa). ( Hydraylic Institute ,
, NPSH 1,1 2,5).

12.5.
-
,
12.5.
()
, 2/3
(
-
).
-
. -

Rayleigh 1917,

.

. - . 12.5.
(
1 mm). , - .
 510

.
,
.
12.5 (Worster-1956, Rayleigh).
,
. ,
.
, 25C 3,17 KPa.
, 104,8 KJ/Kg, -
, 2547,3 KJ/Kg. 2442,5 KJ/Kg
( ) .
1 Kg 25C 3,17 KPa, -
. ,
( ),
.
, -
( . 12.5). ,
,
. ,
, 12.5,
12.5. (1-9)
( 0,5 ms).
(1), (2, 3, 4). 4 -
( ), (4, 5,
6) . , .
12.5 . -
, (implode). ,
,
(microjet) (
microjet , 400 m/s). , -
, mm

1
3
2
P = 3 KPa
2 3
4
P = 30 KPa 5
1 6
7

0,001 0,002 0,003 0,004

, sec

. 12.5. . 12.5.

. .
 511

. 12.5.
.

(
200060.000 , ), -
(shock wave).
, -
, , . ,
. -
, ( )
. , 25C -
, gr , 2,44 KJ.
,
, (.
12.5). , -
-
.
( 3 4 ms). ,

. 12.5.
. ) ( 1)
( 2), ) 2.
512

,
.
.
microjet, . -
, .
, .
. , ,
, ,
, ,
. ,
(. 12.5).

.
:
.

.
-
.

, . ,
.
( ),

. ,

(). ,

-
.
12.5.3 .
-

NPSH ,
.
, -
NPSH , -
.


.
20 , , -
.
-
,
- . 12.5.
L. Moody D. Thoma (1922). .
 513

:
NPSHr
= (12.41)
H
,
. ,
NPSHr -
, NPSHr, .
(
Worthington Co, Karassik 1937).
, NPSHr . ,
,
:
Q0,5
n
N SSU = 2 (12.42)
( g NPSHr )0,75

, -
:
Q0,5
n
N SS = (12.43)
NPSHr 0,75
:
NSS -

, .
,
NS (. 12.4.2).
, NPSHr,
,
.
(12.43) -
( ).
SS. (
), NPSH.
NPSHa , -
.
NPSHa,
( NPSHr).
,
. ,
,
, .
, 2,2 4,4
(SS) 6000 12.000 (US). ,
, ,
.

514

SSA ( )
SS ( ).
(12.42) (12.43):

Q 0,5
n
NSSUA = 2 (12.42)
(g NPSHa)0,75

Q 0,5
NSSA = (12.43)
NPSHa

:
SSA > SS (12.43)

( Hydraylic Institute)
3,1 (SSUA) 8500
(US). , -
4 (SSU) .

9
680 m3/h,
9 m;
:
: Q = 680 m3/h = 680/3600 m3/s,
NPSHa = 9 m
: n
, : SSUA = 3,1.
NPSHa 0,75
(12.42) n = NSSA n = 32,7 rps = 1962 rpm
Q 0,5

19
, US:1000

, 6,0

, SI, rps
17 5,5
(.. 1800 rpm).
5,0
15
4,5
, - 13
4,0
,
11 3,5
. 3,0
9
-
. 2,5
7
12.5 - 40 50 60 70 80
(%
, )
- . 12.5.
-
. .
 515

, -
(inducer). ,
, . ,
(SSU = 7,5 ).
12.5.4 .
() , -
, ,
. Henry,
, ( ).
, (-
, , ), .
, -
. ,
. ,
.
.
(
).
, (Gaseous Cavitation), -
(Vaporous Cavitation) .
,
. -
:
.
,
,
( ) .
.
,
.
.
, -
. ,
,
. ,
.
, ,
.
,
. ,
, .
.
, , (. 12.4).
, .
, 0,2(SI),
5% . , 1,0(SI),
516

10% .
.

. 1,0 ,
40%, .
, ,
, ,
. -
.

12.6 .

1. : r1 =10 cm, r2 = 20 cm, b = 2 cm, 1 =

62. 200 m3/h.
1300 rpm,
.
[v1 = vr1 = 4,42 m/s, vr2 = 2,21 m/s, v2 = 26,15 m/s]

2. ,
10 m, . -
d= 14 cm d= 12 cm .
, hi = 560Q2
, : hc = 340 Q2. O -
93%. ,
,
.
[ = 69,5 m, Po = 35,2 KW, h = 59,5 m, p p = 677,2 KPa]

3. 20 cm 32 cm.
3 cm 2 = 62.
(1 90). 1400 rpm, 400 m3/h.
, -
,
.
[v1 = 5,9 m/s, v2 = 19,28 m/s, p2 p1 = 335,7 KPa,
= 51,4 m, P = 56 KW]

4. d = H
18 cm, d = 16 cm, 96%,
90%,

,

.
H
[Ho = 46,27 m, Po = 45,4 KW,
Pa = 45,4 KW, p p= 448,1 KPa A

5. 12.6,
40C.
d = 12 cm, L = 5 m . 12.6.
 517

= 2, , d = 10 cm, L = 90 m = 8. -
4 m 15 m. ,
1800 rpm, 10 cm 27 cm, 2 cm
2 = 60. -
: h1 = 550Q2.
140 m3/s, 95%
93%, : )
, . )
, , -
. ) .
[) NPSHa = 3,76 m, NPSHr = 2,30 m, Ha, max = 7,37 m, ) = 59,45 m, = 62,32 m,
P = 26,9 KW, P = 25,56 KW, P = 22,68 KW ) p = 38,3 KPa, p1 = 21,6 KPa,
p2 = 329,1 KPa, p = 615,2 KPa]

6. S(SI) = 0,63 520 m3/h -

39 m.
) . ) -
1300 rpm, , .
[) nn= 1552 rpm, ) Q = 435,5 m3/h, Ho = 27,36 m, Po = 32,47 KW]

7. , 1350
rpm, 390 m3/h 49 m. )
. )
, 1600 rpm.
[) NSU = 0,453, ) Q = 462,2 m3/h, Ho = 68,3 m, Po = 86,7 KW]

8. 540 m3/h 70 m.
1600 rpm . ) -
, . )
3,2 m, ; )
1200 rpm ;
[) NSU = 0,484 Po = 103 KW, ) NSSU = 3,46 ) Po= 43,46 KW]

9. 4 , 1600 rpm
420 m3/h 180 m. ) -
82% ) -
240 m; ;
[) NSU= 0,594 P= 251,2 KW, ) n = 1848 rpm, Q = 485 m3/h]

10. 45 C,
, 180 m3/h. O , 12 cm
6 m. 2. )
4 m,
; ) NPSHr 3 m,
;
[) NPSHr < 2,15 m, ) H,max = 3,15 m]

11. (25C) 680 m3/h.

, 30 cm, 5 m 3.
518

, 1 m. ) -
. )
;
[) NPSHa = 7,79 m, ) n = 1770 rpm]

12. 1300 gpm (gal(US)/min) 150 ft, -

1750 rpm. 20 ft. )
)
.
[) NSU = 0,54 NSSUA= 2,44, ) , ]

13. 1600 rpm NSS(SI) = 3,

350 m3/h 90 m. NS(SI)
,
1,5.
[NS(SI) = 0,285 (rps, SI), NPSHa = 5,84 m]
 KE 13


13.1
13.2
13.3
13.4
13.5
13.6
520

13.1 .

, ,
.
, .
-
, : , ,
, -
. ,
.
.
;
; ,

().
;
,
,
, .

, ,
, .
. -

.
.
(. 12.1.1), (-
) (Q, H, P, ) . ,
, :
2 r22 r2
H = Q (13.1)
g g A 2 tan 2

: = Q (13.1)

2 r22 r2
: A= , B= (13.1)
g g A 2 tan 2
, :
r2
P = 2 r22 Q Q2 (13.2)
A 2 tan 2

P = A Q B Q 2 (13.2)

(13.1) (13.2),
-
. - (
) . ,
 521

100% ( = 1), .
. ,
( , , . . 12.1.2),
( , , , , , . . 12.1.3). ,
.
- -
(13.1) (13.2). , -
. () 12.1, 12.1 12.1).
,
.
(. 12.3.1),
Q, H, P:
g H Q n d2 l
= f n d3 , v , d , d ,
(13.3)
n2 d2

P Q n d2 l
= f , , , , (13.4)
n3 d5 nd
3
v d d

-
. ,
NS,
(13.3):
0,5
NQ gH Q
NSU = 0,75 : Nh = 2 2 , NQ =
Nh n d n d3
-, -, -
-,
. , -
.
,
( ).

.
, .
, -
, .
13.1.1 = f1(Q) Q ( ).
, ()
(13.3). , -
, -
:
Q.
( ).
( ) n.
D ( -
).
.
522

, ( = 10-6
m2/s). - ,
. (n)
(D), :
.
, n D,
Q:
n D Ho = f1(Q) (13.5)
(13.5) ( ) -
Q.
Q , 12.1. ,
Q NS,
.
H Q:
Q: , , .
13.1 11 11.
:
Q 0 max
, Q.
Q ( 2 . 13.1):
, max Q 0.
0 Q ,
. ,
.
( -
, , -
) Q.
, H Q . , -
.
. ,
. ()
,
-
.
H2max
Q - H1max
1

, ,
2
. ,
NS,
. 1

13.1 . 2
, - 1
, ,
-. - Q
. . 13.1.
Q .
 523

( ) ,
,
.
-
.
: ( ), -
( ). (. . 3.4.1 3.4.1):
p
H= p = H

= 10 m , :
po = (10 m)(9,81 KN/m3) = 98,1 KPa.

13.1.2 P = f2 (Q) P Q ( ).
- (13.4).
-. -
. , -
n D, :
n D P = f2 (Q) (13.6)
(13.6)
Q. - ( .
12.1), 13.1. ( -
, 1 4 ),
( ). ,
( 3 ) . ,
, ( 2
).
P Q -
. 4
,
H Q, , - 1

. , -
3

2 2
-
. , - 4
H Q - 3
1
.


.
( Q
) P Q
. 13.1.
. 13.1 - Q : (1), (4) -
1, 2 3 , - , (2) (3) .
4 . (1), (2), (3) , (4) .
524

13.1.3 = f3 (Q) Q (BEP).

12.1.3,
. , -
( ),
( )
( ).
,
, , -
(. . 12.1). = Po /P
:
n D = f3 (Q) (13.7)
= f3 (Q) ,
- Q.
13.1.
( 0% max -
Q>Qn), ,
.
, -
, Q max.
BEP (Best Efficiency Point).
BEP . ,
.
, -
.
. ,
, ( ). ,
15% .
( ,
) , ,
. ,
, .


.

13.1.4 NPSHr = f4 (Q)
NPSHrQ.

( )

,
,
NPSHr
Q. -
12.5.1, NPSHr (- Qn Q
) (12.38):
. 13.1.
v 2A' Q
NPSHr = h AA' + .
2g
 525

hAA' vA' . -
, ,
( , ). -
' ,
:
n D NPSHr = f4 (Q) (13.8)
NPSHr-Q 13.1.
NPSHr -
. ,
. (
, . 12.5.3) NPSHr BEP
.
.

: Q
Q
,

SHr

: /n, /n, Q/Qn (%).

13.1.5
.

-
, Q
,
. 13.1.
NPSHr Q .

.
-
Q, P Q, Q H BEP
NPSHrQ.
,
, Q. -
-
, H
P
( Q) -
. P
13.1 ( NPSHr

I II II IV
).

NPSHr
. Qn Q
, - . 13.1.
( ): .
526

(), BEP.
( ) .
() , -
, , -
( ) .
, (IV) , ( -
NPSHr) . ,
. , .
, ,
4 (, P, , NPSHr)
.
( ) .
O ISO, 13.1,
, . -
, ( ).

(BEP) Q = 210 m3/h, Ho = 89 m, P =
60 KW 85%.
, . ,
13.1 1500 rpm, (
BEP) :
Q 0,5
n
NSU = 2 n NSU = 0,236
(g Hn )0,75

(. 12.4.3).
( P Q).
,
. ,
, :
Po = Q Ho Po =
,
:
Po = Q Ho = 50,9 KW
Po = = 51,0 KW

1: .
. ,
.
2: , . ,
,
:
P = Q Ho /
P = Q Ho / P = P

1
13.1 -
0,9 150 m3/h, , , ,
 527

120
H_Q

100
, m
BEP

80


60 100


80

, KW
60
P_Q
40

20
90 0

80
70

60

50
40 20
30 15

PSHr, m
20 10
PSHr _ Q
10 5
0 0
0 100 200
Q, m3/h
. 13.1.
ISO.

.
:
: = 0,9, Q = 150 m3/h, 13.1
: , P, P, , NPSHr
(150 m3/h) H Q, P
Q, Q NPSHr Q. . :
H = = 99 m
P = 50 W
= 81,5 %
NPSHr = 5 m
528

, :
P = P = 45 KW
13.1 , :
= Q Ho Po = 36,4 W
(: = P Po = 36,6 W)

13.2 .

n -
D ( NPSHr, D). -
,
. , , ,
NPSHr :
= f1(Q, n, D)
= f2 (Q, n, D)
= f3 (Q, n, D)
NPSHr = f4 (Q, n, D)

120
H_Q
, m

100
BEP

80


60
100
80
, KW

60
P_Q
40
20
90 0
80
70
60
50
40 20
PSHr, m

30 15
20 10
PSHr _ Q
10 5
0 0
0 100 200
3
Q, m /h
. 13.1.
 529

-

, -
. n5
, n4

D = , : n3
n
= f1 (Q, n) n2
= f2 (Q, n) n1
= f3 (Q, n)
NPSHr = f4 (Q, n)
(
) NPSHr
Q,
n
. -

n5
, , n4
. - n3
n
, - n2
n1
(
).
Q
, - . 13.2.
,
( (D ).
-
). ,
. -
, (,
, , NPSHr).
, -
, -
( Q), - (Q),
. ,
(BEP). -
Q, ,
.
13.2 ()
. ,
, :
n1 < n2 < n3 < n4 < n5
. BEP
.
n, n2 < n < n3, -
n2 n3.
, -
.
530

13.2 ( ) NPSHr.
,
. , -
.
(. 12.3.2), :
3
Q1 Q2 Q n D
3
= 3
1 = 1 1 (13.9)
n1 D1 n2 D2 Q 2 n2 D2
2 2
H1 H2 H n D
2 2
= 2 2 1 = 1 1 (13.9)
n1 D1 n2 D 2 H 2 n2 D2
3 5
P1 P2 P n D
3 5
= 3 5 1 = 1 1 (13.9)
n1 D1 n 2 D2 P 2 n2 D2
: D1/D2= , .
(=1) -
, :
Q1 n1
= (13.10)
Q2 n2
2
H1 n1
= (13.10)
H2 n 2
D5
3
P1 n1 D4
= (13.10)
P2 n2 D3

D2
, D1
, -
:
3
Q1 D1
= (13.11)
Q2 D2
NPSHr
2
H1 D1
= (13.11)
H2 D 2

5 D5
P1 D1 D4
= (13.11) D3
P2 D2
D2
D1
: (13.11) -
(-
) . Q
. 13.2.
, - -
- (n ).
 531

. -
(back pullout pumps) (
). ,

. () 13.2.

, NPSHr ,
, .

, -
, . , (13.10)
.
-
.
,
. ISO 9906
(1999): Rotodynamic pumps - Hydraulic performance acceptance tests.
, ,
( ANSI/HI 1.6 2.6).
13.2, 13.2 13.2
. 13.2 1500
rpm .
, , NPSHr.

(m) KPa 335 mm40% 1500 RPM
53% N, sg=1
63%
(35,8) 350 315 mm 69%
74%
76%
(30,6) 300 295 mm 77%
76%
275 mm 74%
(25,5) 250
254 mm 69%
(20,4) 200 63%

(15,3) 150 53%

22KW
18,5KW
(10,2) 100 15KW
11KW
(5,1) 50 7,5KW

NPSHr
(0,0) 0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
, m3/h
. 13.2.
(Armstrong).
532

140
Suction: 8''
130 1350 OPERATING RANGE Discharge: 8''
120 Impeller Diameter: 14.75''
30%
40% Max. Solid Sphere: 3.00''
110 1250 50%
Certified tests are performed using
Hydraulic Institute acceptance lenel
100
Total Head (Feet)

1150 60%
90 63% REPRIMING LIFTS
80 1050 RPM FEET
70 63% 650 9
950 750 12
60 60%
850 15
850 75HP
50 950 17
66% 1050 20
40 750
1150 21
30 650 50 60
NPSHR (Feet)

1250 22
40
20 67% 1350 23
20 25 30 Determine NPSHR prior to
15
10 10 using repriming table. Do not
NPSHr 7,5 use available suction lifts.
0
0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

2200

2400

2600

2800

3000
U.S Gallons per Minute (GPM)
. 13.2.
(Veir).

13.2, ,
( US, Hydraulic Institute).
13.2 , 1480 rpm
ISO 9906.
:
. , . , -
(. 12.5.4) HQ (
) . ,
, HQ .

