saimon diuringi

kulturis kvlevebi:
kritikuli Sesavali

ilias saxelmwifo universitetis gamomcemloba

Tbilisi 2009
 : .

Cultural Studies: A Critical Introduction. Simon During

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ISBN 978-9941-9116-3-7

3/5, 0162,
Ilia State University Press
3/5 K. Cholokashvili Ave, Tbilisi, 0162, Georgia
 s a r C e v i

Sesavali............................................................................................. 5

nawili I: disciplina

1.1. globalizacia........................................................................... 7
1.2. samewarmeo kultura............................................................ 21
1.3. Janrebi da genealogiebi.................................................... 29
1.4. problemebi............................................................................... 60

nawili II: dro

2.1. warsuli: kulturis istoria/kulturuli

mexsiereba................................................................................. 77
2.2. awmyo ........................................................................................... 94
2.3. momavali: politika da winaswarmetyveleba............108

nawili III: samyaro

3.1. globalizaciis gaazreba........................................... 125

3.2. regionaluri, erovnuli, lokaluri...................... 148

nawili IV: media da sazogadoebrivi sfero

4.1. televizia....................................................................... 165

4.2. popularuli musika..................................................... 186
4.3. interneti da teqnokultura................................... 203
nawili V: identuroba

5.1. debatebi identurobaze...............................................215

5.2. multikulturalizmi..................................................228
5.3. rasa....................................................................................241

nawili VI: seqsualoba da genderi

6.1. feminizmis Sedegi: genderi dRes..............................253

6.2. saeWvo kultura ............................................................272

nawili VII: faseuloba

7.1. maRali da dabali donis kultura............................285

7.2. kulturis buneba............................................................310

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 Sesavali

es wigni ar warmoadgens Cveulebriv Sesavals kulturologiaSi

akademiur sferoSi, romelic SegviZlia ganvsazRvroT, rogorc
Tanamedrove kulturis kompleqsuri analizi. kulturologia kom
pleqsuria sami TvalsazrisiT. pirveli, is ar rCeba neitraluri im
gamonaklisebis, usamarTlobebisa da crurwmenebis mimarT, romel
Tac ganixilavs da socialurad daCagrulebis mxares ikavebs. amde
nad, `kompleqsuri~ aq politikurs, kritikuls gulisxmobs. meore,
is kompleqsuria, radgan cdilobs gaamdidros da didebiT Semosos
kulturuli gamocdilebebi: gadmosces sxvadasxva kulturuli
formebis siamovneba, nawilobriv, maTi da maTi socialuri safuZv
lebis gaanalizebiT. mesame TvalsazrisiT, romelic gamoxatavs mis
realur gansxvavebas sxva saxis akademiuri naSromebisgan, is cdi
lobs kulturas miudges, rogorc yoveldRiuri cxovrebis nawils
da ara obieqts. faqtobrivad, kulturologia miiswrafvis msofli
os nawili gaxdes.
kulturologiaSi Sesavlebis umetesoba yuradRebas disciplinis
istoriul ganviTarebaze amaxvilebs, dawyebuli misi saTaveebidan
1960-iani wlebis britaneTSi memarcxene sociologiis, zrdasrulTa
ganaTlebisa da literaturuli kritikis nazavis saxiT, damTavre
buli misi dRevandeli gavrcelebiT mTel msoflioSi. isini aseve ga
nixilaven mis ZiriTad meTodebsa da interesebs. am wignis ZiriTadi
, marTalia ar tovebs disciplinis istoriisa da meTodis sakiTxebs,
Sedgeba mokle esseebisagan disciplinis ZiriTad sakiTxebze,
romelTa mizania gamoiwvios debatebi da msjeloba, magaliTad, sak
laso oTaxSi. is gamiznulia ara axalbedebisTvis (Tumca, vimedovneb,
maTac daainteresebs), aramed ufro maTTvis, vinc garkveuli codnis
safuZvelze sagans ufro Rrmad Seiswavlis, aseve gamocdil swav
lulTaTvis, romelTac imedia daainteresebT sakiTxisadmi axle
buri midgoma.
me gadavwyvite wignis struqturizacia specifikuri Temebis
mixedviT momexdina, radgan, rogorc Cemma piradma gamocdilebam
miCvena, kulturologiis swavlebis yvelaze efeqturi gza aris stu
dentebSi kulturuli interesis gaRviveba da demonstrireba, Tu
rogor SeuZlia akademiur naSroms am interesebis ganvrcoba da maTi
kritikuli analizi. mokle esse amis idealuri saSualebaa. ufro
vrclad, am wignis mizania studentebis kulturologiiT daintere
seba imis CvenebiT, Tu rogor gvexmareba disciplina SeviswavloT
rigi instituciebisa, media, koncefciebi da formaciebi televi
ziidan multikulturizmamde; kulturuli memkvidreobidan poli
tikamde. wignis pirvel nawilSi mocemulia disciplinis warsulis
da awmyos mokle mimoxilva; misi urTierTqmedeba masTan dakavSire
bul akademiur disciplinebTan; misi kavSiri umaRles ganaTlebaSi
momxdar cvlilebebTan da gadamwyveti msjelobebi, romelTac mis
formirebas Seuwyves xeli.

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6
 nawili I

disciplina

1.1. globalizacia

Tanamedrove kulturologiis yvelaze TvalsaCino maxa

siaTebeli SesaZloa iyos misi globalizacia vaWrobasTan,
finansebTan, komunikaciebsa da sauniversiteto sistemebTan
erTad. es sagani, Aama Tu im formiT, TiTqmis yvela qveynis aka
demiur sistemaSi iswavleba, rac niSnavs, rom sadauric ar unda
iyoT, aucileblad SexvdebiT adamianebs, romlebic Tqveni
kulturisgan gansxvavebuli kulturis sakiTxebze muSaoben.
es erTgvar problemas warmoadgens. erTi mxriv, disciplinis
globalizaciasTan erTad sul ufro rTuldeba romelime
erTi kulturuli konteqstis standartad an universalu
rad aRiareba. dialogis, gacvlisa da kvlevebis horizonte
bi gafarToebulia. es kargad ergeba disciplinis orienta
cias, romelic arasodes moiTxovs mecnierul obieqturobas
da iSviaTad Tvlis, rom flobs iseT analitikur meTodebs,
romlebic yvela kulturisTvis misaRebia. meore mxriv ki, im
xarisxiT, rogoriTac dasavleTSi SemuSavebuli saSualebebiT
da meTodebiT msoflioSi regionaluri kulturebis faqti
uri Seswavla xdeba, es disciplina eqceva im logikis gavlenis
qveS, romlis mixedviTac regionaluri gansxvavebani realu
rad mcirdeba maTi gansxvavebad CaTvlis niRbiT. garda amisa,
globalizaciis gziT disciplinaSi Sesuli Temebisa da isto
riebis aSkara mravalferovneba, saerTo cnobebisa da codnis
Sesabamis dakargvasTan erTad, praqtikosebs saerTo proeqtSi
CarTvis SesaZleblobas dakargviT emuqreba.
warmodgena, romlis Tanaxmadac kulturisa da codnis war
moebis raodenobasa da specializacias sazogadoebis erTad
erTi da amomwuravi daxasiaTebis mocema ar SeuZlia, jer kidev
meTvramete saukuneSi iTvleboda banalurad (ix. bareli,
1992). Tumca, Tanamedrove kulturologiur kvlevebSi es azri
ufro dabneulobaSi igrZnoba, vidre danakargebSi. magaliTad,
wamyvan Jurnal `kulturologiis~ 1998 wlis nomerSi daibeWda

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tradiciuli literatul-kritikuli esse hamletisa da mar
qsis Sesaxeb; sociologiuri esse momxmareblebis uflebaTa
dacvasa da luvrze; arqivis masalebze dayrdnobiT dawerili
naSromi samxreT indoeTis kolonialuri mecnierebis Sesaxeb;
kulturuli `hibridulobis~ Teoriis feministuri kritika;
esse bob marlisa da SavkanianTa transnacionalizmis Sesaxeb;
konteqstualuri istoriuli esse meoce saukunis dasawyisSi
`saqs romeris~ mier Seqmnili popularuli novelebis Cinel
uaryofiT gmirze fu manCuze; esse sarZeve jirkvlis kibosa
da saxelmwifo moxelis Sesaxeb aSS-Si; agreTve, TviTrefleq
suri esseebi Tavad disciplinis Sesaxeb.
mTeli am informaciis fonze, SesaZloa adamianma Tavi igrZ
nos iseT Temebs Soris moxvedril inteleqtualur turistad,
romlebic momxiblavia Tavisi egzotikurobiT, magram rome
lTa mimarTac naklebi interesi an pasuxismgeblobis grZnoba
gaaCnia. gasakviri ar aris, rom gareSe pirebi zogjer gaoce
bas gamoxataven kulturologiuri kvlevebis ambiciurobisa
da bundovanebis gamo. amis pasuxi is iqneba, rom kulturolo
giis maswavleblebi da studentebi CaTvalon globalurad
gafantuli movlenebisa da dinebebis damakavSirebel Zalad,
romelic met-naklebi sicxadiT icavs saerTaSoriso moZrao
bis interesebs eqsploataciisa da centrizmis winaaRmdeg.
aucileblad unda aRiniSnos, agreTve, rom mecnierTa mxri
dan iseTma midgomam, rogoricaa `mdgomareoba gvaiZulebs~
(noblesse oblige) SeiZleba gamoiwvios ufskrulis gaRrmaveba
Semdeg or sakiTxs Soris: ra mniSvneloba aqvs am Temebs kul
turologiisTvis da ras niSnavs im azriT, rom imas, rasac
humanitari mecnierebi fiqroben, didi mniSvneloba ar aqvs.
amasTanave, es riskis qveS ayenebs daaxloebas kulturasTan,
romelic am sferos ganmsazRvrel maxasiaTebels warmoadgens.

Tanamedrove kultura

gavrceleba, yvelafris miuxedavad, ar aris ganmsazRvreli

globaluri kulturologiisTvis. ganmsazRvreli mobilobaa.
am disciplinisTvis umniSvnelovanesi kulturuli formacie
bi yvelgan mzardi mobilurobiT xasiaTdeba. es WeSmaritebaa

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pirdapiri gagebiT, radgan maT aqvT manZilisa da sazRvrebis
gadalaxvis tendencia da aseve, maTi damokidebuleba so
cialur da materialur garemosTan (ekonomikasTan, politi
kasTan, ganaTlebasTan, teqnologiasTan da a.S.), swrafad da
Zireulad icvleba, Tumca, gansxvavebuli tempiTa da mimar
TulebiT sxvadasxva adgilas. es im gagebiTac aris marTa
li, rom Sida kulturuli seqtorebi da Janrebi dinamiurad
urTierTqmedebs. kultura ar aris sagani da arc sistema: is
urTierTkavSirebis, procesebis, mutaciebis, saqmianobis, te
qnologiebis, institutebis mTel rigs warmoadgens, romelT
agan warmoSobilma sagnebma da movlenebma (rogoricaa filme
bi, poemebi an msoflio turnirebi mklavWidSi) unda iarsebon,
isini unda ganicado, mianiWo mniSvneloba da sxvadasxvagvarad
Seafaso im gansxvavebaTa da mutaciaTa usistemo qselis far
glebSi, romelTaganac maTi arseboba daiwyo. (kidev erTxel
unda aRiniSnos, rom es modeli arcTu ise Tanamedrovea: kul
turis amgvari gagebis safuZveli pirvelad gamoCnda mecx
ramete saukunis bolos germaneli filosofosis - fridrix
nicSes naSromSi).
Tanamedrove kulturologiis Tanaxmad kulturuli obi
eqtebi erTdroulad warmoadgens `teqstebs~ (radgan maT gaaC
niaT mniSvneloba), movlenebsa da gamocdilebebs, romlebic
warmoSobilia da ubrundeba socialuri Zalebis sferos, ro
melic araTanabrad Sedgeba: Zalauflebis nakadebisgan, sta
tusebis ierarqiebisgan da SesaZleblobebisgan, mravali saxis
transportirebis, identifikaciisa da siamovnebisaTvis.
socialuri institutebic am ricxvs miekuTvneba, romelTa
gan zogi saxelmwifoebriobas emyareba, zogi bazars an egreT
wodebul civilur sazogadoebas. kulturebi aRweven geog
rafiul sazRvrebs miRma, erTiandebian da iyofian; yofen da
anadgureben politikur da socialur erTeulebs, zogjer
aZliereben kidec maT. kulturuli teqnologiebi ibadebian
da kvdebian. kapitali da modebi icvlebian sxvadasxva kul
turuli formebis saSualebiT. zogi Janri specifikuri da
`gansakuTrebuli~ xdeba, zogi ki msoflios ipyrobs.
mas Semdeg, rac kultura aRar mimarTavs saganTa specifi
kur nakrebs da kulturuli bazrebi ase gavrcelebulia,
xSirad rCeba STabeWdileba, rom kulturac da Sesabamisad,

9
kulturologiac, SeiZleba, nebismier sagans Seexos (ix. Read-
ings, 1996, 17). rogorc Semdeg vnaxavT, kultura xSirad scdeba
Tavis sazRvrebs da iTvisebs iseT alternatiul koncefciebs,
rogorica sazogadoebaa. miuxedavad amisa, kulturologia,
faqtobrivad, kulturis yvela formas Tanabar yuradRebas
ar aqcevs. man mTavari gezi aiRo kulturuli formaciebis im
specifikuri jgufisken, romelic yvelaze uSualod aris da
kavSirebuli mis ZiriTadad, saero, saSualo klasis, memarcx
ene, axalgazrdul (an axalgazrdobisken mimarTul) an met-nak
lebad evrocentrul praqtikosebTan. Sesabamisad, mas gauCnda
tendencia ugulebeleyo religia, sakvebi, sporti, sportuli
hobi, rogoricaa, magaliTad, Tevzaoba da Trein-spotingi,
obivateluri da `kiCis~ kultura, gansakuTrebiT ki misi is
nawili, romelic ojaxs exeba da saSualo asakis adamianebis
gansakuTrebuli interesis sferos warmoadgens, magaliTad,
saxlis keTilmowyoba da gamwvaneba. sxvadasxva mizezis gamo
man Tavad maRali kulturac ugulebelyo.
kulturis Seswavlac kulturis sferos miekuTvneba. Cven,
kulturologebic vqmniT kulturas, Zalze kargad organize
buli institutidan ganaTlebis sistemidanac ki da maSin
ac, Tu Cveni politikuri miznebi, romelTac daaxasiaTebdnen,
rogorc kulturis demokratizacias, garkveul SezRudvebs
dagviwesebs. nebismier SemTxvevaSi, kulturologiuri kon
cefcia `kulturis~ Sesaxeb, wyvets kavSirs `kulturis~ Ses
axeb arsebul im koncefciebTan, romlebic warsulSi domini
rebdnen. kerZod, tradiciul maRal xelovnebasTan mWidro
kavSiris dakargviT, disciplinas uCndeba tendencia Seafasos
yvela kulturuli saqmianoba da obieqti, rogorc eqvival
enturi faseuloba. es marTlac sazogadoebis bralia, sadac
gaTanabrebis amgvar Sexedulebas ekonomikuri funqcia ekis
reba, saxeldobr ki kulturuli moxmarebis yvelanairi saxis
zrda. es arc meTvramete saukunis didi germaneli filosofo
sis, imanuel kantis mimdevrebis mier gamoTqmul mosazrebas
Seesabameba, TiTqos esTetika kulturis wiaRSi sufevs da war
moadgens saqmianobis sferos, romelic Tavis TavSia Caketili
da raime sxva daniSnulebiT ar gamoiyeneba, rogorc, magali
Tad, sakvebi an Senobebi. aseve, amoiwura termin `kulturis~
Zveli, anTropologiuri mniSvneloba, romelic moicavda mem

10
kvidreobiT miRebul, moZvelebul da ucilobel Rirebule
bebs, agreTve, im rwmenebsa da qmedebebs, romlebic marTavdnen
a damianebis urTierTobebsa da sazogadoebebSi maT monawil
eobas.

meTodi

rogorc ki kulturis es Zveli gansazRvrebebi ukan daxevas

iwyebs da rogorc ki kulturas globalurad ganvixilavT, meTo
di misi mecnieruli SeswavlisaTvis namdvil problemad iqceva.
ra saxis koncefciebi da praqtika unda SevitanoT Sesaswavl
masalaSi? interviuebi? statistikuri analizi? filosofiuri
warmodgenebi? politikuri kritika? teqstebis dawvrilebiTi
ganxilva (rac SeiZleba moicavdes simRerebs, satelevizio
Souebs da romanebs)? namdvilad Zalian Znelia ufro meti iTq
vas kulturologiis meTodebze garda imisa, rom Tu Zalian gan
vazogadebT, is rogorc Teoriul, ise empiriul disciplinas
warmoadgens, xolo ukeTes SemTxvevaSi ki orives erTdroulad.
is ar unda iyos organizebuli meTodis irgvliv, nawilobriv
imis gamo, rom komerciuli, globalizebuli kultura Zalze
difuziuri da mimoqcevadia da masTan dakavSirebis uamrav Ses
aZleblobebs qmnis. garda amisa, kulturologiaSi Teoriebi da
Tavad meTodebi maRali socialuri wreebis logikasTan mudmiv
daqvemdebarebaSia (Tuki amas ganaTlebis sistema uwyobs xels).
amasTan, kulturologia Tanmimdevrulad ubrundeba tradici
uli, hermenevtikuli disciplinebis interpretaciul da empa
Tikur meTodebs, literaturuli kritikis CaTvliT, romelsac
(rogorc Semdgom vnaxavT) didad unda umadlodes. meTodebs,
romlebic, rogor paradoqsuladac ar unda gveCvenebodes,
meTodis simkacres uaryofen.
miuxedavad amisa, rodesac meTodis~ koncefcia, amoRe
buli socialuri mecnierebebidan (da rogorc wesi, warmod
genili mecnierTa moTxovnebSi kvlevebis dafinansebis Ses
axeb), kulturologiis dargSi kvlevebis identifikaciaSi
centralur adgils ikavebs, Zalian male Zalze ganzogadoe
buli xdeba. magaliTad, nik qoldri, Tavis brwyinvale wignSi,
saxelwodebiT: kulturis wiaRSi~, meTods, romelsac miiC

11
nevs msjelobis gzad~, kulturologiis centrSi aTavsebs,
radgan es meTodi gvaZlevs saerTo CarCos, romlis saSuale
biTac SesaZlebelia gavigoT, ras warmovadgenT dialogSi~
(qoldri 2000, 143). es aSkarad gansxvavdeba im mecnierTa mo
sazrebebisgan, vinc (CemsaviT) kulturologias, ZiriTadad,
anti-meTodologiur dargad miiCnevs, magram, miuxedavad
amisa qoldris pozicia aRniSvnis Rirsia. misi azriT, kul
turologias sammagi meTodi gaaCnia: materialisturi da re
fleqtoruli (mudmivad Seiswavlis Tavis ganviTarebasa da
procesebs); anti-pozitivisturi (ar Tvlis, rom kultura
obieqturi faqtebisgan Sedgeba); da Teoriulad ekleqturi.
es garkveulwilad danebebas niSnavs, radgan safuZvlianad ar
ganmartavs meTods, romelic kulturologiisaTvis erTader
Ti da unikaluria. gancxadeba, rom kulturologia meTodebze
damyarebuli mecnierebaa, gamoxatavs mis wiaRSi arsebul erT,
gansazRvrul mimarTulebas an, SeiZleba, mxolod imeds.
bunebrivia Cndeba kiTxva: Tu kulturologiisTvis calkeu
li da stabiluri meTodebis erTianoba damaxasiaTebeli ar
aris da Tu is amdenad totaluri da aramdgradi koncefciaa,
maSin sad aris kulturologiis mizidulobis centri? am kiTx
vaze pasuxi amtkicebs, rom kulturologiis Camoyalibebis
periodSi Seqmnili Teoria (da ara meTodi, rogorc aseTi),
kulturologebisTvis mTel msoflioSi iyenebs lingua fran-
ca-s: saerTo safuZvels, saidanac SeiZleba saTave aiRos de
batebma, swavlebam da kvleva-Ziebam, miuxedavad imisa, rom is
yovlismomcvel monopolias ar warmoadgens. eWvgareSea, rom
kultrologiuri kvlevisas mecnierTa didi nawili iyenebs
sakuTari saxelebis uzarmazar cnobarebs (reimond uiliamsi,
antonio gramSi, miSel de sero, stiuart holi, miSel fuko,
eduard saidi, pol Jilroi da a.S.), romlebic standartul
saxelmZRvaneloebSia Tavmoyrili, Tumca, maTi umravlesoba
ufro mniSvnelovania inglisuri an franguli kulturologi
isaTvis, vidre, magaliTad, aziurisTvis.
isic SeiZleba iTqvas, rom kulturologias ara Teoriuli
cnobebis ganyenebuli nakrebi aerTianebs, aramed ormagi im
pulsebi, romlebic kidev ufro gaurkvevelia, vidre meTodi:
kulturis interpretaciis survili akademiuri codnis pro
tokolis SigniT (argumentebis, damamtkicebeli sabuTebisa

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da citatebis warmoadgena; sayovelTaod aRiarebuli zogadi
koncefciebis gamoyeneba; naSromis aSkarad an farulad dis
ciplinarul CarCoebSi moTavseba; sakuTari naSromis ward
gena debatebisTvis da sxvebTan debatebSi CarTva da a.S.) iseve,
rogorc akademiis gareT arsebul yoveldRiur cxovrebasTan
dakavSirebis (politikuri) survili, gansakuTrebiT ki iseT
cxovrebasTan, romliTac SedarebiT dabali gavlenisa da sta
tusis mqone adamianebi cxovroben. kulturologias, ukeTes
SemTxvevaSi, saqme aqvs iseT sruliad arateqnikur termi
nebTan, rogorebicaa: popularuli kultura~, rasizmi~,
globalizacia~, heteroseqsualoba~ sityvebi, romelTac
Sesaferisi Sesatyvisebi aqvT saxvadasxva enaSi da aqtiurad
gamoiyeneba akademiis gareT. magram, aqac ki SeuZlia kultur
ologiis globalizms problemebis Seqmna: aseTi terminebidan
zogierTs (multikulturalizmi, ucnauri queer) sul cota,
gansxvavebuli cirkulacia, axsna da damatebiTi mniSvneloba
gaaCnia msoflios sxvadasxva kuTxeSi. samwuxarod, es mcire
gansxvavebani xSirad ikargeba. zedmeti gulmodgineba kul
turologiis kuTvnil saerTo kulturis~ SeswavlaSi SeiZle
ba emsxverplos im siZneleebs, romlebic yovelTvis Tan sdevs
erTianobisa da Tanmimdevrobis Ziebas Sinagani siZneleebis
gadalaxva, ganzogadoebisa da abstraqciisken daxeva, aseve,
warmosaxviTi saerTo niSnebis maregulirebel normebad TiTq
mis SeumCneveli gardasaxva.
kulturologiis gansazRvris alternatiuli varianti
nominalisturia: kulturologia imas niSnavs, rasac misi sax
eli gamoxatavs, anu, rogorc mas icnoben kulturis Seswav
la. vfiqrob ar unda viyoT aseTi minimalistebi: minda gamovyo
kidev ori damaxasiaTebeli niSani, romelic am sferos daxasi
aTebaSi dagvexmareba da romelTagan erT-erTi nik qoldris
mier aris aRiarebuli. mimaCnia, rom kulturologiuri kvleva
-Ziebis pirveli damaxasiaTebeli niSani, rogorc mimaCnia, aris
misi kulturiT dainteresebuloba. dainteresebulobaSi vgu
lisxmob yuradRebas im sakiTxis mimarT, Tu rogor axdens gav
lenas kultura (nawilobriv) im Zalauflebis TvalsazrisiT,
romelic akavSirebs centrebsa da periferiebs, statusis ier
arqiebs da im normebs, romlebic aweseben represiebs an axdenen
marginalizacias. aseve vgulisxmob midrekilebas kulturuli

13
formebis qebis an kritikisken (xSirad im socialur sferosTan
dakavSirebiT, romelSic isini warmoiSvnen), kulturis Sesaxeb
iseTi Sexedulebebis Seqmnisken, romlebic SeiZleba daukav
Sirdes kulturis warmoSobas da/an yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi
axali kavSirebis Seqmnas sxvadasxva kulturul formebsa da
adamianebs (umTavresad, ra Tqma unda, studentebs) Soris.
swored amgvari dainteresebulobis gamo, kulturolo
gia ufro humanitarul sferos miekuTvneba, vidre socialur
mecnierebebs, romlebic amtkiceben, rom TavianTi obieqtebis
analizs obieqturad akeTeben. imave mizeziT advili SesaZle
belia is kulturis Seqmnis faqtoradac iqces. kulturulo
gia kulturuli muSaobis mravali sferos elementad iqca.
magaliTad, 1980-iani wlebis axalgazrda, Savkaniani brita
neli msaxiobebi Caila burmani, sonia boisi, aizek julieni,
qeiT faiferi gatacebulni iyvnen TeoriiT, romelsac im
dros ayalibebdnen homi bhabha, kobena merseri, pol gilroi
da sxvebi (makrobi 1999, 6). anjela makrobim aRniSna, rom bevr
axalgazrda Jurnalists, romlebsac oTxmocdaaTiani wlebis
axalgazrda qalTaTvis gankuTvnil JurnalebSi muSaobis ga
mocdileba hqondaT, garkveuli momzadeba hqondaT gavlili
mediasa da kulturologiaSi, rac SemdgomSi maT samuSao adg
ilebis miRebaSi daexmara (makrobi 1999, 28). iseTi amerikeli
mwerlebi, rogorebic arian don delilo da jonaTan fran
zeni, kargad icnoben Tanamedrove kulturul Teorias da
magaliTebis saxiT iyeneben mas TavianT nawarmoebebSi. dan
amdvilebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom iseT qveynebSi, rogoricaa
avstralia da didi britaneTi, kulturologia iZleva Taname
drove kulturisa da sazogadoebis ZiriTad ganmartebasa da
interpretacias xelovnebaSi, arqiteqturasa da modebis sko
lebSic ki, da SesaZloa am sferoebSi misgan kidev ufro mets
elian, gansakuTrebiT ki avangardSi. kulturologiis rolis
politikuri mniSvneloba Zalze martivad erwymis mis ufro
neitralur, TiTqmis ekonomikur rols.
kulturologiis meore idealuri damaxasiaTebeli niSani
(romelsac qoldri aRiarebs) isaa, rom igi TviTrefleqtor
uli unda iyos. mas sWirdeba mudmivi, kritikuli TviTSeswav
la, gansakuTrebiT ki Tavisi damokidebulebisa, erTi mxriv,
ganaTlebis sistemasTan, xolo meore mxriv, ara-akademiur

14
kulturul institutebTan. es TviTrefleqtoruloba ufro
metad institucionaluri moTxovnaa, vidre meTodi. kultur
ologiisTvis aucilebelia marTos mudmivi cvlilebebi urT
ierTobebSi Tavis sakuTar saxls universitets da gare,
ufro vrcel samyaros Soris, sadac aseve mudmivi gardaqmnebi
mimdinareobs. es aucilebloba, romelic mis winaSe dgas, ro
gorc misi arsebobis faqti da ganaTlebis sistemaSi misi ga
darCenis survili, Seadgens misi proeqtis nawils, metoqeobas
uwevs ufros disciplinebs da kulturisa da ganaTlebis didi
xnis win Camoyalibebul debulebebs. amgvari TviTrefleq
turoba xSirad sakuTari istoriis Seswavlis formas iRebs.
warmoadgens Tu ara kulturologia calke disciplinas Tu
mxolod arsebul disciplinebs miRma an gareT arsebobs? iqneb
ukeTesi iqneboda is gangvexila ara rogorc disciplina, ar
amed rogorc kritika? kulturologiaSi arsebuli amgvari
kiTxvebi ar SeiZleba meorexarisxovnad CaiTvalos, maT Tavad
disciplinis warmoSobas Seuwyves xeli.

disciplinaruloba

meTodisa da Tanmimdevrulobis Sesaxeb arsebuli kiTxvebi

SeumCnevlad gadadis kiTxvebSi disciplinarulobis Sesaxeb,
rac dRemde mwvave kamaTis sagnad rCeba. toni beneti, maga
liTad, myarad dgas mosazrebaze, rom uunaroba saTanado dis
ciplinis formirebis saqmeSi institucionalur marcxad unda
CaiTvalos (beneti 1998b, 533-534), maSin, rodesac am sferoSi
SedarebiT adre momuSave xalxis azriT is disciplinarulo
bas ar unda SeezRuda. am Tvalsazrisidan gamomdinare, dis
ciplinaruloba zRudavs Temebis, interesebis, poziciebis,
konteqstebisa da meTodebis mTel rigs, romelTa damorCile
bac SeuZlia. am davas ar SeiZleba hqondes garkveuli pasuxi,
nawilobriv, imis gamo, rom humanitarul mecnierebebSi dis
ciplinarulobis statusi da funqcia cvalebadia. modiT,
gavixsenoT, rom humanitarul da socialur mecnierebebSi aka
demiuri disciplinebi arasodes warmoadgendnen unitarul
formaciebs: isini aerTianebdnen sxvadasxva meTodebs, sakv
lev obieqtebsa da profesiul interesebs.

15
 arsebobs saintereso mosazreba, romlis Tanaxmadac yvela
disciplina inter-disciplinas warmoadgens. Camoyalibebis
Semdeg isini iZulebulni arian xazi gausvan TavianT dife
rencirebulobas da avtonomias, Tumca mainc dakavSirebulni
arian erTmaneTTan zogierTi saerTo interesiTa da meTodiT:
magaliTad SeiZleba moviyvanoT literaturul kvlevebsa da
istorias Soris arseubligarkveuli sirTuleebi da azrTa sx
vadasxvaoba. calkeuli disciplinebi erTmaneTTan dakavSire
bulni rCebian im sub-disciplinebis saSualebiT, romlebic
maT sazRvrebSi aRweven da aerTianeben maT: socialuri Teo
ria, magaliTad, erTdroulad sociologiasac miekuTvneba da
kulturologiasac.
kidev ufro mniSvnelovania is, rom disciplinebi martivad
da mxolod maTi inteleqtualuri proeqtebiT ar ganisazRvre
ba: benetis azriT, isini warmoadgenen instituciebs, romlebic
universitetebSi garkveul ganyofilebebs (departamentebs,
skolebs, fakultetebs) ukavSirdebian. Znelia ganzogado
ebulad visaubroT disciplinarulobasa da sauniversiteto
sistemebze, radgan sxvadasxva qveyanaSi gansxvavebuli sauni
versiteto sistemebi (gansxvavebuli dafinanseba, saxelmwifo
xelmZRvaneloba) da disciplinaruli investiciebia. es qmnis
im siZneleebs, romlebic warmoiSveba am sakiTxebis Sesaxeb
swori daskvnebis gakeTebis dros msoflio masStabiT. disci
plinaruloba kargavs Tavis adgils sauniversiteto siste
maSi: dadasturebulia, rom msoflio masStabiT, sauniver
siteto sawarmos~ menejerebi, rogorc mas saimon marginsonma
da konsidainma uwodes, sul ufro nakleb yuradRebas uTmo
ben disciplinebs (marginsoni da konsidaini 2000). amgvarad,
disciplinebi kidev ufro viTardeba yvelgan, garda univer
sitetebis saprogramo departamentebisa gansakuTrebiT ki
periodul gamocemebsa da konferenciebze. swored am adgi
lebSi ukavSirdebian erTmaneTs mecnierebi da magistrantebi
auditoriebidan da fakultetebidan moSorebiT da swored iq
yalibdeba kulturologia, rogorc disciplina. mniSvnelova
nia aRiniSnos, rom es adgilebi xdeba gansakuTrebiT transna
cionaluri.

akademiuri garemo

16
 amgvarad, kulturologia aris disciplina, warmoSobili
iseT administraciul konteqstSi, romelic aqtiurad ar uwy
obs xels disciplinarulobas. universitetebis mmarTvelebi
TavianT Tavs disciplinebis ganviTarebisTvis xelsayreli
garemos Semqmnelebad ki ar Tvlian, aramed erTi mxriv, kvle
vis saSualebiT codnis Semqmnelebad, rac, saboloo jamSi,
erovnuli produqtiulobis amaRlebis mizniT xdeba, meore
mxriv ki studentTa (romelTac, Cveulebriv, ganaTlebis momx
mareblebad moiazreben) profesiul-teqnikur moTxovnile
baTa damakmayofilebel subieqtebad. maT ukan mdgomi mTav
robebi ki, Cveulebriv, dainteresebulni arian savaldebulo
ganaTlebis Semdgom safexurze TavianTi monawileobis gazr
diT da garantiis micemiT imaze, rom saxelmwifo dafinanseba
gamoiyeneba erovnuli ekonomikuri interesebis sasargeblod
da ara iseTi socialuri miznebisTvis, rogoricaa Tanasworo
ba.
aseTi universitetebis marTvisas aqcenti keTdeba efeq
turobaze, produqtiulobasa da pasuxismgeblobaze. aseTi
+midgoma zRudavs humanitarul dargebs (sociologiasTan
da Teoriul mecnierebebTan erTad) da Tavis mxriv, xels uw
yobs fakultetebis gaerTianebas, interdisciplinarulo
basa da iseT kursebs, romlebsac dasaqmebisaken mimaval gzas
gvTavazoben. es upiratesobas aniWebs kulturologias masze
ufros disciplinebTan SedarebiT da ueWvelia, rom kultur
ologiis aRmavloba, nawilobriv, 1970-iani wlebis Semdgomi
periodis sauniversiteto mmarTvelobis da mis ukan mdgomi
socialuri Zalebis damsaxurebac iyos. aq, ra Tqma unda, erT
gvari daZabuloba igrZnoba: kulturologiis Tanaxmad, disci
plinis aRmavloba Tanmimdevrulad mimdinareobda elitizmis,
evrocentrizmisa da kulturuli konservatizmis winaaRmdeg
misi brZolis fonze, xolo Tu sakiTxs kulturologiis gare
dan SevxedavT, ise Cans, TiTqos is momgebian poziciaSia axali,
bazarze orientirebuli politikuri ekonomikisa da sauni
versiteto mmarTvelobis ekonomikuri modelebis pirobebSi.
orive Tvalsazrisi dasaSvebia: swored es aris kulturo
logiasa da neo-liberalizms Soris arsebuli uxerxulobis
Semqmneli pirveli faqtori, romelic mocemulia am wignSi da

17
gvawvdis informacias kulturologiis Sesaxeb: Tu ras war
moadgens es sagani, romelic cvalebadi ekonomikisa da Taname
drove, globaluri bazrebis produqtia.
rogorc ukve aRvniSne, sauniversiteto sawarmo~ msofli
oSi farTod gavrcelebuli fenomenia, magram mas kvalifika
cia sWirdeba, radganac, universitetebis globalizacia saer
TaSoriso akademiis masStabiT axal ierarqiebs qmnis. kerZod,
aSS-s akademia, romelsac zurgs aSS-s samxedro da ideolo
giuri Zalaufleba umagrebs, TanadaTanobiT sul ufro da
ufro dominanturi xdeba. anglofonur samyaroSi da aseve,
raRac procentiT, aziasa da samxreT amerikaSi, Teoriebi da
qve-disciplinaruli formaciebi aRmavlobas ganicdis im zo
miT, ra zomiTac arian gavrcelebulni da sanqcionirebulni
aSS-s elitaruli universitetebis mier. da mainc, aseT elita
rul universitetebSi susti antidisciplinaruli wnexia da
tradiciuli humanitaruli mecnierebebi gavlenas kvlav in
arCunebs kulturuli kapitalis gavrcelebis saqmeSi yvelaze
privilegirebul socialur fenebSi an im individebSi, visac
aseT jgufebTan SeerTebis saSualeba gaaCnia. amdenad, arc
aseT universitetebSi da arc britanul an evropul elitarul
universitetebSi kulturologia institucionalur aRmav
lobas ar ganicdida. saukeTeso sauniversiteto sivrceebSi,
sadac kulturologia formalurad Seiswavleba (magaliTad,
rogorc harvardis kulturologiis centrSi), is ufro metad
warmoadgens sferos, romelSic sxvadasxva disciplina iyris
Tavs, rac ufro disciplinaTa gadakveTaze miuTiTebs, vidre
inter-disciplinarulobaze. am sakiTxSi mcire daZabuloba
igrZnoba. kulturologia ukve aRar aris marginaluri sfero:
bolos da bolos, is neo-liberaluri samTavrobo politi
kis mixedviT, nawilobriv, ufro amaRlda, magram, global
uri sauniversiteto sistemis mwvervalebi, romlebic amgvari
politikisgan daculia, misTvis mainc miuwvdomeli rCeba.
kulturologiis globalizacia, ra Tqma unda, ar niSnavs
imas, rom institucionalurad mas Tanabari mdgomaroba uka
via msoflios yvela kuTxeSi, Tumca, mravali anglofonuri
gamokvleva amas saTanadod ar asaxavs (ix. stratoni da engi
1996). marTlac, Tavad humanitaruli mecnierebebic yvelgan
ar iReben CrdiloeT amerikis/evropis an britaneTis yofili

18
koloniebis mosaxleobisaTvis nacnob formas. laTinur ameri
kaSi isini terminiT Facultad de Letras~ aRiniSneba (imis gamo,
rom istoriulad eTnikuri politika iq yovelTvis SedarebiT
susti iyo, yovelTvis naklebad iyvnen dainteresebulni mul
tikulturalizmiT~ da ufro metad hibridulobis~ konce
fcia ainteresebdaT). aziaSi kultura, ZiriTadad, enebis an
socialur mecnierebaTa fakultetebze iswavleba (ix. iudisi
2001, 218-219). CineTis saxalxo respublikaSi, sadac winaaRm
degobis politikis akademiurad gadakeTeba advili ar aris,
kulturologias xSirad afaseben, rogorc mxolod Teoriul
sagans (Tumca, mis mimarT didi interesic arsebobs). es aris
imis mizezi, rom swored aziaSi kulturologiis muSaoba ufro
metad aris damokidebuli ara-akademiur an kvazi-akademiur
garemoze, vidre, vTqvaT, britaneTSi. garda amisa, metropo
liebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli kulturologiuri tradiciebis
gansazRvruli sakvanZo problemebi naklebad aris gamokveTi
li egreT wodebul mesame samyaroSi`, sadac vesternizacia,
modernizacia, nacionaluri avtonomiuri erTeulebi da eris
Seqmnis procesebi SeSfoTebas iwvevs da sadac akademiuri
sekularizmi TavisTavad ar igulisxmeba.
Tavad kontinentur evropaSi, kulturologia, rodesac
igi ganixileba kulturis, gansakuTrebiT ki popularuli
kulturis, politikasTan dakavSirebul kvlevad, imdenad kar
gad ar aris Camoyalibebuli, rogorc anglofonur samyaroSi.
iq kulturuli ierarqiebis gamoyeneba ekonomikur ierar
qebSi klasebis struqturulad dasayofad (es Zalian kargad
aqvs aRwerili frang sociolog pier bordies Tavis klasikur
nawarmoebSi gansxvaveba~) Zalian myarad aris fesvgadgmuli.
safrangeTSi, anu, rogorc mas mark fumaroli moixseniebs,
kulturul qveyanaSi~, romelic marTavs da xels uwyobs kul
turis ganviTarebas es ukeT Cans, vidre sxva, nebismier kapi
talistur qveyanaSi (ix. fumaroli, 1991).
omis Semdgomi socialuri keTildReobis triumfi evropis
mTel kontinentze, agreTve amerikuli kulturis SesamCnevi
dominantoba naTelhyofda, rom aq Sejibris obieqts, aSS-sa
da gaerTianebuli samefosgan gansxvavebiT, kulturuli Ri
rebulebebi ar warmoadgenda. anti-amerikanizmi evropaSic
garkveul rols asrulebda im akademiuri disciplinebis wi

19
naaRmdeg, romlebic komerciuli kulturis mimarT dadebiT
damokidebulebas gamoxatavdnen. ufro zustad rom vTq
vaT, germaniaSi, magaliTad, dominirebs kritikuli Teoria,
romelic, upirveles yovlisa, kapitalisturi kulturis
kritikisken aris mimarTuli, xolo safrangeTSi Tanabrad
aris gavrcelebuli kulturis mimarT rogorc Teoriuli
(romelsac Jan bodriari warmoadgens), ise kritikuli, empiri
uli midgomebi (warmodgenili bordies mier). amdenad, miuxe
davad imisa, rom frangma Teoretikosebma kulturologia
ZiriTadi koncefciebiTa da meTodebiT gaamdidres, am disci
plinas safrangeTSi aRmavloba mainc ar ganucdia. iseTi fran
gi moazrovneebi, rogorebic arian miSel de serto da fuko,
Zalian mniSvnelovanni arian am disciplinisaTvis TavianTi ra
dikaluri da Seurigebeli poziciebis gamo, magram kulturu
li tradicionalizmi, romelic stimuls aZlevda maT radika
lizms, aSkarad Cans safrangeTSi kulturologiis SedarebiT
SeumCnevel arsebobaSi.
msoflio kulturologiaSi arsebuli gansxvavebebis Sesa
xeb ufro dawvrilebiT Semdgom TavebSi visaubrebT. manamde
ki saWiroa ufro naTeli warmodgena SeviqmnaT samewarmeo
kulturis Sesaxeb, romelic globalizaciis procesebSi Tan
daTanobiT sul ufro wamyvan adgils ikavebs.

damatebiTi sakiTxavi: Ceni 1998; qoldri 2000; deningi 2004;

holi, morli da Ceni 1996; morli 2000.