2
13.2 315 mm -
180 m3/h. ,
() 1500 rpm () 1300 rpm.
:
: Q = 180 m3/h, = 9,81 KN/m3, D = 315 mm, 13.2.
: o, Po, P, () n = 1500 rpm () n = 1500
) (n = 1500 rpm) :
= 233 KPa Ho = 23,75 m
P 16 KW
75,2 %
 533

1480 1/mim 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 Q [US.GPM]

3000 5000 7000 9000 Q [.GPM]

40 Q min
H [m] 78 120
80
82 ft
84
30 100
85
84
80
82
80
20 78
75 60
70
420/335
40
10 401/297
387/266 20
372/232
0 0
200 400 600 800 Q [l/s]
24
70
20 420/335
NPSH [m] ft
16 50
372/232
12
30
8

4
200 400 600 800 Q [l/s]
200
250
hp
P [kW] 160 420/335 210

170
120 401/297
130
80 387/266
90
372/232
40
200 400 600 800 Q [l/s]

950 1450 1950 2450 2950 Q [m3/h]

Rate of flow

. 13.2.
(KSB).
534

NPSHr 20 KPa NPSHr 2,05 m

: Po= Q H Po=11,7 KW
(: Po= P Po= 12 KW).
( ,
.)
) n = 1300 rpm
(13.10). , :
Q1 n1
=
Q2 n2
(Q1 = 180 m3/h, n1 = 1300 rpm, n2 = 1500 rpm) Q2 = 207,7 m3/h
, 207,7 m3/h 1500 rpm.
13.2 :
2 = 215 KPa H2 = 21,92 m
P2 16,7 KW
2 73,8 %
NPSHr 22 KPa NPSHr2 2,25 m
: Po2 = Q H Po2 = 12,4 KW (: Po = P Po = 12,3 KW).
2
H1 n1
= 1 = 16,47 m
H2 n 2
3
P1 n1
= 1 10,9 KW
P2 n2
2
NPSHr1 n1
= NPSHr1 1,7 m
NPSHr2 n 2
Po1= Q H1 Po1= 8,1 KW
: = Po/P 74,3%
.
, , -
. 13.2 13.2,
13.2. ,
.
,
- , .
.
. .
13.2.

13.3 .

10.4.1, ,
 535

(m) KPa 335 mm40% 1500 RPM
53% N, sg=1
63%
(35,8) 350 315 mm 69%
74%
76%
(30,6) 300 295 mm 77%
76%
275 mm 74%
(25,5) 250
254 mm 69%
(20,4) 200 63%

(15,3) 150 53%

22KW
18,5KW
(10,2) 100 15KW
11KW
(5,1) 50 7,5KW
NPSHr
(0,0) 0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
, m3/h
. 13.2.

FLOW - 1450 RPM (50 Hz)

0 50 100 150 190 500 800 1100 1400 m3/h

0 200 400 600 800 2300 3800 5300 6800 gpm

m ft m ft
300
200 60

80
250
26 50
150
TDH - 1750 RPM (60 Hz)

TDH - 1450 RPM (50 Hz)

200 18
60 40
22
150 23
100 30
19 20 27
40 10 21 25
28
24 29
100 20
11 12 13
5 16 17 50
20 15
6 7
50 8 9 10
2 3 14
4
1
0 0 0 0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 2800 4600 6400 8200 gpm

0 50 100 150 200 227 400 800 1200 1600 m3/h

FLOW - 1750 RPM (60 Hz)
. 13.2.
(Flowserve).
536

Q -
- :

(2D2 d2 )
Q = v Ln
4
, .

. .
, ,
v , .
(
HQ).
- 13.3.

( ),
, . (
- - ) 50000 cst
, 13.3.

13.4 .

( HQ)
. , -
.
, ,
.
13.4.1 - 15
. 14 bar
Power (Kilowatt)

12,5
- 10
9 bar
6 bar
, 3 bar
7,5 0 - 1.72 bar

5
2,5
0
Viscosity: 50,000 cst
15 0 bar
3 bar
12,5 6 bar

9 bar
Flow (m3/h)

10 14 bar

7,5
5
2,5
0
0 40 80 120 160 200 240 280
Q Speed (RPM)
. 13.3. . 13.3.
Q . .
 537

.
, -
, ( ,
). ,
(. 11.1.2), (11.2) (
Bernoulli ):
p2 p1 v 22 v12
= + + + h (11.2)
2g
, :
) ( L, d, ,
).
) = y2 y1.
) p1 p2.
, 11.1.2, -
:
= + Q2 (13.12)
p2 p1
: = H + (13.12)

8 L 1 L 1 1
= 2
f + 4 + f + 4 + 4 (13.12)
g d d d d d2
4
( , d2 1/ d2 = 0)
, .
, ,
f f, .
. f f
.
(13.12) .
, , ,
13.4. -
(

) -
( ).
Q2

(13.12) .

- +
=
. -
,
(
-
).
, - Q
. , . 13.4.
, - .
538

. -
, 1m
(iii) (iv)
. , 50 m

,

15 m
-
, .
,
(ii)
( -
1m
) (i)
(. ). 2m

. . 13.4.

3
(. 13.4)
d = 12 cm d = 10 cm. : (i):
(ii): (iii): 90 (iv): .
1,5 bar. -
() , () h/d = 0,3.
:
: ,
(, Q). (, Q) , -
, .
:
Q.
f f
(13.12) (13.12) ( -
Bernoulli DarcyWeisbach)
.
f f (
) . ,
, .
.
: d = 12 cm, L = 2 m, d = 10 cm, L = 65 m, = = 0,00026 m
p1 = 101,3 KPa, p2 = 150 KPa, = (1+15+1) m = 15 m (. 13.4)
(-
. 5.5):
i =0,8, iii = 0,5, iv = 1,0 ii() = 6, ii() = 13 (. 5.5).
) = 0,8, =7,5
p2 p1 v 22 v12
Ho = H + + + (h + h ) H = + Q 2 (1)
2g
p2 p1
= H + =19,96 m

 539

8 L 1 L 1
= 2
f + 4 + f + 4 (2)
g d d d d

(/d = 0,00217, ) f= 0,0239

Moody

(/d = 0,00217, ) f= 0,0252

Moody

(2) = 20.180 (s2/m5)

(1) =19,96 +20.180 Q2 (SI) (3)
Q, (1) .
.: Q = 100 m3/h = 100/3600 m3/s H = 35,53 m
Q ().
13.4.
) = 0,8, = 14,5
, -
:
(2) = 25.960 (s2/m5)
(1) = 19,96 +25.960 Q2 (SI) (4)
(Q, H) Q -
[ () . 13.4)],
().

Q H 180
Q () H () H 160
, m

()
(m3/h) (m) (m) 140
()
0 19,96 19,96 120
50 23,86 24,97 100
80
100 35,53 40,00
60
150 55,00 65,04 40
200 82,24 100,10 20
250 117,28 145,17 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
300 160,09 200,26 Q, m3/h
. 13.4.
.

: ,
.

13.4.2 .
Q, ,
.
540

. ,
.
Q, -
, .
. .
,
. ,
. , Q :
Ho = f1(Q)

Ho = + Q 2
,
. , -
, , -
, , ,
(. 13.4).
Q
Q, (operating point, , ).
.
, ( -
) Q, , .

, -

) Q _H

-
Q.
H
Q_

-

,
Q


. _
Q

r
13.4.3 P S H
. NPSHr

) .

-

, -
. -
Q, -
,
P, , Q
: Q
, - . 13.4.
- .
 541

Q . -
P Q.
Q
= + Q2.
, -
Q ( ).
Q, , P .
2, H Q, -
. (Qi, i). ,
, .
Bernoulli :

p2 p1 v 22 v12
= + + + h
2g

Qi , i,
(. 11.1.3), -
, ,
i. .
( ),
. (
13.3) :
, ,
, : = + Q2
.
, (Q, ) ( -
).
: :

= Q

= / (
).

) .

4
13.4, 150 m
6 m. 1600 rpm. -
15 cm. ,
.
.
:
: L = 150 m, d = 0,15 m, = 0,00012 m, = 10-6 m2/s
= 6 m, n = 1600 rpm
: Q, P, P,
542

60 80 100 150 200 300 380

20
1800 rpm 60% 65%
70%
73%
75%
15 1600 76%
76%
, m

75%
1400
73%
10 70%

1200
8 65%

4
17
15
1800 rpm
, PS

10
1600
8

1400
6

5
1200
4
60 80 100 150 200 300 380
Q, m3/h
. 13.4.
( ).

) Q 1600 rpm: ()
) : Q -
Bernoulli .
p2 p1 v 22 v12
= + + + h
2g
 543

8 L
H = H + h H = H + 2
f 5 Q2 (1)
g d

Q = 60/3600 m3/s v = 0,655 m/s

(/d = 0,00067, Re = 1,2 105 ) f = 0,0204
Moody

(1) H = 6,83 m
Q :

Q v Q v
f f
m3/h m/s m m3/h m/s m
60 0,94 0,0206 6,93 150 2,56 0,0195 11,52
80 1,26 0,0202 7,62 200 3,14 0,0193 15,72
100 1,57 0,0199 8,50 240 3,77 0,0192 19,92

Q , -
() (. 13.4).

60 80 100 150 200 300 380

20 60% 65%
1800 rpm
70%
73% ()
75%
15 1600 76%
, m

76%
75%
1400 73%
10 70%

1200 65%
8

()
6

4
17
15
1800 rpm
, PS

10 1600
8
1400
6
5
1200
4
60 80 100 150 200 300 380
Q, m3/h

. 13.4.
544

) () ()
.
) (. 13.4):
Q = 170 m3/h
= 13 m
= 72,5 %
P = 11,2 PS = 8,25 KW
: P = Q H P = 6,02 KW
(: P = P/ P = 8,25 KW)
, :
(/d = 0,00217, ) f =0,019
Moody

(1) H = 6 + 3120 Q2 (SI) (2)

(2) :

Q Q Q
m3/h m m3/h m m3/h m
60 6,87 100 8,41 200 15,63
80 7,54 150 11,42 240 19,86

,
, ( 0,5 %).

5
13.4,
20 m. 7 cm 50 m
= 3,5. ) Q,
, , . )
= 30, ;
:
: L = 50 m, d = 0,07 m, = 0,00026 m
=20 m, ) = 3,5 ) = 30
: Q, , , ,
) = f(Q) .
: -
. , ( , -
). :
= + h (1)
8 L
h = 2 4
f + K Q2
gd d

(/d = 0,0037, ) f = 0,028

Moody
 545

(1) H = 20 + 80.890 Q2 (SI)

:
Q
3
(m /h) (m)
40 30,0
60 42,5
70 50,6
80 60,0
90 70,6
100 82,4

().
( ) 2 H Q (. 13.4).
:

20 40 60 80 100 120 140

90
80
70
, m

20 40 60 80 100 120 140

60 90
() ()
80
50
, m

70
40
60
30 50
80
70 40
60 30
80
50
70
40 60
30 50
20 40
10 30
20
10
35
, PS

30 35
, PS

25 30
20 25
15 20
20 40 60 80 100 120 140 15
Q, m3/h 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Q, m3/h
. 13.4.
. . 13.4.
546

Q = 89 m3/h, H = 68,5 m, = 75%,

= 30 PS = 22,1 KW
P = Q H P = 16,6 KW
(: P = P = 16,6 KW)
) , (. 13.4):
(1) = 20 + 172.080 Q2 (SI)
:

Q Q
m3/h m m3/h m
40 41,3 80 105
60 67,8 30 31,9
70 85,1 50 53,2

, (), -
().
(). :
Q = 65 m3/h
= 70,5%
= 26 PS = 19,1 KW
P = Q H P = 13,5 KW
(: P = P= 13,5 KW)

: , -
.

13.4.4 NPSHQ .
NPSHrQ. -
,
NPSHr.
-
NPSHa. , ,
13.4 13.4 NPSHrQ.
NPSH , -
12.5, .
,
NPSHa Q. , -
NPSHaQ . (. 12.5.1):

p v2 p
NPSHa = A + v (13.13)
2g

 547

Bernoulli -
(1) (), :

p1 p A v12 v 2A p p v2
y1 y A + + = h A = 1 A H h (13.13)
2g 2g
: = yA y1, .
(13.13) :
p1 p v
NPSHa = H h (13.11)

:
8 L
h = 2 4
f + K Q2
g d d
(13.13) :
PSHa = a b Q2 (13.14)
p1 p v
: a= H (13.14)

8 L
b= 2 f + K (13.14)
g d4 d
(13.14) -
. NPSHaQ.
,
: Q
NPSHa. 13.4.
NPSHr ( -
) , NPSHa (
) .
, Qar,
:

NPSH

Q = Qar NPSHr = NPSHa

Q > Qar NPSHr > NPSHa
NPSHa _ Q
12.5, a
-
-
NPSH NPSHr _ Q
( -
). H
Q
Q
.
, H Q - . 13.4.
NPSH.
. , -
548

, H Q ,
H _ Q
13.4.
,

H

(



, H _ Q

). -

_ -
NPSHrQ, a
NPSHa Q
NP-
SHaQ -

NPSH
.
(13.14), NPSHr _ Q
a (
NPSHaQ ),
b ( Qar
). - Q
( . 13.4.
- H Q .
). ,
( , -
).

6
13.1 -
40C. ,
. , 12 cm 5
m.
) 2 m
) 2 m .
:
: L = 5 m, d = 0,12 m, = 0,00026 m, = 0,8 ( )
p1 = 101,3 KPa, pv = 7,4 KPa (. 11.2.1), = 9,81 KN/m3
() = 2 m, () = 2 m
: Qar
NPSHrQ NPSHaQ -
. , , (13.14).
101,3 7,4
) Q = 0 NPSHa = a NPSHa = 2 = 7,57 m
9,81
Q = 50 m3/h v = 1,23 m/s Re =1,45 105 f = 0,25
(13.12) NPSHa = 7,43 m
 549

Q NPSa
m3/h m
0 7,57
50 7,43
100 7,00
150 6,32
200 5,35
220 4,88
240 4,37
() 13.4, -
NPSHr. -
:
Qar= 185 m3/h

) a (13.14),
4 m ( 7,57 11,57 m). , NPSHa
4 m.
() 13.4 -
NPSHr 120
: -Q

Qar= 235 m3/h 100

, m

-
80
(),
60 100
. - 80

I, KW
60
. P-Q
40
,
20
NPSHa
. 90 0
80
13.5 . 70
60

50
,
40 20

15
PSHr, m

. 30 ()
, 20 () 10
10 5
PSHr - Q
. 0 0
- 0 100 200
. - Q m3/h
, . 13.4.
550

=+ . Q 2

=1=2

1=2 H=f(Q)

H=f1(Q)

Q/2 Q1 Q 2Q1
.13.5. .13.5.
. .

. ,
, ,
.
13.5.1 .
) .
( )
( ). 13.5
.
H = f1(Q),
H = f(Q) :
Q : -
i Qi ,
(.
).
( ):
Hi = H1i = H2i
Qi = Q1i + Q2i = 2Q1i
, =f1(Q) (. )
, = f(Q) (.
13.5).
, Q = Q1 + Q2 + Q3 = 3Q1,
.
: =
f(Q), = + Q2.

= f(Q) = + Q2. :
Q/2 ( ).
(. 13.5). -
 551

, NPSHr .
,
' 1'.
, -
, Q
( ) :
Q1' < Q < 2Q1' = 1= 2 > 1'
: = f1(Q)
( Q = 0), .
,
. . -
Q.

7
13.4, -
. , 120 m
18 cm. 2 m 1200 rpm.
) , ,
. ) ;
:
: L =120 m, d = 0,18 m, = 0,00026 m, = 10-6m2/s, = 9,81 KN/m3
= 2 m, n=1200 rpm
: Q, H, P, P,
1: () 1200 rpm
. -
:
= 8,4 m Q1 = 75 m3/h Q = 150 m3/h
H = 8,2 m Q1 = 93 m3/h Q = 186 m3/h
H = 7,8 m Q1 = 110 m3/h Q = 220 m3/h
H = 7,5 m Q1 = 123 m3/h Q = 246 m3/h
H = 7,0 m Q1 = 140 m3/h Q = 280 m3/h
() (. 13.5).
2: : Q
Bernoulli .
p2 p1 v 22 v12 8 L
= + + + h H = H + 2 f 5 Q 2 (1)
2g g d
Q = 60/3600 m3/s v = 0,65 m/s
(/d = 0,00144, Re = 1,2 105) f = 0,0231
Moody

(1) H = 3,34 m
Q :
552

60 80 100 150 200 300 380

20 60%
1800 rpm 65%
70%
73%
75%
15 1600 76%
76%
75%
, m

1400 73%
10
70%
1200
65%
8

()
6

5
()
()
4
17
15
1800 rpm
, PS

10
1600

1400
6

5
1200
4
60 80 100 150 200 300 380
Q, m3/h

. 13.5.
 553

Q v Q v
f f
m3/h m/s m m3/h m/s m
60 0,65 0,0231 3,34 200 2,18 0,0221 6,57
80 0,87 0,0228 3,60 240 2,62 0,0220 8,13
100 1,09 0,0226 3,91 300 3,27 0,0219 11,00
150 1,64 0,0222 5,03

Q , -
() 13.5 (
).
3: () ()
().
13.5 :
Q = 230 m3/h
= 7,7 m
4:
('):
= 68,5 %
P = 4,7 PS = 3,46 KW
: P = (Q/2) H P = 2,4 KW (: P = P P = 2,37 KW)
: : = 2 = 6,92 KW.

: , -
. , (),
() ().
13.5 :
Q = 173 m3/h
= 5,7 m
= 72,5 %
P = 5,1 PS = 3,75 KW
P = Q H P = 2,7 KW
,
33%, ,
.
) .
- = f1(Q) =
f2(Q) , -
= f(Q).
.
i ,
554

:
i = 1i = 2i
Qi = Q1i + Q2i

= f(Q) (. 13.5).
( 1),
(
13.5, , ).
= + Q2
() = f(Q).
1 2. ,
NPSHr .
Q -

Q1', =+ . Q 2
Q2i
H1', Q2', H2' , Q1i

, : =1=2 1 2

H > H1' > H2' H=f(Q)

Q2' < Q1' < Q < Q1' + Q2' H=f2(Q)

, -
H=f1(Q)

-
,
, - Q1 Q2 Q

. 13.5.
- .
.

, . 4

) - H1 H2
- 3
.
- 1
() ()
2

(I)
() -

( 13 23
. 13.5). . 13.5.
-
.
 555

, ( 34).
23 .
.
.
13.5: < . ()
(), :
=
'. 13,
3 '. '
:
h13 = Q2
". , 13: h13 = Q2
:
" = " h13.
, 3-4 , ()
( ) "
. ( ,
23). " -
.
= f(Q).
234 :
= + Q2
= f(Q) = +Q2
.
= f(Q)
13.5.
13.5.2
.
I
I I =+ . Q 2

, - II
2 1
. =1=2

( )
H=fI(Q) H=f(Q)
() , -
H=fII(Q)

. h13=13 . Q 2
,
-
Q2 Q1 Q
.
- . 13.5.
. .
556

( )
.
, . ,
, :
Q = Q1 = Q2
H = H1 + H2 = 2H1
-
, = f1(Q). -
= f (Q) (. 13.5).
= + Q2,
.
:
Q1 = Q2 = Q H1 = H1 = H/2
13.5
, , NPSHr .
,
= f1(Q) = + Q2, ' 13.5.
(
). ( -
).
: 1' < < 21' Q1' < Q
13.5.3 .
( ) ,
. -
= f(Q),
: 1

= 1+1Q12 2 = 2+2Q22. H=f(Q)
=+ . Q 2

.
-
=21

, 1 = 2 = (= +p/
H=f1(Q)
) -
(1) (2) 1=2
13.5.
1=2
-
(
).

(1), (2):
Q1=Q2 Q=Q1=Q2
= 1 = 2
. 13.5.
(1) Q1 .
 557

(2) Q2,
:
1=+ 1 . Q 1 2 2=+ 2 . Q 2 2
Q = Q1 + Q2 (1) (2) (3)

2
, H=1=2
- H=f(Q)

(3). -

= f(Q) -
. -
Q1 Q2 Q2 Q=Q1=Q2
Q
. : . 13.5.
.
= 1 = 2

(1) (2)
Q1 Q2 (Q = Q1 + Q2).
, (1), -

(2, 2' Q2').

( ).
,
:
= 1+2 = (d12+d22)/4

13.6 .

1.
13.2, 13.2, 13.2, 13.4.
[NSU: 0,52, 0,84, 1,8, 1,2]

2. 13.1 0,86
Qn. N : , ,
.
[H = 89 m, = 0,85, P = 51,6 KW, P = 43,9 KW, NPSHr = 6,5 m]
3. 13.2 70 ft. N
: ( m3/h), ( KW) -
.
[Q = 327 m3/h, P = 32 KW, P = 20,2 KW, = 0,63]

4. 13.2 295 mm -
1750 rpm 200 m3/h. ,
.
[H = 28,6 m, P = 20,5 KW, P = 15,6 KW, = 0,762]
558

5. 13.6,
d = 5 in, d = 4 in L = 6 m, L = 60 m. : ():
( = 3) () (V): 90 (): (V):
. : )
) h/d = 0,3. ,
50 m.
[) Q = 208,3 m3/h, Po = 28,7 KW, ) Q = 136 m3/h, Po = 18,6 KW]
6. , 25C. -
NPSHaQ
) 150 ) 200 m3/h.
[) NPSHa = 3,44 m, ) NPSHa = 1,46 m]
7. 13.1, 40 m
2 m. 3 bar
. 8 cm.
, , NPSHa . -
.
[Q = 187 m3/h, H = 93 m, P = 57 KW, = 0,852, NPSHa = 5,2 m]
8. 13.2, 401/297,
10 m. 36 cm
50 m. = 5.
Q, , , .
[Q = 585 L/s, H = 23 m, P = 157 KW, = 0,842, NPSHa = 8,4 m]
9. , -
, 20,
;
[Q = 430 L/s, H = 30 m, P = 160 KW,
= 0,78, NPSHa = 10,2 m]
10.
(V) (V)
13.4, 1300 rpm
10 m
5 m. 18 m
14 cm. ) ()
, , ()
-
5. )
- 4m
1500 rpm;
[) Q = 165 m3/h, P = 4,6 KW, = 0,74,
) Q = 205 m3/h, P = 7 KW, = 0,752] ()

11.
13.4,
7 cm 50 m. . 13.6
 559

O 2,5. , -
, 20 m.
[Q = 90 m3/h, Po = 16,7 KW, P = 22,1 KW, = 0,75]
12. 13.4, 70 m -
1400 rpm. 6 in.
4 m. , ,
.
[Q = 190 m3/h, H = 8,4 m, P = 5,9 KW, = 0,75]

13. ,
.
.
[Q = 234 m3/h, H = 10,8 m, P = 10,4 KW, = 0,655]

14. 13.4, 1 m.
1600 rpm 5 m. ) 200 m3/h,
, -
. ) 24 cm,
, .
[) = 0,754, P = 8,5 KW, h = 6,7 m, ) Q = 208 m3/h, = 0,758, P = 8,5 KW]
15. 13.4, -
200 m 3 m,
18 cm. 1400 rpm, -
, ,
.
[Q = 244 m3/h, H = 10,8 m, P = 10,9 KW, = 0,675]

16. 13.4,
15 m. 60 m, 6 cm -
. 4. ,
, .
[Q = 67 m3/h, H = 76 m, P = 19,2 KW, P = 13,8 KW, = 0,71]
17. 15 m,
50 m 3 in.
4. 3.4. -
, , -
: ) . )
) .
[) Q =110 m3/h, H = 60 m, P = 24,3 KW, = 0,73. ) Q = 128 m3/h, H = 76 m,
P = 38,2 KW, = 0,70. ) Q = 137 m3/h, H = 86 m, P = 52,8 KW, = 0,62]
18. 13.2 295
mm, .
, 120 m 16 cm.
12 m 6. ) , -
560

, 100
- 80

, m
. ) 60
; 40
[) Q = 243 m3/h, H = 24,9 m, P = 22,4 20
KW, P = 16,4 KW, = 0,73 0
2,5
) Q = 180 m3/h, H = 19,8 m, P = 13 KW,
2,0
P = 9,7 KW, = 0,748]

NPSHr, m
1,5
19. HQ 1,0
NPSHrQ 13.6, - 0,5
- 0,0
25C. 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32
- , L/s
, - . 13.6.
.
, 9 cm 6 m
2.
5 m.
[Q = 27 L/s]
20. , -
, 60 m 8 cm, 5
, 15 m. ,
.
[Q = 21,2 L/s, H = 70 m, Po = 14,4 KW]
 KE 14


14.1
14.2
14.3
14.4
14.5 (LCC Analysis)
14.6 H
562

14.1 .

,
.
,
. ,
. -
, ,
.
,
.
:
.
-
.
.
.
, -
.
. -
,
.
. , ,
,
. ,
,
, 15 20 .
: , -
. (
). ,
. -
(.. , , ).
, , ,
(.. )
. 14.1.
,
(BEP) . -
BEP , ,
() Qn n:
BEP: = max Q = Qn H = Hn
, ,
, -
Q.
( )
, , ,
: , ,
. , (
 563

. 14.1
().

), ,
,
.
, -
, ,
.
,
: ,
,
. .
.
( ),
.
, ,
, .
,
.

14.2 .

, ( )
, .
, -
NPSHa ,
NPSH:
M = NPSHa NPSHr
25% NPSH .
(13.14), (13.14) (13.14), NPSHa : )
) .
564

, , ( ).
,
, ,
.

:
) .
,
. -
. ,
, -
(, hollow vortex) (. 14.2), ,
12.5.4. ,

. Hydraulic Institute, (Smin)
:

dE
S min = d E +2,3 v E (14.1)
g

: dE vE . -
,
( >2,5 dE) .

1
,
180 m3/h , 22 cm.
:
: Q = 180 m3/h = 0,05 m3/s, dE = 0,22 m
: Smin
:
4 QE
vE = vE = 1,32 m/s
d2E
(14.1) Smin = 0,67 m
)
. -


( ), -
.
. 14.2.

. , .
 565

, ,
. -
, :
: 1 1,5 m/s,
: 1,0 m/s,
: 0,5 m/s
: 0,6 m/s
,
1 m/s.
-
, .
(. 5.5.4) , -
.
) . -
(.. ). -
(), .
,
.
.
(. 5.5.1) , ,
0,02 0,8. , -
.
,
.

, , -
. ,
= 2 = 6.
14.2 ,
.
) :
, -
. .


, -

. -
, -


,
(. 12.5.4).
, -
, -

. 14.2.
. .
566

14.3 .

,
.
. , -
.
, . , -
,
. , ( -
, , , ,
..). ,
.
, ,
, .
, , ,
. ,
.
5 bar, p/ = 51 m. 15 m,
. 20 m/s, -
v2/2g = 20,4 m. , (
), .
, ,
, ,
.
.
,
, -
.
, .
, , -
Qn Hn. , -
, , . ,
,
.
-
.
14.3,
d1<d2<d3
--
h

( ), - (1) (2) (3)

,
.
,
-
-
.
. Q
. 14.3.
2 hQ
.
 567

15 m . -
13.2.
3 m -
12. 150 m.
( mm),
.
:
: H = 15 m, h = 3 m, Q 13.2.
L= 150 m, = 0,00026 m, = 12, = 10-6 m2/s
: d
1: Q 13.2,
( 335 mm):
Qn 180 m3/h = 0,05 m3/s, Hn 30 m
.
2: :

p2 p1 v 22 v12
Ho = H + + + h Ho = H + h h =15 m h = h h h =12 m
2g

3:
(. . 5.7.3). :

8 L 1 2
h = 2 f + K 2 Qn
g d d
.
( d f Moody).
(
, ):

d' (mm) v' (m/s) /d' Re' f' h' (m) h'h d (mm)
100 6,37 0,00260 6,37 105 0,0254 103,5 91,5 d > 100

200 1,59 0,00130 3,18 105 0,0217 3,65 8,35 d < 200

150 2,83 0,00173 4,24 105 0,0230 14,29 2,29 d > 150

160 2,49 0,00163 3,98 105 0,0227 10,49 1,51 d < 160

155 2,65 0,00168 4,11 105 0,0228 12,20 0,20 d 155

, d 155 mm.
, ,
:
) ,
) BEP
568

) -

( -
).
-

,
-
,
40% .

,


, ( -
. 14.3.
). -
. .
-
,
:
) (, , ).
) .
) ( ).
,
, (-
).
( ) -
, , 14.3.
. (
).

, . ,
,
1,4 3,5 m/s.
-
, , -
14.2.
,
.
, , -
...

14.4 .

, .
.
10.6
. -
.
 569

.

. , -
:
) :
.
.
,
. ,
( .. ), -
.
, -
. (
), ,
>2010-6 m2/s.
,
. ,
.
-
, , ,
.
, ,
.
. -
, 90C,
, .
,

. , ,
.
) :
. -
, .
.
,
. 12.4,
, . -
(Universal Specific Speed) SU,
( 12.33):
Q0,5
n
N SU = 2 n
( g Hn )0,75

NS (US, Metric,
SI), 12.4.1.
, ,
. ,
. ,
570

,
. ,
-
, -
10000
, ( A
)
( ). B
14.4
1000
,

(m)
.
C D
(
, 100
) D (
, ).
C ( , -
) - 10
. ,
( - ), -

.
- 10 100 500 1000
, - Q m3/h
.
- ,
Qn = 100 m3/
h, n = 1750 rpm . 14.4.
NSU ,
12.33, (. 14.4.1): .

14.4.1
.
n Qn Hn
NSU
rpm m3/h m
0,2 1750 100 83,21
1,0 1750 100 9,73
2,0 1750 100 3,86
4,0 1750 100 1,53
5,0 1750 100 1,14

.
(12.33),
 571

14.4. , ( -
), ( ).
( -
14.4.
( ). 100 l/s, 1500 rpm
20 m, NSU = 0,95. (
(12.33), : NSU = 0,947).
,
. , -
.
14.4.1 NSU = 2 1600 rpm,
:

3000

2000

1000
800
600

400
300
m
200 n,


Qn, 1/s

,5 8,00
100 0
6,00
80 1 5,00
60 4,00
2 3,00
40
3
30 2,00

su
4
5 1,50
20 6
1,00
10 0,80
10
0,60
80 20 0,50
8 0,40
30
40 0,30
4 50 0
60 20
3 0,20
0
0 30 0,15
10 0
2 40
0,10
0,08
1
500 600 800 1000 1500 2000 3000 4000 6000 8000 10000 15000 20000 25000
n, rpm

. 14.4.
() NSU.
572

Qn n
= Qn' = 91,4 m3/h
Q'n n'

2
Hn n
= Hn' = 3,23m
H'n n'
, -
( ,
, ). ,
.
, ( . 13.2) -
( ) -
.
. ,
, .
14.4 ( ,
, ).
) :
- , -
NPSHr . -
NPSH,
. ,

n = 2900 1/min
10 US.gpm 20 30 40 50 100 200 300 400 500 1000
IM.gpm 10 20 30 40 50 100 200 300 400 500 1000
200

500
400
40 -315 50 -315
100 65 -315 80-315 300

32 -250 200
40 -250 50 -250 65 -250 80 -250
50
25 -200 32 -200 H
40 50 -200 65 -200 80 -200 ft
40 -200 100 -200
30 100
32 -160 32 -160
50 -160
20 65 -160 80 -160

32 -125 32 -125 40 -160 50

40
10
1,8 2 3 4 5 Q m3/h 10 20 30 40 50 100 200 300 360
Q L/s 1 2 3 4 5 10 20 30 40 50

. 14.4.
(KSB).
 573

. NPSH
NPSH ,
, ( ,
, ).
) : (
), -
. .

.
,
.
,
: (

).
(
NPSH).

3
50 m 2000 m3/h,
. 8000 .
, 82%
78%, ;
0,05 KWh. ,
96%.
:
: Q = 2000 m3/h, H = 50 m, t = 8000 h
1 = 0,82, 2 = 0,78, = 0,96, c = 0,05 /KWh
: C
:
= Q = 272,5 KW
:
= / 1 = 332,32 KW 2 = 349,36 KW
:
= / 1 = 346,164 KW 2 = 363,915 KW
:
1 = (346,164 KW)(8000 h) = 2.769.309 KWh
2 = (363,915 KW)(8000 h) = 2.911.325 KWh
:
= 2 1= 142.015 KWh
: C = 7100 /
574

:
Q/P1 = 5,77 m3/KWh = 1,60 m3/J
Q/P2 = 5,50 m3/KWh = 1,53 m3/J
,
, (-
), , , ( )
, ,
, ...
, ,
. . ISO -
(. 14.6.1 ),
. ANSI/HI,
ISO.
. -
.
.
.
,
. ( ) -
() , (.
11.4, . 11.4.4). -
( ).
:

= = (14.2)

, -
, . ,
(, ..).
,
.
(.. Diesel).
. -
, .
. -
, -
, . , -
, 50 60 Hz
14.4.2.
, (
). (motor speed
controllers) . , (gearboxes)
,
.
 575

14.4.2
(IEC).