1.2. samewarmeo kultura

20
 kulturologia ase intensiurad swavlobs Tavis Tavs ara
mxolod imis gamo, rom sayovelTaod aRiarebuli meTodebis
naklebobas ganicdis, an imitom, rom globalizacia avrce
lebs an mobilizebas ukeTebs mas, aramed imitomac, rom miuxe
davad yvelafrisa, Tavad ar aris zustad garkveuli imaSi, Tu
ra pirobebSi warmoiSva. rogorc cnobilia, misi warmoSobis
pirobebi saTanadod ar aris aRwerili cnobil epikur isto
riaSi gmiri, disidenti britaneli inteleqtualebis (riCard
hogarti, reimond uiliamsi da stiuart holi birmingemis
skolidan) Sesaxeb, romlebic demokratiis mosapoveblad 60-
70-ian wlebSi elitizmisa da hegemoniis winaaRmdeg ibrZod
nen. kulturologiis warmoSoba arc am istoriis kidev ufro
gavrcelebul versiaSia aRwerili, romelic gadmogvcems mai
kl deningis Sexedulebas kulturologiaze, rogorc transna
cionaluri, `axali memarcxene~ mimdinareobisa da samociani
wlebis feTqebadi popularuli kulturis Serwymis Sedegze
(deningi 2004, 76-90). TandaTanobiT ukve vxedavT, Tu rogor
poulobs sauniversiteto menejerizmi Sexebis wertils kul
turologiasTan. vxedavT imasac, Tu rogor aris gadaxlarTu
li kulturologia axali kapitalisturi kulturis konfigu
raciasTan. axla saWiroa ufro meti yuradRebiT SeviswavloT,
Tu ras warmoadgens es konfiguracia, romelsac movixseniebT,
rogorc samewarmeo kulturas.
samewarmeo kultura, pirvel rigSi, kulturaSi socialuri
elementis swraf zrdasTan asocirdeba ekonomikuri, saxel
mwifoebrivi da konceptualuri TvalsazrisiT, anu, rogorc
analitikosebi ityodnen, asocirdeba misi pozitiuri wonis
zrdasTan. zogierTi kompetenturi azris Tanaxmad, Tanamed
rove sazogadoebebi `kulturul sazogadoebebad~ gadaiq
cnen (Svengeli 1991; Sulce 1992). aSkaraa, rom kulturul in
dustriaSi dasaqmebuli adamianebis procentuli raodenoba
bolo aTwleulebis manZilze sagrZnoblad gaizarda: avstra
liaSi, magaliTad, mxolod 90-ian wlebSi es maCvenebeli TiTq
mis 23%-iT gaizarda. UNESCO-s bolo monacemebis mixedviT,
ukanaskneli 20 wlis manZilze saerTaSoriso vaWroba kul
turuli nawarmi T xuTjer gaizarda (UNESCO 2001 a, 4). aSS-s
udides saeqsporto erTeulad gasarTobi industria iTvleba.

21
saSualo fenis mosaxleobis oci-ocdaaTi wlis warmomadgen
lebi, romlebic ganaTlebis sistemidan samuSao adgilebze
gadadian, erTgvar SemoqmedebiT saqmianobaSi arian CarTulni.
aseT adamianebs mraval ganviTarebul qveyanaSi eZlevaT e.w.
`daxmareba umuSevarTaTvis~ (zogierT qveyanaSi Semoqmedebi
Ti sferos muSakebs da momaval SemoqmedebiT muSakebs umuSev
arTa daxmarebis sakuTari forma aqvT) (ix. makrobi 1999, 3-6).
msoflios umetes qveyanaSi, yovel aTwleulSi (zogjer ki
yovelwliurad) mosaxleobis raodenobis zrdis Sesabamisad,
izrdeba satelevizio arxebisa da translaciis saaTebis ra
odenoba, aseve, filmebis, wignebis, komiqsebis, Jurnalebis,
turistuli centrebisa da kurortebis raodenoba. meti ar
Cevania, agreTve, cxovrebis stilis gaumjobesebis Tval
sazrisiT, meti produqcia iyideba dizainis mixedviT, meti
Canawerebi, Cndeba samodelo brendebi, kompiuteruli TamaSe
bi, kidev ufro xelmisawvdomi xdeba interneti. mosaxleobis
saerTo raodenobasTan mimarTebiT, bevrad ufro izrdeba
sportuli movlenebisa da cnobili pirovnebebis raodenoba.
yovelive aman, didi gavlena moaxdina Zvel, maRal kultu
raze, romelic am vrceli sferos mxolod erT-erT punqtad iqca
da ara mis mwvervalad. maRali kultura sul ufro metad xdeba
damokidebuli saxelmwifo subsidiebze sadac mas konkuren
ciis gaweva uxdeba rogorc sazogadoebriv xelovnebasTan, ise
mis monaTesave avangardul mimdinareobebTan. mas sul ufro
da ufro naklebi statusi aqvs Tavis momxreebs Soris. TiTqmis
yvela anglofonur sazogadoebaSi, Raribi Tu mdidari, ufro
prestiJulad Tvlis egzotikur qveynebSi saTavgadasavlo
mogzaurobas, vidre, magaliTad, imas, rom kargad icnobdes
jorj eliotis nawarmoebebs, jakobo tintoretos xelovnebas
an feliqs mendelsonis musikas. amdenad, im akademiurma disci
plinebma, romlebic iZleodnen eliotis, tintoretos an men
delsonis Semoqmedebis Cawvdomisa da Sefasebis unars, asparezi
iseT disciplinebs dauTmo, romelTa mizans, ufro metad, kul
turul industriaSi gzis gakvalva warmoadgens. faqtobrivad,
kulturologia xSirad mimarTulia studentebisken, visTvisac
sxvaobaTa Zveli ierarqia, romlis mixedviTac maRali kultura
met kulturul kapitals flobs, vidre popularuli kultura,
arc imdenad miuRebelia, rom mas win aRudgnen, rogorc uaz

22
robas.
ras warmoadgens sinamdvileSi es axali, samewarmeo kul
tura? es aris kidev erTi termini, romelic ori mimarTulebi
sken miuTiTebs: pirveli sawarmoebisa da mewarmeobisaken,
rogorc socialuri da ekonomikuri saqmianobis farTo sfer
osken, meore kulturis samewarmeo sferosTan Serwymisken,
ufro viwro gagebiT ki, Tavisufal dros gasarTob saqmiano
baTa erTianobisken. samewarmeo kulturis orive forma gan
sakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebs `karieris~ koncefcias, sa
dac Sromis Zveli gansazRvreba Secvlilia axliT, romelic
TviTorganizebul, ekonomikurad produqtiul kulturul
saqmianobas gulisxmobs. am konteqstSi, kulturologia
iZulebulia Tavisi Tavi ise warmoaCinos, TiTqos xels uwyobs
studentebis momzadebas im unar-CvevebSi, romlebic kari
eris gasakeTeblad da imave dros kulturaSi produqtiuli
monawileobisaTvis aris aucilebeli. rogorc samewarmeo,
ise memarcxene TvalsazrisiT, sul ufro da ufro rTuldeba
akademiuri swavlebis, rogorc ganaTlebis keris, an rogorc
SeZenili kulturuli standartebis SemanarCunebeli saSu
alebis dacva. mewarmeobis TvalsazrisiT, akademiuri swavle
bac kulturuli saqmianobis erT-erT ganxras warmoadgens.
sxva mxriv, samewarmeo kultura xazs usvams gansakuTre
buli pirovnuli an eTikuri Tvisebebis erTobliobas: da
moukideblobas, riskisken midrekilebas, individualobas,
SemoqmedebiTobas da gambedaobas iseve, rogorc TviTkon
trols, finansuri sakiTxebis codnasa da menejerul unar-
Cvevebs. amgvari eTika, ra Tqma unda, Tavisufal dros saqmi
anobiT ar Semoifargleba (Tumca mas adgili aqvs sportul
saqmianobaSi). is Sromis samyaros ekuTvnis, gansakuTrebiT ki
Sromis im formebs, romelTa anazRaureba xelfasebiT xdeba da
romlebic ukve kulturas miekuTvneba. samewarmeo kulturis
eTika safinanso sferosac moicavs iseve, rogorc xelovne
bis, qonebis an akademiur sferoebs. swored am TvalsazrisiT,
damsaqmeblebi cdiloben marTon TavianTi samuSao adgilebis
kulturebi, radgan gansxvavebuli nacionalur-kulturuli
specifika, romelsac muSebi TavianT samuSao adgilebze war
moaCenen, rogorc wesi, Seusabamod an konfliqturad gamoiy
ureba, garda iseTi SeTxvevebisa, rodesac `mravalferovnebis~

23
demonstrirebas akeTeben.
produqtiuloba damokidebulia gundis samuSao su
liskveTebaze, gauTvaliswinebel garemoebebze reagirebis
moxdenaze, prevenciaze da ara reaqciis unarze, ganwyobaze,
siamovnebaze, kompaniis miznebis gaTavisebaze, an Tu filoso
fiurad mivudgebiT, SegrZnebaze, rom saarsebo moTxovnile
bebi samsaxuris saSualebiT dakmayofilebulia, erTi sityviT
kulturaze. samuSao kultura saSualebas iZleva, agreTve,
uarvyoT Sromis marqsistuli ganmarteba, rogorc `gaucxoe
buli~, rac imas niSnavs, rom is saerTod ver gamoxatavs ada
mianis moTxovnilebebsa da potencials. kulturis mniSvnelo
bis mimarT aseTi xazgasmuli yuradReba saSualebas aZlevs
TiToeul adamians, minimaluri winaaRmdegobiT miiRos kom
paniis mier dawesebuli specifikuri protokolebi (mag. an
gariSebi samuSaos Sesrulebis Sesaxeb). mecnierTa erTi, sak
maod seriozuli skola, miSel fukos naSromebze dayrdnobiT,
samuSao adgilebTan mimarTebaSi sawarmoo kulturis gamoy
enebas ganixilavs, rogorc `saxelmwifoebriobis~ formas, an
`saxelmwifoebriv racionalizms~, romlis mizania mSromelTa
subieqturobis Secvla imgvarad, rom maTi sakuTari cxovrebac
ise aRiqmebodes da mimdinareobdes, rogorc erTgvari sawar
moebisa (du gei 1996, 56-58). es paradigma riskis qveS ayenebs
mxedvelobidan swored imis gaSvebas, rac izidavs adamianebs
sawarmoo kulturisken: jildos miRebis Taobaze dapireba ki
ara (romlis ukanac damarcxebis SiSi dgas), aramed gamowvevis
gancda da piradi pasuxismgeblobis momxibvleloba.
ar arsebobs sawarmoo kulturis raime martivi politi
kuri gansazRvreba. arsebobs argumentebi, TiTqos sawarmoo
kultura qmnis axal subieqtebs, romelTac winaaRmdegobis
gawevis naklebi unari SeswevT, an naklebad SeuZliaT gaum
klavdnen sazogadoebis kritikas, vidre es SeeZloT sacialuri
uzrunvelyofis organizaciebs an liberalur ideologiebs,
romlebic entrepreniuralizmma Caanacvla. imasac amboben,
rom is niRbavs umuSevrobisgan daucvelobisa da gakotrebis
SemTxvevebis raodenobaTa radikalur zrdas an rom ZiriTa
dad, SedarebiT ufro mdidari fenisken aris mimarTuli, rac
simarTles Seesabameba. Tumca es yvelaferi ar aris. entre
preniuralizmma waaxalisa adamianebi (savaraudod, umTavres

24
ad SedarebiT mdidrebi), imisken, rom TavianTi niWi bazarze
gaetanaT, anu, ufro zustad rom vTqvaT, 80-iani wlebis Semdeg
sagrZnoblad gazarda kulturuli aqtiuroba. gaerTianebul
samefoSi man gaamartiva samuSao adgilebis xelmisawvdomoba
kulturul sawarmoebsa da sxva dawesebulebebSi maTTvis, vi
sac oqsfordisa da kembrijis universitetebi ar hqonda dam
Tavrebuli (nawilobriv imis gamo, rom am sferoebis Seswavla
gacilebiT iafia da moxvedrac ufro martivia). entrepreniu
ralizmma ufro mravalferovani gaxada samuSao adgilisa da
drois arCevani; SemoqmedebiTi muSakebisgan moiTxovda, rom
meti seriozulobiT mohkidebodnen TavianT auditoriebsa
da moTxovnebs; mas axasiaTebs sakuTari utopizmi, radganac
gvTavazobs sazogadoebas, Semdgars energiuli individebis
gan, romlebic erTimeores exmarebian (rogorc momxmareble
bi) da konkurenciasac uweven (rogorc mwarmoeblebi) da amiT
erTmaneTis ocnebebs axorcieleben. amasTanave, unda aRiniS
nos, rom xelovnebaSi mas ise uaryofiTad ar umoqmedia ufro
Zvel sistemebze, romlebic maRali xarisxiT gamoirCeodnen
(ra Tqma unda, arsebobs gamonaklisebic, rogoric aris, mag
aliTad, britanuli televizia, romelic produqtis aut
sorsingma da reitingebis mimarT gadaWarbebulma yuradRebam
iseTi kompaniac ki rogoric aris BBC, misi msmenelebis azriT,
naklebad azriani da originaluri programebis Seqmnamde mi
iyvana).
sawarmoo kulturaSi, kulturuli dargebi, Cveulebriv,
ekonomikur kontributorebad, damqiraveblebad, turizmisa
da biznesis momzidavebad da urbanuli regeneraciis agen
tebad aRiqmebian. es saxelmwifo struqturebis sul ufro
met CarTulobaze metyvelebs. saxelmwifoebs unari aqvT Ta
vad miiniWon kulturuli brendebi, magaliTad, toni blers
hqonda moklevadiani mcdeloba brendi mieniWebina didi bri
taneTisaTvis, rodesac 1998 wels `Cool Britannia~ uwoda mas.
hobi SeiZleba swrafad gadaiqces mcire biznesad, rac xSirad
im saxelmwifo dawesebulebebis daxmarebiT xdeba, romle
bic mewarmeobas uwyoben xels. samuSao adgilebis raodenoba
swrafad izrdeba xelovnebis dargebis administraciasa da
proeqtebis menejmentSi, romelTa mizania kulturuli me
warmeobisaTvis mewarmeebis mozidva. ufro metic, gamewar

25
moebuli kultura Riaa saxelmwifos mxridan CarevisaTvis
ara marto imitom, rom waaxalisos biznesi dafinansebis (`an
gariSgebis~) pirobebis gaumjobesebiT, aramed, imisTvis, rom
cxovrebisa da Rirebulebebis formireba moaxdinos. kultura
iTvleba iaraRad, romlis saSualebiTac mTavrobebs SeuZliaT
marTon sazogadoebis sxvadasxva sazogadoebrivi faseulobe
bi da tradiciebi (beneti 2007, 17). ase, magaliTad, avstralia
Si, 1980-ian wlebSi multikulturalizmi oficialur politi
kad iqca maSin, roca margaret tetCerma britanuli skolebis
programaSi Seqspiri Seitana. SegaxsenebT, rom meTvramete
saukunis londonSi healthy theatre-s Semosavali xSiri aRniSv
nis sagani iyo, arada saxelmwifo sferos ufro mkacrad are
gulirebda (da cenzuras awesebda produqciaze), vidre dRes.

kulturuli omebi

entrepreneuralizmi daaxloebiT ukanaskneli oci wlis

ganmavlobaSi dominantur kulturul modelad iqca, dasav
leTSi mainc (da ara marto iq, Tu mxedvelobaSi miviRebT sin
gapurs) da Tavis TavSi sawarmoo universitetebis saSualebiT
gaaerTiana kulturologia, rac ar niSnavs imas, rom kulturis
yvela sxva mniSvneloba gaqra. multikulturalistebi da (ro
gorc aSS-Si amboben) `umciresobebi~ kulturas Cveulebrivi,
ufro tradiciuli mniSvnelobiT aRiqvamen, nawilobriv, imis
gamo, rom rogorc pol gilroi amtkicebs, isini, vinc formal
uri politikidan, iseve, rogorc ekonomikuri saqmianobis mra
vali sferodan gaaZeves, kulturas kvlavZveli mniSvnelobiT
aRiareben (ix. gilroi 1987). yuradRebas imsaxurebs kulturis
koncefciis gansxvavebulad ganmsazRvreli ori momenti.
pirveli maTgania semuel hanTingtonis mniSvnelovani Ca
reva geografiul TeoriaSi Tavis nawarmoebiT `civilizaci
aTa Sejaxeba~ (1997). hanTingtoni amtkicebda, rom sabWoTa
saxelmwifos daSlis Semdeg civi omis ormagi politika, roml
iTac demokratiuli kapitalizmi komunizmis winaaRmdeg ilaS
qrebda, Secvala dapirispirebam xuT sxvadasxva bloks Soris,
romelTaganac TiToeuli gaerTianebuli iyo `centraluri~
saxelmwifos irgvliv, romelic im droisaTvis ara ekonomi

26
kur-politikuri orientaciiT, aramed kulturiT gamoirCe
oda. kulturis hanTingtoniseul interpretacias bevri
saerTo aqvs tradiciul anTropologiasTan. misi azriT, kul
tura memkvidreobiT gadaecema da met-naklebad ucvlelia.
yovel sazogadoebas erTi kultura gaaCnia. TiToeuli indi
vidi mTlianad im erTaderTi kulturis mixedviT yalibdeba,
romelsac memkvidreobiT iRebs. es Sexeduleba Zireulad gan
sxvavdeba im mobiluri, cvalebadi, bazarze orientirebuli,
samewarmeo da globalizebuli kulturisgan, romelzec me
vsaubrobdi da romelsac Tanamedrove kulturologia mie
kuTvneba. SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom hanTingtoni icavs mo
nokulturalizms da aSS-s mouwodebs winaaRmdegoba gauwios
`multikulturalizmis gamanadgurebel, cru mowodebebs~
(hanTingtoni 1997, 40). kulturuli siwmindis politika, Ta
visi saCvenebeli mxridan, imis mcdelobaSi mdgomareobs, rom
rogorme daamtkicos sxvadasxva kulturebis sruli gansx
vavebuloba, rac am wignSia gadmocemuli da asaxavs im politi
kas, romelsac mTeli msoflios konservatorebi uWeren mxars.
hanTingtoniseuli Sexeduleba, romelic im tradiciebis max
eSi gvaqcevs, romelTa urTierTdamokidebuleba, sabolood,
urierTgagebis ararsebobiTa da undoblobiT xasiaTdeba,
gvexmareba davinaxoT progresuli Zala rogorc kulturo
logiaSi, aseve, mobiluri, cvalebadi komercializebuli kul
turis samewarmeo koncefciaSi.
meore, mniSvnelovani sfero, romelSic `kulturas~ same
warmeo kulturisgan bevrad gansxvavebuli mniSvneloba eni
Weba, aris egreT wodebuli `kulturuli omebi~, romlebic an
glofonur dasavleTSi mimdinareobda, Tavis piks oTxmociani
wlebis bolos oTxmocdaaTiani wlebis dasawyisSi miaRwia da
jer kidev ar damTavrebula. faqtobrivad, mravali sxvadasx
va kulturuli omi gaCaRebula, romelTagan, amjerad, sams
gamovyofT. pirveli, koncentrirebuli iyo moralisa da cen
zuris problemebze, gansakuTrebiT ki `nebadarTulobaze~,
anu liberalizmze, romelic Tamamad ilaSqrebda `wesierebisa~
da `ojaxuri Rirebulebebis~ winaaRmdeg. meore, koncentrire
buli iyo im riskebze, romlebic komerciuli kulturis mxri
dan tradiciul memkvidreobasa da kulturul Rirebulebebs
emuqreboda. mesame, fokusirebuli iyo muqaraze, romelic

27
konsensussa da erTian memkvidreobas emuqreboda multikul
turalizmisa da migraciis mxridan. (meoTxe kulturuli omis
aRniSvnac SegviZlia, romelic yoveldRiurad mimdinareobs
yvelgan, aSS-s sazRvrebs gareT: es aris omi amerikanizaciasa
da mis mowinaaRmdegeebs Soris).
am TiToeuli davis gadawyveta mocemulia momdevno Taveb
Si, Tumca, aucilebelia aRiniSnos, rom es erTi omis sxvadasx
va fronti ar aris, isic unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom arsebo
ben multikulturalizmis mravali momxreebi, romlebic,
magaliTad, amarTleben `nebadarTulobas~. mTavari is aris,
rom zustad iseve, rogorc hanTingtoni politikuri da eko
nomikuri dominirebis sakiTxebs cvlis kulturis sakiTxebiT
geopolitikis zeobis pirobebSi, aseve, konservatoruli mxa
re sxvadasxva saxis kulturuli omebis pirobebSi kulturis
sakiTxebs centralur adgils uTmobs nacionalur saxelmwi
foSi. gamodis, TiTqos, politikuri sxvadasxvaoba, romelic
mis marjvniv da marcxniv ganlagebuli tradiciuli prob
lemebis keTildReobisa da ekonomikuri politikis SuaSi
mdebareobs, qreba, kultura ki win wamoiwevs da mis adgils
ikavebs, rogorc debatebisa da uTanxmoebebis obieqti. swored
ase moxda, rodesac qristianul sarwmunoebebs (protestant
izmsa da kaTolocizms) Soris moqceulma mwvaleblobam Zala
dakarga da misi adgili sekularulma kulturam daikava. faq
tobrivad, yoveli kulturuli omi aris Sedegi samewarmeo
kulturis aRmavlobisa da im kulturis dacemisa, romelic
moZvelebuli standartebis erTobliobas warmoadgens. kidev
vimeoreb, rom kulturologiam, gamonaklisis gareSe, gauZ
lo konservatorul zewolas TiToeul aseT frontze, im er
Tianobis wyalobiT, romelic erTdroulad akavSirebda ro
gorc samewarmeo kulturasTan, ise progresulobasTan.

damatebiTi sakiTxavi: diu gei 1997; luisi 1990; luri 1996;

marjinsoni da qonsidaini 2000; makrobi 1999; leqciebi 1996.

28
1.3. Janrebi da genealogiebi

kulturologias aqamde ganvixilavdiT, rogorc erTian

mecnierebas, miuxedavad imisa, rom SeiZleba mas gamaerTiane
beli meTodi arc ki hqondes. realurad, kulturologia mra
vali, gansxvavebuli formiT arsebobs da termini `kulturo
logiac~ xSirad sxvadasxva mxriv gamoiyeneba. rogorc adre
vnaxeT, sxvadasxva erSi Camoyalibda kulturologiis gansx
vavebuli saxesxvaobebi. amasTanave, iq gansxvavebuli kultu
rul-politikuri mdgomareoba, gansxvavebuli inteleqtual
uri traeqtoriebi, gansxvavebuli disciplinaruli kavSirebi
da kulturologiis gansxvavebuli inteleqtualuri aRqma
Camoyalibda. msurs am gansxvavebul formebs Soris anglo
fonuri kulturologiis sami nacionaluri modeli gamovyo:
britanuli, amerikuli da avstraliuri.
Tu gaviTvaliswinebT Cems daJinebas, rom kulturologia
globalizaciis swraf process ganicdis da gaazrebul unda
iqnes axali, globaluri movlenebis gaTvaliswinebiT, SeiZle
ba ucnaurad mogeCvenoT, rom axla, kidev erTxel vcdilob
xazgasmiT aRvniSno am disciplinis kargad danergili anglo
fonuri nacionaluri tradiciebi. Cemi argumentebi, samwuxar
od, pragmatulia da aSuqebs politikur da komerciul sinamd
viles, iseve rogorc inteleqtualurs. ar msurs vamtkico,
rom britanuli kulturologia gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelova
nia am sferoSi, magram es wigni inglisur enazea dawerili da
pirvel rigSi amerikel, avstraliel da britanel mkiTxvelzea
gaTvaliswinebuli. Cemi kompetencia da moqmedebis sfero Sez
Rudulia (Zalian minda, ufro meti vicode, magaliTad, im naS
romebis Sesaxeb, romlebic yoveldRiurad qveyndeba `samxreT
afrikis kulturologiis JurnalSi~) da Tu kulturologia
gansxvavebuli formebiT da gansxvavebuli genealogiebis
wiaRidan, sxvadasxva adgilas Cndeba, ar unda uarvyoT, rom
yvelaze farTod gavrcelebuli naSromebi, xSirad iyeneben
Zveli, anglofonuri samyaros imperiuli qveynebis kultur
ologiis mier Seqmnil gamokvlevebs. codnas araviTar SemTx
vevaSi ara aqvs mxolod erTi mimarTuleba centridan gareT

29
 magram isic ar unda vifiqroT, TiTqos centrebi ar gamo
yofen centriskenul Zalas, Tundac evrocentrizmis sawi
naaRmdegod. am sakiTxze kamaTi mxolod sasurvelis realobad
CaTvla iqneboda.

britanuli kulturologia

Cemi idealizebuli warmodgena am sferos, rogorc Taname

drove kulturis erTdroulad Teoriuli da empiriuli kuTx
iT Semswavleli mecnierebis Sesaxeb, Tavidan bolomde Camoya
libebulia britanuli kulturologiis mixedviT, romelic,
xSirad (da seriozuli mizezebis gamo), am disciplinis sabadod
iTvleba msoflio masStabiT. swored gaerTianebul samefoSi
ganisazRvra kultura erTdroulad, rogorc cxovrebis wesi,
teqstebis erToblioba da socialuri dayofis instrumenti.
britaneTSi kulturologi aRiqmeboda, rogorc `organuli
inteleqtuali~, SezRuduli an SedarebiT uuflebo jgufis
warmomadgeneli adreul xanebSi garkveuli klasis, Semdeg
sqesis, rasis an seqsualuri orientaciis, mogvianebiT ki raime
jgufis an subkulturis mixedviT. kulturologs (sulerTia,
qali iqneba es Tu kaci), ganaTlebisadmi iseTi damokidebuleba
aqvs, rogorc progresuli politikis iaraRisadmi (britanuli
kulturologia mSromelTa saganmanaTleblo moZraobidan
iRebs saTaves) da SeiaraRebulia Teoriuli da interpretaci
uli koncefciebiT, romlebic saSualebas miscemen siRrmiseu
lad Caswvdnen nebismier teqsts an kulturul situacias.
britanuli kulturologia mudmivi davis sagans war
moadgenda. amJamad ar vapireb am davis detalurad ganxilvas
(ix. terneri 1996; dvorkini 1997; stili 1997). aucilebelia
gvaxsovdes, rom britaneTSi kulturologia aRmocenda `cen
trSi~ (birmingemis universitetSi), romelic daafinansa Pen-
guin Books-is mflobelma. gamomcemloba im droisaTvis xarisx
ian literaturas avrcelebda. misi pirveli xelmZRvaneli iyo
riCard hogarti, romlis nawarmoebma `ganaTlebis upirate
soba~ (The Uses of Literacy 1957) es axali sfero Tavis irgvliv
gaaerTiana. am droisaTis kulturologia dialogis procesSi
iyo literaturuli kritikis erT-erT formasTan, romelic

30
f. r. livisma ganaviTara. livisizmi (rogorc mas daerqva) mi
iCnevda, rom ena Seicavs SemorCenil mniSvnelobebs, romlebic
srulad ar aris CarTuli Tanamedrove, dabalxarisxovan ko
merciul kulturaSi. is Seicavs elementebs, romelTac unari
SeswevT asaxon cxovrebis ufro metad sazogadoebrivi da har
moniuli wesi. erTi sityviT, ena Tanamedrove meqanizaciisgan
dacvis saSualebaa (malherni 2000, 18). livisis azriT, es ufro
literaturul enas exeboda, radgan literaturuli kritika,
romelic literaturasTan aris dakavSirebuli, yvelaze met
safuZvels iZleoda kulturuli kritikisTvis rogor ucn
auradac ar unda gveCvenebodes es Tvalsazrisi dRes.
reimond uiliamsma uaryo azri, rom literaturuli ena
am saxis eTikur kapitals Seicavs da yuradReba literatu
ridan kulturaze gadaitana. `kulturasa da sazogadoebaSi~
(1958) man gaaanaliza istoria, romelSic `kultura~ didi xnis
ganmavlobaSi aRiqmeboda, rogorc Tanamedrove sazogadoe
bis komercializaciisgan da demokratizaciisgan dacvis sa
Sualeba. man uCvena, Tu rogor viwrovdeboda TandaTanobiT,
edmund burkidan livisamde (e.i. daaxloebiT 1760-1960 wlebs
Soris) absoluturi kulturis koncefcia, sustdeboda misi
mimdevrebis kavSiri Zlier socialur ZalebTan da rogor
xdeboda maT mimarT gaJRerebuli qebis ritorika sul ufro
da ufro civi. `ordinaluri~ kulturis SegrZneba daikarga.
amdenad, misi proeqtis mizani iyo kvlav SeekavSirebina kul
tura, xelovnebisa da literaturis saxiT, ordinarul (Cveu
lebriv) adamianTa kulturasTan (es, nawilobriv, dakavSirebu
li iyo e.w. `axal memarcxeneTa~ mier oficialuri leninisturi
doqtrinis uaryofasTan, romelic komunistur partias Cveu
lebriv muSaze ufro maRal, privilegirebul mdgomareobaSi
ayenebda). swored es aris britanuli kulturologiis warmo
Sobis sakvanZo momenti.
`kulturisa da sazogadoebis~ problema imaSi mdgomare
obs, rom Tavad uiliamss ar SeeZlo kulturis ukugdeba, ro
gorc es burkes konservatoruli moZraobis mier iyo gansaz
Rvruli, radgan iziarebda mis uaryofiT Sexedulebebs
Tanamedrove sazogadoebis mowyobis Sesaxeb. `kultura da
sazogadoeba~ mTavrdeba mtkicebiT, rom Cven gvWirdeba kul
turis ufro vrceli gansazRvreba, rogoricaa `cxovrebis

31
wesi~ (es fraza Semoitana t.s. eliotma, amJamad ki mas radikal
uri elferi mieca, romelic uiliamsma kidev ufro ganaviTara
Tavis Semdeg wignSi `xangrZlivi revolucia~), magram, rogorc
gairkva, aqac Secda, radgan gairkva, rom muSaTa klasis soli
darobas SeeZlo maRali kulturis sakuTari demokratiuli
saxesxvaobis Seqmna kapitalisturi, bazarze orientirebuli
Tanamedroveobis winaaRmdeg.
mogvianebiT, mas Semdeg, rac uiliamsma Camoayaliba, ro
gorc Tavad uwodebda, `kulturuli materializmis~ Teoria,
misi mTavari Tema gaxda urTierToba politikurs, ekonomi
kursa da kulturuls Soris. kulturuli materializmi aR
mocenda marqsistuli `bazisisa da zednaSenis~ Teoriis mra
valwaxnagovani kritikis safuZvelze. am Teoriis mixedviT
cvlilebebi `zednaSenSi~ (e.i. kulturasa da ideologiaSi,
socialuri Rirebulebebisa da stereotipebis mniSvnelobiT)
ganisazRvreba cvlilebebiT mis `bazisSi~ (anu ekonomikaSi).
uiliamsi amis sawinaaRmdegod amtkicebda, rom cvlilebebi
ekonomikur struqturebSi ver axsnian cvlilebebs kultu
ris organizaciaSi an mis SinaarsSi. kulturuli formebi da
movlenebi ufro mravalferovania, kulturuli muSakebisT
vis xelmisawvdomi specifikuri SesaZleblobebi ufro didi
raodenobiT arsebobs, vidre nebismieri ekonomikuri fondis
cnobarSia. ufro metic, uiliamsma ganacxada, rom `bazisisa da
zednaSenis~ Teoria sakmaris yuradRebas ar uTmobs uSualod
kulturis materialurobas. misi azriT, kultura Sedgeba
saqmianobaTagan, romlebic msoflios formirebaSi monawil
eoben da isinic materialurebi arian: rogorc kulturolo
giis erT-erTi fuZemdeblis, stiuart holis cnobili fraza
gveubneba `sityva iseve materialuria, rogorc msoflio~. bo
los, uiliamsi kicxavs `bazisisa~ da `zednaSenis~ gancalkeve
bas. misi azriT, orive maTgani ufro didi, erTiani socialuri
cnebis aspeqtebs warmoadgens, romlebic mudmivad urTierTq
medeben da icvlebian.
uiliamsis Teoria mis adreul wignSi efuZneba varauds,
rom sazogadoebebi urTierTdakavSirebul mTlianobebs war
moadgenen, da radganac yvela socialuri saqmianobac aseve,
kulturul saqmianobas wamoadgens, e.i. warmoadgenen saqmi
anobebs, romlebsac koleqtiuri mniSvneloba aqvT. es argu

32
menti, romelic `kulturalizmad~ moinaTla, adreul 70-ian
wlebSi Setevis obieqtad iqca. Tavad uiliamsi miubrunda
omamdeli italieli komunistis, antonio gramSis naSromebs,
raTa wamoeWra misi adrindeli `organuli~ kulturalizmis,
gansakuTrebiT ki gramSis `hegemoniis~ koncefciis problema.
gramSis mixedviT hegemonia iZleoda imis axsnas, Tu ratom ar
iRebda klasobrivi konfliqti epidemiis saxes, miuxedavad
imisa, rom Zalaufleba da kapitali ase araTanabrad iyo ga
nawilebuli da mSromeli klasi (kerZod, italiaSi samxreTeli
glexoba) aseT gaWirvebaSi cxovrobda. gramSi amtkicebda, rom
Raribebi nawilobriv imis gamo eguebodnen TavianT mZime mdgo
mareobas, rom mdidrebTan saziaro hqondaT garkveuli kul
turuli faseulobebi. klasTaSorisi aliansebi, anu `bloke
bi~ yalibdeboda garkveuli interesebis irgvliv garkveul
pirobebSi an garkveul garemoebaTa Tanxvedris dros. erT-
erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani aseTi `kulturuli fronti~
warmoadgens popularul nacionalizms. Tumca, hegemonia,
gansakuTrebiT ki, Selamazebuli saxiT, rogorc mas uiliamsi
warmogvidgenda, mxolod rwmena, interesi an `ideologia~ ar
yofila. rogorc uiliamsi werda: is mTlianad moicavda `praq
tikas da molodins, Cveni energiis gadanawilebas, Cven mier
adamianis bunebisa da misi garemomcveli samyaros Cveulebriv
aRqmas~ (uiliamsi, 1980 b, 38). rac mTavaria, is iZleoda cvli
lebis dapirebas, zogjer ki SesaZleblobasac. hegemonia imde
nad mWidrod iyo dakavSirebuli rwmenebTan da vnebebTan, rom
SeeZlo cxovrebiseuli praqtikis ZiriTadi arsis formireba.
samocdaaTiani wlebis ganmavlobaSi gramSis ideebi ilaS
qrebden socialuri analizis sxva, marqsistuli meTodis wi
naaRmdeg, romelsac `struqturalisturi~ meTodi uwodes.
struqturalisturi analizi uaryofda kulturis kategori
as da sTavazobda sazogadoebis iseT ganmartebas (igi frangi
revizionisti komunistis lui alTuseris did gavlenas gan
icdida), romelic warmoadgenda mas, rogorc `SedarebiTi av
tonomiis mqone~ (anu, erTmaneTTan sustad dakavSirebuli da
TviTmyofadi) instituciebis romelTa Soris ganaTlebis
sistemas wamyvani adgili ekava erTianobas, romlebic mori
geobiT qmnidnen codnisa da faseulobaTa sxvadasxva formebs
(e.w. `gamomsaxvelobiTi formebi~) romlebic, bolo magaliTis

33
mixedviT, ise iyo organizebuli, rom warmoebis kapitalistu
ri urTierTobebi ukvdaveyoT.
gramSianizmsa da struqturalizms Soris brZola etapo
brivad oTxmociani wlebis ganmavlobaSi dasrulda. im droi
saTvis stiuart holi (igi reimond uiliamsis gzas gahyva,
rogorc britanuli kulturologiis yvelaze gavleniani
Teoretikosisa da romelic amgvar inteleqtualur debatebSi
didi mondomebiTa da seriozulobiT monawileobda) muSaobda
modelze, romelic ganixilavda pluralistul, decentrali
zebul, post-fordistul sazogadoebas, romelSic gansx
vavebuli socialuri da kulturuli sferoebi (ekonomikuri,
politikuri da kulturuli) mudmiv da mudmivad cvalebad
urTierTqmedebaSi arseboben. arc erTi sfero ar gansazRvravs
danarCenebs, miuxedavad imisa, rom ekonomika kvlav awesebs
SezRudvebs, romelTac danarCenebi emorCilebian (holi 1996,
44). (am tipis modeli, odnav Secvlili saxiT, zeviT maqvs ganxi
luli). am modelis mixedviT, calkeuli urTierTqmedebebi so
cialur da kulturul sferoebs Soris lokaluria da ar unda
axdendes gavlenas sazogadoebaze mTlianobaSi. ufro sworad,
TiToeul urTierTqmedebas Zlieri gavlena gaaCnia, radganac
calkeuli pirovnebebis cxovrebas gansazRvravs. garda amisa,
individebs aqvT gansxvavebuli, xSirad cvalebadi identuro
baTa mTeli rigi da ara erTaderTi mudmivi identuroba. iden
turobaTa amgvari gavrceleba, gamogonebisa da kombinaciebis
Secvlis SesaZleblobebi, romelsac is iZleva, politikuri da
kulturuli urTierTobebis safuZvels qmnis.
marTlac, am Teorias Tu ar CavTvliT, individisa da sazoga
doebis Sesaxeb warmodgena wlebis ganmavlobaSi Seicvala. mag
aliTad, birmingemis skolis avtorebis koleqtivis mier Se
qmnil SedarebiT adreul naSromSi `krizisuli politikis
gatareba~ (holi da sxv. 1978) aRwerilia, rom mediis panikam,
romelic 1973 wels axalgazrda Savkaniani mamakacis mier hen
dsvorTSi Cadenil xulignobis aqts mohyva, saSualeba misca
saxelmwifos, gaetarebina politika, romelic ara imdenad da
naSaulis winaaRmdeg, aramed zogadad Savkaniani axalgazrda
mamakacebis winaaRmdeg iyo mimarTuli. aman uCvena, rom ideo
logia, romelic sazogadod aRiarebuli rwmenebisa da stereo
tipebisgan Sedgeba, gansxvavebuli, zogjer ki dapirispirebuli

34
Zalebis urTierTqmedebis Sedegad aris Seqmnili. maT umete
sobas grZeli da rTuli istoria aqvs da rasistuli faseulo
bebis hegemoniisken da Savkaniani adamianebis SezRudvisken
iyo mimarTuli. isini Savkanian axalgazrdebs miiCnevdnen
ideologiis, policiis, mediisaTvis da a.S. safrTxis Semcvel
obieqtebad da ara moTamaSeebad, romlebic molaparakebas mar
Taven da am socialur sferoSi dominanturi Zalis winaaRmdeg
gamodian.
oTxmociani wlebis kulturologiaSi unda Secvliliyo
msxverplis pasiurobis koncefcia, radgan adamianebs ukve
Tvlidnen moqmed Zalad da ara ufro didi ideologiuri da
socialuri struqturebis obieqtebad. amis Sedegad `war
momadgenlobiTi politika~ Zalian mniSvnelovani gaxda. am
nabijiT warmomadgenlobam ori mniSvneloba miiRo: pirveli
iTvaliswinebs imas, Tu rogor iqna warmodgenili TiToeuli
socialuri jgufi, gansakuTrebiT ki mediaSi da agreTve, is
politikuri sargebeli, romelsac im warmomadgenlobebis
kritikis Sedegad miiRebdnen, romlebic maT daRs asvamen.
meore mniSvneloba ki exeba im saSualebebs, romlebiTac war
momadgenlobiTma politikosebma Zalaufleba daakargvines
garkveul interesebsa da erTeulebs da Seamcires maTi poli
tikuri Zalaufleba, gansakuTrebiT ki umciresobebis, ameri
kuli gagebiT.
britanulma kulturologiam pasiurobidan Semdegi nabiji
gadaidga `eTnografiis~ mimarTulebiT, romelic mecniere
bas ki ar warmoadgens warmomadgenlobebis (rogorebicaa
satelevizio Souebi an reklamebi) an instituciebis Sesaxeb,
aramed imis analizs, Tu rogor gamoiyeneba da aRiqmeba kul
tura individebis an jgufebis mier. eTnografia or formas
iRebs. is SeiZleba iyos `raodenobiTi~, rac didi masStabis
gamokvlevebs da (xSirad) statistikur analizebs aerTianebs.
Tumca, am tipis kvleva-Zieba, sabolood, ufro socialur mec
nierebebs miekuTvneba, vidre kulturologias. is, agreTve,
SeiZleba moicavdes interviuebs adamianTa mcire jgufebTan
an calkeul pirovnebebTan e.w. `xarisxobrivi~ kvleva. bri
tanuli (da avstraliuri) kulturologia, samocdaaTiani
wlebis bolos, eTnografiuli kvlevis am ukanasknel formas
miubrunda, rac didi gayriT aRiniSna humanitarul mecniere