2 4 6 8 10 12 14

50 Hz 2900 1450 960 725 580 480 415

60 Hz 3500 1750 1160 875 700 580 500

, .
, . ,
(
).
.

.
, .
. -
, -
,
. -
( ).
-
, , ,
. ,
(bypass) -
,
.
(bypass valve)
.
, -
.
-
(throttle valves). ,
(
).
, -
, ( -
). ,
, (ASD).
14.4 : , ,
QA .
QA Q, :
) bypass
QA Q. ,
. .
576

(3)
(2)
n1
(1)

n2

Qr QB Q
PA
P
n1

n2

Q
. 14.4.
.

) 1 2 ( -
). (-
). ()
. .
BEP, .
) HQ , -
n1 n2. .
. ,
, .
,
. ,
(bypass ) , -
.

14.5 (LCC Analysis).

, ,
, , ( ).
, 3, 35.000
,
5 . 15 , .
 577

-
. ,
. Life Cycle Cost (LCC) Analysis.
Europump Hydraulic Institute (Pump Life
Cycle Costs), .
, -
, . LCC
:

LCC = Cic + Cin + Ce + Co + Cm + Cs + (Cenv +Cd) (14.3)

: C
. :
ic (initial cost): (, , ..).
in (installation): .
e (energy): ( ).
o (operating): ( ).
m (maintenance): .
s: (loss of production): (down time).
env (environmental): .
d (decommissioning): .
,
, .
( ) 14.5.
, .
, (
) ( ).

, ,
...
, -
:
) -
: (, , ,
-
..).

,
, , ,
...
)
,
-
-
.
) - . 14.5.
( )
. (.. - .
578

).
) . -
, ,
. ,
.
) . -
.
, .

14.6 .

, , -
( ISO/TC 115: Pumps Business Plan, 2004).
) , 300.000
, ,
. -
3%.
) ( ) :

38%
10%
6%
. 5%
5%
37%
30%
22%
15%

, -
. , , -
,
(Flowserve/IDP, ITT Group, Weir/Warman/Envirotech, Ebara, Grundfos, KSB ..).
40% 10 -
.
) , :

64%
12%
11%
9%
4%
 579

) , , :

16%
16%
-- 16%
14%
11%
27%

, -
14.6.1 ISO,
, .

14.6.1
ISO ( 30.7.2004).

ISO

End-suction centrifugal pumps (rating 16 bar) -Designation nominal duty

ISO 2858:1975
point and dimensions (Confirmed in 2000)

End-suction centrifugal pumps - Baseplate and installation dimensions (Con-

ISO 3661:1977
firmed in 2002)
Centrifugal, mixed flow and axial pumps - Code for hydraulic performance
ISO 5198:1987
tests - Precision grade (*)
End-suction centrifugal pumps - Dimensions of cavities for mechanical seals
ISO 3069:2000
and for soft packing

ISO 9905:1994 Technical specifications for centrifugal pumps - Class I (*)

ISO 5199:2002 Technical specifications for centrifugal pumps - Class II

ISO 9908:1993 Technical specifications for centrifugal pumps - Class III (*)

Rotodynamic pumps - Hydraulic performance acceptance tests - Grade 1

ISO 9906:1999
and 2 (*)

ISO 15783:2002 Sealless rotodynamic pumps - Class II - Technical specifications

ISO 14847:1999 Rotary positive displacement pumps Technical requirements (*)

ISO 16330:2003 Reciprocating positive displacement pumps Technical requirements

()
580

ISO

ISO 13709:2003 Centrifugal pumps for petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas industries

ISO 21049:2004 Shaft sealing systems for centrifugal and rotary pumps

(*) Under systematic review


582

1.
.
( , , , )

T

C kg/m3 m2/s N/m Kpa-1
0 1000 1,7910-06 7,5610-02 5,0310-07
3,98 1000 1,5710-06
10 1000 1,3110-06 7,4210-02 4,7210-07
20 998 110-06 7,2810-02 4,5210-07
30 996 8,0610-07 2,2610-02 3,4010-07
40 992 6,5810-07 6,9610-02 4,3710-07

50 988 5,5710-07 6,7910-02 4,3710-07
60 983 4,7810-07 6,6210-02 4,3810-07
70 978 4,1610-07 6,6410-02 4,4610-07
80 972 3,6710-07 6,2610-02 4,5510-07
90 965 3,2810-07 4,6710-07
100 958 2,9610-07 5,8910-02 4,8310-07
0 806 2,210-06 2,4110-02 9,8010-07
20 789 1,5210-06 2,2810-02 1,1110-06

40 772 1,0810-06 1,2710-06
60 754 0,78510-06 1,4710-06
20 1117 19,110-06 4,8410-02
40 1110 8,310-06
60 1090 4,5410-06
80 1070 2,8210-06
100 1060 1,8810-06
0 900 1,0110-06 3,0210-02 8,1310-07
20 881 0,74210-06 2,8810-02 7,1410-07
40 858 0,58610-06 1,110-06
60 836 0,469 10-06 1,2810-06
80 815 0,40410-06 1,5410-06
18 841 8,410-06

20 814 2,3710-06 2,9010-02
0 810 1,0110-06 2,4510-02 1,0710-06
10 801 1,1410-06
20 791 0,75610-06 2,2610-02 1,2210-06
()
 583

T

C kg/m3 m2/s N/m Kpa-1
30 783 0,65110-06 1,29 10-06
40 774 0,58110-06 1,38 10-06
50 765 0,51810-06 1,47 10-06
0 718 0,98310-06 1 10-06
20 703 0,77210-06
()
25 1,2 10-06
40 686 0,63110-06 1,34 10-06
0 13600 0,12410-06 4 10-08
4 13590
20 13550 0,11510-06 48,410-02 4 10-08
40 13500 0,10710-06
60 13450 0,10210-06
80 13400 0,097010-06
100 13350 0,092910-06

1.
.
1000

700

500
400


300




200 -
pv, KPa

100

70

50

40

30

20
2-

10_
30 _20 _10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
, C
584

2.
.
200
150 p
100
70
50
40
30
20
pv, KP

10
70
50
40
30
20
1,5
1,0
0,8
0,6
0,4

0,2

_
10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 100 120 150
o
, C

3.
.
3000
2000

1000
700
pv, KP

500
400
300

200
150
p
100

50
40
30
20

40 50 70 80 90 100 120 150 200

o
, C
 585

4.
.

_
C 10 3 P-s
200 100
190 80
180 70
60
170 50
160 40
150
30
140
130 20

120

110
30 10
100
28 8
90 7
26 6
80 5
24
70 4
22
3
60
20
50 2
18

40 Y 16

30 14
1
12 0,8
20 0,7
10 0,6
10 0,5
8
0,4
0 6
0,3
_10 4

2 0,2
_20
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
_30 X 0,1

X Y 2. X = 10,2
Y = 13. (X, Y) (.. 70C) ,
.
586
2.
X Y .

X Y
, 100% 10,5 13,8
, 40% 6,5 16,6
6,0 23,6
15,2 4,8
, 100% 14,5 7,2
, 35% 7,9 15,0
, 100% 12,6 2,0
, 26% 10,1 13,9
8,1 18,7
12,5 10,9
, 100% 2,0 30,0
, 50% 6,9 19,6
12,9 8,6
11,6 0,3
15,2 7,1
14,6 8,9
14,7 7,0
14,1 8,4
, 98% 7,0 24,8
, 60% 10,2 21,3
9,8 12,9
10,2 16,9
, 90% 12,3 11,8
, 40% 7,8 15,5
10,2 13,0
12,8 13,8
(meta) 13,9 10,6
13,7 10,0
14,9 5,2
12,7 13,1
13,7 10,4
18,4 16,4
, 50% 3,2 25,8
, 31,5% 13,0 16,6
12,8 13,8
12,3 12,4
14,4 10,2
Freon-11 14,4 9,0
Freon-12 16,8 5,6
Freon-21 15,7 7,5
Freon-22 17,2 4,7
Freon-113 12,5 11,4
 587

3.
(VG) ISO.
(
), SAE, SUS, ANSI, BSI, oE, RI .., 1975 -
ISO. ISO 3448:1992 (Industrial liquid lubricants -- ISO viscosity
classification)
,
, . (ISO V.G.)
SI (m2/s).

Viscosity Grade Ranges

ISO (10-7 m2/s 40 C)
VG
(10%) (+10%)
2 2,2 1.98 2.42
3 3,2 2.88 3.52
5 4,6 4.14 5.06
7 6,8 6.12 7.48
10 10 9.00 11.0
15 15 13.5 16.5
22 22 19.8 24.2
32 32 28.8 35.2
46 46 41.4 50.6
68 68 61.2 74.8
100 100 90.0 110
150 150 135 165
220 220 198 242
320 320 288 352
460 460 414 506
680 680 612 748
1000 1000 900 1100
1500 1500 1350 1650

: ISO ASTM BSI. ISO

40C, ASTM BSI 100F (37.8 C). ASTM BSI -
ISO.
588

4.
.

Saybolt
_
10 6m2/s SUS

40 C 100 C ISO SAE SAE AGMA 100 F 200 F

VG Crancaase Gear Grade
2000 10000
70
1500 8000 300
60
6000
1000 250 5000
50 1000 8
800 4000 200
40
680 8
600 3000
30
500 140
460 7
400 2000

300 320 60 6 1500

20
100
220 50 90 5 1000 90
200

150 4 800 80
40
600 70
85W
100 100 3 500
10 30 60
80 400
9 80W
68 2 55
8
60 300
7 20 50
50 200
40 6 46 1 45
32 15 75W 150
30 5
10
4 22 100 40
20 5W, 0W
15

10 10 60
 400

200
CD
100
80
60
40

20

10
8
6
4

2
5.

1
0,8
0,6
0,4
.

0,2

0,1

0,06
2 4 6 8 2 4 6 8 2 4 6 8 2 4 6 8 2 4 6 8 2 4 6 8 2 4 6 8
_1
10 10 10 1 10 2 10 3 10 4 10 5 10 6
Reynolds Re
589
 590

106

CD

104

103

102
6.

10

1,0
, , .

0,1
0,0001 0,001 0,01 0,1 1,0 10 102 103 104 105 106

Reynolds Re
 591

.
5.
.

10-85%

30%
20%

30%

10%

10%
10%

20%
10%

30%

20%

U U U U U U U U 53 113 102 59
U U U U U U 75 75 U 113 U 113
U U U U U U U U U U U U
U U U U U U 75 75 U 113 U 113
, Pearlitic
Hastelloy C 113 102 113 102 97 81 113 113 113 113 164 113
Inconel U U 47 41 47 41 U U 108 108 47 113
Monel 41 41 U U 47 41 219 219 41 113 113 113
41 41 U U 47 41 91 91 41 113 47 53
Stainless Steel 304 U U 175 164 U U U U 103 119 119 U
Stainless Steel 316 U U 113 159 U U U U 159 219 219 191
-
ABS 75 47 75 69 47 47 U U 75 U 69 53
BUtyl 97 97 86 86 64 U 191 191 81 81 80 103
CPVC 97 97 97 86 97 97 U U 97 75 97 103
EPDM 75 75 30 30 164 53 30 30 164 164 75 164
FEP 219 219 219 219 219 219 219 219 219 219 219 219
FKM 191 191 219 219 191 191 113 113 219 103 108 219
HDPE 75 75 75 75 86 75 75 75 75 75 75 75
Neoprene 108 108 U U 81 97 108 108 108 86 86 108
N-RUbber 80 80 U U 75 81 53 53 81 U 41 81
PFA 136 136 108 108 137 137 108 108 108 108 108
PP 108 108 108 75 119 119 97 97 137 113 119 81
PTFE 258 258 258 258 258 258 258 258 258 258 258 258
PVC Type 2 75 75 75 75 75 75 69 69 75 47 75 75
PVDC 64 41 69 81 97 97 86 86 97 81 64 91
PVDF 136 119 108 97 153 153 142 142 153 137 164 81
SBR Styrene U U U U U U 108 U
75 64 75 53 103 108 U U 86 35 58 147
136 136 41 U 142 142 U U 137 142 136 108
119 119 81 53 103 103 47 47 119 81 108 119
108 97 81 81 125 119 U U 108 53 108 108
592

6.
.

30%

10%
10%
10%

, 50%

20%

5%

10%

()

97 191 U U 30 41 U 191 U 113 80 U U U U
41 U U U U U 47 108 47 53 113 102 U
219 113 U U 30 41 U U 113 41 53 64 86 113 U
41 U U 41 30 113 U U 53 41 41 53 113 113 U
, Pearlitic 45 97 65 U
Hastelloy C 313 113 113 81 108 91 113 53 113 113 113 113 113 124 136
Inconel 313 47 41 U 30 113 47 75 113 113 113 113 113 164 41
Monel 313 U U 41 113 113 47 30 113 113 113 113 113 191 108
47 U U U 30 113 47 113 113 113 113 113 113 108
Stainless Steel 304 264 113 U 41 80 113 113 113 164 113 136 113 113 113 U
Stainless Steel 316 313 113 U 108 75 113 219 219 191 190 191 191 191 191 108

ABS U 41 75 75 75 U 75 U 75 75 75 75 75
BUtyl U 102 86 103 102 102 102 U 97 69 97 97 97 97 102
CPVC 97 108 97 97 97 91 113 97 97 102 113 113 113 102 97
EPDM 164 113 164 153 113 113 164 53 164 113 164 164 164 164 164
FEP 219 219 219 219 219 219 219 219 219 219 219 219 219 219 219
FKM U 102 219 219 158 164 219 191 175 86 219 102 219 30 219
HDPE 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75
Neoprene 108 105 86 108 108 119 108 U 108 53 108 108 108 108 86
N-RUbber U 41 81 81 80 108 80 U 53 U 80 97 69 80 80
PFA 108 153 108 108 108 108 108 108 108 108 108 108 108 136 108
PP 119 119 113 108 119 108 108 53 113 80 119 119 119 119 108
PTFE 258 258 258 258 258 258 258 258 258 258 258 258 258 258 258
PVC Type 2 47 75 75 75 75 U 75 75 75 75 75 75 75
PVDC U 75 81 86 97 97 64 53 69 97 97 97 47 91
PVDF 153 153 153 153 147 153 153 137 113 153 153 153 153 113 142
SBR Styrene 108 108 108 108 U 108
U 102 137 108 108 113 113 75 108 80 136 164 113 102 136
142 97 131 142 142 119 142 U 136 142 142 142 142 U 142
119 75 119 119 119 97 119 47 80 113 86 86 119 69 136
119 81 113 108 97 97 131 91 80 119 108 97 97 91 97
 593

7.
.

275 113 113 47 53 41 53 41 81 113 108

219 219 219 219 108 186 81 53 191 191 81 191 136
164 75 131 108 53 41 191 191 81 191 108
75 53 53 41 53 41 113 108
, Pearlitic 164
Hastelloy C 108 113 113 108 314 113 108 137 137 113 164
Inconel 102 113 41 47 113 113 53 108 113 108
Monel 102 113 113 47 113 113 53 108 53 113 54
102 113 108 41 113 113 113 41 30 113 108
Stainless Steel 304 102 125 108 108 113 313 53 137 137 81 113 108
Stainless Steel 316 219 219 108 219 107 186 125 41 191 137 137 191 108

ABS U U 64 U 75 53 75 69 U 75 U U
BUtyl 86 U 103 U 103 81 U U U
CPVC U U 97 U U 113 75 97 97 81 113 U U
EPDM 164 U 159 164 75 164 U U U U
FEP 219 219 219 219 219 219 219 219 219 219 219 219 242
FKM U 219 191 U 219 125 219 191 225 97 219 219
HDPE 64 U 75 41 U 75 75 75 59 41 U U U
Neoprene U U 108 U 86 75 86 108 108 41 U U
N-RUbber U U 81 U 81 64 U U U U
PFA 108 108 108 108 108 108 108 108 108 108 113 108
PP 119 75 97 U 125 108 81 41 59 97 30 30
PTFE 258 258 258 259 259 258 164 258 258 258 258 258 258
PVC Type 2 U U 75 U U 75 75 75 75 35 75 U U
PVDC 47 41 81 41 97 75 81 81 81 43 U
PVDF U 80 153 91 64 153 64 153 153 153 159 113 113
SBR Styrene 108 U 108 108 108 U U U U
58 97 81 86 47 164 59 164 81 97 80 75
108 142 142 137 47 142 86 113 81 137 142 142
U U 47 119 41 119 108 47 119 U 47
U U 53 81 97 113 81 113 113 86 113 64 75
594

8.
.

Petroleum Oils, Refined

Gasoline, unleaded
Gasoline, Refined

Transformer Oil
Lubricating Oil
Jet Fuel JP-4

Machine Oil
Diesel Fuels

Motor Oil
Crude Oil

Kerosene

Naphtha
Gasohol
Fuel Oil

53 47 75 81 113 113 91 91 81 97 47 41
53 47 191 81 108 191 219 191 53 219 41 47
53 102 108 81 108 191 91 191 81 113 137 47 41
41 41 81 47 47 47 47 81 47 47
, Pearlitic
Hastelloy C 47 108 108 81 108 175 53 113 113 108 47
Inconel 75 41 47 47 47 81
Monel 164 97 81 53 53 47 91 53 47 64 47 47
97 53 53 41 113 64 47
Stainless Steel 304 113 47 137 147 41 53 219 81 113 137 137 41 47
Stainless Steel 316 113 47 86 81 113 41 219 219 81 113 137 113 41 47

ABS 47 U U U 47 53 47 75
BUtyl U U U U U U U U
CPVC 113 53 81 U 108 97 97 97 97 75 97 97
EPDM U U U U U U U U U U U U U
FEP 219 219 219 219 219 219 219 219 75 219 219 219 219
FKM 164 214 219 47 97 97 219 219 219 108 103 219 103 219
HDPE 64 108 64 U 75 41 U 41 41 75
Neoprene U 108 41 47 108 U 108 108 108 U 53 69
N-RUbber U U U U U U U U U U U
PFA 108 108 108 108 108 108 108 108 108 108 108
PP 80 91 53 U U U 35 47 35 59 U 59 81 58
PTFE 258 258 258 108 258 258 258 258 258 258 258 258 258 258
PVC Type 2 75 75 75 U 75 75 75 75 75 75
PVDC 80 64 64 47 81 41 64 64 81
PVDF 153 153 153 153 153 137 142 153 108 137 153 142
SBR Styrene U 108 U U U U U U U U
164 137 137 81 137 81 137 125 41 119 124
137 137 142 153 75 137 142
119 108 41 41 47 41 81 81 119
136 119 108 97 53 97 147 108 137 113 108 164
 595
9.
.

53 113 97 U 41 U 164
136 113 108 U 136 47 191
47 U U U 41 47 91
41 113 47 U 41 47 30 41
, Pearlitic 47 45 47
Hastelloy C 313 113 108 313 113 164 47
Inconel 41 75 30 47 41 47
Monel 136 113 U U 136 53
47 108 41 U 41 75
Stainless Steel 304 41 113 242 136 U 41 47 97 47
Stainless Steel 316 136 113 242 136 U 136 47 97 47
-
ABS 47 41 75 75 75 75 41
BUtyl 75 U 102 80
CPVC 97 113 97 97 113 97 97 86 97
EPDM 136 136 136 164 30 136 113 158 169
FEP 219 219 219 219 219 219 219 219
FKM 102 164 102 102 102 102 102 219 219
HDPE 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75
Neoprene 113 97 113 108 U 113 86 86 108
N-RUbber 80 80 80 80 80
PFA 108 108 108 108 108 108 113
PP 119 97 119 119 75 119 119 80 97
PTFE 258 219 258 258 258 258 258 258 258
PVC Type 2 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 41
PVDC 91 91 91 91 97 97 91 97
PVDF 153 153 153 153 119 153 136 53
SBR Styrene 108 113 108 108 108 108
164 136 113 U 113 136
136 136 108 142
119 113 86 108 119 97 41
97 113 113 113 97 97 64 75

5 9, (C)
.
1,27 mm . ,
. U: unsatisfactory ().
596
10.
().

..

(Volt) min max
(Mg) 1,62 1,63 1,60
, Zn 1,01 1,03 0,98
0,88 1,00 0,76
, Cd 0,73 0,76 0,70
Mild Steel 0,66 0,71 0,60
0,66 0,72 0,60
0,66 0,71 0,60
0,65 0,70 0,60
Stainless steel Type 410 (13% Cr) 0,52 0,58 0,46
Stainless Steel, Type 304 (18 Cr-8 Ni)(*) 0,52 0,58 0,46
, Ni 0,52 0,58 0,46
Stainless Steel, Type 304 (18 Cr-8 Ni-3 Mo) 0,49 0,54 0,43
Inconel (78 Ni-13.5 Cr-6 Fe) 0,41 0,46 0,35
Aluminium Bronze (92 Cu-8 Al) 0,37 0,42 0,31
Navel Brass (60 Cu-39 Zn) 0,35 0,40 0,30
Yellow Brass (65 Cu-35 Zn) 0,35 0,40 0,30
Red Brass (85 Cu-15 Zn) 0,35 0,40 0,30
Muntz Metal (alpha-beta brass, 60 Cu-40 Zn) 0,35 0,40 0,30
, Cu 0,32 0,36 0,28
, Sn 0,32 0,33 0,31
Aluminium Brass (76 Cu-22 Zn-2 Al) 0,32 0,36 0,28
50-50 Lead/Tin Solder ( ) 0,31 0,35 0,26
Stainless Steel, Type 410 (13 Cr) (passive) 0,31 0,35 0,26
Admiralty Brass (71 Cu-28 Zn-1 Sn) 0,30 0,34 0,25
Manganese Bronze (58.5 Cu-39 Zn-1 Sn-1 Fe-0.3 Mn) 0,29 0,33 0,25
Bronze Composition G (88 Cu-2 Zn-10 Sn) 0,28 0,31 0,24
Bronze Composition M (88 Cu-3 Zn-6.5 Sn-1.5 Pb) 0,28 0,31 0,24
Silicon Bronze (96 Cu, Max- Fe-Zn-Si-Mn-Sn) 0,26 0,27 0,24
90 Cu-10Ni 0,25 0,28 0,21
75 Cu-20 Ni-5 Zn 0,22 0,25 0,19
, Pb 0,22 0,25 0,19
70 Cu-30 Ni 0,20 0,22 0,18
Inconel (78 Ni-13.5 Cr-6 Fe) (Passive) 0,16 0,17 0,14
Stainless Steel 17-4 PH 0,15 0,20 0,10
Nickel 200 0,15 0,20 0,10
, Ag 0,12 0,14 0,09
Monel 400 (70 Ni-30 Cu), K-500 0,09 0,14 0,04
Stainless Steel, Type 304 (18-8), (passive) 0,08 0,10 0,05
Stainless Steel, Type 316 (18-8, 3 Mo) (passive) 0,05 0,10 0,00
Titanium 0,01 0,05 +0,06
Inconel 625 0,03 0,04 +0,10
Hastelloy C 0,03 0,04 +0,10
, Pt 0,22 +0,18 +0,25
0,25 +0,20 +0,30
(*) , % .
 597

11.
.

, 5%

( )

( )

, 5%
, 5%

, 5%

()

00,5 13.000 0,1 1-50 8100 0,55 1580

00,2 25 01 0,215 250 215 1501500
<0,1 <0,1 <0,1 <0,1 <0,1 <0,1 <0,1
18 00,2 0,110 0,110 15400 10400 100010000
00,2 5500 0,1 2 0,215 02 10150 1006000
<0,1 <0,1 <0,1 <0,1 00,2 <0,1
00,2 00,2 00,2 01 235 210 0,1 1500
<0,1 <0,1 <0,1 <0,1 <0,1 <0,1 <0,1
<0,1 <0,1 <0,1 <0,1 01 <0,1
00,2 00,2 00,2 0200 0100 0 0,5 02
<0,1 <1 <0,1 <0,1 <0,1 <0,1 <0,1
00,2 520 00,5 0,1 2500 2500 100400
<0,1 <0,2 <0,1 <0,1 10100 <0,1 0,11
00,5 15200 0,510 0,510 600800
<0,1 <0,1 <0,1 <0,1 <0,5 <0,1 <0,1

: ( mills/year, 1mill = 0,1 in) 100C.

598

ISO.

12.
ISO .

Pipe Threads Where Pressure-Tight Joints Are Made on the ThreadsPart 1: Dimensions,
ISO 7-1
Tolerances and Designation Third Edition

Pipe Threads Where Pressure-Tight Joints Are Made on the ThreadsPart 2: Verification
ISO 8
by Means of Limit Gauges First Edition

Pipe Threads Where Pressure-Tight Joints Are Not Made on the ThreadsPart 1: Dimen-
ISO 228-1
sions, Tolerances and Designation Third Edition

Pipe Threads Where Pressure-Tight Joints Are Not Made on the ThreadsPart 2: Verifica-
ISO 228-2
tion by Means of Limit Gauges Second Edition

ISO 392 Asbestos-Cement Pipe Fittings for Building and Sanitary Purposes First Edition

Injection-Moulded Unplasticized Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC-U) FittingsOven Test

ISO 580
Test Method and Basic Specifications Second Edition

Pipe Connections, Threaded to ISO 228/1, for Plain End Steel and Other Metal Tubes in
ISO 1179
Industrial Applications Second Edition

Unplasticized Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Moulded Fittings for Elastic Sealing Ring Type
ISO 2035
Joints for Use Under PressurePressure-Resistance Test First Edition

Unplasticized Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Injection- Moulded Solvent-Welded Socket Fit-

ISO 2044
tings for Use with Pressure PipeHydraulic Internal Pressure Test First Edition

Hand Taps for Parallel and Taper Pipe ThreadsGeneral Dimensions and Marking Third
ISO 2284
Edition

Thermoplastic Pipes and FittingsVicat Softening TemperaturePart 1: General Test

ISO 2507-1
Method First Edition; (Replaces ISO 2507)

Thermoplastic Pipes and FittingsVicat Softening TemperaturePart 2: Test Conditoins

for Unplasticized Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC-U) or Chlorinated Poly(Vinyl Chloride)
ISO 2507-2
(PVC-C) Pipes and Fittings and for High Impact Resistance Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC-
HI) Pipes First Edition (Replaces ISO 2507)

Thermoplastics Pipes and FittingsVicat Softening TemperaturePart 3: Test Condi-

ISO 2507-3 tions for Acrylonitrile / Butadiene / Styrene (ABS) and Acrylonitrile/Styrene/Acrylic Ester
(ASA) Pipes and Fittings First Edition

ISO 2852 Stainless Steel Clamp Pipe Couplings for the Food Industry Second Edition

Petroleum and Natural Gas IndustriesSteel Pipe for PipelinesTechnical Delivery Con-
ISO 3183-1
ditionsPart 1: Pipes of Requirement Class A Second Edition

Petroleum and Natural Gas IndustriesSteel Pipe for PipelinesTechnical Delivery Con-
ISO 3183-2
ditionsPart 2: Pipes of Requirements Class B Second Edition

Measurement of Pulsating Fluid Flow in a Pipe by Means of Orifice Plates, Nozzles or

ISO TR 3313
Venturi Tubes Second Edition

()
 599

Assembled Joints Between Fittings and Polyethylene (PE) Pressure PipesTest of Leak-
ISO 3458
proofness Under Internal Pressure First Edition

Polyethylene (PE) Pressure PipesJoints Assembled with Mechanical FittingsInternal

ISO 3459
Under-Pressure Test Method and Requirement First Edition

Polypropylene (PP) Pipes and FittingsDensityDetermination and Specification Sec-

ISO 3477
ond Edition

Assembled Joints Between Fittings and Polyethylene (PE) Pressure PipesTest of Leak-
ISO 3503
proofness Under Internal Pressure When Subjected to Bending First Edition

Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride (CPVC) Pipes and FittingsSpecification and Determina-

ISO 3514
tion of Density First Edition

Fittings for Unplasticized Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Pressure Pipes with Elastic Sealing
ISO 3603
Ring Type JointsPressure Test for Leakproofness First Edition

Fitting for Unplasticized Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Pressure Pipes with Elastic Sealing
ISO 3604 Ring Type JointsPressure Test for Leakproofness Under Conditions of External Hydrau-
lic Pressure First Edition

Polyethylene (PE) PipesPressure Drop in Mechanical Pipe-Jointing SystemsMethod

ISO 4059
of Test and Requirements First Edition

Hand- and Machine-Operated Circular Screwing Dies for Taper Pipe ThreadsR Series
ISO 4230
Second Edition

Hand- and Machine-Operated Circular Screwing Dies for Parallel Pipe ThreadsG Series
ISO 4231
Second Edition

Unplasticized Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Adaptor Fittings for Pipes Under PressureLay-
ISO 4434
ing Length and Size of ThreadsMetric Series First Edition

Unplasticized Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Pipes and FittingsDetermination and Specifica-

ISO 4439
tion of Density First Edition

Polyethylene (PE) Pipes and FittingsDetermination of Reference Density of Uncoloured

ISO 4451
and Black Polyethylenes First Edition; (Erratum1980)

ISO 4488 AsbestosCement Pipes and Joints for Thrust-Boring and Pipe Jacking First Edition

Measurement of Fluid FlowEstimation of Uncertainty of a Flow-Rate Measurement First

ISO 5168
Edition

Ground Thread Taps for Pipe Threads G Series and Rp SeriesTolerances on the Thread-
ISO 5969
ed Portion First Edition; (Corrigendum 11991)

ISO 6605 Hydraulic Fluid PowerHose AssembliesMethod of Test First Edition

Polyolefin Pipes and FittingsDetermination of Carbon Black Content by Calcination and

ISO 6964
PyrolysisTest Method and Basic Specification First Edition

ISO 7268 Pipe ComponentsDefinition of Nominal Pressure First Edition: (Amendment 11984)

Liquid HydrocarbonsDynamic MeasurementProving Systems for Volumetric Meters

ISO 7278-2
Part 2: Pipe Provers First Edition; (CEN EN ISO 7278-2: 1995)

()
600

Adhesives with Solvents for Assembly of PVC-U Pipe ElementsCharacterizationPart 1:

ISO 7387-1
Basic Test Methods First Edition

ShipbuildingInland NavigationCouplings for Disposal of Oily Mixture and Sewage

ISO 7608
Water First Edition

Thermal InsulationBonded Preformed Man-Made Mineral Fibre Pipe SectionsSpeci-

ISO 8142
fication First Edition

Thermoplastics Pipes and FittingsWater AbsorptionPart 1: General Test Method First

ISO 8361-1
Edition

Thermoplastics Pipes and FittingsWater AbsorptionPart 2: Test Conditions for Un-

ISO 8361-2
plasticized Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC-U) Pipes and Fittings First Edition

Thermoplastics Pipes and FittingsWater AbsorptionPart 3: Test Conditions for Acrylo-

ISO 8361-3
nitrile/Butadiene/Styrene (ABS) Pipes and Fittings First Edition

Thermal InsulationDetermination of Steady-State Thermal Transmision Properties of

ISO 8497
Thermal Insulation for Circular Pipes First Edition CEN EN ISO 8497: 1996

Thermoplastics Pipes for the Transport of FluidsMethods of Extrapolation of Hydro-

ISO TR 9080 static Stress Rupture Data to Determine the Long-Term Hydrostatic Strength of Thermo-
plastics Pipe Materials First Edition

Agricultural Irrigation EquipmentEmitting-Pipe SystemsSpecification and Test Meth-

ISO 9261
ods First Edition

Polyolefin Pipe Assemblies with or Without Jointed FittingsResistance to Internal Pres-

ISO 9356
sureTest Method First Edition

RubberRecommendations for the Workmanship of Pipe Joint RingsDescription and

ISO 9691
Classification of Imperfections First Edition

ISO TR 9824-1 Measurement of Free Surface Flow in Closed ConduitsPart 1: Methods First Edition

ISO TR 9824-2 Measurement of Free Surface Flow in Closed ConduitsPart 2: Equipment First Edition

Injection-Moulded Unplasticized Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC-U) Fittings for Pressure Pipe

ISO 9853
SystemsCrushing Test First Edition

Petroleum and Natural Gas IndustriesFormulae and Calculation for Casing, Tubing, Drill
ISO 10400
Pipe and Line Pipe Properties First Edition

Petroleum and Natural Gas IndustriesFlexible Pipe Systems for Subsea and Marine Riser
ISO 10420
Applications First Edition

Petroleum and Natural Gas IndustriesThreading, Gauging, and Inspection of Casing,

ISO 10422
Tubing and Line Pipe ThreadsSpecification First Edition

Plastics Pipes and FittingsPreparation of Test Piece Assemblies Between a Polyethylene