35
baSi iseT gabatonebul teqstur da saarqivo disciplinebTan,
rogorebicaa literaturuli kritika da socialuri Teoria.
Tavdapirvelad, kulturologiurma eTnografiam koncentri
reba moaxdina imaze, Tu rogor miiRebda an uaryofda cvaleba
di klasobrivi, sqesobrivi an eTnikuri Semadgenlobis audi
toria axali ambebisa da sxva programebis politikur ganxras.
male gairkva, rom sazogadoebis naklebad privilegirebuli
wevrebi umetesad, konservatiul programebs aniWebdnen upi
ratesobas, kulturologiuri eTnografia gadaerTo tele
viziis, kiTxvis, musikis da a.S. momxmarebelTa yoveldRiur
cxovrebaze gavlenis moxdenis sakiTxze da yuradReba miapyro
im siamovnebas, Sefasebebs, miRwevebs, kavSirebsa da SezRud
vebs, romlebsac kulturuli cxovreba Seicavda. oTxmocdaa
Tiani wlebisaTvis britanuli kulturologiuri eTnografia
moicavda moxsenebebs garkveuli Janrebis Tayvanismcemlebis
(fanebis) Sesaxeb, Tavad es momxseneblebic Tayvanismcemlebi
(fanebi) iyvnen da erTdroulad swavlulebic erTi sityviT
warmoadgendnen inteleqtualebs gemovnebis subkulturebSi.
marTalia, britanuli kulturologiis traeqtoria zoga
dad kulturologiisaTvis gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas in
arCunebs radgan pirvelad swored britaneTSi gamoiyo es
sfero institucionalurad. samarTlianoba moiTxovs vaRiar
oT, rom britanuli kulturologia, amJamad, msoflio kul
turologiis mxolod erT-erT periferiad iqca. amJamad, is
sakmaod SezRudulia britaneTze misi mzardi koncentrire
biT. disciplinam globalizacia ganicada da ganmazogadebeli
Teoriebis mxardaWera ufro gaZnelda, swored amis gamo bri
tanulma kulturologim ukan daixia da sakuTari nacional
uri saxelmwifos CarCoebSi moeqca.

aSS-s kulturologia

kulturologias aSS-Si britanulisgan sakmaod gansxvave

buli mniSvneloba aqvs, Tumca, mis britanul versiebs aSS-Sic
hyavT mimdevrebi. maT Soris aRsaniSnavia jeims qeri (masobri
vi komunikaciebis sferodan), lourens grosbergi da jorj
lipsici amerikanistikis sferos warmomadgeneli (misi kari

36
eris dasawyisi muSaTa moZraobas ukavSirdeba) (ix. qeri 1983
da 1997; grosbergi 1997; lipsici 1990). araerTi mcdeloba
yofila imisa, rom kulturologiisaTvis amerikaSi warmoSo
ba mieweraT (ix. mag. grosbergi 1996). yvelaze damajerebeli
maikl deningis mcdeloba aRmoCnda, romelic Seecada sax
alxo frontis kulturologiis dargis inteleqtualTa, im
moazrovneTa mier datovebuli memkvidreoba Seegrovebina,
romelTac, marTlac gadamwyveti roli Seasrules omisSem
dgomi amerikanistikis ganviTarebaSi (deningi 2004, 136-142).
(`saxalxo fronti~ iyo memarcxene Zalebis antifaSisturi
aliansi, romelic rogorc komunist, ise arakomunist aqtiv
istebs aerTianebda da acxadebda, rom xalxis nebas gamoxatav
da). aRsaniSnavia, agreTve, rom meoce saukunis dasawyisis prag
matikosebi, rogoric iyo, magaliTad, jon diui, seriozul da
sul ufro mzard yuradRebas aqcevdnen damokidebulebas ar
sebul kulturasa da socialur samarTlianobas Soris da aq
tiurad iswrafodnen SeeqmnaT iseTi instituciebi, romlebic
muSaTa klass Tvalsawieris gafarToebaSi daexmareboda. am
miznis gansaxorcieleblad SemdgomSi iseTma marqsistma soci
ologebma ganagrZes muSaoba, rogorebic arian magaliTad, s.
raiT milzi (misi sadoqtoro Sroma diuianistur pragmatizms
exeboda). milss klasisa da Zalauflebis sakiTxebi ukeTesad
esmoda, vidre diuis; swored man gaavrcela termini `elita~
da yuradReba (uaryofiTi gagebiT) `masobriv kulturas~ mia
pyro. es memercxene, inteleqtualuri tradicia, gavlenas ax
denda iseT figurebze, rogoric aris, magaliTad, feministi
beti feridani, romelic 60-iani wlebis muSaTa moZraobidan
movida da romlis Sroma pirdapir ukavSirdeba kulturolo
gias.
meore mxriv, myari argumentebis moyvana SeiZleba imis sa
sargeblodac, rom afro-amerikeli lideri, u.e.b. diubua
amerikul kulturologiur mimdinareobas mivakuTvnoT sa
mociani wlebis moZraobis `Zalaufleba Savkanianebs~ in
teleqtuali lerua jonsis meSveobiT. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
iseT JurnalebSi, rogorebicaa `politika~ da `partizanuli
mimomxilveli~, omisSemdgomi periodis antikomunisti, memar
cxene `niu iorkis inteleqtualebi~ (gansakuTrebiT ki duait
makdonaldi), romelTac axlo kontaqti hqondaT nacisturi

37
germaniidan gandevnil ebraelebTan, magaliTad, maqs horx
eimerTan (frankfurtis skolidan) kulturas britaneli kul
turologebis livisis, oruelis da hogartis msgavsad ga
nixilavdnen. arsebobdnen iseTi mwerlebic, rogorebic arian
robert uorSou, meni farberi da parker taileri, romlebic
saxalxo (popularul) kulturas (gansakuTrebiT ki filmebs),
meti TanagrZnobiT ganixilavdnen, vidre `partizanuli mi
momxilveli~ da isini, vinc Suamavlebis rols asrulebdnen
Jurnalistikisa da amerikanistikis ganuxrelad mzard sfe
roebs Soris.
kulturologiis amerikuli warmomavlobis saTanadod
dasabuTeba cota rTulia da warmoSobs kiTxvas: YRirs ki Tavis
Sewuxeba? ratom iTreven debatebSi erovnul siamayes? faqti
is aris, rom analizis formebi, romlebic uiliamsma da holma
ganaviTares (gramSis, miSel de sertos, alTuseris, fukosa
da sxv. kvaldakval) unikaluri da specifikuria da aSkarad
mimarTulia tradiciul memarcxeneTa (amerikel memarcxene
Ta CaTvliT) humanisturi sistemebis winaaRmdeg. es adgilo
brivi, istoriis Semqmneli mosazrebebi xSirad ugulebelyofs
im faqts, rom, tradiciuli disciplinebi, romlebic rTuli
profesionalizmiT arian SeiaraRebulni, xSir SemTxvevaSi
aSS-Si ufro Zlierni arian, vidre laTinur amerikaSi, aziaSi,
britaneTsa Tu avstraliaSi.
Tanamedrove aSS-Si kulturologia, Cveulebriv, asocird
eba mecnierTa `umciresobasTan~, anu multikulturalizmTan
da rasisa da Zalauflebis analizTan. (aq, ra Tqma unda, `um
ciresobas~ sruliad gansxvavebuli mniSvneloba aqvs, vidre
f.r. livisisTvis hqonda, visTvisac `umciresobis kultura~
masobrivi komunikaciis winaaRmdegobaSi dadanaSaulebulTa
alyaSemortymul samecniero kulturas aRniSnavda; gansxvave
buli mniSvneloba hqonda mas frangi Teoretikosis Jil deli
uzisaTvis da raRac ufro `marginalurs~ aRniSnavda).
aSS-Si kulturologia SeiZleba popularuli kulturis
mxolod Seswavlas gulisxmobdes, rei Cou amtkicebda, rom
misi amerikuli warmoSobis dasamtkiceblad oTxi, sakmaod
gansxvavebuli mosazreba unda gaeTvaliswinebinaT (ix. Cou
1998, 2-4). pirveli maTgania aradasavluri kulturebis dasav
luri gamovlinebebis kritika, razec pirvelad edvard saidma

38
isaubra Tavis wignSi `orientalizmi~ (1978). meore, gaiatri
spivakis mniSvnelovani Sromis mixedviT, daqvemdebarebulTa
problemas (e.i. uufleboTa da gabatonebulTa) da imis anal
izs warmoadgens, Tu rogor moqmedeben erToblivad sqesi,
rasa, kulturuli sxvadasxvaoba da klasi daqvemdebarebu
lobis dasaweseblad (spivaki, 1988). mesamea `umciresobis
diskursis~ analizi, anu yuradReba daqvemdebarebulTa az
ris mimarT. meoTxe da bolo ki exeba `hibridulobas~ (ix. gb.
150-2 qvemoT). naklebad SesaZlebelia, rom britaneTsa da avs
traliaSi amgvari problemebi sxavadasxva disciplinarul ru
brikaSi moxvedriliyo. SesaZlebelia, rom isini ufro proto
kolonialistur, multikulturalistur an iqneb eTnikuri
mecnierebebisaTvis miekuTvnebinaT, vidre kulturologi
isaTvis.
aSS-Si kulturologia ufro naklebad aris Sepyrobili
amerikiT, vidre britaneTSi aris Sepyrobili britaneTiT.
SeiZleba amis mizezi is iyos, rom aSS udidesi msoflio Zalaa
da saerTaSoriso masStabiT akademiuri personalisa da stu
dentebis ufro did raodenobas izidavs. am konteqstSi, mniS
vnelovania aRiniSnos, rom aSS is qveyanaa, sadac `mxareTmcod
neoba~ ukeT aris ganviTarebuli, rac specifikuri regionebis
interdisciplinaruli TvalsazrisiT Seswavlas niSnavs da
`erovnuli gamocdilebis avtoritetulobisa da auTentiku
robis~ mimarT yuradRebas abalansebs. rogorc hari haruTuni
ani aRniSnavs, amas potenciuri sargebloba moaqvs oficialuri
sagareo politikisTvisac (haruTuniani 2000, 41). ix. aseve, mi
ioSi da haruTuniani 2000). savaraudod, am regionebma im uxeSad
dayofili da koherentuli gaerTianebebis formireba unda mo
axdinon, romlebic ganviTarebas saWiroeben. kulturologia,
romelic xazs usvams sxvadasxva kulturebs Soris mobiluro
bisa da urTierTqmedebis mniSvnelobas, produqtiulad axdens
`mxareTmcodneobis~ problematizeba maSinac ki, rodesac mas
Tan dialogSi Sedis. swored amgvari problematizeba Sesaxeb
iyo gamarTuli kamaTi iseT JurnalebSi, rogoricaa `saxalxo
kultura~. miuxedavad amisa, `mxareTmcodneobis~ upirateso
bam, amerikuli sauniversiteto sistemis ierarqiul struqtu
rasTan erTad, romelic sxva qveynebis universitetebTan Se
darebiT ufro naklebad imarTeba saxelmwifos mier, daxmareba

39
gauwia am qveyanaSi kulturologiis ganviTarebas.

avstraliuri kulturologia

avstraliuri kulturologiis warmoSoba ufro metad

britaneTis kulturologiasTan aris dakavSirebuli, vidre
aSS-s kulturologiasTan. avstraliaSi kulturologiis im
portireba moxda axalgazrda britaneli mecnierebis nakadis
mier, romlebmac samocdaaTiani wlebis bolosa da oTxmociani
wlebis dasawyisSi avstralias samuSaos Sovnis imediT mia
Sures. eseni iyvnen toni beneti, jon fiske, jon harTli, qolin
merseri, devid saundersi da sxvebi, maT Seqmnes nayofieri im
portirebuli inteleqtualuri kultura rogorc akademiis
sazRvrebs gareT, ise mis momijnave sferoebSi muSaobiT. maTi
gansakuTrebuli interesis sagans uaxlesi evropuli mimdi
nareobebi warmoadgenda, gansakuTrebiT ki iseTi sakiTxebi,
rogoricaa, magaliTad Tu ras akeTebdnen axali alTuseri
anebi, raSi mdgomareobda fukos bolodroindeli gamokvleve
bi an romeli aqtiuri figurebi SeuerTdnen ien hanTers da me
gan moriss. rogorc aRmoCnda, kulturologiam avstraliur
akademiur sistemaSi ukeT moikida fexi, vidre sadme sxvagan,
rac imas niSnavda, rom misi moTxovna Zireuli politikuri fa
seulobebis mimarT ufro rTulad SesanarCunebeli unda yo
filiyo, magram es swrafad mogvarda.
miuxedavad amisa, sakmaod mniSvnelovan esseSi, romelic
avstraliis kulturologiis krebuls mimoixilavda, jon
frou da megan morisi amtkicebdnen, rom avstraliur kul
turologias hqonda unari, ganexila `warmosaxviTi social
uri jgufebi~ rogorc saSiSroebis Semcveli da `kulture
bi CaeTvala procesebad, romlebsac rogorc gamyofi, ise
gamaerTianebeli funqcia gaaCniaT~ (frou da morisi 1993, ix).
aseT pirobebSi, avstraliurma kulturologiam demistifika
toris roli Seasrula, romelic msgavsi iyo im Zveli, marqsis
tuli Teoriisa, romelic klass yvela socialuri formirebis
centrSi aTavsebda da Cveul, erTian kulturas iluzorulad,
cru cnobierebis produqtad Tvlida. frousa da morisis az
riT, migrant/mkvidrTa da kolonizator/kolonizebulTa

40
jgufebi da ara klasebi warmoadgendnen adgilobrivi discip
linebis gansakuTrebuli interesis sferos, romelic, Tun
dac, popularuli kulturis interesebis win ikavebs adgils.
amJamad rTulia zustad ise aRviqvaT saqmis viTareba, ro
gorc es iyo oTxmocdaaTiani wlebis dasawyisSi, miuxeda
vad imisa, rom arsebobs mniSvnelovani naSromebi, romlebic
migrantTa kulturis Sesaxeb Seqmnes (magaliTad), ien engma
(2001) da gasan heigma (1998), aseve, adgilobrivi inteleqtu
alebis axalma Taobam toni birCma, marSa lengtonma da filip
morisem romelTac Tanamedrove aborigenuli kulturis ax
ali koncefcia Camoayalibes stiven muekesa da erik maiklsis
pioneruli Sromis Semdgom (misi cudi aborigenuli mxatvroba
mniSvnelovan sakiTxavad rCeba am sferoSi momuSave nebismieri
adamianisTvis msoflios nebismier adgilas) (ix. mueke 1992;
maiklzi 1994).
Tanamedrove avstraliuri kulturologia TandaTan nor
maSi dgeba, koncentrirebas axdens kulturuli politikis
Seswavlaze da xSirad, kritikis gareSe, popularul kul
turasa da mediazec. friskesa da harTlis Sromebis Semdeg
swored avstraliaSi daiwyo popularuli kulturis aRniS
vna ganmaTavisuflebel Zalad (amis Sesaxeb ufro detalu
rad qvemoT visaubrebT) . samocdaaTiani wlebis axalgazrda
populistebs amJamad seriozuli Tanamdebobebi ukaviaT da
rac adre gzis gakvalvad iTvleboda, axla normad aris miRe
buli. avstraliis mTavrobebis mTeli rigis Tanmimdevrulma
mzadyofnam samewarmeo universitetebis xelisSewyobis saqme
Si, daexmara mesame klasis, teqnikuri ganaTlebis ufro Zvel
fakultetebis ganviTarebas iseT dargebSi, rogorebicaa, mag.
komunikaciebi, ramac saSualeba misca maT, gavlena moexdinaT
kulturologiis ufro abstraqtul da Teorizebul dargebze
iseTi saSualebebiT, romlebic TiTqos am ukanasknelT kri
tikis Zalas ukargavdnen. garda amisa, kvlevis dafinansebis
struqtura, romelic axalgazrda mecnierebsac ki grantebis
mopovebisken ubiZgebs, konformistuli xdeba. iqneb avstra
liuri kulturologia imas gviCvenebs, Tu rogori gaxdeba es
disciplina, humanitarul mecnierebebs Soris SedarebiT meti
gavlena rom moipovos.

41
lokaluri kvlevebi

lokaluri kulturologiuri kvlevebis nacionaluri

versiebi diferencirebul unda iqnes kvazi-disciplinebisgan,
romlebsac specifikur naciebze an sazogadoebebze foku
sireba axasiaTebT: magaliTad, Cikano/Seswavla, britanistika
da amerikanistika, romelTagan TiToeuli `lokalur kvlevas~
warmoadgens. damabnevelia is, rom lokalur kvlevebs, zogjer
SeiZleba ufro viwro mniSvnelobis qve-formaciebi gaaCndes,
romlebic fokusirebulia mxolod kulturaze, magaliTad,
CikanoTa/kulturologia da britanuli kulturologia.
amgvarad, anTologiaTa axlaxan gamosuli krebuli, romelic
oqsfordis universitetma gamosca (Oxford University Press) sa
TauriT `britanuli kulturologia~, `amerikuli kulturo
logia~ da a.S. sinamdvileSi ar miekuTvneba kulturologias
im gagebiT, romelzec aq vimsjeleT (`WeSmariti~ kulturo
logia); isini ubralod acnoben studentebs britanul da
amerikul kulturebs rigi socialuri da humanitaruli per
speqtivebidan. amgvari akademiuri formaciebi imis gamo gan
viTarda, rom mosaxerxebelia klasebSi maTi mTlian Sekvrad
efeqturad swavleba, xSirad iseTi studentebisTvisac ki,
romelTa specialobas saerTod ar warmoadgens socialuri
da humanitaruli mecnierebebi, an, sulac ara-kvleviTi insti
tutebis studentebisTvis. swored amis gamo maT ver miaRwies
aRiarebuli, kvlevaze dafuZnebuli disciplinebis statuss.
amasTanave, maT hqondaT tendencia emuSavaT erovnuli iden
turobis yvelaze mniSvnelovan cnebebze da xSir SemTxvevaSi
(rogorc avstraliuri kvlevebis SemTxvevaSi) Ria naciona
listuri ganxriT. lokalur kvlevebs Soris amerikul dis
ciplinas gamorCeuli adgili ukavia: is am disciplinaTagan
yvelaze metad dawinaurda profesionaluri TvalsazrisiT,
Tanac realuri memarcxene fesvebi hqonda, Tumca misi nacio
naluri CarCoebi da Teoriisadmi daumorCileblobis tenden
cia gviCvenebda, rom misi mecnieruli gacvla-gamocvla WeS
marit kulturologiasTan SezRuduli iyo (medoqsi 1999).
zog SemTxvevaSi, WeSmariti kulturologia lokaluri kv
levebis wiaRidan aRmocenda. magaliTad aviRoT hong kongis
kulturologia. misi kvlevis ZiriTadi sagani hong kongis

42
gamorCeuloba iyo: hong kongis britaneTis koloniis saxiT
arsebobis xangrZlivi istoriis, kapitalizmTan da globalur
saeqsporto bazrebTan misi mwvave damokidebulebis, aseve 1997
wlidan misi, rogorc CineTis saxalxo respublikasa da danar
Cen samyaros Soris ekonomikuri mediatoris rolis gaanalize
bam, is dasavleTisa da aziis sazRvarze daayena (ix. erni 2001;
Cani 1995; Ciu 2001). gareSe piris TvalsazrisiT, hon kongis
kulturologia, Tundac britanuli kulturologiis Tval
sawieridan, cota provincialurad gamoiyureba, magram eWvga
reSea, rom misi, rogorc akademiuri disciplinis lokaluri
warmateba imis niSania, rom sazogadoebisaTvis aucilebelia
arastabilurobis dros msoflio viTarebaSi gaerkves, raTa
is inteleqtualuri kapitali SeinarCunos, romelic saWiroa
saeqsporto audio-video bazrebisTvis da rac aranakleb
mniSvnelovania, imisaTvis, rom Tavis Tavs is konceptualuri
iaraRi misces, romlis saSualebiTac moergeba an (frTxilad)
winaaRmdegobas gauwevs CineTis saxalxo respublikas.
kulturologiaSi, garda amgvari nacionaluri da lo
kaluri mimdinareobebis arsebobisa (qvemoT, TavSi, romelic
kulturologiis warsuls eTmoba, kulturologiis calkeul
magaliTebs ganvixilavT), mniSvnelovania gamovyoT kidev ori
mimdinareoba, romelic ganisazRvreba ara geografiuli niS
niT, aramed TviT disciplinis anti-elitizmTan da ordinaru
lobasTan damokidebulebiT.

kulturuli populizmi

rogorc vxedavT, kulturuli populizmi warmoadgens

kulturulogiis mimarTulebas, romelic, gansakuTrebu
lad, avstraliel jon fiskesa da jon hartlis kvlevebze da
fuZnebul SromebTan asocirdeba (ix. fiske 1989; hartli 1992;
kritika ix. makgigani 1992 da kelneri 1995). is gulisxmobs, rom
popularuli kultura mxolod maRali kulturis sawinaaR
mdego cneba ki ar aris, aramed dominanturi kulturis sawi
naaRmdego cnebacaa, rac imas niSnavs, rom misTvis popularu
lis dacvas politikuri Rirebuleba aqvs (mulherni 2000, 138).
amis cnobili magaliTia madonas mier maskaradis gamoyenebis

43
gamawonasworebeli zemoqmedeba, romelic jon friskem oTx
mociani wlebis bolos ganixila (fiske 1987). radikaluri pop
ulizmis Tvalsawieridan, popularuli kultura yovelTvis
hegemoniis winaaRmdeg ilaSqrebs, am SemTxvevaSi elituri he
gemonia igulisxmeba. is Tavdayira ayenebs maRali kulturis
momxre `umciresobis~ mravalferovan tradicionalistur
Sexedulebebs, romelic maRal kulturas trivialuri maso
brivi kulturisgan dacvad miiCnevs. amgvari poziciis Senar
Cuneba kidev ufro garTulda samewarmeo kulturis epoqaSi
ara marto imitom, rom maRali kultura ubralod Tavis Ri
rebulebas kargavda, aramed, rogorc ukve davinaxeT, popu
larulma kulturam Tavad daiwyo sxvadasxva niSebSi gafantva,
Serwyma da auditoriis ufro didi diapazonis gamoxmaurebis
moTxovna.

yoveldRiuri cxovreba

kulturologiis mimarTuleba, romelic yoveldRiur

cxovrebas ukavSirdeba, meoce saukunis dasawyisis inteleq
tualuri tradiciidan aRmocenda. man scada yoveldRiuri
cxovrebis Teorizacia im mizniT, rom Caswvdomoda da gan
eeitralebina Tanamedrove yofis mniSvnelovani gardaqm
nebi. SesaZlebelia sakvanZo momenti frangul siurealizms
ukavSirdeba, avangardul moZraobas, romelic omTaSorisi
periodis ganmavlobaSi miznad isaxavda gamoevlina yoveldRi
urobaSi dafaruli saidumloebi (sulieri saidumlo, da ara
saidumlo Serlok holmsis gagebiT Tumca, siurealistebis
azriT, deteqtivebSi SeiniSneba tendencia dagvanaxon yovel
dRiuri cxovrebis bneli mxare). daaxloebiT imave dros imis
gaazrebam, rom raRac Rirebuli SeiZleboda amoeRoT nac
nobi, yoveldRiuri cxovrebidan, SiSma, rom SesaZloa TviT
yoveldRiur cxovrebasac ki damuqreboda safrTxe Taname
droveobisgan, xeli Seuwyo britaneTSi, 1940-ian wlebSi sao
cari, farTomasStabiani moZraobis Seqmnas, saxelad `masebze
dakvirveba~. moZraoba TviT sazogadoebas mouwodebda mTeli
qveynis masStabiT CaeniSnaT yoveldRiuri cxovrebis detalebi
(haimori 2002).

44
 kulturologiasTan kidev ufro axlos dgas frangi komu
nisti Teoretikosi anri lefevri, romelmac 1940-ian wlebSi
yoveldRiuri cxovreba surrealistebis sapasuxod, akade
miuri socialuri Teoriis kategoriad Camoayaliba. misTvis
(rogorc ungreli Teoretikosis, georg lukaCis nawarmoe
bebis erTguli mkiTxvelisTvis) yoveldRiuroba adgilia,
sadac muSebi `gaucxoebiT~ cxovroben: is isevea dayofili,
rogorc adamianebis cxovreba kapitalizmis pirobebSi, sam
saxursa da dasvenebas Soris. lefevris azriT, kapitalis
tur Sromas, misi specializaciiTa da ganmeorebadobiT, ar
SeuZlia srulad gamoxatos muSaTa adamianuri potenciali
(ris gamoc isini `gaucxoebas~ ganicdian TavianTi WeSmariti
potenciuri bunebisgan), xolo Tavisufal dros dasveneba mx
olod Zalebis aRdgenisa da energiis dagrovebis saSualebas
warmoadgens samuSaos gasagrZeleblad, raTa kvlav ganagrZon
kapitalizmisTvis mogebis motana. lefevrisTvis, yoveldRi
uri cxovreba, marTlac, kapitalisturi Tanamedroveobis
produqtia: adre cxovreba ritualizebuli iyo, adamianebi
Tayvans scemdnen kosmiur Zalebs da swamdaT, rom tradiciebi
unda SeenarCunebinaT. es niSnavda, rom cxovreba arasodes iyo
erTferovani Cveni yoveldRiurobis gagebiT. Tanamedrove
yoveldRiuri cxovreba warmoiSoba socialuri wyobis si
carieleSi, romelsac fesvebi ar gaaCnia da romlis pirveladi
mizani ekonomikuri dovlaTis Seqmnaa. miuxedavad yovelive
amisa, is mainc rCeba sivrced, sadac adamianebs Tavisufali mo
qmedebis saSualeba eZlevaT da sadac politikuri dominanto
ba marcxs ganicdis. amgvarad, yoveldRiuri cxovreba oraz
rovania: is naklebad mniSvnelovania, vidre unda iyos, magram
amavdroulad avtonomias da sistemis mimarT winaaRmdegobas
jer kidev aqvT raRac Sansi (ix. lefebvri 1991).
yoveldRiuri cxovrebis lefevriseuli, pioneruli gan
marteba Znelad aRsaqmelia, radgan igi iyenebs mas, rogorc
Tanamedrove kapitalisturi sazogadoebis mier gancdili
zaralis, ise daumorCileblobisa da gardaqmnebis SesaZleb
lobebis dasakonkreteblad Tanamedrove kapitalizmis pi
robebSi. `yoveldRiuri cxovrebis~ miseuli ganmarteba nam
dvilad met niuansebs Seicavs, vidre reimond uiliamsisa da
riCard hogartis mowiweba yovelive `ordinarulis~ winaSe

45
da maTi, SedarebiT, sworxazovani mcdelobebi kulturuli
Rirebulebebisa da solidarobis lokalizaciisa Cveulebriv
cxovrebaSi. mogvianebiT kulturologias `yoveldRiuri
cxovrebis~ lefevriseuli rTuli kategoria unda SeeTanx
mebina uiliamsiseul martiv kategoriasTan. es moxerxda ie
zuiti mRvdlisa da qristianuli misticizmis istorikosis,
miSel de sertos wignis gavleniT. am wignma `yoveldRiuri
cxovrebis wesebi~ (`The Practices of Everyday Life~), romelic
inglisurad 1984 wels iTargmna, udidesi gavlena moaxdina
oTxmociani wlebis bolosa da oTxmocdaaTiani wlebis da
sawyisis kulturologiaze. sertos mimarT kulturologiis
Teoretikosebis keTilganwyobis mizezi imaSi mdgomareobda,
rom man kulturuli winaaRmdegobis depolitizacia moaxdina
da pirovnuli aqtiurobis koncefcia ganavrco. misi azriT,
pirovnebas sazogadoebasTan urTierTobisas yvela xerxis
gamoyenebis ufleba unda hqondes. is amtkicebs, rom kontro
lisa da saSualebebis qselebi, romelTa meSveobiTac calkeu
li individebi arseboben, kidev ufro Zlieri da racionaluri
gaxda, Tumca, maTSi kvlav rCeba susti wertilebi. amdenad,
jer kidev arsebobs iseTi garemoebebi, rodesac moqmedeba
SeiZleba sistemis logikis gareSe, an mis sawinaaRmdegodac,
Tundac isini, Cveulebriv, damalulni iyvnen. aseTi SemTx
vevebi ufro taqtikuria (yoveldRiuri cxovrebidan aRebuli)
vidre strategiuli (ramiT gamowveuli da dagegmili yovel
dRiuri cxovrebis garedan). isini, rogorc de serto uwo
debs, `Sesrulebis xelovnebas~ (Arts de Faire) moiTxoven, rac
zogjer raRac sruliad axals, moulodnels, gamomsaxvels
qmnis da rogorc wesi, amovardnils Sromis an moxmarebis im
formebidan, romlebic mogveTxoveba (de serto 1984, xii-xix).
amis magaliTad SeiZleba miviyvanoT daqiravebuli mSromeli
qali, romelic Tavisi damqiraveblis resursebsa da dros sa
kuTari saWiroebisaTvis iyenebs formalurad qurdobisa da
motyuebis gareSe. de sertos koncefcia avstralielma Teo
retikosma megan morisma kidev ufro ganavrco da masSi kul
turul saqmianobaTa ufro farTo speqtri Seitana (morisi
1988 da 1998).
ufro axlo warsulSi kulturul TeoriaSi kidev erTi
cxovrebiseuli koncefcia gamoCnda es aris jorjo agam

46
benis `SiSveli cxovreba~. agambeni gulisxmobs amoucnob bi
ologiur organizms da fukes msgavsad iyenebs mas imisTvis,
rom warmoadginos Tanamedroveoba, rogorc cxovrebis arsis
sul ufro mzardi politizacia da rogorc umaRlesi Zalau
flebis (anu saxelmwifos) sakuTar moqalaqeTa cxovrebaSi
maTi ZiriTadi biologiuri funqciebis doneze Carevis unari
(agambeni 1998). gaurkvevelia, Tu ramdenad gamosadegi iqneba
es koncefcia kulturologiisaTvis. misi erTi versia, war
moadgenili maikl hardtisa da antonio negris bestselerSi
`imperia~, amtkicebs, rom globalizaciisa da axali teqnolo
giebis danergvis arsebul pirobebSi, adamianebma bolos da bo
los miaRwies nacionaluri da klasobrivi niSnebiT SezRudvis
gauqmebis zRvars msoflio masStabiT. magram, am nawarmoebSi
`cxovreba~ Zalian Sors dgas uiliamsis mier Camoyalibebuli
yoveldRiuri wes-Cveulebebisgan. is ufro metafizikur cne
bas warmoadgens, romelic abstraqtul politikur funqcias
asrulebs, vidre kategorias, romelic istoriasa da politi
kaSi CarTul yoveldRiur arsebobaSi gamoixateba da SeuZlia
konteqstis Seqmna kritikuli analizisa da moqmedebisaTvis
(hardti da negri 2000).

kulturologia da misi monaTesave sferoebi

kulturologia xSirad sxva, institucionalurad ukeT

daculi disciplinebis gverdiT (an SigniT) viTardeba. ker
Zod, mas aqvs kompleqsuri da axlo kavSiri literaturul kv
levebTan, mediis kvlevebTan, anTropologiasTan, sociolo
giasTan, geografiasTan, istoriasTan, politikur Teoriasa da
socialur politikasTan. geografiasa da istoriaze drosa da
sivrcesTan dakavSirebul TavebSi SevCerdebiT. (Sesabamisad,
2 da 3 nawilebi). Cemi survilia mokled davaxasiaTo kulturu
logiis kavSirebi literaturul kvlevebTan, anTropolo
giasTan da sociologiasTan. modiT, pirvel rigSi yuradReba
gavamaxviloT literaturul kvlevaze. inglisuri literatu
ris ganyofilebebSi, gansakuTrebiT ki aSS-Si, kulturologias
gauCnda tendencia gamxdariyo daSlis, feminizmis, postko
lonializmisa da axali istoricizmis procesis gamgrZele

47
beli, TiTqos es literaturis `Seqmnis~ axali mimarTuleba
yofiliyo. sinamdvileSi es gasaanalizebeli obieqtebis, anu
popularuli teqstebis raodenobis zrdas gulisxmobs, aseve,
literaturis rogorc kulturuli produqtis Seswavlas.
nacvlad calkeuli teqstebis gauTavebeli interpretaciisa,
amgvari gardaqmnis Semdeg kulturologiam meti yuradReba
miapyro literaturul kvlevebs, rogorc sxvadasxva sazoga
doebisa da individis arsebobis Seswavlas sxvadasxva adgilas
da dros. magram, ra Tqma unda, araswori iqneboda gvefiqra,
TiTqos kulturologia, umTavresad, literaturuli kv
levebis erT-erTi ganxraa. aseTi azri, albaT, ufro liter
aturul mecnierebaTa Zalauflebisken swrafvis gamoxatule
baa.
kulturologias sociologiasa da anTropologiasTan
ufro rTuli damokidebuleba aqvs. sociologia kulturo
logias xSirad ufro literaturul disciplinad Tvlis,
romelsac postmodernizmisa da post-struqturalizmis elf
eri dahkravs, zedapiruli damokidebuleba aqvs empiriul kv
levasTan da warmodgena ara aqvs statistikur analizze. kul
turologiuri mxriv ki, sociologiis mizania faseulobaTa
mimarT neitraluri poziciis SenarCuneba, rac SeuZlebelia
da ris gamoc is xSirad iqceva pozitivisturi azris msxver
plad, TiTqos faqtebsa da monacemebs socialuri realobis
asaxva valdebulebebisa da faseulobebis gaTvaliswinebis ga
reSec SeuZliaT. maTi azriT, sociologia axSobs kulturas
misgan gamoyofiT. sociologiuri kvlevebis didi nawili, kul
turologiis TvalsazrisiT, gamartivebuli abstraqciebisgan
Sedgeba. am bolo dros, kulturul sociologiaSi Semavalma
seqtorebma kulturuli sferos racionalizacia scades misi
yovlismomcveli socialuri Teoriebis zewolis qveS moqce
viT, raTa kulturologiis TiTqosda anarqia ganedevnaT. aseT
gacnobierebul Canacvlebas SeiZleba anarqia mohyoloda (ix.
smiti 1998). Tumca, sinamdvileSi, sociologiis zogierTma se
qtorma kulturologiis elementebi SeiTvisa (amis kargi maga
liTia reimond uiliamsis Sesaxeb dawerili Tavi entoni giden
sis wignSi `sociologiis dasacavad~ 1996) da kulturologiis
didi nawili gadajaWvulia sociologiasTan. magaliTad, pol
uilisis `Sromis swavleba~ (1977), mniSvnelovani wigni, ro

48
melic amtkicebda, rom muSaTa klasidan gamosuli biWebis sas
kolo ganaTlebis mimarT winaaRmdegobis mizezi racionalur
strategiul pasuxs warmoadgenda im SezRudvebze, romlebic
maT dabadebidan sdevdaT Tan, orive disciplinisTvis klasi
kad iqca (longi 1997).
kulturologiam ufro metad anTropologiaze moaxdina
gavlena, vidre sociologiaze. amis mizezia is, rom anTropolo
giuri kvlevis klasikuri obieqtebi `adgilobrivi mkvidrni~,
romelTa sazogadoebebi da kulturebi SedarebiT xeluxle
beli darCa koloniuri da dasavluri gavlenisgan Seiwove
bian globalur qselebSi da radgan dRes amgvari kulturebis
TiTqosda, mecnierul Seswavlas politikuri mxardaWera ar
gaaCnia. bolos da bolos, is adgilobriv mosaxleobas pasiur da
daqvemdebarebul poziciaSi ayenebs. rodesac `sxva~ kulture
bi CaiTvleba dasavlur TanamedroveobasTan gaerTianebulad
(rac maincdamainc imas ar niSnavs, rom TavianTi gansakuTrebu
loba da damoukidebloba unda dakargon) da rogorc ki Casuli
mecnierebi maT mimarT araobieqtur pozicias daikaveben, maSin
gaxdeba rTuli anTropologiis gansxvaveba kulturologiis
gan (markusi 2001; anTropologiaze kulturologiis gavlenis
magaliTebisTvis ix. aivi 1995 da cingi 1993). dRes kamaTi ar
wydeba am or disciplinas Soris, radgan anTropologia amt
kicebs, rom kvleva unda efuZnebodes gansazRvrul savele
samuSaoebs e.w. `monawileTa dakvirvebas~, romlis drosac
mecnierebi TavianTi sakvlevi obieqtis cxovrebas samyaros
iziareben. magram, Tu ufro Rrmad CavwvdebiT, anTropologia,
rogorc Cans, metwilad kvlav im azrze rCeba, rom kulturebi
da sazogadoebebi, romelTac is Seiswavlis, avtonomiursa da
sistematizacias daqvemdebarebad erTeulebs warmoadgenen
(mokle istoriisa da kritikisaTvis ix. klifordi 1988, 1-25).
kulturologiaSi saqme sxvagvaradaa, is, rogorc CvenTvis cno
bilia, amJamad Tavis obieqtebs Seiswavlis (magaliTad, urbanul
umciresobaTa qve-kulturebs an satelevizio gadacemebis Big
Brother [realiTi Sous] auditoriebs), rogorc erTmaneTTan da
sxva formaciebTan Tavisuflad dakavSirebulebs rogorc uw
yveti, xangrZlivi procesiT, ise dinamiuri urTierTqmedebiT
da romelTa Sesaxebac kulturologebs SeiZleba erTdroulad
mravali, gansxvavebuli pozicia ekavoT. yovelive amis gamo,

49
ueWvelia, rom es disciplinebi sul ufro metad ukavSirdebian
erTmaneTs.

politikuri Teoria da postmarqsizmi

kulturologia meTodebisa da ideebis sxva, naklebad cno

bili sferoebidan, gansakuTrebiT ki politikuri Teoriidan,
importirebis saSualebiTac viTardeboda. daaxloebiT, bolo
aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi amgvari wyaroebidan umniSvnelova
nesi, rogorc mas xSirad moixsenieben `postmarqsizmi~ iyo,
romlis kvali kulturologiis Teoriuli mimarTulebis mra
val sferoSi SeiniSneba. postmarqsistuli politikuri Teo
ria ganaviTares iseTma Teoretikosebma, rogorebic arian:
ernesto laklo, iudiT batleri da slavoi JiJeki, romlebic
kulturologiis dargSi momuSaveTa msgavsad, ukuagdebdnen
tradiciul marqsizms misi aqcentiT klasobriv brZolaze,
proletariatis rolsa da ekonomikuri urTierTobebis gadam
wyvet Zalaze. moZraoba aRmocenda, rogorc bolo dros far
Tod gavrcelebuli marqsistuli Teoriis lui alTuseris
`ideologiis~ gansazRvrebis kritika (simi 1998 da 2000). ide
ologiis alTuseriseuli formulireba samociani wlebisT
vis iyo damaxasiaTebeli im TvalsazrisiT, rom pirovnulisa
(ufro zustad ki, subieqturis) da politikuris cal-calke
ganxilvas SeuZleblad Tvlida. es imas ki ar amtkicebda, rom
Cveni yoveldRiuri cxovrebis Semadgeneli urTierTobebi
im struqturebis mier izRudeba, romlebic politikuri re
formebis gatarebas eqvemdebarebian, aramed imas, rom Tavad
Cveni warmodgena samyaros Sesaxeb politikur niuansebs Sei
cavs. is faqti, rom Cven es ar viciT an ar gvgonia, rom es asea,
swored imis maCvenebelia, Tu ramdenad Zlieria politika, ro
melic cvlis Cven mier realobis aRqmis unars. imis gamo, rom
alTuseris mimdevrebis azriT, warmodgenebi, socialuri ste
reotipebi, gamoukvlevi normebi, mediis istoriebi da saubris
xalxuri formebi, rogoricaa, magaliTad, anekdotebi, poli
tikuri Rirebulebebis SekavSirebas iwvevs, politika ar Semoi
fargleba im instituciebiT, romlebSic politikosebi muSao
ben da romlebSic politikosi mecnierebi swavloben. politika
yvelganaa. alTuseris azriT, individebis identuroba Tavad

50
ideologiis funqcias warmoadgens. adamianebisaTvis social
uri identurobis mopoveba mxolod ideologiurad Camoya
libebul modelebTan Tavis gaigivebiT `daqvemdebarebuli
poziciiT~ aris SesaZlebeli. Cven sakuTar Tavs amovicnobT
Cveni msgavsi adamianebis gamosaxulebebSi, romlebic gve
kontaqtebian mediis saSualebebiT an sxvagvarad. es gamosax
ulebebi gvizidavs da gvacdunebs (teqnikurad rom vTqvaT,
`interpelacias~ gvikeTebs), radganac gvTavazobs miviRoT
maTi versia imis Sesaxeb, Tu ras warmovadgenT sinamdvileSi.
sabolood is, rac subieqtebs identifikaciis am procesSi iT
revs, aris maTi ltolva mTlianobisa da Tanmimdevrulobi
saken, ltolva, romelic amqveynad usafrTxoebis naklebobiT
aris gamowveuli da romelic alTuserma frangi fsiqoanali
tikosis Jak lakanis gavleniT, fsiqoanalitikuri Tvalsaz
risiT Teoriad Camoayaliba.
postmarqsizmi Tavisi arsiT alTuserianulad rCeba, Tumca,
iTvaliswinebs alTuseris Sromis mimarT xSirad gamoTqmul
kritikas TiTqos is amcirebs individTa damoukideblobasa
da Tavisuflebas, radgan maT ideologiis anareklad Tvlis.
garda amisa, alTuseris Teoria, rogorc Cans, Seicavs winaaR
mdegobas: adamians identifikaciis procesebamde ukve unda
earseba, raTa am procesebs zemoqmedebis saSualeba hqonodaT,
sxvagvarad rogor unda momxdariyo misi Camoyalibeba am pro
cesebis zegavleniT? iseTi marqsistebis azriT, rogoric JiJe
ki iyo, identuroba myarad dafiqsirebuli arasodes aris. Cven
SeiZleba vacnobierebdeT sakuTar Tavs garkveul damokideb
ulebaSi raRac rasis, eris, eTnikuri jgufis, religiis, teri
toriis, sqesis da a.S. mimarT, magram rCeba kidev raRac mas Sem
deg, rac davadgenT, rom varT Savkaniani, mdedrobiTi sqesis,
zambieli, protestanti da a S. am TvalsazrisiT Cven ar gagvaCnia
identuroba, ufro swored gagvaCnia mxolod identifikaciis
procesebi: kidev vimeoreb, Cven iZulebiT mivdivarT am pro
cesebisken, radgan socialuri struqturebi ver akmayofilebs
subieqturobis yvela moTxovnas moTxovnebs, romelTa mTli
anad dakmayofileba arasodes iqneba SesaZlebeli, radganac
subieqturoba Zaladobisgan Sedgeba, romliTac individebs
aSoreben TavianT dedebs da motivirebulni arian surviliT.
amave dros, ideologia fragmentirebulia. is yalibdeba ara