ISO 11413
(PE) Pipe and an Electrofusion Fitting First Edition

Plastics Pipes and FittingsPreparation of Polyethylene (PE) Pipe/Pipe or Pipe/Fitting

ISO 11414
Test Piece Assemblies by Butt Fusion First Edition

Method for the Assessment of the Degree of Carbon Black Dispersion in Polyolefin Pipes,
ISO 11420
Fittings and Compounds First Edition

()
 601

ISO TR 11647 Fusion Compatibility of Polyethylene (PE) Pipes and Fittings First Edition

Petroleum and Natural Gas IndustriesSteel Pipes for Use as Drill PipeSpecification
ISO 11961
First Edition

Plastics Piping SystemsUnplasticized Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC-U) End-Load-Bearing

ISO 13783 Double-Socket JointsTest Method for Leaktightness and Strength While Subjected to
Bending and Internal Pressure First Edition

Solid Mineral FuelsDetermination of Fusibility of AshHigh-Temperature Tube Meth-

ISO 540
od Third Edition

Seamless Wrought Copper and Copper Alloy TubePart 2: Technical Conditions of Deliv-
ISO 1635-2
ery for Condenser and Heat-Exchanger Tubes First Edition

ISO 1651 Tube Drawing Mandrels First Edition; Amendment 11982

ISO 1684 Wire, Bar and Tube Drawing DiesSpecifications First Edition; Amendment 21982

Standard Layout for a Method of Chemical Analysis by Gas Chromatography First Edi-
ISO 2718
tion

Wire, Bar or Tube Drawing DiesAs-Sintered Pellets of Hardmetal (Carbide)Dimen-

ISO 2804
sions Second Edition

Fluid Power Systems and ComponentsConnectors and Associated ComponentsNomi-

ISO 4397
nal Outside Diameters of Tubes and Nominal Inside Diameters of Hoses Second Edition

Tracheal TubesPart 5: Requirements and Methods of Test for Cuffs and Tubes First Edi-
ISO 5361-5
tion; (CSA CAN/CSA-Z536194)

Stationary Shell Boilers of Welded Construction (Other Than Water-Tube Boilers) First
ISO 5730
Edition

ISO 6207 Seamless Nickel and Nickel Alloy Tube First Edition

ISO 7228 Tracheal Tube Connectors Third Edition; (CSA CAN/CSA-Z722894)

Metallic Tube Connections for Fluid Power and General UsePart 1: 24 Degree Compres-
ISO 8434-1
sion Fittings First Edition; (Replaces ISO 8434)

Metallic Tube Connections for Fluid Power and General UsePart 2: 37 Degree Flared Fit-
ISO 8434-2
tings First Edition; (Replaces ISO 8434)

Metallic Tube Connections for Fluid Power and General UsePart 3: O-Ring Face Seal
ISO 8434-3
Fittings First Edition

Metallic Tube Connections for Fluid Power and General UsePart 4: 24 Degree Cone Con-
ISO 8434-4
nectors with O-Ring Weld-On Nipples First Edition

Metallic Tube Connections for Fluid Power and General UsePart 5: Test Methods for
ISO 8434-5
Threaded Hydraulic Fluid Power Connections First Edition

ISO 8491 Metallic MaterialsTube (In Full Section)Bend Test First Edition

ISO 8492 Metallic MaterialsTubeFlattening Test First Edition

()
602

ISO 8493 Metallic MaterialsTubeDrift Expanding Test First Edition

ISO 8494 Metallic MaterialsTubeFlanging Test First Edition

ISO 8495 Metallic MaterialsTubeRing Expanding Test First Edition

ISO 8496 Metallic MaterialsTubeRing Tensile Test First Edition

Workplace AirDetermination of Vinyl ChlorideCharcoal Tube/Gas Chromatographic

ISO 8762
Method First Edition

Steel TubesContinuous Character Marking and Colour Coding for Material Identifica-
ISO 9095
tion First Edition

Soft Soldering FluxesTest MethodsPart 12: Steel Tube Corrosion Test First Edition
ISO 9455-12
(CENELEC EN ISO 9455-121994)

Workplace AirDetermination of Vaporous Chlorinated HydrocarbonsCharcoal Tube/

ISO 9486
Solvent Desorption/Gas Chromatographic Method First Edition

Workplace AirDetermination of Vaporous Aromatic HydrocarbonsCharcoal Tube/

ISO 9487
Solvent Desorption/Gas Chromatographic Method First Edition

Seamless and Welded Steel Tubes for Pressure PurposesUltrasonic Testing of Tube
ISO 11496
Ends for the Detection of Laminar Imperfections First Edition

Seamless and Welded Steel Tubes for Pressure PurposesMagnetic Particle Inspection of
ISO 13664
the Tube Ends for the Detection of Laminar Imperfections First Edition

Seamless and Welded Steel Tubes for Pressure PurposesMagnetic Particle Inspection of
ISO 13665
the Tube Body for the Detection of Surface Imperfections First Edition

Malleable Cast Iron Fittings Threaded to ISO 7-1 Second Edition; Corrigendum 1 02/15/
ISO 49
1997

Unplasticized Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Fittings With Plain Sockets for Pipes Under Pres-
ISO 264
sureLaying LengthMetric Series First Edition; Addendum 11982

Pipes and Fittings of Plastics MaterialsFittings for Domestic and Industrial Waste
ISO 265-1 PipesBasic Dimensions: Metric SeriesPart 1: Unplasticized Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC-
U) First Edition

Fittings of Unplasticized Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC-U), Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride

ISO 727 (PVC-C) or Acrylonitrile /Butadiene /Styrene (ABS) with Plain Sockets for Pipes Under
PressureDimensions of SocketsMetric Series Fourth Edition

ISO 881 Asbestos-Cement Pipes, Joints and Fittings for Sewerage and Drainage First Edition

Capillary Solder Fittings for Copper TubesAssembly Dimensions and Tests First Edi-
ISO 2016
tion

Double-Socket Fittings for Unplasticized Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC-U) Pressure Pipes

ISO 2048
with Elastic SealingRing Type JointsMinimum Depths of Engagement Second Edition

ISO 2531 Ductile Iron Pipes, Fittings and Accessories for Pressure Pipelines Fourth Edition

()
 603

Metal Pipes and FittingsStainless Steel Bends and Tees for the Food Industry First Edi-
ISO 2851
tion

Hose Connections for Equipment for Welding, Cutting and Related Processes First Edi-
ISO 3253
tion

ISO 3419 Non-Alloy and Alloy Steel Butt-Welding Fittings Second Edition; (Erratum1982)

Assembled Joints Between Fittings and Polyethylene (PE) Pressure PipesTest of Resist-
ISO 3501
ance to Pull out First Edition

Steel Tubes and FittingsSymbols for Use in SpecificationsPart 1: Tubes and Tubular
ISO 3545-1
Accessories with Circular Cross-Section First Edition

Steel Tubes and FittingsSymbols for Use in SpecificationsPart 2: Square and Rectangu-
ISO 3545-2
lar Hollow Sections First Edition

Steel Tubes and FittingsSymbols for Use in SpecificationsPart 3: Tubular Fittings with
ISO 3545-3
Circular Cross-Section First Edition

Glass Plant, Pipeline and FittingsGeneral Rules for Testing, Handling and Use First
ISO 3586
Edition

Glass Plant, Pipeline and FittingsPipeline and Fittings of Nominal Bore 15 to 150 mm
ISO 3587
Compatibility and Interchangeability First Edition; (Erratum1979)

Unplasticized Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC-U) Pipes and Fittings for Soil and Waste Dis-
ISO 3633 charge (Low and High Temperature) Systems Inside BuildingsSpecifications First Edi-
tion

Polyethylene (PE) Pipes and FittingsDesignation of Polyethylene, Based on Nominal

ISO 4056
Density and Melt Flow Index First Edition

Unplasticized Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) and Metal Adaptor Fittings for Pipes Under Pres-
ISO 4132
sureLaying Lengths and Size of ThreadsMetric Series First Edition

ISO 4144 Stainless Steel Fittings Threaded to ISO 7/1 First Edition
ISO 4145 Non-Alloy Steel Fittings Threaded to ISO 7/1 Second Edition

Pipes and Fittings Made of Unplasticized Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC-U) for Water Sup-
ISO 4422-1
plySpecificationsPart 1: General First Edition; Supersedes ISO 4422: 1990

Pipes and Fittings Made of Unplasticized Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC-U) for Water Sup-
ISO 4422-2
plySpecificationsPart 2: Pipes (With or Without Integral Sockets) First Edition

Pipes and Fittings Made of Unplasticized Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC-U) for Water Sup-
ISO 4422-3
plySpecificationsPart 3: Fittings and Joints First Edition; Supersedes ISO 4422: 1990
Pipes and Fittings Made of Unplasticized Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC-U) for Water Sup-
ISO 4422-5 plySpecificationsPart 5: Fitness for Purpose of the System First Edition; Supersedes
ISO 4422: 1990
Unplasticized Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC-U) Pipes and Fittings for Buried Drainage and
ISO 4435
Sewerage SystemsSpecifications First Edition

Thermoplastics Pipes and FittingsDetermination of Melt Mass-Flow RatePart 1: Test

ISO 4440-1
Method First Edition

()
604

Thermoplastics Pipes and FittingsDetermination of Melt Mass-Flow RatePart 2: Test

ISO 4440-2
Conditions First Edition

Asbestos-Cement Ventilation Ducts and FittingsDimensions and Characteristics First

ISO 4486
Edition

Glass Plant, Pipeline and FittingsGlass Plant Components First Edition; (Erratum
ISO 4704
1979)

ISO 5251 Stainless Steel Butt-Welding Fittings First Edition

Steel Pipes and Fittings for Buried or Submerged PipelinesExternal and Internal Coating
ISO 5256
by Bitumen or Coal Tar Derived Materials First Edition

Rubber SealsJoint Rings Used for Gas Supply Pipes and FittingsSpecification for Ma-
ISO 6447
terial First Edition

Rubber SealsJoint Rings Used for Petroleum Product Supply Pipes and FittingsSpeci-
ISO 6448
fication for Material First Edition

Unplasticized Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Fittings with Elastic Sealing Ring Type Joints for
ISO 6455
Pipes Under PressureDimensions of Laying LengthsMetric Series First Edition

Cast Iron Drainage Pipes and FittingsSpigot Series First Edition; (Corrected and Re-
ISO 6594
printed1985)

ISO 6761 Steel TubesPreparation of Ends of Tubes and Fittings for Welding First Edition

Performance Requirements for Plastic Pipes and Fittings for Use in Underground Drainage
ISO TR 7074
and Sewage First Edition

Pipes and Fittings of Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene (ABS)General Specification for

ISO 7245
Moulding and Extrusion Materials First Edition

Pipes and Fittings of Acrylonitrile/Styrene/Acrylester (ASA)General Specification for

ISO 7246
Moulding and Extrusion Materials First Edition

Polypropylene (PP) Fittings for Pipes Under PressureSockets for Fusion Using Heated
ISO 7279
ToolsMetric SeriesDimensions of Sockets First Edition

Glass Fibre Reinforced Thermosetting Plastics (GRP) Pipes and FittingsNominal Diam-
ISO 7370
eters, Specified Diameters and Standard Lengths First Edition

Polypropylene (PP) Pipes and Fittings (Jointed by Means of Elastomeric Sealing Rings) for
ISO 7671 Soil and Waste Discharge (Low and High Temperature) Systems Inside BuildingsSpeci-
fications First Edition

Chlorinated Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC-C) Pipes and Fittings for Soil and Waste Discharge
ISO 7675
(Low and High Temperature) Systems Inside BuildingsSpecifications First Edition

Acrylonitrile/Butadiene/Styrene (ABS) Pipes and Fittings for Soil and Waste Discharge
ISO 7682
(Low and High Temperature) Systems Inside BuildingsSpecifications First Edition

ISO 7686 Plastics Pipes and FittingsOpacityTest Method First Edition

Plastics Pipes and FittingsDimensions of Sockets and Spigots for Discharge Systems In-
ISO 8283-1 side BuildingsPart 1: Unplasticized Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC-U) and Chlorinated Poly
(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC-C) First Edition

()
 605

Plastics Pipes and FittingsDimensions of Sockets and Spigots for Discharge Systems
ISO 8283-2
Inside BuildingsPart 2: Polyethylene (PE) First Edition

Plastics Pipes and FittingsDimensions of Sockets and Spigots for Discharge Systems
ISO 8283-3
Inside BuildingsPart 3: Polypropylene (PP) First Edition

Plastics Pipes and FittingsDimensions of Sockets and Spigots for Discharge Systems
ISO 8283-4
Inside BuildingsPart 4: Acrylonitrile/Butadiene/Styrene (ABS) First Edition

Metallic Tube Connections for Fluid Power and General UsePart 1: 24 Degrees Compres-
ISO 8434-1
sion Fittings First Edition; (Replaces ISO 8434)

Metallic Tube Connections for Fluid Power and General UsePart 2: 37 Degree Flared Fit-
ISO 8434-2
tings First Edition; (Replaces ISO 8434)

Metallic Tube Connections for Fluid Power and General UsePart 3: O-Ring Face Seal
ISO 8434-3
Fittings First Edition

Pipes and Fittings Made of Glass-Reinforced Thermosetting Plastics (GRP)Definitions

ISO 8572 of Terms Relating to Pressure, Including Relationships Between Them, and Terms for
Installation and Jointing First Edition

High-Density Polyethylene (PE-HD) Pipes and Fittings for Soil and Waste Discharge (Low
ISO 8770
and High Temperature) Systems Inside BuildingsSpecifications First Edition

High-Density Polyethylene (PE-HD) Pipes and Fittings for Buried Drainage and Sewerage
ISO 8772
Systems Specifications First Edition

Polypropylene (PP) Pipes and Fittings for Buried Drainage and Sewerage SystemsSpeci-
ISO 8773
fications First Edition

Polyethylene (PE) 25 Pipes for Irrigation Laterals Susceptibility to Environmental Stress-

ISO 8796
Cracking Induced by Insert-Type FittingsTest Method and Specification First Edition

Steel TubesContinuous Character Marking and Colour Coding for Material Identifica-
ISO 9095
tion First Edition

PE/Metal and PP/Metal Adaptor Fittings for Pipes for Fluids Under PressureDesign
ISO 9623
Lengths and Size of ThreadsMetric Series First Edition

Mechanical Joint Fittings for Use with Polyethylene Pressure Pipes for Irrigation Purposes
ISO 9625
First Edition

ISO 9803 Vacuum TechnologyPipeline FittingsMounting Dimensions First Edition

Solar Water HeatersElastomeric Materials for Absorbers, Connecting Pipes and Fit-
ISO 9808
tingsMethod of Assessment First Edition

Pipes and Fittings Made of Crosslinked Polyethylene (PE-X)Estimation of the Degree of

ISO 10147
Crosslinking by Determination of the Gel Content First Edition

Plastics Pipes and FittingsCombined Chemical- Resistance Classification Table First

ISO TR 10358
Edition; (Cancels and Replaces TR 6285, TR 7471, TR 7472, TR 7473, TR 7474)

ISO 10508 Thermoplastics Pipes and Fittings for Hot and Cold Water Systems First Edition

()
606

PipeworkNon-Alloyed and Stainless Steel Fittings for Corrugated Flexible Metallic Hoses
ISO 10806
First Edition

Determination of the Thermal Stability of Polyethylene (PE) for Use in Gas Pipes and Fit-
ISO TR 10837
tings First Edition

Plastics Piping SystemsGlass-Reinforced Thermosetting Plastics (GRP) Pipes and Fit-

ISO 10928
tingsMethods for Regression Analysis and Their Use First Edition

Plastics Piping Systems for Industrial ApplicationsPoly(Vinylidene Fluoride) (PVDF)

ISO 10931-3
Part 3: Fittings First Edition

Techniques for Rehabilitation of Pipeline Systems by the Use of Plastics Pipes and Fittings
ISO TR 11295
First Edition

Thermoplastics Materials for Pipes and Fittings for Pressure ApplicationsClassification

ISO 12162 and DesignationOverall Service (Design) Coefficient First Edition (CEN EN ISO 12162:
1995)

Plastics Pipes and FittingsPressure Reduction Factors for Polyethylene Pipeline Systems
ISO 13761
for Use at Temperatures Above 20 Degrees C First Edition

13.
ISO .

Machine ToolsMounting of Plain Grinding Wheels by Means of Hub Flanges Second

ISO 666
Edition

ISO 1609 Vacuum TechnologyFlange Dimensions First Edition

Unplasticized Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Pressure Pipes and Fittings, Metric SeriesDi-
ISO 2536
mensions of Flanges First Edition