51
mTlianobad, aramed sxvadasxva gamosaxulebebis, diskursebi
sa da daqvemdebarebuli poziciebis simravled, romlebic ar
aris aucilebeli erTmaneTTan iyvnen dakavSirebulni, erTi da
igive mizani amoZravebdeT an erTnairi Sexedulebebi hqondeT
faseulobebze an siamovnebis wyaroebze.
amdenad, Sexeduleba, romelic adamianebs sakuTari Ta
vis Sesaxeb aqvT, sando ar aris: TviTSefaseba imaze mets
gvpirdeba, vidre mocema SeuZlia (rogorc lakanma aRniSna mas
`gadaWarbebuli mniSvneloba~ aqvs). es simarTles Seesabam
eba maSinac, rodesac vsaubrobT gaerTianebebze: rodesac er
Tianobaze aqvT pretenzia, sinamdvileSi sust konstruqciebs
warmoadgenen, `ararsebul mniSvnelobebs~, romlebic Tavs
stabilurad da Tanmimdevrulad warmogvidgenen mxolod per
formatiuli Zalisxmevis an mudmivi ideologiuri an fizi
kuri muSaobis saSualebiT, romelTa Sedegad gansxavebebi
ispoba da ~sxvebi~ ganidevnebian. es mimdinareoba Seicavs erT
gvar kritikas progresuli politikis iseTi formebis mimarT,
romelTac ivaraudes an miznad daisaxes ararealuri gaer
Tianebebis Seqmna: magaliTad, arsebobda feministuri ocneba,
TiTqos yvela qals erTnairi survili da moTxovnileba aqvs.
aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom politikuri moZraobebi yovelT
vis iqneba cvalebadi heterogenuli jgufebis kavSirebi, rom
lebic garkveul dros da garkveuli miznebiT iqmneba.
postmarqsizmi aris analizis Teoriuli forma, romelic
dafuZnebulia ganzogadoebul warmodgenaze subieqturobis
Sesaxeb, rac xSirad standartuli koncefciebis saxecvli
lebad miaCniaT evropuli filosofiis (hegeliseuli/fsiqo
analitikuri) istoriidan. postmarqsizmi kulturologias
ase Rrmad imitom ukavSirdeba, rom urTierTobebs socialur
struqturebs, politikur Zalauflebasa da individebs So
ris ufro kompleqsurad ganixilavs, vidre es tradiciul
socialur mecnierebebs SeuZliaT. postmarqsistuli subi
eqti mudmivad moZraobs kanonebsa da struqturebs Soris da
dauRalavad moqmedebs simbolur da politikur samyaroSi
mis gardasaqmnelad imitom, rom es garemo ver akmayofilebs
mis survilebs. politikurad, postmarqsizmi saWiroa imisT
vis, rom ugulebelyofs politikis subieqtebs (gaerTiane
bebs, romlebic politikur nebas ganageben), rogorc drois

52
miRma fiqsirebuli identurobis mqoneT; postmarqsizmis
warmodgeniT, politikis mizani arc stabiluri, mudmiv prin
cipebze an uflebebze dafuZnebuli reJimis damyarebaa. misi
winaswarganusazRvrelobiT, cvalebadobiTa da aramyari ga
erTianebebiT, promarqsistuli politika sarkesaviT ireklavs
cvalebad kulturas. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, promarqsistuli
kultura, kulturologiis msgavsad, baZavs kapitalistur aq
tiurobas da inovaciisa da destruqciis warmoudgenel Zalas.
swored amitom, postmarqsizmi da kulturologia nayofier
niadags warmoadgens erTmaneTisaTvis.

kulturologia sazogadoebriv sferoSi

me Seviswavle kulturologiis damokidebuleba sxva aka

demiur sferoebTan da disciplinebTan. ra Tqma unda, is sxva
araakademiur instituciebTanac aris dakavSirebuli, magali
Tad, studentebis momaval damsaqmeblebTan, kulturis mwar
moeblebsa da mediasTan. CamoTvlilTagan ukanaskneli yvelaze
met yuradRebas ipyrobs. marTlac, debatebi kulturologiis
dargis mecnierebs, Jurnalistebsa da e.w. sajaro inteleqtua
lebs (anu inteleqtualebi, romelTac mniSvnelovani urTi
erToba aqvT mediasTan) Soris ufro intensiuria. ganxilvis
sagani iyo Semdegi sakiTxi: rogor SeiZleboda kulturolo
gias pretenzia hqonoda imaze, rom is CarTulia `miwier praq
tikaSi~, eduard saidis terminis Tanaxmad, Tuki is mecniere
bazea mijaWvuli? arsebobs mTeli rigi mosazrebebisa imis
Sesaxeb, rom kulturologiis dargis mecnierebma ver SeZles
TavianTi movaleobis Sesruleba sazogadoebis winaSe da Tavi
Teoriasa da Jargons Seafares. am TvalsazrisiT, mecnierebs
sWirdebaT TavianTi sazogadoebrivi profilis amaRleba, sa
kuTari Tavis popularizacia da mediisaTvis misawvdomoba.
aRsaniSnavia sawinaaRmdegoc, rom kulturologia zedme
tad ganicdis midrekilebas Jurnalistikisadmi da aucile
blad sWirdeba analitikuri da kritikuli distanciis aRdge
na Tavis Tavsa da Tavis obieqtebs Soris (seviji da friTi 1993).
kidev erTi Tvalsazrisi mdgomareobs imaSi, rom akademiuri
kulturuli kritika, sinamdvileSi, SecdomaSia Seyvanili:

53
distancirebuli avtoritetis pozicia, romlis saxeliTac
is wers, qimeraa. xolo maT, vinc am mimarTulebiT midis, SeiZ
leba moeCvenoT, rom Jurnalistebi, romlebic ufro axlos
arian kulturul warmoebaSi mimdinare yoveldRiur cvlile
bebTan da romelTac umTavresad moeTxovebaT weron aramec
nieri mkiTxvelisTvis, ukeTes poziciaSi arian imisTvis, rom
kultura Seafason, vidre mecnierebi, romlebic valdebulni
arian gaiTvaliswinon mecnieruli abstraqcia da analizi.
sxva, daaxloebiT msgavsi argumentia, rom inteleqtualebma,
ZiriTadad, marginalizacia ganicades da rom aRar arian mo
wodebulni kulturuli liderobisTvis, aseve, Tanamedrove
TeoriaTa umetesoba (romelTa mixedviT samyaro ufro metad
decentralizebuli da mouwesrigebeli gaxda, vidre adre
iyo), imis gamoxatulebaa, rom inteleqtualebma Zalaufleba
dakarges (baumani 1988).
am saxis debatebSi ar arsebobs erTi swori pozicia. mag
aliTad, ra kriteriumebiT SeiZleba ganisazRvros, rom Za
lian cota Tu zedmetad bevri sajaro inteleqtuali gvyavs?
(piradad me im mxares vemxrobi, romelic ambobs, rom `zedme
tad bevri~ gvyavs, radganac, sajaro inteleqtualebi xSirad
iaffasiani aslis funqcias asruleben mediisaTvis da avseben
sivrces, romelic, umjobesi iqneboda, Tavad Jurnalistis
mier gadmocemuli kargad dasabuTebeli, magram bevrad ufro
ZviradRirebuli ambebisTvis SemoenaxaT.) rogor SeiZleba da
balansdes erT mxares zewola da SezRudvebi, romelTa simZi
mis qveSac uxdebaT muSaoba Jurnalistebs, rogorc mediis
konglomeratebis TanamSromlebs, romelTa produqti siu
Jeti maT menejerebs, reklamis ganmTavsebelTaTvis audi
toriis miwodebiT kapitalze mogebis miRebaSi exmareba, xolo
meore mxares zewola da SezRudvebi, romlebic qmnian daus
rulebel, akademiur, kritikul ritorikas, romelic ucnobia,
kulturis savaWro saqonlad qcevas dastiris Tu mis hibridu
lobas da mis mier sazRvrebis gadakveTas zeimobs?
aseT situaciaSi Znelia sxva ramis gakeTeba, garda TiTqmis
banalur principebze dabrunebisa. socialuri samarTliano
bisTvis sasurvelia gansxvavebuli azrebisa da msjelobebis
mosmena, rogorc samecniero, ise arasamecniero wreebis mxri
dan. gansakuTrebiT sasurvelia, waxalisdes media komentari

54
(sul erTia, vin gaakeTebs mas, Jurnalistebi Tu mecnieri in
teleqtualebi), romelic Seecdeba socialuri sakiTxebi
kulturuls iseTi saSualebebiT daukavSiros, romlebic
mravalferovan gamomsaxvelobiT SesaZleblobas iyeneben
(rac kulturologiis didi nawilis daxasiaTebis erT-erTi
saSualebaa). mediis gabatonebul saSualebebs es kargad arc
gamosdiT, swored imitom, rom ekonomikuri interesi aqvT im
distanciis SenarCunebaSi, romelic kritikasa da Tavisufali
drois komerciul dagegmvas Soris arsebobs. Cemi azriT, kul
turologia, pirvel rigSi dainteresebuli unda iyos gana
Tlebis sistemasTan, da ara mis did konkurentTan mediasTan
damokidebulebiT. es swored is Temaa, romelsac mogvianebiT,
politikasTan dakavSirebul seqciaSi ganvavrcobT (ix. gv. 60-
67).

kulturologiis warsuli

rogorc CvenTvis cnobilia, myari meTodologiuri ba

zis ararsebobisa da sauniversiteto disciplinad aRiarebis
TvalsazrisiT orazrovani mdgomareobis gamo, kulturo
logia iZulebuli gaxda sakuTari sagani ufro dawvrilebiT
Seeswavla. man daiwyo sakuTari istoriis zedmiwevniT Ses
wavla. kulturologia, rogorc disciplinaruli, ise geo
grafiuli TvalsazrisiT, msoflioSi Zalian aris gafantuli
da swored amitomaa misi istoriac igive mdgomareobaSi. kul
turologias erTi istoria ver eqneba. ufro zustad, azri,
rom kulturologia hogartisa da uiliamsis naRvawiT dai
wyo, rac is kulturologiis yvela saxelmZRvanelos safuZ
vels warmoadgens (winamdebares CaTvliT), ar niSnavs imas, rom
pirdapiri kavSiri aqvs im Sromebis umravlesobasTan, romelic
dRes kulturologiis saxeliT gamodis. ufro metic, zed
meti yuradReba am istoriis mimarT axSobs tradiciebs sxva,
nacionalur kulturologiebSi. es problema gansakuTrebiT
mwvaved dgas msoflios im regionebSi, romelTac axlac nak
lebad miuwvdebaT xeli saerTaSoriso Jurnalebze, gamomcem
lobebsa da konferenciebze, magaliTad, afrikasa da laTinur
amerikaSi (ix. raiTi 1998; kalimani 1998). Tu sakiTxs global

55
uri TvalsazrisiT SevxedavT, ratom ar unda CaiTvalos fer
nando ortizi, aSS-Si mcxovrebi `transkulturaciisa~ da af
rikuli diasporis sakiTxebis mkvlevari kubeli Teoretikosi
kulturologiis fuZemdeblad reimond uiliamsis gverdiT?
an oqtavo pazi, xose enrike rodo, alfonso reiesi da mrava
li sxva? am laTino-amerikel kulturis ganmmartebelTagan
(romlebic ar iyvnen swavluli mecnierebi) bevrma xeli Seuwyo
iseTi mecnierisa da Teoretikosis ganviTarebas, rogoricaa
nestor garsia kanklini (warmoSobiT argentineli, ganaTleba
miiRo parizSi, amJamad muSaobs meqsikaSi), romelic kultu
rologiis msoflio akademiis muSaobaSi iRebs monawileobas.
kulturologiis istoriis amgvari gafantulobis gamo,
sasargeblo iqneboda Tu ganvasxvavebdiT mis winamorbedebs,
wyaroebsa da praqtikosebs. warsulis praqtikosebis ganxilva
SedarebiT mokled SeiZleba: isini Tanamedrove, akademiuri
kulturologiis CamoyalibebaSi uSualod monawileobdnen
da Tavis rols asrulebdnen ara mxolod koncefciebis, meTo
debisa da Tematuri gamokvlevebis CamoyalibebaSi, aramed,
SesaZloa, mogvianebiT studentebs da mecnierebs moZRvravd
nen da xelmZRvanelobdnen kidec. amaTgan yvelaze didi gav
lena stiuart hols hqonda. misi studentebi da axalgazrda
kolegebi, romlebic anglofonur samyaroSi da mis miRma mu
Saobdnen, kulturologiis institucionalizaciis pirveli
warmomadgendlebi iyvnen.
winamorbedebis naSromebi garkveulwilad Tanamedrove kul
turologiis msgavsi iyo, magram sxva institucionalur garemo
Si iqmneboda da xSirad, naklebi aRiareba hqonda. maT institu
cionalizebuli kulturologiis mimarT winaswar ganWvretis
msgavsi damokidebuleba hqondaT, anu, winaswar ganWvrites mec
nierebis sfero, romelsac Tavad verc ki warmoidgendnen. s.r.l.
jeimsis, franc fenonis, jorj oruelis da fernando ortizis
msgavsi radikaluri moazrovneebic, romlebic muSaobdnen,
rogorc aqtivistebi da Jurnalistebi, Zalian mniSvnelovani
winamorbedebis ricxvs unda mivakuTvnoT, radgan maT kultur
asTan damokidebulebis iseTi suraTi dagvixates, romelic
akademiis CrdilqveS ar eqceoda. magaliTad, jorj oruelis
erT-erTi proeqti (misi saukeTeso) imaSi mdgomareobda, rom
eCvenebina rogori uCinari iyo muSaTa klasebis gabatonebul

56
britanul (misTvis igive inglisur) kulturaSi da warmoeCina,
rom komerciuli masobrivi kultura, romelic muSaTa klasisT
vis iyo Seqmnili, gamoxatavda rogorc TviTgadarCenis ZiriTad
survils, ise mis stoicizmsa da boboqar gamowvevas (orueli
1961, 461 da 1970, 194). oruelis argumentis versia mogvianebiT
samecniero kulturologiaSi kulturuli populizmis saxiT
Sevida. Tumca, orueli amas socialisti Jurnalistis farTo
mkiTxvelisTvis gankuTvnili, yoveldRiuri komentarebis saSu
alebiT gamoxatavda da ara avtonomiuri, mkacri, Teoriebisaken
mimarTuli da Caketili akademiuri sferosaTvis.
kulturologiaSi `wyaros~ koncefcia ufro sadavoa, vid
re winamorbedisa an praqtikosisa. erTi mxriv, wyaroebs mecni
er-Teoretikosebi warmoadgenen, romelTac Seqmnes is konce
fciebi, romlebic kulturologiis ama Tu im mimdinareobaSi
gamoiyeneba, Tumca, Tu maTi saerTo proeqti da disciplina
ruli orientacia sferos gareT aris moqceuli. amasTan daka
vSirebiT mravali mecnieri SeiZleba gagvaxsendes, umravleso
ba frangi rolan barte, miSel fuko, Jul deliuzi, miSel de
serto, antonio gramSi post marqsistebi. am saxelebis gar
da, kulturologia humanitarul mecnierebaTa ufro farTo
nakadebis STamomavalicaa.
magaliTad, germaniaSi, kulturologiis WeSmarit dama
arseblad iTvleba iohan gotfrid fon herderi, romelmac
pirvelad gamoiyena cneba Kultur nacvlad Enlightenment-is (ga
naTlebuloba) racionalizmisa da universalizmisa, romelic
meTvramete saukunis moazrovneebis mier gamoiyeneboda. her
deris azriT, gansxvavebul sazogadoebebs gansxvavebuli kul
turebi gaaCniaT (romelTac adgilobrivi garemo da pirobebi
gansazRvravs), romelTa saSualebiTac eqmnebaT warmodgena
sakuTar Tavze, im samyaroze, romelSic cxovroben da romlis
saSualebiTac TavianT adamianur Tvisebebs gamoxataven. aqvea
mocemuli anTropologiis adreuli da Zalze mniSvnelovani
Sexeduleba kulturaze. nebismieri varaudi imis Sesaxeb, rom
kulturologia herderma daaarsa araistoriulad da mcda
rad iTvleba, gamomdinare Tanamedrove kulturologiis
specifikidan, amis sabolood uaryofa ar SeiZleba. kulturo
logiis erT-erTi problema is aris, rom is Zalian Sors idga
kulturasa da sazogadoebaze fiqris Zveli tradiciisgan, da

57
rom Tavs arc ki moiazrebda im disciplinebis STamomavlad,
romelTac pirvelebma Seqmnes kulturis cneba, Semdeg ki misi
disciplinaruli kvleva daiwyes (ix. kitleri 2000). garda amisa,
kulturologiaSi kvlav rCeba herderis mtkicebulebis aSkara
kvali imis Sesaxeb, rom kultura koleqtiuri gamoxatulebaa.
amgvari amneziidan gamonaklisia frensis malhernis Tama
mi wigni kultura/metakultura (2000), romelSic cneba `me
ta-kultura~ gamoyenebulia im procesis aRsawerad, rom
lis drosac kulturebi `Tavis Tavze saubroben~ (mulherni
2000, xvi). malhernis argumentis Tanaxmad, kulturologiis
Tanamedrove disciplinam ver SeZlo imis aRiareba, rom kul
turuli kritikis ufro Zvel meTodebs imeorebs (is germanul
termins `Kulturkritik~ iyenebs) maSinac ki, rodesac Tavdayira
ayenebs kulturuli kritikis socialur poziciebs da fa
seulobebs maRali kulturis normebis popularuli kul
turis normebiT SecvliT. kulturuli kritikis istoriuli
Sejamebis saSualebiT malherni gvagonebs, ramdenad Zlieri
da gavrcelebuli iyo azri, rom bazarze damyarebuli kapi
talisturi kultura daculi iqneboda fragmentaciisa da
zedapirulobisgan mxolod im SemTxvevaSi Tu imdenad gana
Tlebuli da Tavisufali droiT uzrunvelyofili adamianebi
marTavdnen, romelTac ar eqnebodaT piradi daintereseba da
seriozul da informirebul damokidebulebas gamoavlendnen
kulturuli tradiciebis mimarT. malhernis azriT, kultur
ologiis mizania moipovos da masobriv kulturasac moupovos
is avtoriteti, romelic erT dros hqondaT meTiu arnolds,
f. r. liviss da t. s. eliots, magram TamaSis wesebis Secvlis
gareSe. orive SemTxvevaSi, kulturas reformatoris samuS
aos Sesruleba evaleba, rac, sinamdvileSi, mxolod politi
kas SeuZlia ikisros. marTlac, malhernis azriT, kulturis
energia politikisgan daSorebas moiTxovs: swored maT Soris
`SeuTavsebloba~ aZlevs kulturas saSualebas flobdes im
socialur Zalauflebas, romelic gaaCnia.
amgvarad, malherni, arnoldi, livisi da elioti kulturo
logiis araRiarebul wyaroebs warmoadgenen. es sakamaTo
sakiTxia Tavad britanuli kulturologiis farglebSic ki
(swored mas mimarTavs malherni). kulturologiis mizani ar
aris (mcire raodenobis populistebis gamoklebiT) maRali

58
kulturis savaraudo Zalaufleba socialuri anarqiis mar
Tva, Secvalos popularuli kulturis savaraudo SesaZleb
lobiT, Ziri gamouTxaros memkvidreobiT miRebul socialur
ierarqiebs. piriqiT, is cdilobs uCvenos, Tu rogor daexmar
nen garkveuli kulturuli formebi socialur jgufebs da
gamonaklisebs da xeli Seuwyos kulturas, romelic gansx
vavebulad moqmedebs: mobiluri, ara-ierarqiuli, mraval
ferovani, naklebad normatiuli kultura, romelic zogjer
axali tipis, araformalizebuli politikis interesebidan
gamomdinare rac srulebiT gansxvavebul proeqts warmoad
gens. malhernis daJineba, rom arnoldisa da eliotis msgavsi
figurebi kulturologiis winamorbedebi arian, sul cota,
imas mainc gvaxsenebs, rom kulturologiis `wyarod~ vinmes
CaTvla disciplinis proeqtis individualur interpretaci
azea damokidebuli.

damatebiTi sakiTxavi: dvorkini 1997; frou da morisi 1993;

haimori 2002; longi 1997; makgigani 1992 da 1996; mileri 2001;
simi 2000.

59
1.4. problemebi

kulturologiisadmi kidev erTi vargisi midgomaa de

batebis ganxilva im meTodebisa da interesebis Sesaxeb,
romelTac am sferos Sinagani dayofa gamoiwvies. marTlac,
swored amgvar debatebs miuZRviT didi wvlili imaSi, rom am
disciplinam TviTgamoxatva SeZlo. maTgan aRsaniSnavia sami: 1)
debatebi imis Taobaze, rom kulturas (e.i. kulturologiasac)
didi politikuri Zalaufleba gaaCnia; 2) debatebi kulturul
formaciebze ekonomikuri struqturebis Zlieri zegavlenis
Sesaxeb da 3) debatebi im rolze, romelic individualurma ga
mocdilebam unda Seasrulos kulturologiis analizSi. gan
vixiloT ToToeuli maTgani.

kulturologia da politika

britanulma kulturologiam samociani wlebis axali me

marcxeneebis mimdinareobis gezs gadauxvia, igi sakmaod da
Sorebuli iyo orTodoqsaluri marqsizmisa da Sromis or
ganizebuli formisgan (stiuart holi erT dros britanuli
marqsistuli Jurnalis `axal memarcxeneTa mimomxilvelis~
redaqtori iyo), misi uZlieresi kritikosebidan zogierTi,
rogoricaa, magaliTad, frensis malherni, rogorc axla uwo
deben `Zveli~ axali memarcxeneebidan movida. am kritikosebs
ar moswondaT gavrcelebuli azri, rogorc kulturologia
Si, ise postmarqsizmSi, rom kultura igive politikaa. yvelaze
metad swored es azri qmnis kulturologiis mtkicebis safuZ
vels, rom is imdenad akademiuri disciplina ar aris, ramde
nadac politikuri Zalis mqone `kritikuli saqmianoba~. es
mtkiceba, ra Tqma unda, skepticizms iwvevs: rogor SeiZleba
saklaso oTaxSi jdoma da televiziaze saubari politikuri
aqtiurobis TvalsazrisiT SevadaroT kandidatis mxardasaW
erad flaerebis momzadebas? swored es TviTkmayofileba, ro
melic igrZnoba kulturologiis pretenziebSi politikuri

60
aRmavlobis Sesaxeb, xels uwyobs im azris Camoyalibebas, rom
kulturologiur azrovnebaSi arsebobs garkveuli Sabloni,
romelic igive saxis politikurad koreqtul ritorikas qmnis
nebismieri sakiTxis Sesaxeb (ix. morisi 1990).
sinamdvileSi, kulturologiis politikuri ambiciebis
kritika am disciplinis sami ZiriTadi meTodis arsebobaze
miuTiTebs, esenia: kulturuli populizmi, romelic (ro
gorc davinaxeT) ise epyroba popularul kulturas, rogorc
kontr-hegemoniurs; identurobis politika, romelic adas
turebs eTikis garSemo gaerTianebul sazogadoebriv gaer
Tianebebs, seqsualur da lokalur identurobas; da ideolo
giis kritikuli analizi, romelic (kulturuli populizmis
sawinaaRmdegod) realur politikur Rirebulebebs miawers
iseTi gadacemebis miwodebas, romlebic mayureblebs ubiZge
ben gabatonebuli normebis miRebisken. mogawvdiT bolo meTo
dis erTi formis magaliTs: bob marlis Sesaxeb bolo dros
gamocemul erT-erT sakmaod saintereso esseSi miSel stiv
ensi amtkicebs, rom bob marli apolitikurad Seracxes imis
gamo, rom misi Canawerebi Zalian mniSvnelovani gaxda audio
Canawerebis mTavari kompaniisaTvis. marlis rastafarizmi da
marixuanas mwevelis reputacia, rogorc seqsualizebuli da
`uxeSi biWisa~, daeca, aseve Sesustda misi winaaRmdegoba ko
lonializmis mimarT. rogorc ki misi politikuri simwvave
da meamboxeoba Sesustda, Seiqmna `legendebi~ mis karg meo
jaxeobasa da mistikosobaze (stivensi 1998; jilroi 1987, 169).
amgvari midgoma politikur Zalebs saSualebas aZlevs aCve
non, rogor warmoSobs komercializacia SezRudul normebs.
Cven ukve ganvixileT frensis malhernis ieriSi kulturo
logiis politikur pretenziebze, misi azriT, kulturolo
giaSi politikis koncefcia mxolod Jestikulaciuri gaxda,
anu, rogorc Tavad acxadebs, `faturi~. misi azriT, kultur
ologi mecnierebis mier politikuri Zalauflebis miwera sxva
araferia, garda survilisa; formaluri politika ki kvlav
im arenad rCeba, romelzec imarTeba mniSvnelovani debatebi
resursebTan dakavSirebuli politikis, socialuri samar
Tlianobisa da keTildReobis Sesaxeb. Tu kulturologias
marTlac aqvs politikuri programa, maSin is dezinformaciu
li da Seusrulebadia da imaSi mdgomareobs, rom politikurze

61
kulturulma gamarjveba moipovos imis gancxadebiT, rom
kulturuli igive politikuria. sinamdvileSi, aman kulturo
logia unda daadanaSaulos imaSi, rom ufleba misca kultu
ris koncefcias Tavis sazRvrebs gascdenoda imdenad, rom
TiTqmis yvelaferi gadaefara. SedarebiT ufro axalma mwer
lebma, rogoricaa toni beneti, gansxvavebuli perspeqtividan
msgavsi argumentebi moiyvanes: maTi azriT, kulturologia
mxolod im SemTxvevaSi SeZlebs moipovos Jestikulaciurze
meti politikuri neba, Tu kulturuli politikis gaanalize
bas daiwyebs da masze zegavlenas moipovebs.
SeiZleba imis aRiareba, rom kulturologia Tavisufali
politikuri statusisa da efeqturobis moTxovnebiT aris
gadatvirTuli. aSkaraa, imedebi, rom kulturologiis dar
gis mecnierebi axali socio-politikuri formaciebisaTvis
organul inteleqtualebad iqcevian, aseve moTxovnebi, rom
lebic disciplinis britaneTSi gamoCenis dros arsebobda,
ar Sesrulda (holi 1996, 267-268). kritikosebi saTanadod
ver aRiareben, rom bolo ocdaaTi wlis ganmavlobaSi umetes
qveyanaSi, politikasa da kulturas Soris damokidebule
ba namdvilad Seicvala da maTi uaryofiTi damokidebuleba
kulturologiis im politikis mimarT, romelsac igi kultu
ris mimarT atarebs, politikis iseT praqtikas gulisxmobs,
romelic sul ufro da ufro iSviaTi xdeba.
dasavleTSi politikasa da sazogadoebriv kulturas So
ris damokidebulebaSi swored es cvlilebaa gansakuTrebiT
rTuli, Tumca imis aRsaniSnad, rom memarjveneebad da memarcx
eneebad moZvelebuli dayofa, romelic istoriis filosofi
aze (memarcxeneTa azriT, istoria, rogorc uTanasowrobisgan
gaTavisufleba, xolo memarjveneTa azriT, istoria, rogorc
wesrigisa da stabilurobis SenarCuneba) da klasobriobaze
(memarcxeneebi, rogorc muSaTa klasisa da maTi liberaluri
mokavSireebis momxreebi; memarjveneebi, rogorc damsaqme
belTa da maTi tradicionalisti mokavSireebis momxreebi)
iyo damyarebuli, namdvilad ar gamqrala. es im situaciasac
exeba, romelmac marqsizmi adamianTa didi raodenobisTvis
sarwmuno gaxada. marqsistebis mTavari argumenti iyo is, rom
kapitalisturi wyobilebis dros sazogadoebrivi warmoebis
mesakuTre ara xalxi, aramed burJuazia iyo. Tumca, rogorc ki

62
ekonomika redistribucionaluri sagadasaxado sistemisa da
keTildReobis donis mixedviT ganisazRvra, rogorc sazoga
doebrivi sakuTreba, romelsac saxelmwifo marTavda da rom
lis resursebi ara mxolod sakuTrebisa da kapitalis intere
sebis, aramed Tanasworobis principiT, keTildReobis donis
mixedviT unda gadanawilebuliyo, marqsistuli analizis
gavlena bevrad Sesustda. ra Tqma unda, umuSevarTaTvis dax
marebis gacemisa da progresuli sagadasaxado reJimebis dewe
sebas SeeZlo kapitalisa da socialuri resursebis Tanabari
ganawilebis moTxovnebis aRdgena mTavari politikuri dine
bebis fonze.
imis gamo, rom masobrivi moxmareba kapitalisturi ekonomi
kis sayrden wertilad iqca, konfliqti muSa/mesakuTre, momx
marebeli/mwarmoeblis solidarobam waSala. amitom, mravali
politikuri argumenti teqnikurad iqca. romeli ekonomikuri
politika imuSavebda ukeTesad, Tu nebismier, specifikur
situaciaSi, yvelas interesebs daicavda, anu umuSevrobasa da
inflacia/deflacias gaakontrolebda, erovnuli produqciis
warmoebis zrdas SeinarCunebda da Sida saxelmwifoebrivi Se
mosavlis usamarTlobas SezRudavda rac mdgomareobs unar
Si, uwyvetad marTos ekonomika da moaxdinos misi politizire
ba indikatorebisa da mimarTulebebis Sesaxeb informaciis
Segrovebis sul ufro swrafi, kompiuterebze damyarebuli sa
SualebebiT. Tumca, maSin, rodesac politika ekonomikur mene
jmentze iyo koncentrirebuli, saxalxo meurneobebi Sinaga
nad sul ufro da ufro daumorCileblebi xdeboda, imis gamo,
rom maT beds sul ufro da ufro metad ganagebda globaluri
finansuri nakadebi (`kapitalis gadineba~), uzarmazari multi
nacionaluri korporaciebi, samuSao da saeqsporto bazrebi
da gauTvaliswinebeli teqnologiuri inovaciebi.
Zveleburi, memarjvene-memarcxened dayofa ar Secvlila
sxva, Zlieri da yovlismomcveli politikuri dualizmiT. me
marjveneebi namdvilad gansxvavdebian memarcxeneebisagan,
rogorc Tavisi `ojaxuri~ kulturuli faseulobebiT, ise
ekonomikis marTvis gansxvavebuli gziT rac politikis cen
trSi kulturalisturi elementis arsebobaze migvaniSnebs.
yovelive es niSnavda, rom masobrivi politika dauZlurda.
partiulma politikam dakarga adamianebze is zegavlena, ro

63
melic adre hqonda. politikuri partiebi sul ufro metad
urTierToben sazogadoebasTan `sazogadoebasTan urTier
Tobis~ (PR), mediisa da gamokiTxvebis saSualebiT. kampaniebis
mowyoba sul ufro da ufro met fuls moiTxovs, rac aiZulebs
politikosebs da maT partiebs ufro metad dainteresdnen
fuliT. formaluri radikaluri politika (e.i. organizebuli
memarcxene politikosebi, romlebic partiis struqturebs ga
reT arian) sul ufro da ufro Sordeba sazogadoebriv aRiare
bas da naklebad misaRebi xdeba misTvis, asevea, maTi politika,
romelic xSirad, mxolod mediis yuradRebis mipyrobisken aris
mimarTuli. ra Tqma unda, warmoiSva naklebad organizebuli
radikaluri politikac, romelic, umTavresad, iseTi specifi
kuri kulturuli erTeulebisagan Camoyalibda, rogorebicaa:
feministuri, eTnikuri da rasobrivi politikebi; geebis, les
boselebis, transseqsualebis moZraobebi; multikultural
izmi; mwvaneTa moZraoba; msoflio samarTlianobis moZraoba.
mTavrobebis azriT maTi umetesoba moqmedebs, rogorc Sedare
biT susti da sporadulad xmauriani, dainteresebuli jgufebi.
aseT situaciaSi usamarTloba iqneboda imis Tqma, rom kul
turologiam politikas gza gadauRoba. ufro swori iqneboda
imis Tqma, rom politikuri sfero ufro didma socialurma
Zalebma gamofites. nebismier SemTxvevaSi, kulturologiis
politikuri miswrafebebis ganxilva swored am dauZlurebu
li politikis farglebSi unda moxdes. radgan kultura sul
ufro met informacias awvdis politikas, kulturologias
SeuZlia pretenzia hqondes politikurobaze; daJineba, rom
socialuri da kulturuli ierarqiebi erTmaneTs exeba da
xels uwyobs; gaxseneba, rom gansxvavebul socialur da kul
turul sazogadoebebs awmyoSi dominirebisa da Seviwrovebis
sxvadasxva istoriebi SemoaqvT; demonstrireba, rom kultura
mravalia da nawilobriv, araTanazomieri (SeuZlebelia maTi
erTimeored gardaqmna ZiriTadi racionaluri kodis saSu
alebiT); muSaoba iseT ganaTlebis sistemaze, romelic iTval
iswinebs (magaliTad) kulturul nacionalizmsa da kritikul
analizs sawarmoo kulturis mamoZravebeli Zalisa; kul
turuli gansxvavebebis aRiareba; `teroris~ cnebis istoriisa
da Teoriis Seswavla `terorizmTan globaluri omis~ fonze
da Tu ufro utopiur gadaxvevas moviyvanT, kulturuli ana

64
lizis gziT axali socialuri urTierTobebis warmodgena ai
es aris politikuri programebi politikuri sferosgan gaTa
visuflebis konteqstSi.
zog SemTxvevaSi kulturologias SeuZlia politikuri
iyos ufro praqtikuli gagebiT: instituciebi gamoiyenos
rogorc adgili, sadac aqtivistebi, mecnierebi da studen
tebi erTmaneTs xvdebian, sadac pedagogika damyarebulia
TviTgamomsaxvelobiT dialogze rogorc studentebs, ise
studentebsa da pedagogebs Soris da warmoadgens kargad or
ganizebuli sazogadoebrivi sferos magaliTs (am saxis peda
gogikisTvis ix. anri Jiros Teoria 1992). dResdReobiT, albaT,
am saxis kulturologiuri aqtivizmis yvelaze efeqturi maga
liTia Sidsisadmi reaqcia: moZraoba gmobda homoseqsuali
stebis mimarT siZulvils, romelic, Tavis mxriv, xels uSlida
SidsiT daavadebulT mieRoT is saxelmwifo da profesional
uri daxmareba, romelic maT sWirdebodaT. kulturologiam
da misma Teoretikosebma amgvar aqtivizmSi mniSvnelovani
roli Seasrules, rogorc amas mogvianebiT, me-6 nawilSi vnax
avT, romelic sqess exeba.
es sakiTxi SegviZlia sxva kuTxiTac gavaSuqoT da xazi ga
vusvaT im politikur SesaZleblobebs, romlebic ixsneba ga
naTlebis sistemis Signidan, imis gamo, rom mas centraluri
adgili ukavia Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi. ganaTlebis siste
ma sazogadoebrivi instituciaa (anu, imgvarad aris organi
zebuli da SenarCunebuli, rom sazogadoebrivi interesebis
gaTvaliswinebiT imoqmedos, pasuxi agos am interesebze da ara
mxolod kerZo saqmianobis sferos warmoadgendes) da mraval
qveyanaSi saxelmwifos uSualo nawils warmoadgens. amgvarad,
TviT ganaTlebis sistemis Signidan SeiZleba kulturisa da
sazogadoebis daaxloeba. kulturologias gaaCnia saTanado
politikuri energia da SesaZleblobebi, rom itvirTos funq
cia, idges am sakvanZo institucionalur punqtSi, sadac kul
tura da sazogadoeba/saxelmwifo erTmaneTs ukavSirdeba.
dResdReobiT, akademiuri humanitaruli mecnierebebi avto
maturad ki ar gadascemen swavlebis obieqtebs kulturul
Rirebulebebs, aramed kars uReben ganaTlebul sazogadoebas,
romelsac ganaTlebis sistema qmnis. maT SeuZliaT daicvan da
oficialuri xma miscen im kulturul formaciebs, romelTac

65
ugulebelyofs rogorc bazari, ise oficialuri politika,
swored es aris maTi politikuri Zlierebis safuZveli. es
mainc ar niSnavs imas, rom universitetebi universalurni arian
Zveli gagebiT: imis gamo, rom saqme humanitarul mecnierebebs
exeba, mecnierebica da kritikosebic dainteresebulni arian,
gamoxaton gansazRvruli interesebi. neitraluri, gulgri
li poziciis arCeva mxolod teqnikuri samuSaos SemTxvevaSia
SesaZlebeli. rogorc ki saqmeSi interpretacia da Sefaseba
erTveba, pirovneba mimarTavs gare kulturul-politikur
dajgufebebs (feministuri, diasporuli gaerTianebebi, kul
turuli konservatorebi, fanebis bazebi) iseve, rogorc gan
yofilebebs, romlebic Tavad instituciebSi damoukideblad
arseboben (gansazRvruli disciplinebi an qve-disciplinebi)
da pedagogebs, romlebic maT mixedviT cxovroben.
tradiciulad, kulturologiis mizani, ra Tqma unda, kul
turis `demokratizacia~ iyo. reimond uiliamss Tavis uaRres
ad mniSvnelovan wignSi `xangrZlivi revolucia~, argumentebi
mohyavda `uSualo monawileobis demokratiis~ sasargeblod,
romelic gulisxmobda, rom yvela adamians, rogorc Sinaganad
kreatiulsa da dainteresebuls, mniSvnelovani roli unda
Seesrulebina arsebuli, formalurad demokratiuli saxelm
wifoebis winaaRmdeg (uiliamsi 1961, 118). es idea SeiTvises
maT, vinc kulturologias aRiqvams Zireulad `demokratiul~
disciplinad (qoldri 2000, 26). am midgomis sirTule imaSi md
gomareobs, rom `demokratiis~ ena mTlianad amerikulma samar
Talma STanTqa da mas Semdeg warmatebiT aRniSnavda umravle
sobis tiraniasa da individualuri momxmareblis arCevanis
suverenitets. swored es aris, risTvisac ibrZvis jorj buSi
`borotebis RerZis~ winaaRmdeg da ara is, risTvisac ibrZvi
an multikulturalistebi qristianuli Tu nacionalisturi
uflebebis winaaRmdeg, an is, risTvisac muSaTa moZraoba ebrZ
vis eqsploatator damsaqmeblebs. demokratia, upirveles
yovlisa, politikuri cnebaa, magram iseTi, romelsac SeuZlia
moicvas uamravi, gansxvavebuli formireba da organizacia,
ris gamoc misi gamoyeneba SezRudulia iseTi humanitaruli
sferos aRwerisTvis, rogoricaa kulturologia.
swored am TvalsazrisiT, ufro sworad migvaCnia gan
vacxadoT, rom kulturologiis mizani imdenad demokra

66
tizacia ar aris, ramdenadac liberalizaciaa kultura
unda ganimartos individebisa da jgufebis interesebis, maTi
represiuli cru Sexedulebebis mier dawesebuli SezRud
vebis, socialuri ierarqiebisa da ekonomikuri uTanasworo
bis gaTvaliswinebiT. kulturologias uWirda liberalizmis
Camotoveba, imis aRiareba, rom garkveuli sagnebi da faseu
lobebi TavisTavad Rirebulni arian. kulturologia ewi
naaRmdegeba Tavis liberalad warmoCenas ara marto imitom,
rom liberalizmi individebs ver aRiqvams, rogorc social
urad da ekonomikurad Camoyalibebulebs, aramed imitomac,
rom inarCunebs midrekilebas sxvadasxva saxis koleqtivizmi
saken. Tumca, rogorc davinaxeT, misi koleqtivizaciis unari
SezRudulia. ukeTes SemTxvevaSi mas SeuZlia moizidos Tavisi
praqtikosebi institucionalur da profesionalur CarCoSi,
romelic mxolod iribad ukavSirdeba sxva socialur Tu kul
turul formirebebs.

kulturologia da politikuri ekonomika

albaT ukve droa vaRiaroT, rom kulturis formireba,

pirdapir Tu iribad, ekonomikuri struqturebis mier xdeba.
magram ra xarisxiT da zustad rogor (da ramdenad misaRe
bia am SemTxvevaSi sityva `formireba~) gansazRvravs eko
nomikuri struqturebi kulturul formirebebs? Tanac,
Tu ekonomikuri uTanasworoba umniSvnelovanes socialur
problemad rCeba, maSin rogor SeZlebs kulturologia kul
turuli formebis aRiarebas uTanasworobis SenarCunebasTan
maTi damokidebulebis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe?
kulturologiis formirebas swored aseT sakiTxebze msj
elobam Seuwyo xeli. nikolas garnhemis azriT, disciplina di
dad dazaralda, rodesac politikuri ekonomika seriozulad
ver aRiqva (garnhemi 1997 da 1999). ras Seexeboda politikuri
ekonomiis analizi garnhemis azriT? pirveli, disciplinis
centrSi kulturuli produqciis warmoebis da ara moxmarebis
an miRebis dayenebas; meore, im klasobrivi ierarqiebis miRe
ba, romlebic kapitalizmSia CarTuli, kulturuli analizis
saboloo horizontad da miznad; mesame, `cru cnobierebis~,

67
rogorc sakvanZo kategoriis aRdgenas, im mizeziT, rom so
cialur-ekonomikuri `dominirebis struqturebi~ masobrivi
kulturiT arian SeniRbulni da swored kulturologebis
saqmea dafaruli WeSmaritebis gamovlena; meoTxe, sxva, met-
naklebad Camoyalibebuli socialuri dajgufebebis (feminis
turi, eTnikuri, da sxv.) marginalizacias imis gamo, rom ara
sakmarisad arian ganviTarebulni mTavari mimarTulebebiT:
klasebisa da kapitalizmis urTierTdamokidebuleba.
SeiZleba bevrs moeCvenos (maT Soris mec), rom es `Zveli ax
ali memarcxeneebis~ mimarTulebaa, romelic saTanadod ar iT
valiswinebs Zvrebs, romlebic sawarmoo kulturis global
izaciam da Zveli stilis politikaSi mimdinare cvlilebebma
gamoiwvia. amgvarad, sapirispiro Tvalsazrisis mqone lou
rens grosbergi miuTiTebs, rom garnhemis koncefciebi kapi
talizmis, cru cnobierebisa da klasebis Sesaxeb, istoriulad
da sivrcobrivad aradiferencirebul abstraqciebs warmoad
gens; rom klasi, rasa da sqesi erTimeores gansazRvravs da rom,
garnhemis azriT, bazari da misi SesaZleblobebi kapitalsa da
Sromas Soris arsebul klasikur antagonizmamde daiyvaneba
(grosbergi 1998). amas SeiZleba daematos, rom garnhemi mTlad
naTlad ar ayalibebs, Tu ra miaCnia kapitalizmis alternati
vad an rogor unda daexmaros kulturis politikuri ekonomi
kis kvleva am alternativis gansazRvras.
aRsaniSnavia, agreTve, rom praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT,
kulturologiis sferoSi Seqmnili mravali Sroma ekonomi
kuri struqturebisa da kulturuli formaciebis urTierTq
medebas marTlac Seiswavlis (maqsueli 2001a, 129-136). ise
Cans, TiTqos dava politikuri ekonomiis Sesaxeb agrZelebs
istoriul oms or Zvel antagonists: liberalizmsa (romelic
pirovnul Tavisuflebas da damoukideblobas wina planze ay
enebs) da materializms (romelic kulturul da socialur
formirebebs ekonomikuri struqturebis epifenomenad Tvlis)
Soris. Tumca, amgvar zedmetad gamartivebul terminebSi, ro
gorc zemoT aRvniSneT, naTlad Cans, rom kulturologia im
denadve miekuTvneba liberalizms, ramdenadac materializms.
bolos da bolos, es sfero, prvel rigSi, vulgaruli marqsis
tuli dogmis `bazisi gansazRvravs zednaSens~ uaryofazea
damyarebuli, da meorec, im koncefciaze, rom kulturis Si

68
naarsi da Rirebuleba unda movZebnoTYimaSi, Tu rogor iyene
ben mas adamianebi cxovrebaSi da ara imaSi, rom garkveuli Ri
rebulebebis sawyobad iyos gamoyenebuli.
sinamdvileSi am debatebSi gamoyenebuli Sexedulebebi
gamartivebulia, radganac kulturologias tendencia aqvs
erTsa da imave dros warmoadgendes rogorc liberalizmis,
ise materializmis formas. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Teoriis
doneze, kulturologiur formaTa umetesoba alTuserisa
da fukos koncefciis gavlenas ganicdis (romelic SegviZlia
mivakuTvnoT im tradicias, romelic meCvidmete saukuneSi
mcxovrebma filosofosma, baruq spinozam Seqmna), konkretu
lad, rom ideebi da saqmianoba SeiZleba CaiTvalos socialuri
energiisa da Zalauflebis formebad (ix. alTuseri 1971, 168-
169). rogorc reimond uiliamsma Camoayaliba `cnobiereba da
misi produqtebi yovelTvis, cvalebadi formebis saSualebiT,
socialuri procesis nawils warmoadgens~ (uiliamsi, 1977, 60).
Tu politikuri TvalsazrisiT es niSnavs, rom Cagvrisa da su
bordinaciis yvela forma ar aris ekonomikuri, kulturolo
giis TvalsazrisiT aRniSnavs, rom kulturuli produqciis
gan miRebuli siamovneba, misi gamoyeneba da aRqma ar saWiroebs
politikur-ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT ganxilvas, da rom
ekonomikuri da `kulturuli~ zonebi SeiZleba warmovidgi
noT erTmaneTTan dinamiuri urTierTkavSiris monawileebad
da ara ise, TiTqos erTi, ubralod, gansazRvravs meores.
modiT, es azri ufro davakonkretoT da warmovidginoT,
Tu rogori iqneboda warmatebuli kulturologiuri analizi
jenis redueis sanimuSo aSS-s `Tvis wignis klubis~analizze
dayrdnobiT wignSi: `wignebis siyvaruli: Tvis wignis klubi,
literaturuli gemovneba da saSualo klasis survili~ (1997).
1990-ian wlebSi wignebis klubebis aseTma popularobam saga
momcemlo industriaSi sakuTrebis, Serwymisa da marketin
guli meTodebis cvlilebebi gamoiwvia, iseve, rogorc cvli
lebebi wignis beWdvis teqnologiaSi. amas mohyva im adamianTa
urTierTdamokidebulebebis, motivaciebisa da miznebis (ar
aris erTi da igive) kvleva, romlebic wignis klubebSi iyvnen
dasaqmebulni, iqnebodnen eseni moyvaruli organizatorebi,
marketingis menejerebi, kritikosebi Tu sareklamo masa
lebis avtorebi, romlebic werdnen wignis klubebisTvis an

69
klubebis Sesaxeb. es Seqmnida garkveul warmodgenas zogadad
kiTxvis, rogorc televizoris yurebis an internetiT sargeb
lobis msgavsi saqmianobis kulturuli statusis Sesaxeb da
gviCvenebda, rom `wignis klubis~ mier warmoCenili wignebis
kiTxva, Tavisufali drois gatarebis erT-erT arCevans war
moadgenda. imave dros, is warmodgenas Segviqmnida mkiTxvelis
ekonomikur da socialur mdgomareobaze (maTi samsaxuris,
sqesis, Semosavlis Sesaxeb). SesaZloa moeca informacia im pi
robebze, romlebic arsebobs garemoSi, sadac is wignebi gamo
dis da romlisTvisac, Cemi azriT, araliteraturuli midgoma
da dabali xelfasebia damaxasiaTebeli.
wignis klubebis biznesisa da socio-ekonomikuri struq
turebis da maTi mkiTxvelebis mimarT amgvari yuradReba,
aseTi klubebis arsebobas saTanado axsnas ver miscems. kul
turologiis centraluri seqciis midgoma wignis klubebisad
mi, savaraudod, gagvacnobs Tu ras fiqroben da grZnoben Ta
vad monawileebi, miuxedavad imisa, iqnebian isini industriis
warmomadgenlebi Tu mkiTxvelebi. mkiTxvelebs waaqezebdnen
aReweraT, Tu rogor aisaxeboda wakiTxuli maT cxovrebaze.
kulturologiis mizani iqneboda daxmareboda adamians wig
nis klubis samyaros inteleqtualur, kritikul da emociur
gaazrebaSi. inteleqtualuri gaazreba niSnavs im industriul
da kulturul pirobebSi Cawvdomas, romlebSic klubebi aRma
vlobas ganicdis; kritikuli gaazreba niSnavs mixvdnen amgvari
socialuri da kulturuli danaxarjebis azrs da gaiazron
gamonaklisebi am pirobebidan (da im pirobebidan, romelTac es
pirobebi ganapirobes), iseve, rogorc daZabulobebi da uwyve
toba da erTianobebi biznesis faseulobebsa da mkiTxvelTa
faseulobebs Soris. efeqturi gaazreba niSnavs TanagrZnobas
rogorc mkiTxvelebis, ise gamomcemlebis mimarT da SesaZloa
maT waxalisebas klubebSi gawevrianebisa an wignebis klubebis
axali saxeobebis Seqmnaze.

individualizmi, daqvemdebarebuli
poziciebi da disciplinaruloba

kulturologiaSi, rogorc Cans, adamianis (pirovnebis)

rolic sakmaod problemuria. yvela interpretaciuli disci

70
plina mimarTulia iqiT, rom maTi obieqtebis personaluri da
individualizebuli gaazreba gamoiwvion, miuxedavad imisa,
rom ritorikul da akademiur SromebSi xSirad gamoiyeneba
`me~-snacvlad `Cven~ (gamomsaxvelobiTi saSualeba, romelic
kulturologias warmogvidgens, rogorc politikur gaer
Tianebas). imdenad, ramdenadac kulturologia uaryofs kul
turul individualobas (mag. gei, amerikeli, muSa, TeTrkani
ani), romelic uaryofs amgvari individualobiT gansazRvrul
Sinagan gansxvavebebs gaerTianebebis farglebSi; imdenad, ram
denadac is uaryofs fsiqoanalitikur midgomas, romlis mixed
viTac individualur fsiqologiur struqturebs seriozuli
stimulebi marTavs da imdenad, ramdenadac is gamocdilebiT
da adamianTa cxovrebiT interesdeba, kulturologia cdi
lobs sayrdeni eZebos pirovnul SexedulebebSi kulturuli
formaciebis Sesaxeb. amdenad, am sferos mecnierebi sul ufro
didi raodenobiT weren esseebs, romlebSic isini gamoxataven
TavianT pirad damokidebulebas da grZnobebs ama Tu im kul
turuli formis mimarT (magaliTebisTvis ix. kipnisi 1992 da
repingi 2002).
piradi Sexedulebebis mecnieruli Rirebuleba yovelTvis
SezRudulia: akademiur Sromebs moeTxovebaT, rom codnas
iZleodnen an iseTi Teoriuli datvirTva hqondeT, romelic
saWiro da gamosadegi iqneba adamianebisTvis, aRsarebis tipis
Sromebi ki am moTxovnebs xSirad ar akmayofileben. am daZab
ulobis daregulireba Zalian mcire raodenobis wignebma Se
Zlo. erT-erTi maTgania kerolin stidmanis `landSafti kargi
qalisTvis~ (1986), romelSic avtoris cxovrebiseuli gamoc
dileba gadaxlarTulia Tavisi muSaTa klasis wris warmomad
geneli dedis cxovrebasTan. wigni yuradRebiT da gaazrebiT
ganixilavs istoriasa da sazogadoebas, romlis wiaRSic maTi
erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebuli karierebi yalibdeboda. nawar
moebSi pirovnuli axal Suqze warmoaCens ufro mniSvnelovan
istorias da exmaureba mimdinare akademiur debatebs, aseve
stidmanis uamravi (magram ara yvela) mkiTxvelis cxovrebis
Tanmdevs warmoadgens. Tumca, mniSvnelovania aRiniSnos, rom
stidmani Tavs ar miakuTvnebs arc erT gamokveTil politikur
gaerTianebas: es rom ase yofiliyo, mis midgomas, romelic aR
sarebas hgavs, naklebi mniSvneloba eqneboda.

71
 zogadad, kulturologia Tavisi energiis nawils iRebs
sistematuri, xangrZlivi socialuri Semobrunebidan dasav
leTis individualizmisken, romlis Sesaxebac Teoriebs ayali
bebdnen sociologebi, dawyebuli fukodan da damTavrebuli
qristofer laSiT (fuko 1978, laSi 1978). arsebobs ramdenime
kiTxva, romelic studentebis kulturologiiT kidev ufro
met dainteresebas gansazRvravs, vidre iseTi kiTxva, ro
goricaa: ras warmoadgens garemo pirobebi, romelTac Camo
mayalibes da romelTa saSualebiTac sakuTari Tavis Secnoba
SemiZlia? Tumca, roca am kiTxvas aqcenti garemo pirobebis
analizidan pirad gamocdilebaze gadaaqvs, saxifaTo terito
riaze SevdivarT. sabolood: ra aris piradi gamocdileba? ada
mianma SeiZleba ifiqros, rom met-naklebad, yvelaferia. ufro
zustad, gamocdileba imdenad zemoqmedebs cnobierebaze, rom
xels gviSlis Cveni qmedebebis gamomwvevi rTuli mizezebis
amocnobaSi. gamodis, TiTqos Cven, rogorc SemosazRvruli
Sinagani samyaroebi, romlebic mudmivad ivseba SegrZnebebiT,
mogonebebiT, fiqrebiTa da grZnobebiT, Cvenive cxovrebis
Semqmnel Zalas warmovadgenT. magram es Sinagani sisavse, ro
melic amgvar SegrZnebas iwvevs, dakvirvebisas SeiZleba sakma
od faqizi aRmoCndes. is uCinaria; is arc imdenad unikaluria,
rogorc gveCveneba; is warmavalia. magram, is bevrad metia, vi
dre subieqturoba, romelic unikaluri Sinagani fsiqologi
uri movlenebis nakadad migvaCnia da imavroulad sisavses da
gaqrobis wertilsac warmoadgens. amis kidev erTi mizezi is
aris, rom imisaTvis, rom subieqturoba gaaCndes vinmes an vin
mesTvis (an zogjer, Tundac CvenTvis) mniSvneloba hqondes, is
komunikacias saWiroebs, xolo komunikaciis aqtebi (romlebic,
Cveulebriv, niSnebiTa da SeTanxmebebiT gamoixateba), safrTx
es uqmnis gamocdilebis individualobas, an sul cota, dadge
nili sakomunikacio meTodebis batonobis daqvemdebarebaSi
mainc gadahyavs, radganac individualobis TviTgamoxatva mx
olod amgvari meTodebis saSualebiT SeiZleba. (ra Tqma unda,
fizikuri da emociuri urTierTobac SegviZlia magaliTad,
tkivilisgan gamowveuli yvirili, Sexeba, romelTac SeiZleba
TanagrZnoba gamoiwvion, magram, individualobas naklebad
gamoxataven).
modiT, am saTuT sakiTxs sxva kuTxiT mivudgeT: ramde

72
nad xdeba subieqturi azrovnebisa da gamocdilebis struq
tuireba da SezRudva ufro Zlieri istoriuli procesebiT,
romlebic socialur struqturebSia asaxuli? am sakiTxTan
dakavSirebiT gamoTqmuli erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani
mosazrebis Tanaxmad, Tu miSel fukos termins gamoviyenebT,
`pirovnebebad individualobis procesis Sedegad Camovyalib
diT~. Tavad termin `pirovnebis~ arsi istoriisa da kulturis
ganviTarebis procesis ganmavlobaSi gansxvavebul cnebebs
warmoadgenda, radganac pirovnebebi iqmnebian rogorc `TviT
formirebis~, ise garkveuli Teoriebis safuZvelze. magali
Tad, mecxramete saukunis bolos, bevri dasavleli adamiani
imyofeboda aracnobier an qvecnobier mdgomareobaSi, romlis
drosac grZnobebi da mogonebebi `represirebulia~ da uadgi
lo an moulodnel azrovnebaSi gamoixateba. es aris individu
alobis mdidari, istoriulad gansazRvruli tipi, romelic
didad aris damokidebuli fsiqoanalitikur Teoriaze da ro
melic farTod aris gavrcelebuli iseT specifikur sfero
ebSi, rogorebicaa bavSvis movla da mkurnaloba, romlebic,
Tavis mxriv, rTuli socialuri da institucionaluri gare
mos produqtebs warmoadgenen. amgvari procesebis Sedegad
Camoyalibebuli pirovnebebi xSirad Tavs aseTebad ar scnoben
da hgoniaT, rom rogoric arian, iseTebi spontanurad gaxdnen.
marTlac, sakuTari Tavis istoriuli da socialuri Tvalsaz
risiT gagebas (mecnieruli Seswavlis saSualebiT) iqneb imi
tom ki ar vcdilobT, rom raRac axali gavigoT, aramed imitom,
rom sakuTari Tavis axali forma SeviZinoT.
kulturologia individualobas yovelTvis cota gan
sxvavebulad, rogorc `daqvemdebarebul pozicias~, ise ga
nixilavda da aRniSnavda met-naklebad fiqsirebul poziciebs,
romelTac SeuZliaT individs individualoba mianiWon
garkveul socialur formaciebSi. aSkara aratradiciuli
orientaciis pirovnebebi, iraneli qalebi an brius springsti
nis fanebi akeTeben garkveuli formis gancxadebebs da aqvT
garkveuli formis damokidebulebebi, romlebic, uxeSad rom
vTqvaT, maTTan ukve gamzadebuli saxiT modian. ai, swored amas
aRniSnavs `daqvemdebarebuli pozicia~. magram, es analizi cota
gamartivebulad gamoiyureba, radgan aSkaraa, rom ar SeiZleba
am `poziciebis~ daufiqreblad miReba. taqtikuri mizezebiT an

73
daskvnebis gamosatanad maTi elementebis SerCeva Segnebulad
unda moxdes. ratom SeiZleba, magaliTad, rom viRac, muSaTa-
klasis warmomadgeneli qali konservatiul partias ekuTv
nodes, xolo viRac mumbaiSi mcxovrebi farsi italiuri ope
ris Tayvanismcemeli iyos? iqneb individualobis gamosaxatad,
an monawileobis misaRebad imaSi, raSic Tqveni adgili ar aris,
iqneb imis uarsayofad, rac TqvenTvis winaswar gansazRvru
lia an piriqiT, imasTan gasaigiveblad, rasac ar warmoadgenT?
zogadad, kulturologiis mixedviT, memkvidreobiT miRebuli
an dakisrebuli daqvemdebarebuli poziciebis daZleva SesaZ
lebelia, maSinac ki, rodesac adamianis SesaZleblobebi maTi
daZlevis TvalsazrisiT, garkveulad SezRudulia.
rodesac davfiqrdebiT imaze, Tu rogor moqmedebs daqvem
debarebuli pozicia yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi, swori ar iqneba,
Tu vityviT, rom dadgenili daqvemdebarebuli poziciebi mem
kvidreobiT gvergeba. piriqiT, Cven vgrZnobT maTTan damoki
debulebas da zogjer `biTumad~ viRebT maT mier SemoTavaze
bul individualur Tvisebebs (cnobierad an gaucnobiereblad).
magram, amasTanave, xSirad Tavs varidebT maT, risTvisac vi
yenebT saWiro tonalobebisa da meTodebis farTo diapazons,
romlebic amis saSualebas gvaZleven, ironiisa da gulubry
vilobis CaTvliT (am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT).
nebismier SemTxvevaSi, individualoba ar aris is kategoria,
romlis iolad gamoyeneba SeiZleba imisaTvis, rom davicvaT
kulturuli analizi abstraqciisa da gansxvavebaTa uxeSad
damalvisagan. igi warmoadgens kategorias, romelic SeiZleba
gamoyenebul iqnes kulturologiis xelovnebisa da litera
turisken misamarTad. Tumca, rogorc ar unda iyos, litera
tura, xelovneba da saSemsruleblo xelovneba kulturis is
dargebia, romlebSic individualoba aisaxeba da romlis kul
tivirebac sajarod xdeba, iqneb imave mizeziT, ris gamoc kul
turis dargebi yvelaze metad arian gaxsnili impresionizmisa
da narcisizmisTvis. ra Tqma unda, Zlieri aqcenti individu
alizmze Seicavs Serwymis saSiSroebas popularuli libera-
luri individualizmis iseT saxeobasTan, romelTa konceptu
aluri bazisi TiToeuli adamianis unikalurobas eyrdnoba da
romlis politika mudmivad mimarTulia TiToeuli adamianis
uflebisken, gamoxatos sakuTari Tavi da icxovros pirovnu

74
li Taviseburebebis Sesabamisad, xolo eTika fokusirebulia
Cvens movaleobaze, yuradRebiT movepyraT da pativi vceT sxva
adamianebis unikalurobas.
kulturologiisaTvis sirTule imaSi mdgomareobs, rom
mas ar SeuZlia dauSvas koleqtivizmis Sesaferisi forma, ro
melic am tipis individualizms daupirispirdeba. am Tval
sazrisiT, mis xelT arian mxolod pedagogebi/mecnierebi,
romlebic am sferoSi moRvaweoben da studentebis Taobebi,
romelTac isini aswavlian. xolo amgvar institucionalur
koleqtivizms `me~-s Zala da avtoriteti ar gaaCnia, miuxeda
vad im individualobis aramyarobisa, romelsac es nacvalsa
xeli gamoxatavs.

damatebiTi sakiTxavi: diuringi 1999; grosbergi da sxvebi

2000; maqsueli 2001a; malherni 2000.

75
76
 nawili II

dro

2.1. warsuli: kulturis istoria/kulturuli

mexsiereba

kulturologias kidev ufro rTuli damokidebuleba aqvs

istoriasTan, vidre literaturaTmcodneobasTan, socio
logiasa an anTropologiasTan. oficialurad, is kulturis
istoriisgan gansxvavebiT, Tanamedrove kulturazea foku
sirebuli. es gansxvaveba ufro mniSvnelovani rom yofiliyo,
is SezRudavda kulturologiis interess istoriis mimarT
warsulis im gzebisa da gamovlinebebis TvalsazrisiT, rom
lebic Tanamedrove kulturas ukavSirdeba. magaliTad, in
teress ara Tavad jadoqrebis, aramed imis mimarT, Tu ra sax
iT arsebobs jadoqroba dRes, gansakuTrebiT ki, dRevandel
popularul kulturaSi. marTalia, kulturologia aqcents
xSirad warsulze akeTebs, magram amgvari warmodgena mainc
cota ar iyos martivia. bolos da bolos, rodesac gvinda ar
sebuli mdgomareobis axsna, yovelTvis gviCndeba survili,
moviyvanoT warsulis magaliTebi, romlebic SeiZleba imis
dadgenaSi dagvexmaron, Tu ra gziT movediT Tanamedrove
mdgomareobamde. amgvari magaliTebi (romelTagan mravali
am wignSia warmodgenili) ufro metad imeds gvisaxavs, vidre
sinamdvileSi gvadgeba, radgan istoria srulad verasodes
ganmartavs Tanamedroveobas: is yovelTvis ufro SerCeviTi
da mikerZoebulia. miuxedavad amisa, ukeTesia vicodeT isto
riuli ambebi da ganmartebani, romlebic marTlac gamartive
bulia, vidre araviTari warmodgena ar gagvaCndes sakuTari
warsulis Sesaxeb.
garda amisa, cneba `Tanamedrove~ arc Tu ise zustia, ro
gorc amas ufro detalurad 2.2 nawilSi vnaxavT. zustad ro
dis mTavrdeba warsuli (kulturis istoria) da rodis iwyeba
awmyo (kulturologia)? es rTuli sakiTxia, romelic auqmebs
kulturologiis sazRvrebs. metic, sxvadasxva kategoria,
romelTac viyenebT, raTa sistemaSi moviyvanoT samecniero

77
da arasamecniero azrebi da daskvnebi am sakiTxis Sesaxeb, yov
elTvis pirobiTia, xSirad farul politikur azrs Seicavs da
ar SeiZleba upirobod iqnes miRebuli kritikuli azris mier,
maT Soris yvelaze naklebad ki `progresis~ koncefcia, ro
melic erT-erTi ZiriTadia Tanamedrove istoriaSi. amgvarad,
es nawili eZRvneba warsulis konceptualizaciebis axsnas da
TanamedroveobaSi warsuli cxovrebis mokle mimoxilvas.
garkveuli TvalsazrisiT, awmyo sxva araferia, Tu ara war
sulis gamoxatuleba araferi Cndeba arafridan da Tu Cven
gamovricxavT RmerTsa da Sanss Cveni konceptualuri CarCo
dan, yvelafris SesaZlebloba gveZleva da warsulis real
izacia xdeba struqturebis saSualebiT. Cveulebrivi cxovre
ba savsea warsuliT: magaliTad, warmovidginoT samzareulo,
sakvebi da is, Tu rogor aris is CabeWdili Cvens mexsierebaSi.
kerZebis receptebi Taobidan Taobas gadaecema da iqneb, samu
damod asocirdeba bebiasTan; aseve, Taobebs gadaecema sufra
sTan moqcevis manerebi; restornebis romeliRac qseli Cveni
cxovrebis romelime periodTan gvakavSirebs iqneb yofil
samsaxurSi muSaobisas iq sadilad siarulis gamo; sakvebi, ro
melic ar gviyvars, im dros gvagonebs, rodesac mSoblebi mis
Wamas gvaiZulebdnen; yofili Seyvarebulis sayvareli kerZi
mas gvagonebs; `smarti~ an `em end emi~ Soreul bavSvobaSi gva
brunebs, rodesac isini yvelafers gverCivna amqveyanad; So
koladi kanfetSi ki im sisxliT gaJRenTili industriis mier
aris warmoebuli, romelmac monawileoba miiRo Tanamedrove
samyaros formirebaSi, amis fesvebi ki kolonizaciis istori
aSia da a.S.
yoveli qmedeba atarebs warsulis kvals, Tundac misi
gaucnobierebeli mogonebebis. Tanamedrove Teoriebis
umetesobis analizis sagans warmoadgens is, Tu rogor xdeba
warsulis awmyoSi SeumCnevlad gadmotana. individebis SemTx
vevaSi, warsulis mier awmyos ararefleqtorul gansazRvraze
saubrisas yovelTvis gamoiyeneba termini `Cveva~, romelic
Tavis TavSi socialur Cvevebsac aerTianebs. xSirad ise Cans,
TiTqos moulodnelad Zveli socialuri formaciebi cocxl
deba da raRac amoucnobi Zalis saSualebiT Cvens cxovrebaSi
warsuli Semodis. gana Tanamedrove anti-islamuri paranoia
ganmeoreba ar aris im Suasaukuneobrivi qristianuli crur

78
wmenebisa, romlebic erT dros moZvelebulad gveCveneboda
da amis gamo gaucnobierebeli mogonebebiT savse?
Tumca, akademiuri mecnierebebis TvalsazrisiT, warsuli
umTavresad ara ganmeorebebis, socialuri Cvevebisa da arac
nobieri kauzaluri jaWvebis, aramed swored istoriis saxiT
arsebobs. mniSvnelovania imis Tavidanve gaazreba, rom `isto
ria~ warsulis Secnobis mxolod erT-erTi gzaa. rogorc xSir
ad aRniSnaven, Tavad es sityva orazrovania: is gulisxmobs
rogorc warsulis Sesaxeb codnas (akademiuri disciplinebis
doneze), ise Tavad warsuls, rogorc aseTs, da gansakuTrebiT
ki warsuls, romelic awmyomde agrZelebs arsebobas. marT
lac, arsebobs mosazreba, romelic mTel istorias awmyos mia
kuTvnebs. rac awmyoSi ar arsebobs, imas arc warsuli aqvs, is
ubralod daviwyebulia. es orazrovneba, istorias, rogorc
codnasa da istorias, rogorc movlenas Soris, imas niSnavs,
rom istoria warsulis warmodgenis disciplinaruli gzaa,
Tanac, warsulis warmodgenis SedarebiT axali gza, rac imas
niSnavs, rom marTalia istoria evropuli Tanamedroveobis
qmnileba ar aris, im istoriam, romelic Tanamedrove evropa
Sia Seqmnili, daTrguna CvenSi arsebuli warmodgena warsu
lis Sesaxeb.
es azri cota paradoqsulad JRers, radganac Tavad
Tanamedroveoba istoriuli da sakamaTo cnebaa. Cveulebriv, is
aRniSnavs transformacias im sazogadoebisa da ideologiisa,
romelmac renesansis xanaSi RmerTis garSemo koncentrire
buli istoriuli azri CamoiSora da SemdgomSi komerciuli da
teqnologiuri ganviTarebisken aiRo gezi. Tanamedroveoba,
sruli ZaliT, daaxloebiT safrangeTis revoluciis periodSi
aRmocenda, rodesac aSkara gaxda, rom dasavleTis garkveul
regionebSi `uxsovari drois~ tradiciuli sazogadoeba dasas
ruls uaxlovdeboda (ix. koseleki 1985). istoria, romelic
Tanamedroveobis suliskveTebiT Seiqmna iyo `ganaTlebuli~
istoria, romelic garkveul teqnologiebze iyo dafuZnebuli
(sargeblobda arqivebiT) da garkveuli eTikiT iyo aRWurvili
(misi mizani iyo WeSmaritebis Zieba da miTebisa da legendebis
uarmyofeli hipoTezebis damamtkicebeli sabuTebis moZe
bna). aranakleb mniSvnelovani iyo is, rom Tanamedrove isto
ria dafuZnebuli iyo konceptualur struqturaze, romlis

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Tanaxmadac garkveuli istoriuli faqtebi moTxrobili iyo im
qronologiuri TanmimdevrobiT, romlis mixedviTac adamian
ebi TandaTanobiT TavianT sakeTildReod awyobdnen sazoga
doebasa da bunebas. e.i. istoria progress aRniSnavs. istoriis
Sesaxeb araprogresuli Sexedulebebi (magaliTad, TiTqos is
statikuria da amdenad misi mxolod Sesabamisi gakveTilebis
mowodebis wyarod gamoyeneba SeiZleba; an, rom TandaTano
biT degradacias ganicdis da esqatologiurad gankiTxvis
dRes damTavrdeba; an TiTqos moZraobs ciklebad, romlebic
imperiebis aRmavlobisa da dacemisgan Sedgeba) marcxs ganic
dis. igive moxda istoriis `providencialur~ SexedulebasTan
dakavSirebiT, romlis mixedviTac RmerTi aqtiur interess
iCens adamianebis cxovrebis mimarT da mudmivad ereva masSi.
marTalia, bolo aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi (rogorc Semdgom
vnaxavT, 2.3 TavSi) progresivizmze mniSvnelovani Teoriuli
ieriSebi ganxorcielda, Tanamedrove akademiuri mecniereba
mainc mis gavlenas ganicdis, momavalSic igive gezis gagrZele
bas apirebs da imedi aqvs, rom xels Seuwyobs socialur da
kulturul winsvlas.
istoriis progresuli gageba, TavisTavad, orazrovania:
is ganadidebs humanurobas, rogorc istoriul cvlilebaTa
mamoZravebel Zalas da imavdroulad ganadidebs istoriasac,
romelic TandaTanobiT eTikuri standarti da socialuri
arsebobis safuZveli xdeba. swored amgvari qronologiuri
wyobis safuZvelze gakeTebuli Sedarebis Sedegad iTvle
boda, rom sxva, kolonizebuli sazogadoebebi `istoriis~
naklebobas ganicdidnen da ufro warsuls miekuTvnebodnen,
vidre awmyos. am gagebiT, istoria xSirad iqceva didi ganxeTq
ilebebis asparezad sxvadasxva tipis sazogadoebebs Soris,
romelTagan erTi nawilis qmedebebs memkvidreobiT miRebuli
modelebi gansazRvravs, xolo meorisas improvizireba da
sakuTari momavlis Seqmnisaken swrafva. swored Tanamedrove
qronologiurma wyobam ganapiroba, rom rac (istorikosTa
TvalsazrisiT) sazogadoebaSi ucvlelad darCa, an is, rasac
progresi ar Sexebia, `moZvelebulad~, `tradiciulad~ an an
ti-istoriulad iTvleboda. aseve amgvarma qronologiurma
Tanmimdevrobam ganapiroba, rom instituciebi da Cveule
bebi (rogoricaa CamoxrCoba, Treva da Sayis kvra), romlebic

80
Tanamedrove cxovrebaSi aRar arseboben, istorias Cabardnen
kidev erTi gagebiT: usargeblo nivTebad iqcnen.
sazogadoebebi, romlebic mudmiv cvlilebas ganicdian da
romlebic sakuTar istorias qmnian, istorias am gziTac qm
nian (agroveben): dangreuli da moZvelebuli iseve axasiaTebs
Tanamedroveobas, rogorc axlis brwyinvaleba. mkvdari is
toria gansazRvrul problemas warmoSobs: warsuli iseTive
ucxo xdeba, rogorc sxva kulturebi. es meTodologiuri
problemis winaSe gvayenebs. rogor unda CavwvdeT warsuls
misive pirobebis codnis gareSe, im pirobebisa, romlebic
Cven, Tanamedrove adamianebs aRar gvesmis, aRar viziarebT da
met-naklebad dakargulia? azrovnebis amgvar mimarTulebas,
romelic warsuls, rogorc misgan Zireulad gansxvavebul,
`sxva~ kulturad miiCnevs, `istorizms~ uwodeben da pro
gresivizmTan axlos mdgom, mis meore mxared Tvlian.
istorizmis Tanaxmad, warsuli gvexmareba awmyos aR
qmaSi umTavresad, Txrobisa da sasiamovno gaucxoebis
(defamiliarizaciis) saSualebiT iqamde, vidre Zalebi,
romelTaganac awmyo warmoiqmneba, mxolod umniSvnelod
ukavSirdeba warsuls, im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu misgan gamomdi
nareobs. warsuls SeuZlia bevri ram gvaswavlos ara imitom,
rom mis msoflmxedvelobas viziarebT, aramed imitom, rom
gvaxsenebs, rom raRacis misaRwevad sxva gzebic arsebobs.
amgvarad, maSinac ki, rodesac warsuli gvaZlevs sasargeblo
gakveTilebs, (magaliTad, rodesac mogviTxrobs orTodo
qsaluri ekonomikis ganmeorebad warumateblobebze sabazro
urTierTobebis rac SeiZleba metad gafarToebis saqmeSi), am
gakveTilebs ugulebelvyofT. warsulis Zireuli Seswavla
momavlis gansazRvris mizniT ukve ise mniSvnelovnad aRar
iTvleba, rogorc adre, meTvramete saukunis bolomde iTv
leboda, rodesac istoria jer kidev ufro metad providen
cialuri iyo, vidre saero. metic, Tanamedrove TvalsazrisiT
istorias SeuZlia warmodgena Segviqmnas awmyoze, miuxedavad
imisa, rom am warmodgenas SeiZleba akldes Zala an mecnieruli
dasabuTeba, rac igivea, rom, magaliTad, CavwvdeT pirovnebis
qmedebebis azrs misi ganzraxvebis safuZvelze.
amave dros, imis gamo, rom warsuli `ucxod~ da warmav
lad iTvleba, misi dacva sul ufro da ufro met Zalisxmevas

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moiTxovs. misi dacva, Senaxva da gamofena dRes muzeumebis
sferos evaleba. mniSvnelovania aRiniSnos, rom istoriis es
mdgomareoba, romelic warsuls ukvdavyofs, gulisxmobs da
atarebs evropuli Tanamedroveobis faseulobebsa da pro
tokolebs, kolonializmis Semdgomi periodis kritikosTa,
gansakuTrebiT ki dipeS Cakrabartis kritikis sagani gaxda,
romlis mizani iyo daecva warsulis mimarT ara-dasavluri da
ara-istoriuli midgoma (ix. Cakrabarti 1992). faqtobrivad,
miuxedavad imisa, rom warsulis Sesaxeb Tanamedrove dasav
lur SexedulebebSi istoricizmsa da progresivizms gaba
tonebuli mdgomareoba ukaviaT da simarTles Seesabameba is,
rom saero da kritikuli azrovneba maTzea koncentrirebuli,
maT araviTar SemTxvevaSi ara aqvT monopolia Tundac dasav
lur kulturaSi. istoria inarCunebs Zalian specifikur da
axlo kavSirebs konservatizmTan, rac warmoadgens mizezs
erT-erT imis, rom kulturologiis damokidebuleba isto
riasTan Zalian problemuria.
es kavSiri pirvelad edmund burkes anti-revoluciur
nawarmoebebSi warmoCnda (gansakuTrebiT ki mis `fiqrebSi
safrangeTis revoluciaze~ 1790), romelic safrangeTis
revoluciis Semdeg, Zalian male daiwera. burke civilize
bul erovnul memkvidreobas (kulturul istorias) upirisp
irebs ganaTlebul, radikalur socialur politikas (mizezs)
da am ukanasknels ara warsulidan memkvidreobiT miRebuli
sibrZnis, keTilSobilebisa da faseulobebis mimarT upa
tiviscemlobaSi adanaSaulebs, aramed ganixilavs rogorc
arastabilurobisa da danawevrebulobis mizezs. burkes kv
leva gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani iyo im TvalsazrisiT, rom
man kulturis, rogorc politikisgan calke mdgomi zonis,
gansazRvraSi Seitana wvlili. burkes opozicia, rogorc Cans,
aRar asrulebda wamyvan rols dasavlur politikaSi, magram
misi logika kvlav ar kargavs mniSvnelobas ersa da kulturas
Soris kavSiris moZebnis sakiTxSi. is azri, TiTqos erovnuli
identuroba axlo kavSirSia maRali kulturis memkvidreobas
Tan, romelic kvlavac mniSvnelovania evropaSi da sul ufro
metad imkvidrebs adgils aziaSi, safuZvlianad damarcxda.
aSS-s erT-erTi mniSvnelovani damaxasiaTebeli niSani, garda
imisa, rom Tavs sxvadasxva diasporuli jgufebis gaerTianebiT

82
ganaTlebuli revoluciis (romelsac, unda vaRiaroT, rom ax
algazrda burke did pativs scemda) Sedegad Seqmnil qveynad
cnobs, aris is, rom post-burkeanistulia. is erTmaneTTan ax
los arasodes akavSirebda erovnul identurobas da memkvi
dreobiT miRebul kulturas.
istoriis politikuri buneba kidev ufro naTlad ikveTeba
debatebSi imis Sesaxeb, rasac avstraliaSi `Savi samklauris~
istoriad moixsenieben. es aris Tanamedrove sazogadoebis is
toria, romelSic xazgasmulia, rom dasavleTis aRmavloba da
msoflio batonoba arahumanurobisa da Zaladobis, kerZod ki,
kolonializmis droindeli sistematuri mkvlelobebisa da
afrikuli monobis istoriazea agebuli. am tipis kritikuli
istoria dafuZnebuli iyo imperializmis axal, postkolonis
tur gagebaze, romelic ormocdaaTian-samocian wlebSi Zve
li, formaluri imperiebis daSlis Semdeg gamoikveTa, magram,
romlis popularizaciis mcdelobebi dasavleTSi ukve arse
bobda. kerZod, qristefore kolumbis mier amerikis egreT wo
debuli `aRmoCenis~ 500 wlis iubiles aRsaniSnavad gamosul
wignSi, rogoricaa magaliTad, kerkpatrik seilis bestseleri
`samoTxis dapyroba~ (sainteresoa, rom am wignis saTauri nas
esxebi aqvs ridli skots gaxmaurebuli, araerTmniSvnelovnad
revizionistuli filmisTvis - `1492: samoTxis dapyroba~).
aSS-Si afro-amerikelTa moqalaqeobrivi uflebebis damcav
ma moZraobam amerikis istoriaSi monobis rolisa da rasiz
mis Sesaxeb revizionistuli Sexedulebebis gavrcelebaSi
seriozuli roli Seasrula. amgvari kritikuli istoriebi
mwvave opoziciaSi udganan iseTi tipis Sexedulebebs, rom
lebic xazs usvamen, magaliTad, dasavleTis TviTgaTavisuf
lebas cru rwmenebisa da tiraniisgan, mis mier warmoebis is
eTi meTodis kapitalizmis gamogonebas, romelsac masebi
materialuri keTildReobis ufro maRal doneze ahyavs an mis
misias, msoflioSi civilizacia Seitanos. postkolonialis
turma istoriebma Zalze gaamwvava holokostis mier danergi
li eWvi dasavluri Tanamedroveobis istoriuli safuZvlebis
Sesaxeb. `Savi samklauris~ istoriis mimarT winaaRmdegoba
mniSvnelovan stimulad iqca konservatorebisTvis, raTa
oTxmociani wlebis Semdeg ieriSi mietanaT `multikultur
alizmze~. am droisaTvis ise Cans, TiTqos ufskruli warsulis

83
Sesaxeb arsebul akademiur Sexedulebebs, romlebic kvlav im
perializmisa da rasizmis revizionistul da kritikul pozi
ciaze dganan da im gavrcelebul msoflmxedvelobas Soris,
romelic am formaciebs esazRvreba, TandaTanobiT izrdeba
da es mxolod dasavleTSi ar xdeba.
modiT, ganvixiloT rogor aris warmodgenili da rogor
gamoiyeneba warsuli Tanamedrove dasvenebis kulturaSi.
Cven vcxovrobT iseT sazogadoebaSi, romelSic, rogorc am
boben, awmyo uprecedento masStabiT dominirebs warsulze,
magram, miuxedavad amisa, warsuli yvelgan gvxvdeba. ufro
abstraqtulad rom gamovxatoT, yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi
warsulisken Semobruneba, ZiriTadad, ori gziT xdeba: reaq
tiulad, anu ukan daxeviT rTuli, gaurkveveli awmyodan da
pozitiurad, rac gamoixateba didi droisa da Tanxebis da
bandebaSi siZveleebis dacvisaTvis, es ki pirvel rigSi, das
venebis kulturis interesebSi xdeba. garda amisa, warsuli, ra
Tqma unda, xSirad SenarCunebulia TanamedroveobaSi yovel
gvari formaluri istorizaciis gavlis gareSe. amasTan daka
vSirebiT gvaxsendeba musikaluri semplingi (gansakuTrebiT
ki Zveli simRerebis gamoyeneba hip-hopSi); Zveli simRerebis
radio-gadacemebi; Zveli satelevizio programebisa da Zveli
filmebis ganmeorebiTi Cveneba. amgvari obieqtebi arsebobs
zogierT naklebad gansazRvrul zonebSi Tanamedrovesa da
istoriuls Soris, sadac warsuli (romelic warsulad iTv
leba) ar aris muzeumisa da mecnierebis xelSi da ubralo mox
marebisaTvis aris gankuTvnili.
romeli gzac ar unda avirCioT, misi ufro konkretuli
gaanalizebisas naTeli xdeba, rom Tanamedrove istoria mra
valgvar yovlismomcvel da urTierTgadamkveT funqcias as
rulebs da sxvadasxva interess akmayofilebs. zogierTisT
vis romelime qve-kulturis an raime sazogadoebis aRmoCena
mxolod hobis sagans warmoadgens. istoriis moyvarulTa
sxvadasxva jgufebi, magaliTad, didad arian daintereseb
ulni sxvadasxva periodebiT an mimarTulebebiT (mamakacebSi
gansakuTrebiT popularuli iyo samxedro istoria, magali
Tad, nacistur germaniaSi). sxvebi saqmeSi ufro aqtiurad da
SemoqmedebiTad erTvebian, magaliTad, adgilobriv istori
ul sazogadoebebTan erTad an arqeologiuri gaTxrebis sa