Hydraulic Fluid PowerPositive Displacement Pumps and MotorsDimensions and

ISO 3019-1 Identification Code for Mounting Flanges and Shaft EndsPart 1: Inch Series Shown in
Metric Units First Edition; (Erratum1975)

Hydraulic Fluid PowerPositive Displacement Pumps and MotorsDimensions and

ISO 3019-2 Identification Code for Mounting Flanges and Shaft EndsPart 2: Two- and Four-Hole
Flanges and Shaft EndsMetric Series Second Edition

Hydraulic Fluid PowerPositive Displacement Pumps and MotorsDimensions and

ISO 3019-3 Identification Code for Mounting Flanges and Shaft EndsPart 3: Polygonal Flanges (In-
cluding Circular Flanges) Second Edition

Polyethylene (PE) Pressure Pipe and Fittings, Metric SeriesDimensions of Flanges First
ISO 3663
Edition

ISO 3669 Vacuum TechnologyBakable FlangesDimensions First Edition

ISO 5211-1 Part-Turn Valve Actuator AttachmentPart 1: Flange Dimensions First Edition

Part-Turn Valve Actuator AttachmentPart 2: Flange and Coupling Performance Charac-

ISO 5211-2
teristics First Edition
()
 607

Coated AbrasivesFlap Wheels with Incorporated Flanges or Separate FlangesDesigna-

ISO 5429
tion and Dimensions First Edition

ISO 6580 General Purpose Industrial FansCircular FlangesDimensions First Edition

ISO 7005-1 Metallic FlangesPart 1: Steel Flanges First Edition; (AS/NZS 4331.1: 1995)

Metallic FlangesPart 2: Cast Iron Flanges First Edition; (Supersedes ISO 2084, ISO 2229
ISO 7005-2
and ISO 2441) (AS/NZS 4331.2: 1995)

Metallic FlangesPart 3: Copper Alloy and Composite Flanges First Edition; (Supersedes
ISO 7005-3
ISO 2084, ISO 2229 and ISO 2441) (AS/NZS 4331.3: 1995)

ISO 7299 Diesel EnginesEnd-Mounting Flanges for Fuel Injection Pumps Second Edition

Thermoplastics Pipes for Fluids Under PressureMating Dimensions of Flange Adapters

ISO 9624
and Loose Backing Flanges First Edition

Plain BearingPart 2: Tolerances on Form and Position and Surface Roughness for Shafts,
ISO 12129-2
Flanges and Thrust Collars First Edition

ISO 4708 Cork-Composition Cork Gasket MaterialTest Methods First Edition

ISO 4709 Cork-Composition Cork Gasket MaterialSpecifications First Edition

Rubber Building GasketsMaterials for Preformed Solid Vulcanized Structural Gaskets

ISO 5892
Specification First Edition

Dimensions of Gaskets for Use with Flanges to ISO 7005 First Edition; (Corrigendum 1
ISO 7483
1995)

Fasteners-Bolts, Screws, Studs and NutsSymbols and Designations of Dimensions Sec-

ISO 225
ond Edition

ISO 262 ISO General Purpose Metric Screw ThreadsSelected Sizes for Screws, Bolts and Nuts

ISO Inch Screw Threads-General Plan and Selection for Screws, Bolts and Nuts-Diameter
ISO 263
Range 0.06 to 6 in First Edition

FastenersClearance Holes for Bolts and Screws First Edition; Amendment Slip1979;
ISO 273
NZS/ISO 273: 1979

ISO 885 General Purpose Bolts and ScrewsMetric SeriesRadii Under the Head First Edition

ISO 887 Plain Washers for Metric Bolts, Screws and NutsGeneral Plan First Edition

Bolts, Screws and StudsNominal Lengths, and Thread Lengths for General Purpose
ISO 888
Bolts First Edition

Mechanical Properties of FastenersPart 1: Bolts, Screws and Studs Second Edition; AS/
ISO 898-1
NZS 4291.1: 1995

Mechanical Properties of FastenersPart 7: Torsional Test and Minimum Torques for

ISO 898-7 Bolts and Screws with Nominal Diameters 1 mm to 10 mm First Edition; CEN EN 20898-7:
1995

ISO General Purpose Metric Screw ThreadsTolerances Part 2: Limits of Sizes for Gen-
ISO 965-2
eral Purpose Bolt and Nut ThreadsMedium Quality Second Edition
()
608

ISO R1501 ISO Miniature Screw Threads First Edition

Bolts, Screws, Nuts and AccessoriesTerminology and Nomenclature First Edition;

ISO 1891
Amendment Slip1980

ISO 4014 Hexagon Head BoltsProduct Grades A and B Second Edition; (AS/NZS 1110: 1995)

Hexagon Head BoltsProduct Grade BReduced Shank (Shank Diameter is Approxi-

ISO 4015
mately Equal to Pitch Diameter) First Edition

ISO 4016 Hexagon Head BoltsProduct Grade C Second Edition

ISO 4162 Hexagon Flange BoltsSmall Series First Edition

Tolerances for FastenersPart 1: Bolts, Screws and Nuts with Thread Diameters Greater
ISO 4759-1 Than or Equal to 1,6 and Less Than or Equal to 150 mm and Product Grades A, B and C
First Edition

Tolerances for FastenersPart 2: Bolts, Screws and Nuts with Thread Diameters from 1 up
ISO 4759-2
to 3 mm and Product Grade F, for Fine Mechanics First Edition; (Amendment Slip1980)

Tolerances for FastenersPart 3: Plain Washers for Bolts, Screws and Nuts with Nominal
ISO 4759-3 Thread Diameters from 1 mm up to and Including 150 mmProduct Grades A and C Sec-
ond Edition

FastenersSurface DiscontinuitiesPart 1: Bolts, Screws and Studs for General Require-

ISO 6157-1
ments First Edition

FastenersSurface DiscontinuitiesPart 3: Bolts, Screws and Studs for Special Require-

ISO 6157-3
ments First Edition

ISO 7378 FastenersBolts, Screws and StudsSplit Pin Holes and Wire Holes First Edition

Hexagon Bolts for High-Strength Structural Bolting with Large Width Across Flats (Thread
ISO 7411 Lengths According to ISO 888)Product Grade CProperty Classes 8.8 and 10.9 First
Edition

Hexagon Bolts for High-Strength Structural Bolting with Large Width Across Flats (Short
ISO 7412
Thread Length)Product Grade CProperty Classes 8.8 and 10.9 First Edition

ISO 8677 Cup Head Square Neck Bolts with Large HeadProduct Grade C First Edition

Cup Head Square Neck Bolts with Small Head and Short NeckProduct Grade B First
ISO 8678
Edition

Hexagon Head Bolts with Metric Fine Pitch ThreadProduct Grades A and B First Edi-
ISO 8765
tion

Mechanical Properties of FastenersBolts, Screws, Studs and Nuts Made of Non-Ferrous

ISO 8839
Metals First Edition

FastenersGeneral Requirements for Bolts, Screws,

ISO 8992
Studs and Nuts First Edition
 609

14.
ISO .

Heat-Treatable Steels, Alloy Steels and Free-Cutting SteelsPart 15: Valve Steels for Inter-
ISO 683-15
nal Combustion Engines Second Edition

ISO 4126-1 Safety ValvesPart 1: General Requirements First Edition

Hydraulic Fluid PowerFour-Port Directional Control ValvesMounting Surfaces Sec-

ISO 4401
ond Edition
Hydraulic Fluid PowerValvesDetermination of Pressure Differential/Flow Character-
ISO 4411
istics First Edition
Pipes and Fittings Made of Unplasticized Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (PVC-U) for Water Sup-
ISO 4422-4 plySpecifications Part 4: Valves and Ancillary Equipment First Edition; Supersedes
ISO 4422: 1990

ISO 5208 Industrial ValvesPressure Testing of Valves Second Edition

ISO 5209 General Purpose Industrial ValvesMarking First Edition

ISO 5210 Industrial ValvesMulti-Turn Valve Actuator Attachments First Edition

Pneumatic Fluid PowerFive-Port Directional Control ValvesPart 1: Mounting Interface

ISO 5599-1
Surfaces Without Electrical Connector Second Edition
Pneumatic Fluid PowerFive-Port Directional Control Valves Part 2: Mounting Interface
ISO 5599-2
Surfaces With Optional Electrical Connector First Edition
Pneumatic Fluid PowerFive-Port Directional Control ValvesPart 3: Code System for
ISO 5599-3
Communication of Valve Functions First Edition
Metal Valves for Use in Flanged Pipe SystemsFaceto- Face and Centre-to-Face Dimen-
ISO 5752
sions Second Edition

Hydraulic Fluid PowerPressure-Control Valves (Excluding Pressure-Relief Valves), Se-

ISO 5781 quences Valves, Unloading Valves, Throttle Valves and Check ValvesMounting Surfaces
First Edition

Hydraulic Fluid PowerCode for Identification of Valve Mounting Surfaces and Cartridge
ISO 5783
Valve Cavities Second Edition

ISO 5996 Cast Iron Gate Valves First Edition

ISO 6002 Bolted Bonnet Steel Gate Valves First Edition

Fire ProtectionAutomatic Sprinkler SystemsPart 2: Requirements and Test Methods

ISO 6182-2
for Wet Alarm Valves, Retard Chambers and Water Motor Alarms First Edition

Fire ProtectionAutomatic Sprinkler SystemsPart 3: Requirements and Test Methods

ISO 6182-3
for Dry Pipe Valves First Edition

Fire ProtectionAutomatic Sprinkler SystemsPart 4: Requirements and Test Methods

ISO 6182-4
for Quick-Opening Devices First Edition

Fire-ProtectionAutomatic Sprinkler SystemsPart 5: Requirements and Test Methods

ISO 6182-5
for Deluge Valves First Edition

()
610

Hydraulic Fluid PowerCompensated Flow-Control ValvesMounting Surfaces Second

ISO 6263
Edition

ISO 6264 Hydraulic Fluid PowerPressure-Relief ValvesMounting Surfaces First Edition

Hydraulic Fluid PowerValves Controlling Flow and Pressure-Test Methods First Edi-
ISO 6403
tion; (Corrected and Reprinted1989)

ISO 6404 Hydraulic Fluid PowerServovalvesTest Methods First Edition

ISO 7121 Flanged Steel Ball Valves First Edition

Air Distribution and Air DiffusionAerodynamic Testing of Dampers and Valves First
ISO 7244
Edition

ISO 7259 Predominantly Key-Operated Cast Iron Gate Valves for Underground Use First Edition

ISO 7349 Thermoplastics ValvesConnection References First Edition

ISO 7368 Hydraulic Fluid PowerTwo-Port-Slip-In Cartridge ValvesCavities First Edition

Unplasticized Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC-U) Valves for Pipes Under PressureBasic Di-
ISO 7508
mensionsMetric Series First Edition

Agricultural Irrigation EquipmentVolumetric ValvesGeneral Requirements and Test

ISO 7714
Methods Second Edition

Hydraulic Fluid Power Four-Port Modular Stack Valves and Four-Port Directional Control
ISO 7790
Valves, Sizes 03 and 05Clamping Dimensions First Edition
Reciprocating Internal Combustion EnginesVocabulary of Components and Systems
ISO 7967-3
Part 3: Valves, Camshaft Drive and Actuating Mechanisms First Edition

Thermoplastics ValvesTorqueTest Method First Edition; (Corrected and Reprinted

ISO 8233
1989)

Polypropylene (PP) Valves for Pipes Under PressureBasic DimensionsMetric Series

ISO 8242
First Edition

ISO 8659 Thermoplastic ValvesFatigue StrengthTest Method First Edition

Thermoplastic ValvesPressure Test Methods and RequirementsPart 1: General First

ISO 9393-1
Edition
Thermoplastic ValvesPressure Test Methods and RequirementsPart 2: Test Conditions
ISO 9393-2
and Basic Requirements for PE, PP, PVC-U and PVDF Valves First Edition

ISO 9635 Irrigation EquipmentHydraulically Operated Irrigation Valves First Edition

Agricultural Irrigation EquipmentPressure Losses in Irrigation ValvesTest Method

ISO 9644
First Edition

ISO 9911 Agricultural Irrigation EquipmentManually Operated Small Plastic Valves First Edition

ISO 9952 Agricultural Irrigation EquipmentCheck Valves First Edition

Petroleum and Natural Gas IndustriesOffshore Production PlatformsAnalysis, Design,

ISO 10418
Installation and Testing of Basic Surface Safety Systems First Edition
()
 611

Petroleum and Natural Gas IndustriesDrilling and Production EquipmentInstallation,

ISO 10419 Maintenance and Repair of Surface Safety Valves and Underwater Safety Valves Offshore
First Edition

Petroleum and Natural Gas IndustriesDrilling and Production EquipmentSpecifica-

ISO 10423
tion for Valves, Wellhead and Christmas Tree Equipment First Edition

Petroleum and Natural Gas IndustriesDrilling and Production EquipmentSpecifica-

ISO 10433 tion for Wellhead Surface Safety Valves and Underwater Safety Valves for Offshore Service
First Edition

ISO 10497 Testing of ValvesFire TypeTesting Requirements First Edition

Agricultural Irrigation EquipmentDirect-Acting PressureRegulating Valves First Edi-

ISO 10522
tion

ISO 10631 Metallic Butterfly Valves for General Purposes First Edition

Plastic Piping Systems for Industrial ApplicationsPoly(Vinylidene Fluoride) (PVDF)

ISO 10931-4
Part 4: Valves First Edition

ISO 10933 Polyethylene (PE) Valves for Gas Distribution Systems First Edition

(511)
:
Herbert O: Prandtls Essentials of Fluid Mechanics
Schweitzer, Philip, A., P.E., Corrosion-Resistant Piping Systems
US Army Corps of Engineers: Liquid Process Piping
KSB:
Stephen C. Dexter: Galvanic Corrosion, University of Delaware, Sea Grant College Program, Marine
Advisory Service (MAS) notes
Practical Galvanic Series, MIL-STD-889
Denny Jones, Principles and Prevention of Corrosion, Prentice-Hall, 1996
R. E. Bolz, G. L. Tuve, CRC Handbook of Tables for Applied Engineering Science, 2nd edition, CRC
Press 1973.
(12-14) :
Piping Handbook, edited by Mohinder L. Nayyar, 7th ed McGraw-Hill 2000
612


vena contracta
dimensionless conservation of
number energy
dimensionless groups conservation of mass
pure constants ( ) dilatant
radial flow dimensionally
, nozzle homogeneous
pump dimensional variables
() jet pump dimensional
() gear pump constants
lobe pump dimensional analysis
rotary vane pump shear stress
screw pump differential analysis
centrifugal pump diffuser
axial flow pump inertia forces
mixed flow pump buoyancy force
turbine pump
peripheral pump
buoyancy
implode
axial flow
waste jet
distillate , weir
( ) sudden expansion submersion
( ) sudden contraction continuity equation
inviscid flow inducer
surface tension

calibration
(, ) valve ( ) thixotropic
angle valve
ball valve
butterfly valve streakline
check valve , viscosity
control valve , viscous flow, viscid
gate valve flow
globe valve
relief valve power
Best Efficiency Point
(BEP)
sounding pipe Net Positive Suction
Head (NPSH)
center of buoyancy
fresh water center of gravity
( ) streamline center of pressure
elbow cavity
mitered elbow solvent cementing
shock wave

tank
, clearance
sewage
diameter
Nominal
Diameter (ND)

Outside Diameter modulus of elasticity
(OD) unsteady flow
Inside Diameter microjet
(ID) steady flow
 613

compressible flow
ballast water condensate
potable water (), contraction
feedwater , vortex
angular momentum
cohesion
control volume joint
grey water universal joint
() total head heat fusion
similarity flanged joint
, orifice screwed joint
, drag sleeve joint
, black water socket-weld, SW
, boundary layer
jet boundary welded joint
, momentum butt-welded, BW
linear momentum no slip condition
pipe
expansion pipe
boundary-layer seamless pipe, tubing
thickness welded pipe
wall thickness
flow field
volute, casing , reservoir
hydraulic grade line stress
pressure ( ) velocity
absolute pressure technical
gage (gauge) specification
pressure perfect guidance
pressure drop roughness
pressure force friction
, vapor pressure capillary phenomena
(h = p/ = p/g) pressure head capillary tube
hub pathline
hub and spigot standardization
standard turbulent boundary
, blade layer
vane turbulent flow
impeller

altitude
( ) rheopectic pump suction lift
resins head loss
fluid flow ( ) velocity head
streamtube
moment
moment of inertia
centrifugal pump
centrifugal separator
centrifugal force
operating point
cavitation
gaseous

cavitation , hollow vortex
vaporous cast iron pipe
cavitation hubless
, eddy
laminar flow
compressibility ( ) pseudoplastic
614


dilatant (
altitude )
angular momentum dimensional analysis
axial flow dimensionally homogeneous
dimensional variables
dimensional constants
ballast water dimensionless groups
Best Efficiency Point (BEP) dimensionless number
distillate
black water , drag ,

blade ,
boundary layer , elbow
mitered elbow

eddy ,
boundary-layer thickness
expansion pipe

buoyancy F
buoyancy force , feedwater
flow field
butt-welded, BW fluid flow
fresh water
C friction
calibration
capillary phenomena G
capillary tube grey water
cast iron pipe
cavitation H
gaseous cavitation head loss
vaporous cavitation heat fusion
cavity hub
center of buoyancy hub and spigot
center of gravity
center of pressure hubless
centrifugal force hydraulic grade line
centrifugal pump
I
centrifugal separator
impeller
implode
clearance , inducer
cohesion inertia forces
compressibility inviscid flow
compressible flow
condensate J
conservation of energy jet ,
conservation of mass
continuity equation jet boundary
contraction (), joint
flanged joint
control volume screwed joint