84
SualebiT praqtikulad Seiswavlian siZveleebs; an warsuls
`TamaSis~ saxiT aRadgenen, rasac xSirad `cocxal istorias~
uwodeben. gaerTianebul samefoSi warsulis `aRdgenis~ moda
1968 wels SemoiRo samoqalaqo omis TayvanismcemelTa jguf
ma, romelsac `daluquli kvanZis sazogadoeba~ erqva da, ro
melic dResac britaneTis am tipis udides sazogadoebas
warmoadgens. samoqalaqo omi aSS-Sic yvelaze popularuli
`dadgmebis~ umTavres Temas warmoadgens, Tumca iq amgvar
`dadgmebs~ ufro konservatoruli, rom araferi vTqvaT ra
sizmze, xasiaTi aqvs, radgan maTSi jer kidev Zlieria nostal
gia konfederaciis mimarT (samxreTuli monaTmflobeloba).
istoriis aRdgenis moyvarulebs Soris arsebobs aqtivistebis
birTvi, romelic umZimes pirobebSi cxovrobs mxolod imi
tom, rom icxovros ise, rogorc warsulSi maTi winaprebi
cxovrobdnen, Tanamedrove komfortis yovelgvari pirobebis
gareSe.
danarCenebisTvis ki istoria ufro pasiuri garTobis for
mas warmoadgens, kerZod, televiziis saSualebiT dokumentu
ri filmebis yurebiT Semoifargleba. es filmebi bolo dros
uaRresad komerciuli gaxda. aviRoT, magaliTad, A & B saka
belo televiziis istoriis arxi, romelsac (iseve, rogorc mis
msgavs biografiebis arxs) saerTaSoso mauwyebloba aqvs da
SeuZlia awarmoos didi moculobis filmebi, romelTac kom
pania Tavad yidis, rogorc `msoflio programebis movlenas~.
aseTia, magaliTad, 2000 wels gamoSvebuli am tipis pirveli
aTsaaTiani programa `Tanamedrove saocari saTamaSoebis kvi
ra biWebisaTvis~, romelic sxvadasxva teqnikuri mowyobile
bebisa da saTamaSoebis istorias warmoadgenda da specialu
rad im mamakacebisaTvis iyo gankuTvnili, romlebic gulis
siRrmeSi kvlavac biWebad rCebian. istoria, gansakuTrebiT
ki istoriuli biografia, sagamomcemlo industriis ZiriTad
Janrsac warmoadgens. am Temaze dawerili wignebi saukeTeso
saCuqaria iseTi mamakacebisTvis, romlebic `namdvil mkiTx
velTa~ kategorias ar miekuTvnebian. did britaneTSi, peri
odul gamocemas - `Tanamedrove istoria~, warmoudgeneli
warmateba xvda wilad. istorias, garTobis mizniT, fantazi
is elementebi emateba: istoriuli mxatvruli literatura,
romlis fuZemdeblad mecxramete saukunis Sotlandieli

85
mwerali uolter skoti iTvleba, araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar
SeiZleba dasrulebulad CaiTvalos (skotis mizani iyo Ta
namedrove, progresuli istorizmisa da burkeanuli konser
vatizmis Serigeba istoriuli Zalebis mier formirebuli is
eTi mxatvruli garemosa da personaJebis SeqmniT, romlebic
Tanamedroveobis msubuq SemoWras Seeguebodnen).
Tanamedrove, istoriul mxatvrul literaturas, ro
gorc nabeWdi, ise audio-vizualuri mediis saxiT, msgavsi
ideologiuri miznebi iSviaTad amoZravebs. amis magaliTad
SegviLZlia gamoviyenoT barbara kartlendis bestseleri ro
manebi, romelTac didi wvlili Seitanes inglisis regentobis
sicocxliT savse da Tavisufali periodis asaxvaSi (swored
im periodisa, rodesac ser valter skoti Tavis romanebs qm
nida). Tumca, bolo dros, mxatvrul literaturaSi mwer
lobis axali Janri aRmocenda, romelic gaurkvevlad urevs
erTmaneTSi istoriasa da beletristikas. mwerlobis es saxe
oba istoriis miwisqveSa dinebebs acocxlebs da faseulad mx
olod imitom iTvleba, rom sazogadoebis farTod gavrcele
buli mexsierebis miRmaa darCenili da maTi xseneba, swored am
mizezis gamo, garkveul riskTan aris dakavSirebuli. am Janris
yvelaze kargad cnobil warmomadgenlTa ricxvs miekuTvnebi
an ingliseli mwerali ien sinkleri da germaneli v. g. sebaldi,
romelTa nawarmoebebSi ganwyoba sakmaod melanqoliuria. aw
myos saSinelebas mxolod virtuozuli literaturuli sti
li arbilebs. gansakuTrebiT sebaldis nawarmoebebSi, drois
warmavlobis uZvelesi Tema cocxldeba da istorias sasa
flaos barokosdroindel (mistikur) mniSvnelobas aniWebs.
miuxedavad istorizmisa da progresivizmisa, warsuli
funqcionirebas agrZelebs, iseve, rogorc identurobaTa
safuZveli sxvadasxva doneze. magaliTad, ojaxis doneze, ge
nealogiis aRmavloba daaxloebiT meCvidmete saukunis meore
naxevridan, `postmodernuli~ droidan iwyeba. Tanamedrove
dasavleTSi mravali biblioTekis arqivi specialurad am
sakiTxebze muSaobs adamianebs TavianTi sagvareulo xaze
bis moZebnaSi exmareba. es, Cemi azriT, ufro imaze mianiSnebs,
rom zogierT asakovan da adgilebis Semcvlel adamians bevri
Tavisufali dro da fuli aqvs, vidre imisa, rom kulturis
warsulTan damokidebulebaSi raRac seismuri cvlilebebi

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moxda.
socialur doneze istoriuli gadmocemebi eTnosebisa
da erebis identurobis safuZvlis Seqmnas agrZelebs. aman
SeiZleba garkveuli movlenebis (gansakuTrebiT, tragikuli
movlenebis) pirdapiri identifikaciis forma miiRos da Ta
namedrove cxovrebis wesebi da grZnobebis struqtura gansaz
Rvros: amis magaliTebia afro-amerikelTa monoba, koloniza
cia mravali kolonizebuli qveynisTvis da Tundac, londonis
dabombva londonis mcxovrebTaTvis. franguli identuroba
kvlavac im Segnebis garSemoa koncentrirebuli, rom safran
geTma msoflios Tanamedrove civiluroba da racionaluroba
SesZina - ideologiis elementi, romelic ufro mniSvnelova
nia, vidre es ucxoelebs warmoudgeniaT (isini safrangeTs
ufro sxva, istoriuli momentebiT afaseben, gansakuTrebiT ki
mecxramete saukunis bolo periodiT belle epoch (mSvenieri
dro). CineTis saxalxo respublikaSi, komunisturma partiam,
kapitalisturi wyobis damkvidrebisaken misi SemobrunebiT
gamowveuli socialurad mougvarebadi uTanxmoebebis dareg
ulireba, CineTSi uZvelesi civilizaciis arsebobiT gamowveu
li siamayis grnobis aqcentirebiT scada. samociani wlebis
bolosa da samocdaaTiani wlebis dasawyisis feministurma moZ
raobam energiis didi nawili istoriisken Zalze warmatebuli
mibrunebidan miiRo, raTa qalebis Rvawli samudamo daviwyebis
gan gadaerCina da axali pirobebis Sesabamisad, trans-istoriu-
li, genderulad Tanasworuflebiani sazogadoeba Seeqmna.
istoriis saSualebiT mopovebulma identurobam SeiZle
ba kidev ufro susti formac miiRos, magaliTad, rogoricaa
nostalgia. nostalgia imperialisturi da klasobriv prin
cipze damyarebuli sazogadoebisTvis, gansakuTrebiT ki sa
Sualo klasis britaneTisTvis imdenad aris damaxasiaTebeli,
rom bevrs im mniSvnelovan tradiciad miaCnia, romelic maT
britanelobas gansazRvravs. kritikosi frederik jeimsoni,
Tanamedrove nostalgiis Teorizacias axdens da mas awmyoSi
namdvili istoriis (e.i. materialisturi istoriis, romelic
revoluciuri moZraobis safuZvels qmnis) uqonlobis niSnad
miiCnevs. ufro mizanSewonili iqneboda, Tu amgvar nostal
gias (genealogiiT gatacebis msgavsad) ganvixilavdiT, ro
gorc warsulisa da memkvidreobiTobis rolebis Sesustebas

87
socialur identurobaTa Seqmnis procesSi. nostalgia da
genealogia warmoadgens post-istoriuli epoqis sust isto
riebs, romelic istorias sul ufro metad miiCnevs garTobis
sagnad da imave dros, sul ufro naklebad adardebs warsuli.
istoriasTan diletanturi damokidebulebebis gaerTiane
ba SeiZleba terminiT `memkvidreobiTi industria~, rogorc
mas oficialur instituciebSi uwodeben, an terminiT - `kul
turuli mexsiereba~, rogorc uSualod sazogadoebaSi moixse
nieba. es terminebi urTierTdakavSirebulia, radganac orive
maTgani warsulis im elementebs mimarTavs, romlebic form
aluri da specializebuli mecnierebis miRma arseboben. amas
Tanave, kulturulma mexsierebam uaRresi biurokratizacia
da komercializacia ganicada, anu igi memkvidreobis indus
triam CaiTria. warsuli, romelic gvaxsovs, umeteswilad,
warmoadgens warsuls, romelic awesrigebda Cvens interesebs,
ZiriTadad komerciuls, romlebic CvenTvis ukve awmyoa, raTa
gvxsomeboda isini. marTlac, istoria, vinaidan is arakvleviT
saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebSi Seiswavleba, axlo kavSirSi
Sedis memkvidreobiT industriasTan, vinaidan, am dawesebule
bebis mizania daaintereson studentebi istoriiT, es ki misi
prezentaciis komercializebuli meTodebiT keTdeba. memkvi
dreobis istoria istoriuli garTobis iseT formebs moicavs,
romlebic cota xnis win ganvixileT, magram aerTianebs saqmi
anobebisa da organizaciebis kidev ufro farTo speqtrs:
muzeumebs, qalaqTmSeneblobisa da sxvadasxva industriebis
memorialebs (magaliTad, aSS-s `arakomerciuli foladis in
dustriis memkvidreobis korporacia~, romlis valdebuleba
Si foladis mwarmoebeli Zveli teqnologiebisa da sawarmoe
bis naSTebis dakonserveba da dacva Sedis) da aseve, turizms.
Tavad kulturologiaSi, dava memkvidreobis industriis
mniSvnelobisa da Sedegebis Sesaxeb grZeldeba. erT-erTi
TvalsazrisiT, aseTi aqcenti memkvidreobaze yuradRebis
gadatanis mcdelobiT aixsneba (hiuisoni 1987). is aRmocenda
gaerTianebul samefoSi oTxmocian wlebSi mimdinare social
uri movlenebis Sedegad, kerZod ki, socialuri uTanasworo
bis zrdisgan, romelic tetCeris neo-liberalizms mohyva. sxva
TvalsazrisiT, memkvidreobis industria eyrdnoba sazoga
doebas (metwilad saSualo klass) da gacilebiT naklebad

88
elitaruli, vidre kulturuli mexsierebisa da istorio
grafiis ufro Zveli formebi (semiueli 1994). vnebaTaRelva
am debatebis irgvliv, albaT, gulisxmobs, rom warsuli kidev
ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre sinamdvileSia. ueWvelia, rom
memkvidreobis industriis Zlieri mimzidveloba warsuls am
artivebs da xSirad sentimentalur stereotipebamde dahyavs,
magram isic ueWvelia, rom arsebobs uamravi aseTi mimzidveli
obieqti, romelic mnaxvels seriozul informacias awvdis
warsulis Sesaxeb. soveren hilSi (mdebareobs balaratis max
loblad, viqtoria, avstralia) vizitis dros davaTvaliere
oqros mompovebelTa aRdgenili (daaxloebiT 1865 wlis)
sofeli (rekreacia) da imaze meti gavige oqros mopovebis te
qnologiis Sesaxeb, vidre sxva raime saSualebiT iyo SesaZle
beli. amave dros, istoriis mTeli siRrme sadRac gauCinarda:
Zaladoba, sicrue, fantaziebi, imedgacrueba, sirTuleebi,
anti-Cinuri rasizmi, rac oqros cieb-cxelebas Tan sdevda da
es yvelaferi nostalgiur, vizitorisTvis sasiamovno sanax
aobad gardaiqmna.
msgavsi daZabuloba warmoiSoba maSinac, rodesac katego
ria `memkvidreoba~ maregulirebeli xdeba, rac arc Tu ise
iSviaTia. misi saxeliT kanonebis miReba Zveli Senobebis dan
grevis an saxecvlilebis akrZalvis Sesaxeb, xan mniSvnelovani
da lamazi Senobebis SesanarCuneblad xdeba, xan ki Tanamedro
veobis sawinaaRmdego `meSCanobis~ gamo. am SemTxvevaSi daZ
abuloba Cndeba konservatizmsa (winaaRmdegoba cvlilebaTa
mimarT) da istoriuli procesis uwyvetobas (am SemTxvevaSi,
esTetikur faseulobaTa safuZveli) Soris.
Tumca, kulturuli mexsierebis yvela formis institu
cionaluri memkvidreobisTvis mikuTvneba ar SeiZleba. popu
laruli kulturuli mexsierebis erT-erTi gansakuTrebiT
mniSvnelovani da saintereso forma, romelic win aRudga
`memkvidreobad~ gardaqmnas, TaobaTa mexsierebaa, romelic
aTwleulebad iyofa. yovel aTwleuls sakuTari saxe, ganwyo
bileba, nostalgiisa da kontr-nostalgiis (Svebis SegrZneba
imis gamo, rom raRacas gadaurCi) nazavi axasiaTebs: ociani,
ocdaaTiani, ormociani, ormocdaaTiani, samociani, sa
mocdaaTiani, oTxmociani, oTxmocdaaTiani wlebi. garkveul
momentSi es popularuli mogonebebi xundeba da mTeli aT

89
wleuli daviwyebas miecema. aviRoT, magaliTad oTxmociani
wlebi, romelTac odesRac unikaluri identuroba axasiaTeb
da, magram axla, ramdenime profesionalis garda, ukve aRara
vis axsovs es. zogi aTwleulis dros ufro Zlieri pirovnebebi
iyvnen asparezze, vidre sxva dros: oTxmociani wlebis dasawy
isis gadmosaxedidan samocdaaTiani wlebi uferul, ubralo
gardamaval periodad gamoiyureboda (hanti 1998). rogor
Seicvala yvelaferi! es mogonebebi xSirad mRelvarebas da aw
myos ukeT aRqmas iwvevs: konformistuli ormocdaaTianebis
Sexedulebebi (gansakuTrebiT ki groteskuli gamartiveba,
Tumca, im droisaTvis dafuZnebuli popularul sociolo
giaze) Semdgom Taobebs uflebas aZlevs sakuTar Tavs gaTa
visufleba da TavgadasavalTa Ziebisken swrafvis survili
miulocon; samocdaaTiani wlebis dasawyisSi mamakacurobis
simbolod warmodgenili ostin pauersis msgavsi SiSveli ma
makacis gamosaxulebebi, Tumca xumroba iyo, magram, garkveul
protests gamoxatavda feminizmis winaaRmdeg, romelic aseve,
am aTwleulSi gamoCnda.
sazogadoebriv-kulturuli mexsierebis kidev erTi forma,
romelsac Zala Seswevs winaaRmdegoba gauwios `memkvidreo
bis industrias~, myarad eyrdnoba adgilobriv mosaxleobas,
gansakuTrebiT ki iseT gaerTianebebs, romelTac erTobisa da
sauTari fesvebis SegrZneba aqvT. aseTi mexsiereba SeiZleba
istoriulad iqces zepiri gadmocemebis, memuarebis, `adgi
lobrivi istoriebis~ samoyvarulo kvlevisa da Caweris saSu
alebiT. SemTxvevis wyalobiT, kulturologi mecnierebi dae
xmarnen izolirebul sazogadoebebs kulturuli mexsierebis
istorizaciasa da SenaxvaSi. batetaunis istoriisa da xe
lovnebis centrma, romelic glen jordanma kardifSi daaarsa,
Seqmna muzeumi, arqivi da gamosca Zveli, multikulturaluri,
kardifis Taiga beis portis muSaTa klasis zepirsityviereba,
romelsac gareSe pirebi xSirad an kritikis qar-cecxlSi at
arebdnen, an sruliad sawinaaRmdegod, romantikul xotbas
asxamdnen (jordani da uildoni 2000). am saxis istorias mra
valgvari funqcia da mniSvneloba aqvs: is warmoadgens saSu
alebas am sazogadoebis wevrTa Svilebisa da SvilTaSvilebi
sTvis, maTTvis, visac ojaxuri kavSiri aqvs sazogadoebasTan,
magram vinc maTTan erTad ukve aRar cxovrobs. es naTlad war

90
moaCens, aseve, statussa da solidurobas aniWebs sazogadoe
bas. saerTo jamSi, yovelive es identurobis safuZvels qmnis.
Taiga beis SemTxvevaSi, organizebul kulturul mexsierebas
SeuZlia winaaRmdegoba gauwios da Sesworebebi Seitanos gar
eSe pirebis mcdar SexedulebebSi, xolo Raribebisa da margin
alizebuli pirebis sazogadoebebSi kulturuli mexsierebis
formalizaciam SeiZleba politikuri rezonansi gamoiwvios.
es gansakurebiT marTebulia im sazogadoebebisTvis, romelTa
Sesaxebac jer kidev arsebobs mcdari Sexedulebebi da rom
lebic Seviwroebul mdgomareobaSi arian. es yvelaze marTebu
lia kolonizebuli qveynebisTvis, romelTa mkvidrTaTvis mo
gonebebi da miTebi, romlebic wina koloniur warsuls exeba,
yvelaze mniSvnelovan kapitals warmoadgens.
oTxmocdaaTiani wlebis ganmavlobaSi, damokidebulebam
istorias rogorc usamarTlobasa da Tanamedroveobas So
ris erTgvari cvlileba ganicada. es or, urTierTdakav
Sirebul sferoSi moxda: pirveli sazogadoebrivi sfero iyo,
meore ki _ kerZo. sazogadoebriv sferoSi warsul usamarT
lobaTa msxverplTaTvis sul ufro da ufro SesaZlebeli xde
ba kompensaciis axla, awmyoSi miReba; kerZo sferoSi ki sul
ufro meti masStabebiT xdeba istoriul saSinel movlenaTa
naxevrad fsiqo-analitikuri gagebiT diagnozireba, rogorc
travmulisa, im pirTaTvis, vinc isini gadaitana. warsulsa da
awmyos Soris arsebuli am axali damokidebulebis centrSia
holokosti, romelic evropuli Tanamedroveobis ganmsaz
Rvrel movlenad da imavdroulad, ganmanaTleblobis Sesa
Zlo marcxis, adamianebis erTimeoris mimarT arahumanuro
bisa da evropuli antisemitizmis sisastikis simbolod iqca.
holokostis saSinelebaTa gamosworebis mcdeloba Tanamed
rove sazogadoebis civilurobis moTxovnis gamoxatulebad
iqca. travmis koncefcia holokostis mier miyenebul zarals
aRiarebs da imave dros misgan erTgvari gamojansaRebis da
pirebas Seicavs.
is, rom istoriuli travmis problema holokostze iyo
fokusirebuli, arafers niSnavs, radgan istoriis, rogorc
travmis, aRmoCena moxda maSin, rodesac bavSvebis mimarT sas
tik damokidebulebaze da CvenTvis nacnobi socialuri Za
ladobis sxva formebze sul ufro Riad daiwyes msjeloba.

91
am msjelobaSi iuridiuli da samedicino dargebis mTeli
rigi CaerTo. travma iqca popularul paradigmad warsulze
fiqrisaTvis, gansakuTrebiT ki mas Semdeg, rac amerikeli ja
riskacebi vietnamidan Sin dabrundnen. maTi gancdebi, ganv
lili saSinelebis amsaxveli kadrebis xilvebi, halucinacie
bi, mrisxaneba da depresia diagnozirebul iqna, rogorc axali
sindromi posttravmatuli stresiT gamowveuli aSliloba
(PTSD). mogvianebiT, organizebulma koleqtiurma usamarT
lobam, rogoric iyo moparuli Taoba~ avstraliel abori
genebSi (aborigenul sazogadoebebSi mTavrobis mier sanq
cionirebuli SezRudva bavSvebis gaCenaze), an iaponelebis
mier II msoflio omis dros koreeli qalebisTvis prostitu
ciis iZuleba, romelic aseve travmatulad iqna aRiarebuli,
sajaro gamoxmaureba da kompensaciisa da bodiSis moxdis
moTxovnebi gamoiwvia (ix. frou 2001).
travma sakamaTo koncefciaa (ix. leisi 2000), magram safuZ
vlad udevs azri, rom zogierTi movlena imdenad damangrev
elia, rom masTan gacnobierebulad gamklaveba SeuZlebelia.
travmis msxverplni Trgunaven TavianT tkivilebs, ris Sede
gadac isini gardaiqmnebian simptomebad, romelTa umetesoba
Tavad travmatuli movlenebis damaxinjebul ganmeorebas
warmoadgens. am ganmeorebebSi warsuli kvlav cocxlobs, ma
gram, gaucnobierebeli, arakontrolirebadi mogonebebisa
da warmodgenebis saxiT. gadamwyveti kiTxva, romelic trav
mis Teorias fsiqologiuri TvalsazrisiT upirispirdeba,
aris: Tu ramdenad warmoadgens is xasiaTis gamovlinebas,
romelSic qceva da zegavlena tkivilTan da paTologiasTan
arian Sereuli. magaliTad, rogor unda SevafasoT holo
kosti: rogorc travma zogadad TanamedroveobisaTvis YTu
mxolod im mcire raodenobis adamianebisaTvis, romlebic
mas gadaurCnen? warmoadgens Tu ara avstraliis kulturuli
identuroba, garkveulwilad, koleqtiur pasuxs galipolis
(II msoflio omis damRupveli kampania, romlis drosac, um
niSvnelo samxedro mizans 8000 adamiani Seewira da romelic
anglo-avstraliuri xasiaTis oficialur gamoxatulebad iT
vleba) travmaze? travmis Teoriis problema, rodesac is ara
individebs, aramed sazogadoebriv dajgufebebs exeba, zedme
tad usvams xazs am dajgufebebis erTianobisa da saerTo ga

92
mocdilebis mniSvnelobas da zedmetad aqcevs awmyo realobas
warsuli gamocdilebis gavlenis qveS. garda amisa, Tuki arse
bobs raime mosazreba, romelic mxars uWers warsulis gaSuqe
bas kulturologiis TvalsazrisiT, aris is, rom warsuli,
romelic Cven dRes gvaqvs, araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar aris war
suli, romelic odesRac sxvadasxva saxiT arsebobda. magram,
es araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar niSnavs imas, rom rogorc istoria
varaudobs, is sruliad gansxvavebuli cnebaa.

damatebiTi sakiTxavi: qonertoni 1989; hiuisoni 1987; laisi

2000; morisi 1998; noura da kricmani 1996; semiueli 1994; uil
iamsi 1961).

93
2.2. awmyo

Tanamedroveoba

rogorc ukve vnaxeT, kulturologia iseTi disciplinebi

sgan, rogoricaa literaturaTmcodneoba, kinomcodneoba an
xelovnebaTmcodneoba, nawilobriv, imiT gansxvavdeba, rom
Tanamedoveobazea koncentrirebuli. Cveni mizania, am TavSi
Tanamedroveobis mniSvnelobis analizi mogawodoT. amisaT
vis pirvel rigSi mas ganvixilavT rogorc koncefcias, Semdeg
ki postmodernizmis, rogorc Tanamedroveobis Teorizaciis
yvelaze mniSvnelovani kategoriis, mokle mimoxilvas Semog
TavazebT. amasTanave, unda gavixsenoT, rom Tanamedroveo
bas dRes ufro meti gavlena aqvs dasavleTze, vidre odesme
hqonia. iseTi STabeWdileba iqmneba, TiTqos wina TaobebTan
SedarebiT Cven ufro met interess viCenT awmyos, vidre war
sulis mimarT rasac Tavad kulturologiis Seqmna mowmobs.
kulturologiis kavSiri TanamedroveobasTan mimarTavs mas,
Tanamedrove termini rom gamoviyenoT - prezentizmisaken`,
rac gulisxmobs rogorc warsulis Tanamedrove kuTxiT da
naxvas (imgvarad, rom misi ucxooba` TvalSi sacemi ar iyos),
aseve istoriis enaze rom vTqvaT, narcisizmisken, rac imis
gadaWarbebul rwmenaSi gamoixateba, rom istoriuli mimar
Tulebebi TavianT apogeas swored axla aRweven (Tumca, ro
gorc TavSi 2.1. aRvniSneT, anti-prezentizmsac aseve, Tavisi
danakargebi aqvs).
amgvarad, ras niSnavs Tanamedroveoba? erTi mxriv, gulisx
mobs awmyos, magram, amis Tqma bevrs arafers niSnavs, radganac
awmyo warmavali kategoriaa: is imavdroulad nulicaa, rom
lis gavliTac momavali warsuli xdeba da siuxvec, romelSic
Cven vcxovrobT. rogorc semiotika gvaswavlis, awmyo mniS
vnelobas iZens mxolod im upiratesobis gamo, romelsac
mas aniWebs Tavisi adgili misgan gansxvavebuli elementebis
mowesrigebul rigSi, anu warsulTan da kidev ufro naklebad,
momavalTan mimarTebaSi. awmyos raRac mniSvneloba aqvs mis
mier warsulidan SeTvisebuli gansxvavebebisa da saerTo
niSnebis TvalsazrisiT, warsuli ki warmodgenilia, rogorc

94
daxvavebuli debatebis, movlenebis, gamosaxulebebis, ten
denciebis, ganmeorebebisa da Cixebis grova. amgvarad (dasav
leTSi), awmyo aRniSnavs imas, rasac aRniSnavs iseT movlenebT
an mimarTebaSi, rogorebic iyo safrangeTis revolucia da
holokosti, romlebic gansazRvraven mas, rogorc garkveul
moments TanamedroveobaSi. igive SeiZleba iTqvas, Tundac,
SedarebiT ufro mSvid warsulTan mimarTebaSi, rogoric
warmogvidgenia, magaliTad, met-naklebad miTiuri, tradici
uli inglisuri sofeli mediisa da momxmarebelTa ufle
bebis dacvis gareSe, daubinZurebeli garemoTi. momavalTan
mimarTebaSi ki awmyos mniSvneloba aqvs misi damokidebulebis
TvalsazrisiT momavalTan, winaswarmetyvelebebTan im drois
Sesaxeb, rodesac CineTi ufro Zlevamosili gaxdeba, vidre
aSS, an, vTqvaT, rodesac adamianebi sinTezirebulni iqnebian
manqanebTan. awmyos araviTari mniSvneloba ara aqvs warsulis
qronikebis an warmosaxuli momavlis gareSe, im qronikebis
da warmosaxvebisa, romlebic movlenebisa da procesebisgan
Sedgeba. rac ufro didia survili, ufro metad mniSvnelovani
gavxadoT awmyo (es albaT imitom xdeba, rom vkargavT isto
riis, rogorc meta-koncefciis rwmenas), miT ufro metad
aris mosalodneli, rom warsulebi da momavlebi, romlebic
mas mniSvnelobas aniWeben, zedmetad gamartivebulad war
moCndes. aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom mecnieruli istorio
grafia, romelic istoriis gamartivebis winaaRmdegia im Sem
TxvevaSi, Tu is warmatebulia, Zarcvavs warsuls da arTmevs
mas mniSvnelobas.
Tanamedroveoba, ubralod, awmyos ar aRniSnavs. zogi ram,
rac axla xdeba, ufro Tanamedrovea, vidre sxva raRacebi,
rac aseve axla xdeba. Tanamedroveoba warsulis nawilia,
romelic Cvens sakuTrebad migvaCnia axla, is nawili, ro
melic jer arqivSi ar Caketila. reimond uiliamsma awmyo sam
nawilad araCveulebrivad dayo: gadmonaSTi (arsebuli for
maciebi, romlebic memkvidreobiT gadmogveca, magram mokle
momavali aqvT); dominanturi (formaciebi, romlebic awmyos
akontroleben); da axlad ganviTarebadi (romlebsac jer sab
oloo saxe da Zala ar SeuZeniaT). Tumca, dRes socialuri
formaciebis aseT kategoriebad dayofa arc Tu ise advilia:
romel kategorias unda mivakuTvnoT, magaliTad, religiuri

95
fundamentalizmi? Tavisi uryevi progresivizmiT uiliamsis
sqema sinamdvileSi `Tanamedroveobis~ kategorias ar exeba,
radganac, is, rac garkveul istoriul momentSi yvelaze Ta
namedroved iTvleba, aucilebeli ar aris dominanturi iyos.
namdvilad aris garkveuli azri imaSi, rodesac Tanamedro
veobas efemerulad miiCneven (magaliTad, bolo dros gamo
suli kino-hiti efemerul fenomens warmoadgens), maSinac ki,
rodesac kulturologia efemeruls naklebad efemerulad
aqcevs misi disciplinarul arqivSi SetaniT da zog SemTxveva
Si, uflebas aZlevs efemerul movlenebs, sayrden wertilebad
iqcnen Semdgomi analizisa da sociologiuri kvlevebisTvis.
unda gvaxsovdes, rom akademiuri disciplinebi da instituc
iebi mniSvnelovan rols asruleben warsulis awmyoSi da aseve
awmyos momavalSi gadatanaSi. amasTanave, isini mexsierebis
bankebs warmoadgenen. maT Soris aris kulturologiac, ro
melic rac ufro xandazmuli xdeba am TvalsazrisiT, miT
ufro met mniSvnelobas iZens.
arsebobs, agreTve, garkveul damokidebulebaTa jgufi
Tanamedroveobas, axalgazrdobas, modasa da kulturlo
gias Soris. axalgazrdoba ufro Tanamedroved gvesaxeba,
vidre sxva kulturuli niSebi da kulturologiasac masTan
gansakuTrebiT mWidro kavSiri aqvs (gansakuTrebiT ki ax
algazrdobis garkveul seqtorTan) imis gamo, rom swored
isini avseben auditoriebs, romlebic kulturologiis um
niSvnelovanes institucionalur sferos warmoadgenen.
radgan kulturologia warmoadgens disciplinas, romelic
ar sargeblobs arc sakuTari da arc im disciplinebis Zalau
flebiT, romlebic mas aRiareben, mas ufro gansxvavebuli
damokidebuleba aqvs studentebTan, vidre SedarebiT Zvel
disciplinebs. is usmens Tavis studentebs da maT interesebsa
da codnas iTvaliswinebs. kulturologia students aRiqvams
ara rogorc cariel WurWels, romelic codniT unda Seivsos,
radganac swavlis unari aqvs, aramed, rogorc Tanamosaubres,
romelsac azrovnebis garkveuli meTodebi, perspeqtivebi da
msoflmxedveloba unda gauziaron da pedagogebTan dialo
gis reJimSi unda iyvnen. yovelive amis gamo, asakobriv (Tao
bebs Soris) sxvaobas studentebsa da pedagogebs Soris didi
mniSvneloba eniWeba. zogjer (gansakuTrebiT ki anglofonur

96
qveynebSi), saSualo asakis adamianTa interesi axalgazrdebis
mimarT vuaieristulad, odnav Seufereblad iTvleba. garda
amisa, arsebobs mkacri logika, romlis mixedviTac moduri
mimdinareobebi jer aqtualobas kargaven da Semdeg mosawy
enni, naxevrad miviwyebulni da sasacilonic ki xdebian, ma
gram dgeba dro, rodesac isini kvlav aqtualobas ibruneben
`retros~ stilis gavleniT. es ki saklaso oTaxis pirobebSi
imas niSnavs, rom is pedagogi, romelic Tavisi axalgazrdobis
droindeli kulturuli simpaTiebis (am SemTxvevaSi modis)
erTguli rCeba (daaxloebiT, 1977 w. konfliqti) da pedagogi,
romelic wlidan wlamde gmirulad cdilobs ukanasknel mo
das misdios, Tanabari saSiSroebis winaSea sasacilod gamoiy
urebodes Tavisi studentebis TvalSi. Taobebis mixedviT cva
lebadi stilebis Cvenebis procesSi Tanamedroveoba modamde
dadis, xolo awmyo - `tendenciebamde~.
ufro abstraqtuli TvalsazrisiT, Tanamedroveoba xSi
rad ganixileba, rogorc Znelad xelCasaWidi cneba, es ar
xdeba filosofiuri mizezebis gamo. erT-erTi argumentis
Tanaxmad, romelic amas asabuTebs, Tanamedroveoba axla
ufro swrafad icvleba, vidre adre, faqtobrivad, imde
nad swrafad, rom inteleqtualuri analizi mis aRqmas ver
axerxebs (ix. grosbergi 2000, 149). Zneli saTqmelia, istoria
axla ufro swrafad viTardeba, vidre adre viTardeboda Tu
ara, radganac ar arsebobs iseTi kriteriumebi, romelTa dax
marebiTac amgvari Sedareba moxerxdeboda. varaudis doneze
Tu vimsjelebT, aseTi ram naklebad aris SesaZlebeli. amis
dasamtkiceblad moviyvanoT ori gansakuTrebiT mwvave mag
aliTi: ras ifiqrebdnen 1939 wels britanelebi an 1862 wels,
samoqalaqo omis dros, amerikelebi aseTi mosazrebis Sesaxeb?
meore mxriv ki, ras vityviT sul ramdenime wlis win gavrcele
bul mosazrebebze istoriis dasasrulis moaxloebis Sesaxeb
(rac imas niSnavda, rom demokratiulma kapitalizmma gamar
jveba moipova, rogorc globalurma sistemam da misi aranairi
realuri alternativa aRar arsebobda)?
Tamedroveoba Znelad xelCasaWid cnebad iTvleba kidev
erTi mizezis gamo, Cven aRar gagvaCnia saerTo da sazogadod
SeTanxmebuli Tvalsazrisi, romlis saSualebiTac misi gaana
lizeba gaxdeboda SesaZlebeli. codnisa da Rirebulebebis

97
fragmentacia moxda da amasTan erTad adamianTa winsvlisa da
Tavisuflebisken swrafvis `ZiriTadi qronika~ damajereblo
bas kargavs (ix. liotari 1984). mokled rom vTqvaT, rogorc
frederik jeimsonma Camoayaliba (1991), Tanamedroveobas
lokaciis adgili ar gaaCnia. asea Tu ise, arasodes arsebula
iseTi sazogadoeba, romelsac imaze meti infromacia eqne
boda sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb, vidre Cven gvaqvs. moviyvanoT
ramdenime magaliTi: kompaniebs, romlebic bazars ikvleven,
uamravi da detaluri aRweriloba aqvT imis Sesaxeb, Tu ro
gor vrceldebian samomxmareblo modelebi sivrceSi, anu, ro
gorc dik hebdijma (1989, 53) uwoda, `socialuri survilebis
rukebi~, romlebic aregulireben samarketingo kampaniebs,
axali produqciis warmoebasa da sacalo gasaRebis bazrebis
Seqmnas; samarTaldamcav organizaciebs danaSaulebaTa aR
werilobisa da gavrcelebis geografiis Sesaxeb uamravi mo
nacemi gaaCniaT; ekonomikuri geografia uaRresad detalur
informacias flobs teritoriaze ekonomikuri saqmianobis
Sesaxeb; politikuri moRvaweebi da/an biurokratebi mTeli
saarCevno istoriis manZilze yvelaze ufro xSirad aweseben
saarCevno sazRvrebs quCebisTvis; sul ufro ukeT aRweren da
Seiswavlian mcenareTa da cxovelTa gavrcelebis adgilebs
(Tumca, isini bevrad uaresad arian asaxulni rukaze, vidre
adamianTa sazogadoeba da kultura), imdenad, rom zogierT,
ganadgurebis piras myof saxeobaTa calkeuli individebisaT
vis saxelebic ki aqvT darqmeuli. faqtobrivad, qseliT daka
vSirebul samomxmareblo sazogadoebaSi, yoveli moqmedeba
kvalis datovebas niSnavs: sakredito baraTiT raimes SeZenis
dros maSinve rCeba kvali samomxmareblo rukaze. problema
imaSi ki ar mdgomareobs, rom Tanamedrove sazogadoebebi da
kulturebi rukaze saTanadod asaxuli ar aris, aramed imaSi,
rom mzardi Seusabamoba arsebobs maT Sesaxeb arsebuli in
formaciis raodenobasa da im normatiul struqturebs So
ris, romlebic amgvari informaciis gamosayeneblad unda Se
vimuSavoT.
naTeli mxolod erTia: Cven Tanamedroveobas ufro proce
sebisa da tendenciebis, da ara fiqsirebuli maxasiaTeblebis
mixedviT ganvixilavT, is ki mudmivad icvleba rogorc moce
muli, ise sxva TvalsazrisiT. amgvarad, rogor unda moxdes

98
misi periodizacia?

postmoderni

kulturis momavali istorikosebi oTxmocian da

oTxmocdaaTian wlebs postmodernizmis xanad miiCneven.
postmodernizmi, rogorc aseTi, swored am periods meoce
saukunis bolo aTwleulebs miekuTvneba. im droisaTvis es
mimdinareoba koncefciis saxiT aRmocenda, radgan zogier
Ti inteleqtualis azriT (maT Soris yvelaze mniSvnelovani
figura iyo marqsisti literaturis kritikosi frederik
jeimsoni) ukve SeuZlebeli xdeboda sazogadoebis istoriis
logikuri gadmocema. es daskvna dakavSirebuli iyo Taname
droveobis rTul diagnozTan, romelic askvnida, rom emo
ciuri cxovreba nadgurdeboda (e.w. `emociebis dacema~); rom
warsuli dausruleblad da uazrod gadamuSavdeboda; rom
sul ufro metad xdeboda awmyos ironizireba, misi, TiTqos
da, brWyalebSi Casma da mis mimarT zedapiruli damokideb
ulebis zrda (siRrmis nakleboba); rom Usaukuneebis manZilze
arsebuli progresis rwmena gaqra da rom Tavad realobac
warmavalia, radgan sul ufro metad ixlarTeba warmosaxv
asTan, xolo arsebuli sinamdvile Tavis sakuTar aCrdilSi
qreba (jeimsoni 1991).
Tumca, axal saukuneSi postmodernizmi sul ufro da
ufro naklebad emsgavseba epoqis damajerebel diagnozs
an kulturaTa erTianobas da sul ufro metad im stilis
dasaxelebas, romelic im gansazRvruli droisaTvis mraval
Janrs aerTianebda. SeiZleba mogveCvenos, TiTqos postmod
ernizmi, rogorc Tanamedroveobis diagnozi, globalizaciam
Caanacvla, magram, sabolood, globalizacia kulturuli
meTodis dasaxelebas ki ar warmoadgens, aramed ekonomikuri,
socialuri da politikuri procesebisas. amdenad, Cven sak
maod ucnaur mdgomareobaSi aRmovCndiT, romelSic kultura
uprecedentod aris warmodgenili, magram, mas ar gaaCnia say
ovelTaod aRiarebuli konceptualuri da kritikuli struq
tura. verc imas vityviT, rom adekvaturi TviTSefaseba, ro
melic postmodernistuli kulturis Teoriasa da kritikaSi
naTlad aris Camoyalibebuli, moZvelebulia. yovelive ze
moTqmulidan gamomdinare, raRa mniSvneloba aqvs postmod

99
ernizms? am kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad unda CavuRrmavdeT
postmodernizmis, rogorc koncefciis, warmoSobis sakiTxs.
virjinia vulfma gamoTqva cnobili mosazreba, rom adamia
nis buneba, daaxloebiT 1910 wlisaTvis sagrZnoblad Seicva
la. dRes SeiZleba sagonebelSi Cagvagdos kiTxvam: nuTu 1900
wels mcxovrebi adamianebi marTla amdenad gansxvavdebodnen
1920 wels mcxovrebTagan? ramden adamianze imoqmeda amgvar
ma gansxvavebam? Tu SevecdebiT imis mixvedras, Tu ram gamoi
wvia virjinia vulfis amgvari gazviadebuli daskvna, Cvens
Tvalwin warsdgeba is mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi, romelTac
mecxramete saukunis bolos hqondaT adgili. am cvlilebebis
jgufs vaerTianebT `modernizmis~ saTauriT. xelovnebaSi es
cvlilebebi moicavdnen realizmTan daSorebas da utopiuri
eqsperimentebisken gezis aRebas; socialur RirebulebaTa
sferoSi aRiniSna naklebad moralisturi damokidebuleba
seqsualuri damokidebulebebis TvalsazrisiT, es gansa
kuTrebulad araheteroseqsualur urTierTobebs exeba. cv
lilebebi aRiniSna, aseve, klasobriv urTierTobebSic: muSa
Ta klasi ukve Zireulad aRar gansxvavdeboda burJuaziisgan;
aseve, gaCnda ekonomikuri warmoebisa da momxmareblobis ax
ali meTodebi, rac imas niSnavda, rom xangrZlivi moxmarebis
saqonelma gadaavso bazrebi, romlebic sul ufro naklebad
Semoifarglebodnen mxolod mdidrebiT; sul ufro izrde
boda, agreTve, tolerantoba saxelmwifos mxridan xalxis
keTildReobis sakiTxebSi Carevis mimarT.
vinc sityva `postmodernizms~ im epoqis aRsaniSnavad iy
enebs, romelSic cxovrobs, igives amtkicebs, rasac Tavis
droze virjinia vulfi amtkicebda. daaxloebiT 1980 wels
sazogadoeba kvlav icvleba im TvalsazrisiT, romelzec
vsaubrob. SesaZlebelia Tu ara gamovkveToT is socialuri
pirobebi, romelTac postmodernizmi eyrdnoba iseve, ro
gorc isini, romelTac modernizmis diagnozi eyrdnoboda?
amis pasuxia kompetenturi `diax~ _ kompetenturi imis gamo,
rom saboloo jamSi, postmodernizmi modernizmTan ubralo
ganxeTqilebas ki ar aRniSnavs, aramed mis gaZlierebul for
mas warmoadgens. mravali (magram ara yvela) procesi, ro
melic meoce saukunis dasawyisSi moqmedebda, amave saukunis
samocdaaTian da oTxmocian wlebSic agrZelebda moqmedebas,

100
Tumca, maTi kulturuli zemoqmedeba, albaT, ramdenadme gan
sxvavebuli iyo.
naTelia, rom zogierTi socialuri garemoeba Seicva
la. im mravalferovan movlenaTa Soris, romlebsac postmo
dernizmi moicavs, SeiZleba gamoiyos: neo-liberalizmisa da
imijis politikis aRmavloba, gansakuTrebiT dasavleTSi, ma
gram ara marto iq; qalTa moZraobis gasaocari (Tu ara sayov
elTao) warmateba, esec gansakuTrebiT dasavleTSi; civi omis
dasasruli 1989 wels da msoflioSi socialisturi idealebis
warmatebuli damxoba; klasebis, rogorc identurobisa da
kulturuli gansxvavebulobis maCveneblis Sesusteba; me
diis centrSi televiziis moqceva; umaRlesi ganaTlebis
gavrcelebis zrda mravali ganviTarebadi qveynis mosaxleo
baSi; migrantTa nakadebis zrda msoflio masStabiT, ramac
gamoiwvia multikulturalisturi politikis gatareba.
msurs gansakuTrebuli yuradReba kidev ramdenime faqts
mivapyro: postmodernizms axlo kavSiri aqvs samociani
wlebis utopiuri idealebis msxvrevasTan. Tanamedroveobis
kritikul Sefasebas, rogorc `postmodernistulisa~, LSD
s mier gamowveul halucinaciebTan ucnauri msgavseba axasi
aTebs (araTanmimdevruloba, ganmeorebebi, uemocioba, Sizo
frenia [kidev erTi termini, romelsac postmodernisti Teo
retikosebi iyeneben]) da es SemTxveviTi ar aris. rogorc ki im
aTwleulis revoluciuri imedebi gacruvda, TiTqos maSinve
ganadgurda Tanamedrove normaluri cxovreba da araferi
darCa, rasac misi adgilis dakaveba SeeZlo. Tu amas ~msoflio
istoriis~ doneze ganvixilavT, magaliTad SeiZleba moviyva
noT dasavleTis SeiaraRebuli Zalebis maTi yofili kolonie
bidan gayvana, rasac dekolonizaciis formaluri gamarjveba
SeiZleba daerqvas (`formaluri~ imitom, rom im dros dekolo
nizacia saxelmwifo da samarTlebrivi kontrolis, magram ara
yovelTvis ekonomikuri da kulturuli dominirebis daTmo
bas niSnavda). es imitomac iyo ase mniSvnelovani, rom dasavle
Tis mier sakuTari Tavis warmodgena, rogorc msoflio pro
gresis da ganaTlebis matareblis Sesaxeb, Zalian mWidrod iyo
gadaxlarTuli mis rwmenasTan, rom koloniebSi civilizaciis
Setanis misia ekisreboda. mas Semdeg, rac yofili koloniebi,
Teoriulad mainc, Tanasworuflebian saxelmwifoebad iqc

101
nen da ganaTlebuli civilizacia mxolod dasavleTiT aRar
Semoifargleboda, yvelaferi Seicvala. Znelia ar SeewinaaR
mdego daskvnas, rom postmodernisti Teoretikosebis im azrs
ukan, TiTqos Tanamedrove progresivizmsa da racionaluro
bas safrTxe emuqreba, faruli (Tanac, daufiqrebeli) pasuxi
imaleba dasavleli TeTrkaniani Tanamdebobis pirebisaTvis
(mamakacebisTvis) globaluri hegemonis uflebis gadacemaSi
(ix. morli da robinsi 1995). amgvari hegemoniis dasrulebis
Semdeg standartul msoflmxedvelobad iqceoda ~relativ
izmi~ - romelic gulisxmoda yvela kulturis, erovnebisa
da rwmenis gaTanabrebas imgvarad, rom arc erTi maTgani sx
vaze dawinaurebuli ar unda yofiliyo an standartul mso
flmxedvelobad iqceoda mxolod liberalurad ganwyobili
mdidrebisTvis.
am cvlilebebis sxvagvari interpretaciac SeiZleba: ara mo
salodneli safrTxisa da muqaris, aramed zedmeti Tavdajere
bulobis kuTxiT. SesaZloa, yvelaze metad, postmodernizmi
swored im cvlilebas warmoadgens, romelic warsulis Cveneul
aRqmaSi moxda da romelzec 2.1 TavSi mivuTiTe. istoriis nacv
lad, romelic progresze mogviTxrobda: xangrZliv, mtkivneul
brZolaze, romelic socialuri samarTlianobis ganmtkicebisa
da ayvavebisken iyo mimarTuli, is socialur struqturebSi
da cxovrebis wesebSi momxdari cvlilebebis amsaxvel cnebad
iqca. amgvari azrovneba `relativizmis~ asociacias iwvevs,
radgan, Tuki cxovrebis arc erTi modeli (wesi) ar dawinaur
deba, rogor SeiZleba istorias progresi daerqvas? rogori
paradoqsulic ar unda Candes, amqveynad sruli daculobis
aseTi Tvalsazrisi srulyofilebis maCvenebelad iTvleba, anu
iZleva imis rwmenas, rom istoria gverds ar auvlis demokra
tiul kapitalizms sazogadoebrivi organizaciis im formas,
romelsac ase ufrTxildebian dasavleTSi da romelic amJamad
mxolod nominalurad arsebobs msoflios umetes nawilSi. es
azri SeiZleba Semdegnairad Camoyalibdes: idea progresis Ses
axeb, bolos da bolos, SeiZleba ignorirebul iqnes, radganac
progresma Tavis apogeas ukve miaRwia.
Tanamedrove demokratiuli kapitalizmis legitimuroba
da atmosfero, Tavis mxriv, didad aris damokidebuli mis un
arze kooptireba gaukeTos mis winaaRmdeg mimarTul mTel

102
winaaRmdegobas. liberalur pirobebSi, demokratiasa da ba
zris kooptirebis erTobliv Zalauflebas SeiZleba orgvari
interpretacia mieces. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom demokratiuli
kapitalizmi Tavis msxverplT da disidentebs gamoxatvis ara
viTar realur saSualebas da Zalauflebas ar aZlevs misTvis
konkurenciis gasawevad. amis erT-erTi ZiriTadi mizezi is
aris, rom dRes medias da gansakuTrebiT ki televizias, Seu
Zlia zegavlena moaxdinos faseulobebze, uzrunvelyos rwme
niT, mianiWos siamovneba, SezRudos protesti da moTxovnebic
ki, im zomamde, rom maT, vinc warumatebelia arsebuli siste
mis dros, saSualeba ar eqneba protesti gamoxatos an zara
li warmoadginos. dRevandeli demokratiuli kapitalizmic,
aseve, kapitalizmis postmodernistul suraTs warmoadgens:
Cemi azriT, gamodis, rom media qmnis da zRudavs nacvlad imi
sa, rom Cveni realoba asaxos.
meore mxriv, SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom mediizirebulma
demokratiulma kapitalizmma im wertils miaRwia, rodesac
maspinZlis rolis Sesruleba SeuZlia identurobaTa masSta
buri da pozitiuri zrdis saqmeSi: uflebamosilebis miniWebis
gziT is saSualebas aZlevs adamianebs, icxovron rogorc:
`geebma~, `feministma separatistebma~, `axali eris~ warmomad
genlebma, `mwvaneebma~, `sicocxlis uflebisa~ da `iesos xalx
is~ sazogadoebebis wevrebma an, Tundac rogorc radikal
urma muslimanebma. amgvari jgufebi naklebad miekuTvnebian
sazogadoebriv sferos, romelSic erovnuli an geografi
ulad SemosazRvruli sxva sazogadoebebi arian gaerTianeb
ulni, vidre ekonomikuri sistemis sivrces moklebuli sako
munikacio da samomxmareblo qselebi, romlebic sul ufro
metad iReben gezs mzardi moTxovnilebebisa da qselebisken,
romlebic produqciis warmoebaze maRla dganan.
amgvar situaciaSi da esec postmodernizmis damaxasi
aTebeli niSania - politika, rogorc ukve vnaxeT I nawilSi,
xdeba ekonomikis menejmentis sakiTxebis Sesaxeb debatebis
asparezi, romlebic informaciis moZiebis saocrad rTuli
teqnologiebisa da gamosaxulebaTa konstruirebis gamoy
enebiT warimarTeba. es ukve aRar warmoadgens memarcxenee
bis, Tanasworuflebianobisa da socialuri samarTlianobis
partiis dapirispirebas memarjveneTa, pirovnebis Tavisu

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flebis partiasTan. postmodernul, formalur politikaSi
adamiani xmas ar aZlevs imas, rac samarTliania, an imas, rac
mis interesebs gamoxatavs, imitom, rom es interesebi SeiZ
leba, ubralod, politikurad, molaparakebis gziT gamoixa
tos (magaliTad, geebis an feministebis interesebi). magram,
postmodernizmis yvelaze ufro niSandoblivi gavlena Cans
im meTodebSi, romlebic isea SemuSavebuli, rom warmomad
genlobiTi damokratiis pirobebSi SesaZlebeli arCevanis ga
keTebis sistema im survilebisa da moTxovnilebebisaken iyos
mimarTuli, romlebic, mniSvnelovanwilad, Tavadve media
konstruqciebs warmoadgenen. sazogadoebrivi azris Seswav
lis Sedegad aSkara xdeba, rom amomrCevlebi xSirad xmas iseT
kandidatebs aZleven, romlebic swored im kanonebis gayvanas
ewinaaRmdegebian, romelTa amoqmedebac Tavad amomrCevlebs
yvelaze metad surT. yofili msaxiobi, romlis mier omze
gadaRebul filmebSi Sesrulebuli rolebi gamoyenebuli
iyo, rogorc misi sakuTari biografiis nawili, amerikis pre
zidentad airCies. magram, rodesac amgvari tyuilebi saaS
karaoze gamoaqvT, amas yuradRebas aravin aqcevs, araviTari
mniSvneloba ar eniWeba. es iyo udidesi Soki, romelmac saSu
aleba misca postmodernistebs, ganecxadebinaT, rom realoba
ukve aRar arsebobda da sayovelTao gulgriloba gabaton
da. rodesac erovnuli gaerTianebebi winaaRmdegobas uweven
demokratiul kapitalizms, postmodernistuli diagnozis
damajerebloba safuZvels kargavs. Tuki arsebobda movlena,
romelsac postmodernizmisTvis, rogorc koncefciisTvis,
safuZvlis Seryeva SeeZlo, es 9/11 iyo romelmac demokra
tiuli kapitalizmi aiZula Tavis mtrebs dapirispireboda.
Tqven SeiZleba sapirispiro azri gamoTqvaT da ganacxadoT,
rom postmodernizmi ufro kulturuli, vidre politikuri an
ekonomikuri fenomenia. isic marTalia, rom es termini pirve
lad xelovnebaSi gavrcelda (kerZod ki arqiteqturis kri
tikaSi), Tumca, misi kulturuli aspeqtebi sul ufro metad
emsgavseboda zemoT aRwerili gardaqmnebisa da movlenebis
manifestacias. magaliTad, ganvixiloT arqiteqtura. `post
modernizmi~ am konteqstSic or mniSvnelobas iZens: pirveli
mniSvneloba im moZraobas SeiZleba davukavSiroT, romelsac
warmatebiT warmoadgenda britaneTis princi Carlzi. es moZ

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raoba adgilobrivi sazogadoebebisa da pirovnebebis saxeliT
yovelgvar modernizms uaryofda. Zveli stilis modernis
tuli arqiteqtura, romelic asocirebulia msxvilmasStabi
an, mravalsarTulian sacxovrebel kvartlebTan, socialur
gegmarebaSi utopiur xedvasa da Tavdajerebulobas ganasax
ierebda. aseTi arqiteqtura urbanistul, uklaso, anonimur
da komfortul moqalaqeTaTvis iyo gansazRvruli. moqalaqe
Ta Sesaxeb amgvari warmodgena keTilganwyobilma mTavrobam
Seqmna, xolo betonisgan Camoasxes arqiteqtorebma, romelTa
gemovnebasac araferi hqonda saerTo popularul kiCTan an
nebismieri saxis ornamentaciasTan. arqiteqturuli post
modernizmi (am tipis) uaryofs modernistul imedebs da pro
eqtebs, romlebic am imedebs gamoxatavdnen, raTa, ukeTes Sem
TxvevaSi, SeeqmnaT garemo identurobaTa (tipiur SenobaTa)
swrafi zrdisaTvis. magram, sabolood, ise Cans, rom is arq
iteqturul stilebs mxolod imiT SemosazRvravs, rac warsu
lidan aris memkvidreobiT miRebuli.
arqiteqturuli postmodernizmis meore tipi cvlis mod
ernistul Sexedulebas SenobebiT, romlebic did socialur
da esTetikur programebs (faseulobebs) ar gamoxataven.
garegnulad es Senobebi an wina stilebis `citirebas~ akeTeben
harmoniisa da Tanmimdevrulobis wmindaTawminda cnebebis
gaTvaliswinebis gareSe an sulelur Seusabamobas interier
sa da eqsteriers Soris. maTi interierebi araviTar warmod
genas ar qmnian farTis daniSnulebaze, xolo eqsterierebi,
mibaZvisa da didi raodenobis gaurkveveli detalebis dax
vavebiT, araprogresuli gaTavisuflebis simbolos warmoad
gens. am tipis postmodernizms analogebi xelovnebis sxva
dargebSic, kerZod ki literaturasa da mxatvrobaSic gaaC
nia. am dargebSi, Sexeduleba, rom xelovneba garkveul, myar
realobas an myar faseulobaTa (silamaze, harmonia) erTiano
bas unda asaxavdes, an kiTxvis, danaxvis an yofis radikalurad
gansxvavebuli meTodebisken miiswrafvodes, warmoudgenlad,
an sul cota, utopiurad iTvleba. amis nacvlad, amgvari kul
turuli postmodernizmi `pastiSiT~ aris dakavebuli, anu
Tavisuflad sesxulobs Zvel simboloebs (kodeqsebs) da sti
lebs. maTi azriT, gansxvaveba maRal kulturasa da masobriv,
popularul kulturas Soris aRar arsebobs anu maRali

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kulturuli formebi ufro faseulad (ufro gamorCeulad da
momwifebulad) aRar iTvleba, vidre masobrivi kulturisa.
(am gagebiT, Tavad kulturologiac postmodernistuli swav
lebis/codnis/formaa). es, nawilobriv, imiT aris gamowveuli,
rom Taviseburebebi, rogoricaa TviTSemecneba da ironiuli
interteqstualoba, romlebic odesRac, ZiriTadad, mxolod
eqsperimentul da maRal xelovnebas axasiaTebda, axla komer
ciuli kulturisTvisac banaluri, Cveulebrivi damaxasiaTe
beli niSani gaxda (kolinzi 1995, 2-3). bolos aRvniSnavT, rom
postmodernistulma xelovnebam da literaturam saerTo
ena gamonaxes bazarTan. azri, rom xelovnebis brwyinvale ni
muSebi ubralo moxmarebis sagnebze mets niSnavdnen, rTuli
SesanarCunebeli gaxda, rac, isev da isev postmodernizmis
mxardamWerTa TvalsazrisiT, SeiZleboda ufro metad sarge
blobis, vidre zaralis momtanad aRqmuliyo.
SevajamoT yovelive zemoTqmuli: postmodernizmis, ro
gorc koncefciis, Zala imaSi mdgomareobs, rom gvaiZulebs
yuradReba mivapyroT imas, Tu rogor Seicvala Tanamedrove
samyaro, es cvlilebebi ki an oTxmocian wlebSi daiwyo, an
iqneb kidev ufro adre. magram, unda vaRiaroT, rom postmod
ernizmis Teoria cvlilebas yovlismomcvelad ar ganixilavs.
zogierTi gansakuTrebiT mwvave kiTxva da eWvi upasuxod rCe
ba. aRsaniSnavia, magaliTad, rom yvela ar cxovrobs postmod
ernizmis pirobebSi: Tundac, magaliTad, is indonezielebi,
romlebic aSS-s bazrisTvis tansacmels saaTSi 70 centad ker
aven. postmodernizmi, ZiriTadad, mxolod urbanizebul, mdi
dar fenas exeba msoflios nebismier kuTxeSi. swored amitom
aris, rom mis mier asaxuli samyaro moumzadebeli iyo teror
izmTan omis geopolitikisTvis.
udidesi inteleqtualuri sirTule, romelic postmod
ernizms axasiaTebs, misi Sinagani araTanmimdevrulobaa. post
modernizms Cvens sazogadoebaSi gabatonebuli mdgomareoba
rom hqonoda im TvalsazrisiT, romelsac misi kritikosebi
gulisxmobdnen, sinamdvileSi, verasodes mivxvdebodiT imis
gamo, rom postmodernizmi asparezze gamovida ara rogorc
sazogadoebis sxva, gasayidad gamotanili forma, aramed, ro
gorc obieqturi aRweriloba imisa, rasac sazogadoeba real
urad da namdvilad warmoadgens. miuxedavad amisa, pirdapir

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rom vTqvaT, postmodernizmi, albaT, WeSmaritebasa da re
alobas ar asaxavs. iqneb, sabolood, am kategoriam Tavisi Zala
marTla amgvar winaaRmdegobaSi ipovos. yovel SemTxvevaSi
postmodernizmi gviCvenebs, rom `awmyos~ istoriulad unda
mivudgeT da rom `post~, bolos da bolos, droebiTi cnebaa,
romelic imas gulisxmobs, rom socialur-politikuri reJi
mi, romelsac is aRwers, mxolod meoce saukunis dasasrulis
istoriis sakuTrebaa. postmodernizmis kritikul analizs Tu
sxva kuTxiT mivudgebiT, gamoCndeba, rom postmodernistuli
samyaros winaaRmdegobrivi suraTi, romelic progresuli
kritikosebis mier aris warmodgenili, maT sxvadasxvagvar
SiSs asaxavda, im xarisxiT, ramdenad sworadac afasebdnen isi
ni samyaros. SesaZloa, rom swored amgvari SiSebis gamoxatva
dagvexmaros sistemisken gezibs aRebaSi, romelSic amgvari
SiSebi safuZvels iqneba moklebuli da swori diagnozis das
maSic dagvexmareba.

damatebiTi sakiTxavi: grosbergi 2000; laturi 1993; lio

tari 1984; morisi 1990.

107
2.3. momavali: politika da winaswarmetyveleba

Tavisi progresulobis miuxedavad, humanitaruli mec

nierebebi yovelTvis, Tundac qvecnobierad, ufro warsu
lisken iyvnen mimarTulni, vidre momavlisken. rodesac moma
vlisken iyvnen orientirebulni, maT, ZiriTadad, filosofia
da abstraqtuli humanizmi amoZravebdaT. Teoriulad mainc,
yovelTvis arsebobda pirovnebaTa sruli da dabalansebuli
potencialis Seqmnis idealisturi proeqti imisTvis, rom
samomavlod, ufro civilizebuli da erTiani sazogadoeba
SeeqmnaT Semdegi TaobisaTvis. mecxramete saukunis kultu
ris kritikosebma, rogoric iyo, magaliTad, meTiu arnoldi,
Tavis tradiciul humanizms daamates cneba, rom kultura
SeiZleboda socialuri cvlilebebisTvis Sesaferis niadagad
qceuliyo. daaxloebiT imave dros, idealisti moazrovneebi,
rogoric iyo, magaliTad, t. h. grini, amtkicebdnen, rom kul
tura swored is sfero iyo, sadac Cveni `saukeTeso nawilis~
arseboba da cxovrebac ki SeiZleboda warmogvedgina. kul
turam utopiuri mniSvneloba SeiZina. rogorc ukve vnaxeT, re
imond uiliamsis azriT, Cveulebriv (ordinarul) kulturas
aqvs saSualeba gasaqani misces koleqtiuri gamocdilebis
iseT formebs, romelTac socialuri status qvos gauqmebis
unari gaaCniaT. am konteqstSi, kritikis roli amgvari kultu
ris gafrTxilebaSi mdgomareobs.
reimond uiliamsis mixedviT, kulturologiis azri imaSi
mdgomareobs, rom igi momavlis Sesaxeb socializmis tradici
uli, progresuli Sexedulebis ukanasknel amosunTqvas
warmoadgens, im momavlisa, romelic warmoadgens mxolod
dapirebas, rom sazogadoeba ganaxorcielebs kontrols
produqciis warmoebis pirobebze. mas Semdeg, ra Tqma unda, mo
mavlis amgvari xedva da nebismieri, sworxazovani progresuli
azris farTo masStabiT arseboba TiTqmis SeuZlebeli gaxda,
iseve, rogorc im azrisa, TiTqos humanitaruli dargebi mo
mavlis formirebis umniSvnelovanes Zalas warmoadgenen. Ta
namedrove akademiuri codna humanitarul sferoSi, rogorc
adre vivaraude, kvlav progresulad rCeba gaumjobesebis

108
imediT, magram mas ar gaaCnia saerTaSorisod aRiarebuli
imedebi sazogadoebisa da kulturis axali formebebis Seqm
nasTan dakavSirebiT. garda amisa, is sul ufro naklebad ac
nobierebs Tavis sakuTar rols amgvari momavlis momzadebis
saqmeSi. Tavi davaneboT postmodernizmis Teoretikosebs da
movubrundeT miSel fukos, romlis Sromebmac gansakuTreb
uli zegavlena moaxdina progresivizmis dacemaze. fukos az
riT, istoria ufro metad Cavardnebisa da erTi formaciidan
meoreze mkveTri gadasvlebis rigs warmoadgens, vidre uywvet
nakads (ix. fuko, 1972). fukos wvlili msjelobaSi ufro me
tad iyo Tavisuflebisken mimarTuli, vidre istoriis prog
resisti kritikosebisa, romelic, ZiriTadad, kritikuli iyo.
rogorc ukve vnaxeT, isini progress amarTlebdnen, radganac
am ideiT iyvnen Sepyrobilni, xolo yvelafer danarCens, gaz
viadeba ar iqneba Tu vityvi, sikvdils uTanabrebdnen. garda
amisa, fuko amtkicebda, rom socialur politikas, romelic
istoriis progresivistul Teoriaze iqneboda damyarebuli
(magaliTad, rogoricaa sasjelis Zveli da sastiki formebis
patimrobiT Secvla), socialuri da calkeuli qmedebebis
mogvareba SeeZlo meTodebiT, romlebsac mosaxleobis ara
imdenad gaTavisufleba, ramdenadac Semdgomi damorCileba
unda gamoewvia. magram sworxazovani istoriis amgvarma de
montaJma misi sakuTari institucionaluri sferos humani
taruli mecnierebebis mniSvnelobis Semcireba gamoiwvia.
aSkara gaxda Tumca, es fukos azrovnebis mimarTulebas
ar warmoadgenda - rom saxelmwifo struqturebis mier pro
gresis ritorikis gamoyenebas, gansakuTrebiT ki e.w. `ganu
viTarebel~ regionebSi, iseTi proeqtebis waxaliseba See
Zlo gamoewvia, romelTa ganxorcielebasac, xSirad, RaribTa
mdgomareobis gauareseba an garemos dabinZureba mohyve
boda. amis klasikuri magaliTia CineTsa da samxreT aziaSi
dambebis mSenebloba, rasac gamanadgurebeli kritika mohyva
iseTi aqtivistebis mxridan, rogoricaa, magaliTad, novel
isti arundhati roi (ix. roi 1999 da aseve, seni 2001, rogorc
developmentalizmis liberaluri mxardaWeris magaliTi).
aseTi SemTxvevebis dros, faseulobaTa Rrma inversiis gamo,
progresuli politika jiutad dgeba mdgradi ganviTarebisa
da bunebis dacvis sadarajoze. developmentalizmis kriti

109
kul analizs exmaureba kidev ufro Rrma azriT gaJRenTili
uxerxuloba, romelsac braleulobis elferi dahkravs, imis
Sesaxeb, rom dRevandeli mosaxleoba saboloo resursebis
gaTvaliswinebiT, imaze mets xarjavs, vidre mas samarTli
anad ekuTvnis, riTac sakuTar Taobas seriozuli pasuxismge
blobis winaSe ayenebs Tavisi STamomavlebisTvis myari da
usafrTxo momavlis uzrunvelyofis TvalsazrisiT (am Temas
Tan dakavSirebiT gansxvavebuli mosazrebis gasacnobad ix.
endriu rosi gv. 211-2).
Cndeba kiTxva: ra adgili ukavia momavals kulturologia
Si (anu, garkveulwilad, kulturaSi) progresivizmis Semdeg?
rogorc warsulis SemTxvevaSi, am kiTxvas ori mimarTulebiT
mivyavarT: momavali arsebobs momavlis Sesaxeb Cveni warmod
genebisa da suraTebis saxiT (romlebic, ra Tqma unda, SeiZleba
winaswarmetyvelebis elementebsac Seicavdnen); is arsebobs,
agreTve, dagegmvaSic, romelic momavlisTvis momzadebis
mcdelobas aRniSnavs. am Tavis umetesi nawili swored am
ukanasknels daeTmoba, radgan kulturologia Rrmad aris da
kavSirebuli dagegmvis procesebTan, rac `kulturuli poli
tikis~ rubrikiT aris warmodgenili, magram mniSvnelovania
imis codnac, Tu rogor warmogvidgenia momavali dRes.
CvenTvis cnobilia, rom progresivizmis meryeobam ver Se
Zlo daebrunebina Zveli azri istoriis, rogorc cikluri,
winaswargansazRvruli, mesiis molodinSi myofi an uwyveti
degradaciis procesSi myofi (yovel SemTxvevaSi, xangrZlivi
drois ganmavlobaSi) cnebis Sesaxeb. miuxedavad imisa, rom na
Telmxilvelobam, qiromantiam da taros kartiT mkiTxaobam
samocdaaTiani wlebidan axali aRmavloba ganicada, meryevma
progresivizmma mainc ver moaxerxa dasavleTSi winaswarm
etyvelebis sxvadasxva formebis iseTive gamococxleba
gamoewvia, rogoric ganmanaTleblobis wina epoqisTvis iyo
damaxasiaTebeli. faqtobrivad, progresis koncefciis daR
mavloba, rogorc Cans, racionaluri winaswarmetyvelebis
mimarT ndobis zrdas ukavSirdeba (rac nawilobriv, albaTo
bis kalkulaciebs emyareba). winaswarmetyvelebam, rogorc
mas ormocdaaTian wlebSi daerqva, prognozis saxe miiRo da
momavals warmosaxvis an gansjis sferod ki aRar aRiqvamda,
aramed, rogorc awmyo qmedebebis Sedegs, miuxedavad imisa, es

110
qmedebebi gamiznuli iyo Tu ara (binde 2001, 94). prognozireba
imas ki ar niSnavs, rom Cven darwmunebulni varT, TiTqos raRac
xarisxiT momavlis gakontroleba SegviZlia da amis gakeTebas
albaTobis kalkulaciebis gamoyenebiT vcdilobT kidevac,
aramed imas, rom Tu Tavidanve gvecodineba, ra gvelis moma
valSi (miuxedavad imisa, SevZlebT Tu ara mis gakontrolebas),
materialuri upiratesobis movipovebas SevZlebT. nebismier
SemTxvevaSi, momavlis Sefaseba damokidebulia Cven mier ro
gorc warsulis, ise momavlis Sesaxeb sakmarisi informaciis
mopovebaze. saSineli panika, romelic aSS-Si iseTma movlenam
gamoiwvia, rogoric 9 seqtemberi iyo, SeiZleba aseve aixs
nas, rogorc pasuxi TviT prognozirebasa da prognozirebis
riskebs Soris gaTiSulobis arsebobaze. es gauTvaliswinebe
li iyo epoqaSi, sadac, TiTqos, yvelaferi gaTvaliswinebulia,
yovel SemTxvevaSi, `makro~ (farTomasStabur) doneze mainc.
es ki, ra Tqma unda, pirdapir ewinaaRmdegeba postmodernis
tul azrebs. momavlis ganWvretis unari niSnavs imas, rom mo
mavali sul ufro da ufro metad xdeba politikuri da mene
jeruli procesis obieqti. magaliTad, globaluri daTboba,
garda imisa, rom yvelaze mwvave saerTaSoriso problemaa,
aseve, umniSvnelovanes politikur da teqnikur problebas
warmoadgens nawinaswarmetyvelevi momavlis safuZvelze.
nawinaswarmetyvelevi momavali kulturul formas iRebs
da eqspertebisgan pirdapir garTobisa da kulturis sfero
Si inacvlebs im gamoxatulebebiT, romlebic Semdeg, Tavad,
Janrebad iqcevian. amgvar gamoxatulebebs SemdgomSi `fu
turistuls~ vuwodebT mecnierul fantastikasTan maTi gan
sakuTrebuli kavSiris gamo, romelic Tavad warmoadgens war
mosaxviTi momavlis Janrs axal teqnologiebTan siaxlovis
gamo. magaliTad, hiugo gernsbeki, romelic sayovelTaod aris
aRiarebuli Tanamedrove mecnieruli fantastikis fuZem
deblad, pirveli radioJurnalis prodiuseri da eleqtro
xelsawyoebis pirveli (sacalo) gamyidveli iyo. (termin `fu
turistis~ istoria sxva kulturul epoqaSi daiwyo, xolo
futuristebi im adamianebs ewodebodaT, romelTac swamdaT,
rom RmerTis movlineba adamianTa Tvalmisawvdom istoriaSi
moxdeba. futuristuli moTxrobebi da suraTebi Sinaganad
utopiur da disutopiur xedvebad iyofa: futuristul xed

111
vas Rrma istoriuli fesvebi akavSirebs utopizmTan, magram,
miuxedavad amisa, disutopiuri xedva metad Zlierdeba maSin,
rodesac gveCveneba, rom momavali mTlianad eqceva meneje
rialisturi Zalebisa da socialuri dagegmvis gavlenis qveS.
marTlac, sad aris dRevandel masobriv kulturaSi Blade Run-
ner, The Truman Show an Minority Report-is utopiuri alterna
tivebi?
momavlis futuristuri suraTebi, ra Tqma unda, im awmyos
proeqcias warmoadgens, romelSic iqmnebodnen. ormocdaa
Tiani wlebis samecniero fantastikis Janris filmebis yure
bisas SeiZleba ucnauri grZnoba dagveuflos, radganac erTis
mxriv, moZvelebul teqnologiebs vxedavT (telefoni rotaci
uli diskoTi an koWebiani kompiuteri), romlebic im drois
teqnikis ukanasknel miRwevebs warmoadgendnen, xolo meores
mxriv, im momavals, romliskenac faqtiurad mivdivarT (sao
cari simaRlis caTambrjenebi, romlebic Ria kosmosamde aRw
even da erTmaneTs mzis energiaze momuSave, araCveulebrivad
organizebuli sazogadoebrivi satransporto saSualebebiT
ukavSirdebian) da am or momavals erTmaneTTan Zalian cota
ram aqvs saerTo (gleiki 1997). miuxedavad amisa, progresiviz
mis meryeobam migviyvana xSir SemTxvevaSi farul, erTgvarad
mougvarebel da aralogikur azramde, rom Cven axla moma-
valSi vcxovrobT. es, nawilobriv im kampaniebis damsaxurebaa,
romlebic sazogadoebis yuradRebis axali teqnologiebisken
mipyrobiT arian dakavebulni. ociani wlebis Semdeg teqnol
ogiebi, rogoricaa: eleqtroba, televizia, radio da person
aluri kompiuterebi, iyideboda, rogorc momavali teqnolo
giebi magaliTad SeiZleba moviyvanoT 1939 wlis eqspozicia
`momavlis qalaqi~ niu-iorkis msoflio gamofenaze, romelic
warmoadgenda ocdameerTe saukunis warmosaxviT megapoliss
- `mecnierebis, atomuri energiis, kosmosSi mogzaurobisa da
maRali kulturis qalaqs~ rogorc werda Jurnali Amazing
Stories. magram, rogorc bolo magaliTSi iyo warmoadgeni
li, awmyos aRqma, rogorc momavlisa, romelic dRes da aq aris,
unda gaviazroT, rogorc Sedegi dasavluri utilitarizmis
xangrZlivi istoriisa, romelic mimdinare situaciebisa da
politikis abstragirebas tradiciebisa da cxovrebis wesebis
mixedviT axdenda, raTa Semdeg momavali Sedegebis Tvalsaz

112
risiT SeefasebinaT. aqedan gamomdinare, awmyoze misi moma
vali Sedegebis mixedviT msjeloba, mniSvnelovanwilad, ukve
momavalSi cxovrebas niSnavs.
awmyos mier momavlis miTviseba mraval kulturul sfer
oSi igrZnoba. gavixsenoT, magaliTad, samecniero-fantasti
kuri filmebis qve-Janri `ukan, momavlisken~ Back to Future,
romlebSic droSi mogzaurobas kvlevis forma ki ara aqvs (ra
Seusabamobac ar unda iyos), aramed, momavlis gadarCenisa
anu, momavalSi mogzauroba im awmyoSi Carevis uflebas iZl
eva (rogorc momavalis warsulSi), romelmac momavali unda
Secvalos.
am JanrSi damokidebuleba warsulsa da awmyos Soris gaaq
tiurebulia da maT Soris didi gansxvaveba ar keTdeba. es im
fantastikur filmebSic igrZnoba, sadac dRevandeli yovel
dRiuri cxovreba, romelic samkaod Cveulebrivad mimdin
areobs, uecrad araCveulebrivi da axali movlenebisTvis
ixsneba: magaliTad, kunZulze klonirebuli dinozavrebis
gamoCena `iuruli periodis parkSi~, an kosmosuri xomaldis
daSveba amerikis qalaqebis gareubnebSi filmSi ET. aq momava
li gansxvavebuli ki ar aris, ubralod patara gadaxvevaa iqi
dan, rac sinamdvileSi xdeba.
miuxedavad amisa, awmyosa da momavlis gadakveTa, rogorc
xSirad amboben, radikaluri siaxlis saSualebiT xdeba. cno
bili futurologis, Tomas homer-diqsonis azriT: `gasuli
saukunis uTvalavma, mzardma cvlilebebma, rogorc mTeli
planetis sazogadoebebSi, ise teqnologiebsa da garemomcvel
bunebriv garemoSi, Tavi moiyares, raTa xarisxobrivad axali
samyaro SeeqmnaT~ (homer-diqsoni 2000, 3). paradoqsulia, rom
es axali samyaro swored is momavlis samyaroa, romelSic amJa
mad vcxovrobT. es is siaxlea, romelic Tavisi arsiT mxolod
politikuri an kulturuli ar aris, radgan poltikisa da
kulturis oficialuri struqturebi radikalurad ar Secv
lilan, Tumca maTi damokidebuleba socialuri formaciebis
mimarT namdvilad Seicvala. ucnauri Seusabamoba arsebobs im
siaxles Soris, romelTa Teorizacia iseTma figurebma moax
dines, rogoricaa homer-diqsoni da stiven spilbergis uwy
inar `momavlebs~, holivudSi Seqmnil damTrgunvel futur
izmsa an meoce saukunis Suaxanebis distopiuri klasikosebis

113
mier Seqmnil nawarmoebebs Soris, rogoricaa, magaliTad, ol
dos haqslis Brave New World an jorj oruelis 1984. SeiZleba
vinmem ifiqros, rom Tanamedrove warmodgena momavlis Ses
axeb, zogadad, zomieri utopianizmisken aris mimarTuli ma
Sin, rodesac komunikaciebsa da socialur urTierTkavSire
bzea koncentrirebuli, xolo distopianizmisken - rodesac
socialur kontrolsa da bunebaze axdens fokusirebas (am
Temebze ufro dawvrilebiT visaubrebT Semdeg TavebSi, rom
lebic digitizaciasa da bunebas exeba). momavlis Sesaxeb Cve
ni warmodgenis yvelaze didi safuZvelia azri, rom adamiani
wyvets biologiur arsebobas bunebriv garemoSi da teqnikisa
da mecnierebis garemoSi gadadis. sxvanairad rom vTqvaT, ar
sebuli gansxvaveba organulsa da araorganuls Soris qreba,
rac gvaTavsebs post-humanur momavalSi, romlis mzardi
SesaZleblobebisa da safrTxeebis winaswar gansazRvra Seu
Zlebelia. es swored is samyaroa, romelSic totalizmi (er
Tian sistemaSi Tavmoyra), bunebasac moicavs ise, rom amgvari
miTvisebis mTavari mamoZravebeli Zala (romelic, saboloo
analizis Semdeg aSkara xdeba, rom sxva araferia, garda kapi
talizmisa), kidev ufro Zlieri da usafrTxo gveCveneba vi
dre winaT, magram, amasTanave, ufro daucvelic seriozuli
riskebisa da totaluri katastrofebis winaSe, ubralod imis
gamo, rom sistema aseTi sirTulis da erTianobis gamo.

kulturuli politika

rogorc ukve vnaxeT, kulturis kritika humanitaruli

mecnierebebis dargSi, ukve aRar ganicdis aucileblobas,
rom dawvrilebiT gangvimartos, ra saSualebebiT gaxdeba
SesaZlebeli Tanamedrove pirobebis Secvla. swored dageg
mvis epoqaSi Seqmnilma socialurma mecnierebebma gadadges
konkretuli nabijebi momavlis mowesrigebisaTvis mas Sem
deg, rac pirvelma sociologebma, ogiust komtma da anri sen-
simonma momavali sazogadoebebis detaluri gegma SeimuSaves
da amiT safrangeTis saxelmwifos mmarTvelobis xasiaTi
gansazRvres (britaneTSi daaxloebiT igive, magram naklebad
saxelmwifoebrivi mniSvnelobiT, gaakeTes jeremi benThemma

114
da misma mimdevrebma). kulturologiis mimarTulebam ganavi
Tara dagegmva, nacvlad momavlis mimarT humanuri damokide
bulebisa, rac procesebisa da warmoebis normebis Seswavlis
safuZvelze taqtikis SemuSavebaSi mdgomareobda.
Tavad kulturul politikasac aqvs istoria. jim makgi
ganma aRwera britaneTSi misi ganviTarebis sxvadasxva momenti
dawyebuli mecxramete saukunis Sua xanebidan da mogvca sqema,
romelic dasavleT evropis sxva qveynebisTvisac aris gamosa
degi (mcire variaciebiT). is gamoyofda oTx moments, romelT
agan TiToeuli eqvemdebareboda specifikur paradigmas, ro
melic kulturuli saqmianobisaTvis saxelmwifo mxardaWeras
akanonebda. esenia: sazogadoebrivi kontroli (sadac kultu
ris mxardaWera/daaxloebiT 1850-1940 wlebSi/xorcieldebo
da imisaTvis, rom win aRdgomodnen warmosaxviT gaTanabrebas
da demokratiis anarqiul tendenciebs); erovnuli prestiJi
(ormociani wlebis dasawyisidan samociani wlebis dasawy
isamde); socialuri misawvdomoba, romelic aqcents akeTebda
ignorirebuli sazogadoebebisTvis xelis Sewyobaze, raTa
maTTvis saSualeba miecaT ufro farTo kulturaSi mieRoT
monawileoba (samociani wlebis Suaxanebidan samocdaaTiani
wlebis bolomde); da Tanamedroveobis bazarze orientire
buli politika (makgigani 1996, 54-60).
rogorc kulturologiis mimarTulebas, kulturul
politikas ufro viwro sfero da Sesabamisad, viwro istori
ac aqvs. is daiwyo, rogorc analizebis rigi, miSel fukos dam
saxurebiT, romelmac eWvqveS daayena kulturologiis kri
tikuli saqmianobis efeqturoba. man yuradReba gaamaxvila
imaze, rom kulturologia saTanadod ar xsnida, Tu rogor
SeeZlo kritikas praqtikuli Sedegebis miRweva (ix. beneti
1998 a). kulturuli politikis TvalsazrisiT, praqtikuli
Sedegebis miaRwevisTvis saWiroa kulturis uSualo mmarTv
elobasa da organizaciaze zemoqmedeba, rac mxolod im Sem
TxvevaSia SesaZlebeli, Tu, pirvel rigSi, iarsebebs saimedo
adgili socialuri sistemis SigniT (e.i. diskretuli, gamW
virvale da principuli akademiuri disciplina), xolo Semdeg
saqmeSi is instituciebi CaerTvebian, romlebic namdvilad
`marTaven kulturas~, rac imas niSnavs, rom isini namdvilad
CaerTvebian politikis Seqmnis procesSi.