D sleeve joint
diameter
Nominal Diameter socket-weld, SW
Outside Diameter
Inside Diameter
differential analysis universal joint
diffuser
 615

welded joint - pump suction lift

pure constants
L
laminar flow R
linear momentum () radial flow
resins
M rheopectic (
microjet )
reservoir ,
modulus of elasticity roughness
moment
moment of inertia S
momentum , sewage
shear stress
N shock wave
Net Positive Suction Head similarity
solvent cementing
no slip condition sounding pipe
nozzle standard
standardization
steady flow
operating point streakline
orifice , streamline , (
)
P streamtube
pathline stress
perfect guidance submersion
pipe sudden contraction (
seamless pipe, tubing )
welded pipe sudden expansion (
potable water )
power surface tension
pressure
absolute pressure T
gage (gauge) pressure tank
pressure drop technical specification
pressure force thixotropic (
)
vapor pressure ,
total head ()

turbulent boundary layer
pressure head
turbulent flow
(h = p/ = p/g)
pseudoplastic ( U
) unsteady flow
pump
jet pump V
valve , (, )
gear pump angle valve
() ball valve
lobe pump butterfly valve
rotary vane pump check valve -

screw pump control valve
centifugal pump gate valve
axial flow pump globe valve
mixed flow pump relief valve -
turbine pump
( ) vane
peripheral pump velocity ( -
)
616

velocity head ( - vortex ,

) hollow vortex ,
vena contracta

viscid flow W
viscosity , wall thickness
viscous flow , waste
weir , -
volute, casing
 617

2
, S m
N
b m ()
b m
b m
Br Brinkman
c J/KgK
cp J/KgK
cv J/KgK
C Hazen-Williams
Cc (orifice)
CD
Cv
d m
dh m ( )
dx, dy m
D m
D m
DN,
E Kg/ms ( )
E J
J
J
E W
Eu Euler
f
ff Fanning
F N
FD N
F N
Fr Froude
g m/s2
h m
h m ( )
hf m
hk, hi m
hi m i
hp m
ht m
K
m
,max m
m
m ( )
Hm m
m
p m
618

H m ()
H m
H m
h J/Kg ()
H J ()
Kg m2
X m4 x
XY m4 x, y
J Kgm/s
k (k = cp/ cv)
Pa
L, l m ,
L
eq m
L,L Kgm2/s
m Kg
m Kg/s
mr g/mole
M Nm
Mach
n s1 ( )
n ()
n
n Manning
n moles
n

NS (SI, Metric, US)
SU (, universal)
NSP
NSS
NSSU ()
SSA
SSUA ()
NPSHa m
NPSHr m
Nu Nusselt
p Pa
p Pa
p Pa
pv Pa
P W
P W
P W
P W ( )
P W
Po W
Pe Peclet
Pr Prandtl
q J/Kg ()
Q W ()
 619

Q m3/s
Q m3/s
Q m3/s
Qn m3/s
R, r m
R J/KgK ()
Rw J/mole oK Rw = 8,314 J/mole oK
Re - Reynolds
S m2/m
Smin m
K
s
t s
u m/s
u m/s
u J/Kg ()
U J ()
v m/s
vr m/s
vu m/s
V m3
y m
y m
w m/s
w J/Kg ()
W J ()
We Weber

m/s2
K-1
-
, rad
m/s2
m/s2
r rad/s2
K-1
Pa-1

, W N

N/m3

,
Qj m3/s j
m

h
m
v
, rad
620

K
Kg/ms ( )
m2/s

Kg/m3

N/m

h m
hj m j
Pa
Pa
m3/Kg

rad/s
Kgm/s
x, y, z m
 621

ABS Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene
AFNOR Association Francaise de Normalisation
ANSI American National Standards Institute
API American Petroleum Institute
ASME American Society of Mechanical Engineers
ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials
BEP Best Efficiency Point
BSI British Standards Institute
CEN Comite Europeen de Normalization
CPE Chlorinated Poly-Ethylene
CPVC Chlorinated Poly-Vinyl-Chloride
DIN Deutsches Institut fr Normung
DN Nominal Diameter
ECTFE Ethylene-Chloro-Tri-Fluoro-Ethylene
European Standard
EPDM Ethylene-Propylene-Diene Monomer
ETFE Ethylene-Tetra-Fluoro-Ethylene
FEP Fluoro-Ethylene-Propylene
FKM Fluoroelastomer
gpm gallons per minute
HDPE High Density Poly-Ethylene
HI Hydraulic Institute
HVAC Heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning
ID Inside Diameter
IEC International Electrotechnical Commission
ISO International Standards Organization
FKM Fluoroelastomer
JIS Japan Industrial Standards
LCC Life Cycle Cost
NPSHa Net Positive Suction Head available
NPSHr Net Positive Suction Head Required
NR Natural rubber
OD Outside Diameter
PE Poly-Ethylene
PFA Per-Fluoro-Alkoxyethylene
PP Polypropylene
psi Pounds per square inch
PTFE Poly-Tetra-Fluoro-Ethylene (Teflon)
PVC Poly-Vinyl-Chloride
PVDC Poly-Vinyl-Dene-Chloride
PVDF Poly-Vinyli-Dene-Fluoride
rpm Revolutions per minute
rps Revolutions per second
SAE Society of Automotive Engineers
SBR styrene butadiene rubber
SI Systeme International d Units
SSU Seconds Saybolt Universal (same as SUS)
UNI Ente Nazionale Italiano di Unificazione



622

. .
1. .: , 2, 1970.
2. .: , , .
3. .: , 4 , , 1986.
4. M., Trusler M., : , 1997.
5. .: , , 1979.
6. .: , 1982.
7. . .: , , 2003.
8. .: , , 2000.
9. .: , 2001.
10. .: , 1975.
11. . .: , 3 , , 1999.
12. .: , , 1993.
13. .: , 1995.
14. .: -, , , 2003.
15. .: , 1977.
16. Brodkey R., Hershey H: , -, 1989.
17. Daugherty R. Franzini J. , , .
18. Hughes W. Brighton J.: , 3 , 2005.
19. Mc Kabe W. Smith C.: , 2 , Mc Graw-Hill,
, 1971).
20. KSB: , - ., 1982.
21. Steeter V. Benjamin W.: , , 2000.

. .
1. Bachus L. Custodio A.: Know and understand centrifugal pumps, Elsevier Ltd 2003.
2. Bloomer J.: Practical Fluid Mechanics for Engineering Applications, Dekker 2000.
3. Brennen CE.: Hydrodynamics of Pumps, Oxford University Press, 1994.
4. Brennen CE.: Cavitation and Bubble Dynamics, Oxford University Press 1995.
5. Bruce H.: Fluid Mechanics for Civil Engineers, New Zealand 1995.
6. Chaurette J.: Pump System Analysis and Sizing, 5th Ed, Fluide Design Inc. 2003.
7. Chaurette J.: Tutorial Centrifugal Pump Systems, Fluide Design Inc. 2005.
8. Darby R.: Chemical Engineering Fluid Mechanics, 2th ed, Dekker 2001.
9. Dorf R. (Ed.): The Engineering Handbook, CRC Press LLC, 2000.
10. Fenton J.: Numerical methods, Universitt Karlsruhe, 2006.
11. Fenton J.: A First Course in Hydraulics, Universitt Karlsruhe, 2007.
12. Fenton J.: Hydromechanics, Universitt Karlsruhe, 2007.
13. Frankel M.: Facility Piping Systems Handbook, 2th ed, McGraw-Hill 2002.
14. Herbert O.: Prandtls Essentials of Fluid Mechanics, 2th ed, Springer-Verlag New York 2004.
15. Karassik I. Messina J. Cooper P. Heald C.: Pump Handbook, 3th ed, McGraw-Hill 2001.
16. Kreith F. Raton B.: Mechanical Engineering Handbook, CRC Press LLC, 1999.
17. Kundu R. Cohen I.: Fluid Mechanics, 2th ed, Academic Press 2002.
18. Lobanoff V. Ross R.: Centrifugal pumps, design & application, 2th ed, Butterworth-Heinemann 1992.
19. Marghitu Dan B.: Mechanical Engineers Handbook, Academic Press 2001.
20. Mohinder L. Nayyar: Piping Handbook, 7th ed, McGraw-Hill 2000.
21. Nakayama Y.: Introduction to Fluid Mechanics, Butterworth-Heinemann 1999.
22. Parisher R. Rhea R.: Pipe Drafting and Design, 2th ed, ButterworthHeinemann 2002.
23. Perrys Chemical Engineers Handbook, 7th ed, McGraw-Hill 1997.
 623

24. Poling B. Prausnitz J., OConnell P.: The Properties of Gases and Liquids, 4th ed, McGraw-Hill,
2004.
25. Schweitzer P.: Corrosion Resistance Tables, 4th Ed, Dekker, New York 1995.
26. Upp E., La Nasa P.: Fluid Flow Measurement, 2th ed., Butterworth Heinemann, 2002.
27. White F: Fluid Mechanics, 2th ed, McGraw-Hill, 1999.
28. Zappe, W: Valve Selection Handbook 4th ed, Elsevier Science 1999.
29. Dictionary of Engineering, 2th Edition, McGraw-Hill, 2003.
30. DOE Fundamentals Handbook: Thermodynamics, Heat Transfer, and Fluid Flow, DOE-HDBK 1992.
31. DOE Fundamentals Handbook: Mechanical Science, DOE-HDBK 1993.
32. DOE Fundamentals Handbook: Engineering Symbology, Prints, and Drawings, DOE-HDBK 1993.
33. Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM): The International System of Units (SI), 8th ed.,
2006.
34. NCEES: Fundamentals of Engineering Supplied-Reference Handbook, 8th ed, National Council of Exam-
iners for Engineering and Surveying, USA 2007.
35. US Army Corps of Engineers: Liquid Process Piping, Washington 1999.
36. Europump and the Hydraulic Institute: Pump Life Cycle Costs: A Guide to LCC Analysis of Pumps and
Pumping Systems, 2001.
37. Europump and the Hydraulic Institute: Variable Speed Pumping: A Guide to Successful Applications,
2004.
38 KSB: Selecting Centrifugal Pumps 4th ed, KSB Aktiengesellschaft 2005.

. .
me.queensu.ca/courses/MECH451/
www.ansi.org
www.armstrongpumps.com/
www.bipm.org/en/si/
www.chemengg.com
www.eere.energy.gov
www.efluids.com/
www.efunda.com
www.elot.gr
www.emis.de
www.energy.gov/intustry/
www.engineering.com
www.engineeringpage.com
www.engineeringtoolbox.com
www.europump.org
www.intute.ac.uk/sciences/engineering/
www.iso.org
www.fluidedesign.com
www.flowserve.com
www.ksb.com
www.lightmypump.com
www.physics.nist.gov/Pubs
www.pumplearning.org
www.pump-magazine.com
www.pumps.org
www.pumpschool.com
www.reference.com
www.rheology.org
www.vikingpump.com
www.weirsp.com/
www.wikipedia.org/wiki
www.windows.ucar.edu/


0.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
0.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
0.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
0.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
0.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
0.5.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
0.5.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
0.6 ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
0.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
0.7.1 ewton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
0.7.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
0.7.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
0.8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
0.9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
0.9.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
0.9.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
0.9.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
0.10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
0.11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

1.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
1.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
1.2.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
1.2.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
1.2.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
1.2.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
1.2.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
1.2.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
1.2.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
1.2.8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
1.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
1.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

2.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
2.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
2.2.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
2.2.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
2.2.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
2.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
 625

2.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
2.4.1 : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
2.4.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
2.4.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
2.5 , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
2.5.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
2.5.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
2.5.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
2.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
2.6.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
2.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
2.7.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
2.8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114

3.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
3.1.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
3.1.2 Newton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
3.1.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
3.1.4 - Reynolds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
3.1.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
3.1.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
3.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
3.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
3.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
3.4.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
3.4.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
3.4.3 Bernoulli. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
3.4.4 - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
3.4.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
3.4.6 : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
3.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
3.5.1 rricelli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
3.5.2 Venturi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
3.5.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
3.5.4 Pitot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
3.5.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
3.5.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
3.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162

4.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
4.1.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
4.1.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
4.1.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
4.1.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
4.1.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
626

4.1.6 Rayleigh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174

4.1.7 Buckingham . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
4.1.8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
4.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
4.2.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
4.2.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
4.2.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
4.2.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
4.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190

5.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
5.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
5.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
5.3.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
5.3.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
5.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
5.4.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
5.4.2 f Moody. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
5.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
5.5.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
5.5.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
5.5.3 , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
5.5.4 , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
5.5.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
5.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
5.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
5.7.1 : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
5.7.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
5.7.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
5.8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245

6.1 - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252
6.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
6.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
6.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
6.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
6.5.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
6.5.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
6.5.3 () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266
6.5.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
6.5.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
6.5.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
6.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
6.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
6.7.1 Reynolds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
 627

6.7.2 I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
6.7.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
6.7.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
6.7.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
6.7.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
6.8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284

7.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
7.1.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
7.1.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298
7.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312
7.2.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312
7.2.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
7.2.3. () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
7.2.4 E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
7.2.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
7.2.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
7.2.7 () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
7.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320
7.3.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320
7.3.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322
7.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327

8.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330
8.1.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
8.1.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
8.1.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336
8.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338
8.2.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
8.2.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341
8.2.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343
8.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344
8.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347
8.4.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348
8.4.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357
8.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358
8.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361

9.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368
9.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369
9.3 Hardy Cross . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371
9.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375
9.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387
628

9.5.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387
9.5.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391
9.5.3 HazenWilliams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395
9.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398
9.6.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399
9.6.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400
9.6.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400
9.6.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400
9.6.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400
9.6.6 - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400
9.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401

10.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406
10.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408
10.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409
10.3.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409
10.3.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411
10.4 ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414
10.4.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414
10.4.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417
10.5 ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421
10.5.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422
10.5.2 ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425
10.5.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427
10.5.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427
10.5.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428
10.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429

11.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 434
11.1.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 434
11.1.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435
11.1.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439
11.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 448
11.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454
11.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455
11.4.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455
11.4.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 462
11.4.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463
11.4.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 464
11.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466

12.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 472
12.1.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473
 629

12.1.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 478
12.1.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 480
12.1.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481
12.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 482
12.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 489
12.3.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 490
12.3.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493
12.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 495
12.4.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 495
12.4.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 497
12.4.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500
12.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505
12.5.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505
12.5.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 508
12.5.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 512
12.5.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 515
12.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 516

13.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 520
13.1.1 = f1(Q) -Q ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 521
13.1.2 P = f2(Q) P-Q ( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 523
13.1.3 = f3(Q) -Q (BEP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 524
13.1.4 NPSHr = f4(Q) NPSHr-Q . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 524
13.1.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 525
13.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 528
13.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 534
13.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 536
13.4.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 536
13.4.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 539
13.4.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 540
13.4.4 NPSHQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 546
13.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 549
13.5.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 550
13.5.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 555
13.5.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 556
13.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 557

14.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 562
14.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 563
14.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 566
14.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 568
14.5 (LCC Analysis) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 576
14.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 578

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 582
630

1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 582
1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 583
2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 584
3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 584
4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 585
2. X Y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 586
3. (VG) ISO. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 587
4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 588
5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 589
6. , , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 590
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 591
5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 591
6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 592
7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 593
8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 594
9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 595
10. () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 596
11. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 597
ISO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 598
12. ISO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 598
13. ISO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 606
14. ISO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 609
- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 612
- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 614
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 617
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 621
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 622
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 624