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 es niSnavs, rom Tavi unda davaneboT biurokratiis Zagebas
da inteleqtualebis, rogorc binZuri da korufciuli sa
myarosgan ganze mdgomi xalxis idealizebas. Teoriis doneze
Tu ganvixilavT, am moZraobas zurgs umagrebda Tanamedrove
Zalauflebis miSel fukoseuli interpretacia, romlis
mixedviTac, Zalauflebis nakadebi represiisa da kontrolis
instrumentebad ki ar unda CaiTvalos, aramed, piriqiT, maTi
obieqtebis formirebis da maTTvis uflebaTa miniWebis in
strumentebiT, rac, Cveulebriv, saxelmwifo procesebis sa
SualebiT xdeba (ZiriTadad ki maSin, rodesac Zalaufleba e.w.
`saxelmwifoebrioba~ xdeba). mniSvnelovania, rom samTavrobo
Zalauflebis amgvari nakadebi Tvisobrivad Riaa kritikisa da
molaparakebebisaTvis. swored am TvalsazrisiT, kulturo
logiam mimarTa germaneli sociologis, maqs veberis `faseu
lobaTa racionalurobis~ koncefcias, romelic sanqcias
aZlevda faseulobaTa biurokratiul Sesrulebas. vebers
warmodgenili hqonda grZeli, prusiuli istoria, romelSic
moTxrobili iyo, rom, daaxloebiT, 1800 wels iseTi germane
li filosofosebi da Teoretikosebi, rogorebic iyvnen, mag
aliTad, iohan fihte da vilhelm fon humbolti, CarTulni
iyvnen gadawyvetilebaTa miRebaSi da mmarTvelobaSi (ix. han
teri 1994, romelic sakvanZo dokuments warmoadgens am mimar
TulebiT). nebismier SemTxvevaSi, kulturologiis am mimar
Tulebam gavlena moaxdina kulturis, Teoriisa da mTavrobas
Soris TanamSromlobis misaRebi da naklebad winaaRmdegobri
vi formiT Camoyalibebaze. amas xeli Seuwyo garkveulma wnex
mac, romlis qveSac mouxdaT muSaoba mecnierebs imisTvis, rom
samuSao praqtikuli SedegebiT daesrulebinaT.
Tu sxvadasxva kuTxiT SevxedavT, kulturis ekonomikuri
da nacionaluri faseulobis sayovelTaod aRiarebam stimu
li misca mTavrobebs ganeviTarebinaT kulturuli politike
bi. mTavrobebi am mimarTulebiT oTx mniSvnelovan, magram
erTmaneTisgan Zalian gansxvavebul Zalas iTvaliswinebdnen:
pirveli maTgani iyo kulturuli industriebis ekonomikuri
mniSvnelobisa da potencialis, gansakuTrebiT ki kulturu
li turizmis mzardi mniSvneloba; meore saSiSroeba, ro
melic nacionalur kulturas neo-liberaluri saerTaSoriso
savaWro politikisa da holivudisa da aSS-s brendebis finans

116
uri da distribuciuli yovlisSemZleobis mxridan emuqrebo
da; mesame ukureaqcia subsidirebuli maRali/avangarduli
xelovnebis winaaRmdeg, romelic Seuracxyofas ayenebs e.w.
sazogadoebriv faseulobebs (termini, romelic, am konte
qstSi, kulturuli konservatorebisa da zog SemTxvevaSi,
`Cumi~ umravlesobis Sexedulebebs aRniSnavs); dabolos, mul
tikulturalizmis aRmoceneba, romelsac mTavroba marTavda
da mxars uWerda. ese igi, arsebobs, sul cota, oTxi gansxvave
buli struqtura mainc, romelTa saSualebiTac nacional
uri politikis naTlad formulireba SeiZleba: kulturul
industriebze an uSualod xelovnebis organizaciebze kon
centrirebuli; nacionalur ekonomikaze koncentrirebuli;
kulturul nacionalizmsa da TviTdawinaurebaze koncen
trirebuli da adgilobriv kulturul sazogadoebebze kon
centrirebuli.
aSS-Si sadac kulturuli politikis koordinirebuli
sistema ar arsebobs, mis mimarT interesi ufro sustia, vidre
sxva ganviTarebul qveynebSi. kanadaSi, gaerTianebul samefo
sa da avstraliaSi Tu marto anglofonur qveynebs CamovT
vliT kulturuli istoriis Zveli, neo-fukodianuri forma
`SemoqmedebiT industriebad~ da `kulturul ganviTarebad~
gardaiqmna. termini `SemoqmedebiT industriebi~ SedarebiT
axalia da samocdaaTian wlebSi inglisis regionalur sabWoe
bTan erTad Seiqmna (gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia `londonis
didi sabWo~), Semdeg ki 1994 wels avstraliuri Tanamegobro
bis kulturuli politikis dokumentSi `SemoqmedebiTi eri~
mimarTulebas gansazRvravda. SemoqmedebiTobis koncefcia,
romelsac termini gulisxmobs, bevrad ufro Zvelia: azri,
rom Cveulebrivi kulturuli saqmianobac SemoqmedebiTia da
maRal kulturasTan SedarebiT meorexarisxovnad ar unda iT
vlebodes, gvabrunebs kulturologiaSi reimond uiliamsis
`xangrZlivi revoluciis~ pirvel TavTan. uiliamsis azriT,
SemoqmedebiToba maRal, romantikul koncefcias ki ar war
moadgens, romelic Semoqmeds RmerTis tol Zalauflebas ani
Webs, aramed - ubralo, adamianur SesaZleblobebsac. Tumca,
dRevandelobaSi is ufro xSirad gamoiyeneba, rodesac, mag
aliTad, sareklamo saagentoebs `SemoqmedebiTi direqtorebi~
uZRvebian. es mniSvnelovan niuansebsa da gansxvavebebze Sei

117
Zleba sakvanZozec ki Tvalis daxuWvas niSnavs. maSin, rode
sac adamianTa umniSvnelo raodenoba privilegirebul, esTe
tiur, SemoqmedebiT warmoasaxvis ideas emSvidobeba, mainc
rCeba realuri gansxvaveba unarisa da niWis saxiT maT Soris,
visac SeuZlia `simpsonebis~ scenari daweros da maT Soris,
visac mxolod samarketingo katalogis Sedgena SeuZlia.
`kulturuli ganviTarebis~ koncefcia Tavdapirvelad
UNESCO-s frangma warmomadgenlebma Camoayalibes 1960-ian
wlebSi. lisan gibsonisa da tom oreganis mier am koncefci
is gansazRvra ki seriozul kiTxvas warmoSobs: `kulturuli
ganviTareba prioritets kulturuli SesaZleblobebis Se
qmnasa da gaZlierebas ormagi mizniT aniWebs: socialuri da
kulturuli CarTulobisa da industriis ganviTarebisaTvis
(gibsoni da oregani 2002, 5). kiTxva, romelsac es koncefcia
warmoSobs, SemdegSi mdgomareobs: SeiZleba ki sinamdvileSi
iTqvas, rom industriis ganviTareba da socialuri da kul
turuli CarTuloba erTi mimarTulebiT moqmedeben? meore
mxriv, SemoqmedebiTi industriebis diskursi moicavs kul
turul saqmianobas, romelic damyarebulia individualur
niWze marketinguli potencialiT da gansakuTrebul yur
adRebas iseT kulturul formebs uTmobs, romlebic inteleq
tualur qonebas qmnian (aSS-s ekonomikur wreebSi, sadac ter
mini `SemoqmedebiTi industria~ naklebad gamoiyeneba, amgvar
industriebs ubralod `saavtoro uflebaTa industriebs~
uwodeben). amgvarad, SemoqmedebiTi industriis cneba, ener
gias im azridan iRebs, rom Tanamedrove ekonomikuri sisteme
bi sul ufro metad emyarebian aramaterialur faseulobebs,
maT Soris, proeqtebs, stilsa da warmosaxvas. xSirad ise Cans,
TiTqos, `SemoqmedebiTi industria~ iqca terminad, romelic,
umTavresad, im pirovnebebis mier gamoiyeneba, romlebic di
dad arian dainteresebulni ilaparakon TavianT mniSvnelovan
wvlilze nacionaluri ekonomikis romelime specifikuri se
qtoris ganviTarebaSi. garkveuli TvalsazrisiT, Semoqmedeb
iTi industriis politika sxva industriebis politikebisgan
arafriT gansxvavdeba da koncentrirebulia iseTive sakiTxe
bze, rogorebicaa, magaliTad, sagadasaxado SeRavaTebi da
sainkubacio sqemebi.
ufro konkretulad Tu vityviT, SemoqmedebiTi indus

118
triebisa da kulturuli ganviTarebis organizaciebis
mizans, sazogadoebriv da kerZo seqtorebSi erToblivi or
ganizaciebisa da amxanagobebis Seqmna warmoadgens, romelTa
daxmarebiTac SesaZlebeli gaxdeba dasvenebis ufro metad
gamravalferovneba da aseve, specifikur adgilebSi kul
turuli interesebisaTvis saTanado infrastruqturis Seqmna
(oregani 2002, 18-20). amgvari sia SeiZleba moicavdes: sacurao
auzebs, xelovnebis centrebs, internet kafeebs, komediur
festivalebs, fexiT sasiarulo marSrutebs, biblioTekebs
(Tumca, sajaro biblioTekebi, albaT, yvelaze popularuli
da yvelaze naklebad komerciulia saxelmwifos mier subsi
direbul instituciebs Soris), modebis Cvenebebs, sacekvao
kompaniebs da sazogadoebrivi xelovnebis nimuSebs. garda
amisa, kulturuli ganviTarebis politikam aucileblad unda
miaqcios yuradReba qalaqebis mSeneblobis, industriisaTvis
xelis Sewyobis programebisa da marketingis saxelmwifo de
partamentebis muSaobas sxvadasxva doneze. rodesac amdenad
davkonkretdebiT, kvlav dgeba SemoqmedebiTi industriebis
statusis sakiTxi: ramdenad gaaCniaT maT sakuTari, gansaz
Rvruli statusi da ekonomikuri struqtura, an ramdenad
warmoadgenen isini, sinamdvileSi, momsaxurebis industriis
sferos? terminis momxreebs mtkicebulebebi am ukanasknelis
sasargeblod mohyavT, Tumca, amiT isini esTetikis, rogorc
aseTis, mimarT uaryofiTi damokidebulebis gamovlenis ris
kis qveS eqcevian, radgan xelovneba da SemoqmedebiTi poten
ciali, tradiciulad, arasodes iTvleboda momsaxurebis
sferod (qaninghemi 2002, 59-60).
amgvarad, kulturuli gegmareba, pirvel rigSi, kvlav
specifikuri adgilebis (ZiriTadad, qveynebis an qalaqebis)
ganviTarebazea fokusirebuli da rogorc wesi, sxva poli
tikebTan erTad (romelTa mizanic amgvari adgilebis ganviTa
rebaa da romlebic globalur dinebebsa da neo-liberalur
politikur-ekonomikur garemoze reagireben) iRvwian dasax
uli miznebis misaRwevad. es asea miuxedavad imisa, rom argu
mentebi imis Sesaxeb, rom kulturuli ganviTareba qalaqebSi
xels uwyobs ekonomikis aRmavlobas, araerTmniSvnelovania.
SeiZleba, nawilobriv, amiT iyo gamowveuli ramdenime mcd
eloba, urbanul arealebSi kulturuli ganviTarebisTvis

119
iseTi pirobebis Seqmnisa, romlebic viwro ekonomikurTan er
Tad iseT cnebebs iTvaliswinebdnen, rogoricaa `kulturuli
uflebebi~ (ix. lendri da biankini, 1995). `kulturuli ufle
bebi~ tradiciulad, aRniSnavs adamianis uflebebs monawileo
ba miiRos da gamoxatos Tavisi Tavi im kulturaSi, romelsac
Tavad airCevs, magram is SeiZleba gafarTovdes da Tavis
TavSi gaaerTianos ufleba, rom kulturuli pativiscema mi
iRos sxva adamianebisgan. kulturuli politika kulturul
uflebebTan TanamSromlobs iseT sakiTxebSi, rodesac pirve
lis erT-erTi mizani meoris usafrTxoebis garantirebas war
moadgens (ix. http://www.unescobkk.org/culture). kulturo
logia, ra Tqma unda, Tavis simaRleze dgas, raTa warmoaCinos
kulturul uflebaTa da gansxvavebis politikis mniSvnelo
ba, romlebic mas miekuTvnebian.
seriozuli debatebis Sesajameblad, SegviZlia xSiri ka
maTis sagnad qceuli problemebi, romlebic Semoqmedebi
Ti industriis midgomas ukavSirdeba, kulturologiasTan
mimarTebiT, xelovanebis, politikosebisa da mecnierebis
rakursiT ganvixiloT. SemoqmedebiTi sferos warmomad
genlebis (mwarmoeblebis) TvalsazrisiT, gadawyvetilebis
mimRebebs (maRali Tanamdebobis pirebs) midrekileba aqvT
daakninon maTi monawileoba procesSi da garda amisa, saTana
do yuradRebas ar aqceven prestiJisa da inovaciis logikas,
romliTac isini samuSaos Sesrulebisas xelmZRvaneloben, es
gansakuTrebiT maRali xelovnebis sferos exeba. (aSkaraa, rom
Cveulebriv, rogorc xelovanTaTvis, ise mwarmoebelTaTvis
(prodiuserebi), meti mniSvneloba aqvs Janris ganviTarebaSi
maT mier Setanili wvlilis xarisxs da am wvlilis Tavis wreSi
aRiarebas). kulturuli politikis pirobebSi kultura dgeba
safrTxis winaSe, rom formaluri da uintereso gaxdes. bo
los da bolos, is xom winaswar unda damtkicdes da daigegmos.
am procesSi SeiZleba cenzurac CaerTos, rac gulisxmobs,
rom xelovnebam an unda gaiziaros umravlesobis, SeiZleba,
arc imdenad demokratiuli, ramdenadac umravlesobis mier
dadgenili faseulobebi da interesebi (gansakuTrebiT, Tu
isini bazris mxardaWeriT sargebloben), an iqces kulturuli
mravalferovnebis oficialuri politikis nawilad. Zlieri
da radikaluri kulturis didi nawili amgvar politikur da

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biurokratiul wnexs ver uZlebs.
kulturuli politikis formirebis procesSi TandaTano
biT ikargeba gansxvavebani xelovnebis sxvadasxva dargebsa
da kulturis sferoebs Sorisac. maRali xelovnebis Zveli
dargebi gansakuTrebiT cdiloben individualobis SenarCune
bas da im idealebiT sazrdoobas, romlebic xelSeuxebeli rCe
ba da winaaRmdegobis gawevasac ki axerxeben burJuaziuli da
ekonomikuri faseulobebisaTvis (maSinac ki, rodesac TavianT
meTodsa da stils regularulad ufro komerciul formas
aZleven). aq bevri paradoqsi iCens Tavs. magaliTad, rogorc,
albaT, oficialuri pirebi aRniSnaven, rac ufro arakomer
ciulia xelovani programuli TvalsazrisiT, miT ufro met
subsidias iTxovs, Cveulebriv, mTavrobisgan, raTa farTo
masStabiani proeqtebi ganaxorcielos. racionalizmi da kul
turuli dargebis gaTanabreba, rac kulturuli politikis
ZiriTad moTxovnas warmoadgens, xarisxis sakiTxis marginal
izacias iwvevs. argumentebi fondebis ganawilebasTan daka
vSirebiT iseT maRal doneze subsidirebuli da maRali sta
tusis mqone xelovnebisaTvis, rogoric operaa, ufro metad
popularul formebTan SedarebiT, endemuria da gviCvenebs,
ratom aris kulturuli politika aucilebeli. es argumenti
xarisxis maCvenebeli ar aris, radganac, rogorc ufro detal
urad ganvixilavT me-7 nawilSi, tendenciuria imis SefasebaSi,
kulturis erTi forma ufro maRla dgas Tu meore.
politikosebis TvalsazrisiT, kulturuli politika, prob
lemebsac qmnis. maTTvis mtkivneuli sakiTxia, magaliTad, is, Tu
ratom ixarjeba sazogadoebrivi saxsrebi specifikur proeqte
bze, gansakuTrebiT ki avangardul proeqtebze, romlebic far
To sazogadoebisTvis miuRebelia. isini iZulebulni xdebian
ebrZolon realur daZabulobas, romelic arsebobs erTi mxriv,
multikulturalizmze gakeTebul aqcentsa (romelic erT eT
nikur saxelmwifoSi sxvadasxva kulturebis arsebobas uWers
mxars) da kulturul mravalferovnebas (romelic msoflioSi
arsebuli sxvadasxva kulturuli nakadebis mimarT gaxsnilobas
gulisxmobs) Soris, xolo meore mxriv, kulturuli erTiano
bis Sefarul moTxovnas eTnikur saxelmwifoebSi. dasavleTis
qveynebis umetesobaSi umravlesoba am ukanasknels uWers mxars
maSin, rodesac kulturuli politikis analitikosebi da kul

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turologi mecnierebi, umciresobis warmomadgenel sazoga
doebebTan erTad, pirvelis mxareze arian.
mecnierTa azriT, swored es aris imis mizezi, rom kul
turul politikas (rogorc mecnierebas) damoukideblobis
Semcirebis tendencia aqvs. kulturuli politikis dargis
mecnierTa didi nawili muSaobs iseT centrebSi, romlebic
samTavrobo an did kulturul firmebTan gaformebul kon
traqtebzea damokidebuli da gavlili aqvT samecniero kv
levebis warmoebis tradiciuli avtonomia. amaSi garkveuli
saSiSroeba imaleba, radgan samecniero damoukidebloba iseT
samecniero muSaobasac uwyobs xels, romelic, faqtobrivad,
sasargeblo sferos gareT gadis, magaliTad, teqstebis,
filmebis an suraTebis detaluri Seswavla maTi istoriuli
fonis gamosakvlevad, rac sainteresoa mxolod im Tvalsaz
risiT, rom Tavisi obieqtebis faseulobebis aRqmaze, rito
rikul SesaZleblobebze an konteqstualur miniSnebebze
mogviTxrobs. ra Tqma unda, Tavad kulturul politikas ar
SeuZlia im sazogadoebisa da kulturis analizis ise naTlad
Camoyalibeba, rom aRtacebulni davrCeT, an, Tundac is, rom
mogvawodos cnobebi mxatvrebis, mwerlebis, an sxva kulturu
li moRvaweebis Sesaxeb.
yvela am siZnelis gaTvaliswinebiT, kvlav dgas problema:
kulturologiam aucileblad unda daamtkicos, rom garkveu
li kulturuli landSaftebi bunebrivsa da gardauvals ki ar
warmoadgenen, aramed gansazRvruli politikebisa da warmoe
bis meTodebis mier arian formirebulni. kulturuli politi
kis kvleva amgvar pedagogikas did daxmarebas gauwevs. metic,
vidre kulturuli warmoebis resursebi SezRudulia da maT
saxelmwifo administracia gankargavs, kulturuli politika
aucilebeli, xolo daxvewili kulturuli politika mniS
vnelovani iqneba. metic, kulturuli politika (rogorc mec
niereba) aseve kulturologiis STamomavalia da misi mTavari
mizania xeli Seuwyos momavali xelovnebis dargis moxeleebis,
politikis konsultantebisa da proeqtis menejerebis pro
fesionalur-teqnikur momzadebas, rac misi didi upirate
soba iqneba. kulturuli politikis sxvebze (politikosebze,
kerZo seqtoris patronaJze, ekonomikis damgegmareblebze,
filantropebze) damokidebuleba SeiZleba imas niSnavs, rom

122
mis samecniero mimarTulebas kvlav naklebi statusi eqneba
avtonomiis, idealizmis an kritikis sferoSi, magram me vxe
dav momavals, romelSic kulturologiis dargis mecnierebi
sul ufro metad iqnebian dainteresebulni imiT, rom monaw
ileoba miiRon kulturulo politikis profesionalebTan
gacvliT programebSi, romelTa farglebSic (sauniversite
to sistemis samewarmeo mimarTulebis mixedviT) mecnierebs
sul ufro metad miecemaT saRamoobiT konsultantebad muS
aobis SesaZlebloba. miuxedavad yvela im sirTulisa da Sez
Rudvisa, romlebsac kulturuli politika kulturologiis
winaSe ayenebs, ueWvelia, rom is mainc disciplinis erT-erT
yvelaze ufro stabilur elementad iTvleba. umniSvnelova
nesi kiTxva, romlis winaSec momavlis es suraTi gvayenebs, Sem
degSi mdgomareobs: ramdenad zustad unda gavuwonasworoT
kulturuli politika kritikis, qeba-didebisa da mecnierebis
naklebad efeqtur saqmianobas?

damatebiTi sakiTxavi: bari 2003; beneti 1998; qreini 1992b;

mileri 1993; rosi 1991.

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124
 III nawili

samyaro

3.1 globalizaciis gaazreba

rogorc davinaxeT, oTxmocdaaTiani wlebis Semdeg, globa

lizaciam, sityvam, romelic mravalnairad SeiZleba iqnes ga
gebuli, Caanacvla sityva `postmodernizmi~, rogorc ZiriTad
ma terminma Tanamedroveobis socialuri da teqnologiuri
transformaciebis saxeldebisa da interpretirebisaTvis. mis
mravalnair mniSvnelobaTa Soris gamoirCeva ori, romelnic
gulisxmoben bazris mier cxovrebis ufro meti sferos dapy
robas. am TvalsazirisiT igi neoliberalizms emTxveva, ramde
nadac neoliberalizmi gulisxmobs iseT doqtrinasa da poli
tikas, romelic gacnobierebulad uwyobs xels am dapyrobas.
igi aseve emTxveva kapitalizms, ramdenadac kapitalizmi aris
warmoebis iseTi tipi, romelic xels uwyobs Tanamedrove ba
zars. amdenad, globalizacia aRniSnavs kapitalizmis glo
balur gavrcelebas, gansakuTrebiT ki misi bazarze orien
tirebuli formebis gavrcelebas.
globalizacia aseve gulisxmobs process, rodesac plan
etaruli distanciis gadalaxva xdeba. rogorc TeoriaSia
naTqvami, Cndeba axali, samyaro sazRvrebis gareSe, sadac ar
arsebobs distancia. sul mcire, es transformacia niSnavs
imas, rom viwro adgilobriv qmedebebs farTomasStabiani
Sedegebi aqvs, rac aris kidec entoni gidensis mier SemoTava
zebuli globalizaciis ganmarteba (gidensi 1990, 64).
`globalizaciis~ es ori mniSvneloba erTmaneTisagan gan
sxvavdeba. erTi socialuria, xolo meore sivrculi. Tumca
faqtobrivad, rogorc amas davinaxavT, isini mraval aspeqtSi
emTxvevian erTmaneTs. socialuri da sivrculi mniSvnelo
bebis damTxveva niSnavs imas, rom cxadi xdeba, rogor ixveWs
met Zalas sabazro principebi da kapitalizmi msoflios yvela
kuTxeSi. kerZod, saSualo klasis cxovrebis swrafi ritmidan
gamomdinare, metropolitanur regionebSi, advilia daiviwyo,
rom magaliTad afrikaSi produqcia kapitalisturi ar aris.

125
an is, rom msoflios mosaxleobis daaxloebiT or miliards
eleqtroenergia ar miewodeba da 4,5 miliards telekomuni
kaciebze xeli ar miuwvdeba. da bolos, globalizaciis cneba
biZgs aZlevs process, romelsac igi aRwers: magaliTad pol
du gei amtkicebs, rom globalizaciis Sesaxeb msjeloba sa
Sualebas aZlevs sxvadasxva xelisuflebebs, ganaxorcielos
Careva instituciebis formirebis, normalizaciisa da in
strumentalizaciis procesSi, raTa ufro marTvadi gaxadon
globalizacia (du gei, 2000, 116).

sivrce

globalizaciis termini nebismier SemTxvevaSi ufro me

tad sivrces gulisxmobs (moicavs), vidre dros. es Tavis mxriv
imis niSania, rom Cvens analitikur CvevebSi gadanacvleba
xdeba. ukanaskneli, daaxloebiT, ocdaaTi wlis ganmavlobaSi
Tanamedrove globalizaciis TariRebs zustad ver ganvsaz
RvravT), sivrcis gaazreba Seicvala. adre dros socialur
da kulturologiur TeoriebSi gansakuTrebuli adgili
eTmoboda. naklebi yuradReba eTmoboda sivrces. anu moxda
ise, rom istoriam Secvala sazogadoeba, xolo geografiam
safuZveli moumzada istorias samoqmedod. sivrce-drois
mimarTebis amgvari aRqma moitana progresulma Tanadrou
lobam, romelic dasavleTis modernistul eraSi ganviTarda,
roca istoria did imedebs iZleoda. sapirispirod, individebi
da sazogadoebebi, romlebic modernizaciis process jer ar
Sedgomodnen da amdenad istoriis miRma rCebodnen, ganisaz
Rvren sivrcul terminebSi. aseTi sazogadoebebi, ase vTqvaT,
viwro adgilobriv wreSi iyvnen gamoketili.
Tumca dResdReisobiT geografiac transformirda. misi
sagani axla isa aris, rasac dorin masei `socialuri urT
ierTobebis sivrceSi ganSlas~ uwodebda (masei, 1994, 23). sx
vagvarad rom vTqvaT, misi sagania gza, romliTac geografia
ganapirobebs da ayalibebs sazogadoebasa da kulturas. sa
mecniero literaturaSi es imas niSnavs, rom iseT disci
plinebs, rogoricaa sociologia da anTropologia, geo
grafia umcirebs sivrces kulturis kvlevebisaTvis. ufro

126
zustad, geografiisa da kulturis kvlevebis gadakveTis
wertilSi Zveli modernistuli `sivrcis~ cneba (abstraqtu
li cneba, gancalkevebuli adamianTa samyarosgan) Caanacvla
`adgilis~ cnebam (sivrce, romelic dayofilia regionebad,
punqtebad da aRqmuli da Sefasebulia individebisa da maT
gan Semdgari jgufebis mier). (sivrce-adgilis klasikuri
ganmartebisaTvis ixileT sertie, 1984, 91-130). amas mivyavarT
`globaluris~ kategoriis problemamde: am termins ver aRviq
vamT, rogorc qalaqs an Tundac qveyanas. Tumca amave dros es
ar aris abstraqtuli cneba, realurad arsebobs Cvens yovel
dRiur cxovrebaSi. ufro metic, cxadi xdeba, rom sivrcis (da
drois) dayofa gansxvavebulia sxvadasxva kulturebSi da es
danayofebi kiTxvis niSnis qveS dgeba, rodesac momavlis or
ganizebasa da dagegmvaze midis kamaTi. namdvilad, sivrcisa
da drois erTmaneTisgan gancalkeveba advili ar aris. magal
iTad, dRes politikuri sakiTxebidan cotas Tu gavixsenebT
imaze ufro mwvaves, vidre kiTxvas aris Tu ara konkretuli
adamiani globalizaciis momxre. debatebSi naTeli xdeba, rom
globalizacia Tanamedrove, socialuri da politikuri cne
baa, iseve, rogorc sivrculi. es exeba imas, Tu rogori unda
iyos momavalSi sazogadoeba da, rogor unda gavumklavdeT
distanciis batonobas.

globalizaciis mokle istoria

Cven ukve viciT globalizaciis kompleqsurobis Ses

axeb, kargi iqneba Tu warmodgena gveqneba mis istoriazec,
romelSic nawilobriv meordeba zemoT ganxiluli postmod
ernizmis safuZvlad mdebare pirobebi. globalizacia popu
laruli gagebiT, iTvleba met-naklebad uwyvet (da araTana
bar) procesad, romelsac Tanamedrove usazRvro samyaros
Seqmnamde mivyavarT. es sadavo sakiTxia istorikosebsa da
sociologebs Soris. magaliTad, mwvave kamaTi midis Temaze,
aris Tu ara dRevandeli erovnuli ekonomika ufro globali
zebuli, vidre es iyo 1900 wels an Tu asruleben erovnuli xe
lisuflebebi ufro did, an ufro patara rols sakuTari moqa
laqeebis cxovrebaSi, vidre amas akeTebden warsulSi (ixileT

127
hopkinsi, 2002, sadac gaecnobiT globalizaciis istorias;
argumentebis gasacnobad imis Sesaxeb, rom gviandeli mecx
ramete saukunis ekonomika ufro globalizebuli iyo, vidre
dRevandeli, ixileT hersti da tompsoni, 2000). radgan glo
balizacia Tavisi gansazRvrebiT ar aris mxolod dasavluri
procesi, globalizaciis istoria, iseve, rogorc moderniza
ciis istoria badebs kiTxvas: rogoria globalizaciisken mi
mavali aradasavluri gzebi?
istorikosebi dRes saubroben `arqaul globalizaciaze~,
mimocvlaze regionebs Soris da gansakuTrebiT araevropul
regionebs Soris, rasac adgili hqonda modernistul erTeu
lebsa da ekonomikebs miRma (beili, 2002). yovel SemTxveva
Si 1648 wlis vestfaliis zavi Tanamedrove globalizaciis
sakvanZo momenti iyo. radgan swored maSin, dasawyisSi Taname
drove suverenuli saxelmwifos ideam farTo aRiareba moipo
va. aman Cauyara safuZveli dedamiwis yvela regionis mier
erTi politikuri struqturis gaziarebas (vgulisxmobT sax
elmwifos struqturas) da saerTaSoriso kavSirebs, urTier
Tobebs erebsa da saxelmwifoebs Soris, romlebic flobdnen
suverenitets.
Semdeg safexurze globalizacia unda ganvixiloT rogorc
dasavluri eqspansionizmis Sedegi, rac 1492 wels daiwyo da
apogeas gvian, mecxramete saukuneSi miaRwia, im dros, rodesac
ZiriTadma evropulma Zalebma (amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis
CaTvliT) mTel danarCen samyaros Tavs Tavisi ekonomikuri da
politikuri sferoebi moaxvies. mecxramete saukunis imperia
lizmi moitana ara mxolod samxedro Zalebma, aramed sakomuni
kacio teqnologiebma, romelTagan yvelaze mniSvnelovani iyo
rkinigza, Tbomavlebi da telegrafi (ramac gaamartiva komuni
kacia did distanciaze da transportis aucilebloba moxsna.
ixileT keri, 1989). transportirebisa da komunikaciebis am ti
pebma saWiro gaxada dedamiwis dayofa grZedebisa da ganedebis
sayovelTaod miRebul baded. aseve saWiro gaxda 1884 wels
grinviCis universaluri saSualo drois dadgena. globaluri
sivrcis abstraqtuli cneba ase iqca realobad.
imperialistur epoqaSi zogierTma dasavlurma erma ma
namde warmoudgeneli simdidre moipova. istorikosebi bevrs
kamaTobdnen imperializmis ekonomikur sargebelze evropu

128
li saxelmwifoebisTvis, magram dadasturebulia, rom impe
riam kritikuli roli Seasrula maT warmoebadobaSi (ixileT
arigi, silveri da ahmedi, 1999, 37-97). nawilobriv am simdid
ris gamo maTi politikuri sistemebis demokratizacia nela
mimdinareobda. daiwyes socialuri institutebis daarseba,
romelTa daniSnuleba mosaxleobis ganaTlebis, kulturisa
da janmrTelobis gaumjobeseba iyo. marTlac, 1900 wlisaTvis
bevri socialisti imperialistic iyo, radgan fuls, romelic
socialuri politikis gasatareblad iyo saWiro, imperiuli
sargebeli mohqonda. 1930 wlis didi depresiis Semdeg, rode
sac muSaTa klasi gaaqtiurda da metadre maSin, roca meore
msoflio omma warmoaCina saxelmwifos mier marTuli ekon
imikis produqtiuloba (ara mxolod germaniasa da sabWoTa
kavSirSi), dasavlurma saxelmwifoebma ganaviTares farTo
sistema da sagadasaxado reJimi, romlis mizani iyo kvlavm
warmoebluroba. im periodSi aseT politikas safuZvels uqm
nida vaWrobis mniSvnelovani ganviTareba evropas, iaponiasa
da amerikis SeerTebul Statebs Soris. es iyo winapiroba gvi
andeli meoce saukunis globalizaciisa. miuxedavad imisa,
rom yofil koloniebSi industrializaciis programebsa da
importis Semcirebas uwyobdnen xels, omis Semdgom wlebSi
masobrivi saxe miiRo Raribi erebidan mdidari erebisaken
migraciam. es xels uwyobda kulturul gacvla-gamocvlas,
fondebis daarsebas da erovnebaTSoris mobilurobas.
rogorc vnaxeT, II msoflio omis Semdeg, evropis imperi
ulma qveynebma TandaTanobiT xeli aiRes Tavisi koloniebis
uSualo kontrolze (britaneTma mecxramete saukunis meore
naxevridan Tavi daaneba TeTrkanianebiT dasaxlebuli kolo
niebis marTvas). am ukandaxevis mTavari mamoZravebeli motivi
iyo kolonializmis mimarT winaaRmdegoba da Tavad dapy
robili xalxebis nacionalisturi neba, magram eWvs ar unda
iwvevdes, rom rasizmis winaaRmdeg sayovelTao Semotriale
ba, rac nacistur genocids mohyva da iaponiis magaliTi (ro
melic nawilobriv antievropuli kolonializmis motiviT
ibrZoda, Tumca es xSirad aviwydebaT), aseve mniSvnelovan
rols asrulebda. dekolonizaciis adreul wlebSi yofil ko
loniaTa umetesoba ganviTarebis iseT politikas misdevda,
romelic gulisxmobda saxelmwifos mier ekonomikis mWidro
marTvasa da sabazro Zalebis SedarebiT naklebobas.

129
 kamaTis sagnad rCeba, ratom daiwyo keTildReobis
amyarebis dasavlurma reJimma ideologiuri muxtis da
d
kargva da ratom Caanacvla is neoliberalizmma da entre
preneurializmma, rogorc upirobo alternativam. albaT,
upriani iqneba Tu am gardatexas met-naklebad SemTxveviTi
faqtorebis (rogoricaa ekonomikuri, teqnologiuri, poli
tikuri da kulturuli) Serwymis Sedegad CavTvliT. Taname
drove globalizacias xelisSemwyob faqtorTagan erT-erTi
yvelaze mniSvnelovani iyo industralizaciis gavrceleba
dekolonizebul samyaroSi, ganviTarebis ideologiis mo
tiviT da transnacionalur ZalTa meTaurobiT. am process
didi biZgi misca dasavluri ekonomikis sagrZnobma damokide
bulebam navTobis arabuli saxelmwifoebis mimarT mas Semdeg,
rac navTobis momwodebeli qveynebis organizaciam (OPEC)
1974 wels fasebi awia. aman (amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi
sa da vietnamis omTan erTad) gamoiwvia inflacia da mzardi
daqveiTeba pirveli samyaros qveynebis warmoebis momgebiano
basa da pirveladi saqonlis moxmarebis seqtorSi, ramac Tavis
mxriv gaaZliera ekonomikis restruqturizaciis saWiroeba
mzardi konkurenciis pirobebSi. ekonomikis restruqtur
izacia gulisxmobda investiciebis mimarTvas im seqtorebze,
sadac kapitalisa da warmoebis nixri SedarebiT maRali iyo.
SezRudvebi, rasac fiqsirebuli fuladi mimoqceva da finans
uri regulireba uwesebda erovnul konkurentunarianobas,
sul ufro metad gamoikveTa, radgan kapitalis gadineba sul
ufro did zians ayenebda erovnul warmoebas. saxelmwifoebi
atarebdnen ucxouri investiciebisa mozidvisa da vaWrobis
xelSemwyob politikas, amcirebdnen kontrols sakuTar eko
nomikaze, sTavazobdnen gadasaxadebis Semcirebas ucxour
organizaciebs da a.S. da am gziT cdilobdnen mogebis miRebas.
imavdroulad, SedarebiT ganuviTarebeli qveynebi mim
zidveli wyaro iyo iafi muSaxelisa da investiciebis Casa
debad. iaponiam da evropam gansakuTrebulad gazardes Tavisi
wili saerTaSoriso investiciebSi da Seamcires Statebis ba
tonoba am arealSi. inglisurenovan qveynebSi gamorCeulad
imata saxelmwifo sawarmoebis privatizaciam. warmoebaSi
ucxoeli muSaxelis gamoyeneba da pirveli samyaros qveynebis
deindustrializacia gulisxmobda, rom pirveli samyaros

130
ekonomikaSi dasaqmebuli personalidan Zalian mcire Tu iyo
dakavebuli industriuli (gansakuTrebiT, kvalificiuri)
samuSaos SesrulebiT. umuSevroba matulobda (nawilobriv
imitomac, rom ekonomikis warmmarTvelTa mier es isaxeboda
inflaciis daZlevis gzad da nawilobriv imitomac, rom omis
Semdgom, ramdenadac mniSvnelovnad Semcirda muSaxelis baza,
mniSvnelovnad gaizarda qalebis CarTva SromiT procesSi)
imdenad, rom dRevandeli SefasebiT 6-dan 15 procentamde
meryeobda maSindel SromiT bazarze. am tendenciebs Rrma
kulturuli da politikuri Sedegebi mohyva, maT Soris prof
kavSirebis gavlenis dakargva, mSromelTa solidarobaze da
myarebuli Zveli memarcxene socialisturi partiis dasuste
ba da `klasis~, rogorc socialuri da kulturuli analizis
kategoriis, mniSvnelobis daqveiTeba am yvelaferma ra Tqma
unda Tavis mxriv xeli Seuwyo kvlevebis warmoebas kulturis
kvlevebis sferoSi.
globalizaciisTvis kidev erTi sakvanZo momenti 1989 wels
komunizmis damxoba iyo, rac niSnavda civi omis dasasrulsa
da socializmis, rogorc legitimuri politikuri sistemisa
da ideologiis gaqrobas. axla aSS iqca msoflios erTaderT
samxedro zesaxelmwifod (da gaxda dominanti ekonomikur
politikaSi iseTi saerTaSoriso institutebis kontrolis
saSualebiT, rogoricaa IMF (saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi)
da msoflio banki, romlebic aqtiurad atareben neoliber
alur politikas. aRmosavleTis blokis daSlam daaCqara pro
cesebi, da Sedegad sul ufro met korporacias SeeZlo CarTva
raime saxis transnacionalur vaWrobaSi. zogierTma firmam
moaxdina warmoebis gadabareba da ar cdilobda sazRvarga
reTuli sawarmoebis investirebas an kontrols, ubralod
globalizebas uwevda Tavis marketingul strategias da
gasaRebis qselebs. zogierTi sakuTari brendis warmoebas
da organizaciul struqturas mTel msoflioSi avrceleb
da. zogic saeqsporto bazris moZiebas cdilobda sakuTari
produqciisaTvis. sul ufro izrdeboda politikuri da kul
turuli gavlena im korporaciebisa, romlebic srulmasSta
bian operaciebs awarmoebdnen mraval qveyanaSi (multinacio
naluri kompaniebi), ramdenadac maTze sul ufro meti wili
modioda msoflio ekonomikaSi. am kompaniebs erTamneTisgan

131
mniSvnelovnad ganasxvavebda is, Tu ramdenad vrceldeboda
saTavo ofisis gavlena mis filialebze.
teqnologiuri faqtorebi globalizaciis procesSi
moicavda axali sakomunikacio teqnologiebis ganviTare
bas, gansakuTrebiT ki internets, aseve safinanso sistemis
kompiuterizacias. am ukanasknelma SesaZlebeli gaxada fu
ladi kapitalisa da servisebis internacionalizacia, ra
sac Tavis mxriv biZgi misca bankebze SezRudvis moxsnam da
valutis brunvam. kompiuterizaciam SesaZlebeli gaxada axa
li finansuri instrumentebis gamoyeneba (sesxebi, sxvadasxva
kontraqtebi). swrafma, iafma kontinentSorisma sahaero mg
zavrobam uzrunvelyo biznesis globaluri gafarToeba da
turizmi sakvanZo globalur industriad aqcia.

adgilobrivi globalizaciebi

globalizacia, rogorc JurnalistikaSi, politikasa da

yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi gamoyenebadi cneba asaxavs raRac
sruliad gansxvavebuls, vidre es am istoriul mimoxilvaSi
Cans. modiT, ufro kargad davakvirdeT, rogor muSaobs es
termini saSualo klasis dasavleli adamianis yoveldRiur
cxovrebaSi. es dakvirveba STabeWdilebiTi xasiaTisaa, radgan
Zalian cotaa cnobili imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor aris global
izaciis cneba konceptualizebuli da aRqmuli rigiTi moqa
laqeebis mier. igi SeiZleba aRniSnavdes ubralod samyaros
SekumSvas (samecniero literaturaSi amas dro-sivrcis kom
presias uwodeben), rogorc es turizmSi gamoixata. Cveni sa
mosi, albaT, umeteswilad CineTSi an `mesame samyaros~ sxva
romelime qveyanaSi mzaddeba. sakomunikacio distancia in
ternetma, iafma satelefono sistemam da a.S. gadalaxa. reaq
tiuli TviTmfrinavi globalizaciis xanis avtobusad iqca. am
SekumSvas mivyavarT msgavsebamde import-eqsportis, vaWro
bis zrdasa da brendebis globalizebas mosdevs gancda, rom
erovnuli da lokaluri gansxvavebani waSlilia. singapurSi,
vankuversa Tu berlinSi sayidlebze wasvlas Soris aRar aris
didi gansxvaveba. globalizacias zogi uyurebs, rogorc
erovnuli saxelmwifosadmi safrTxes, memarjvene frTis pop

132
ulisturi Tavdasxmebi gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciaze
aSS-Si swored amis gamovlinebaa. globalizacias xSirad uka
vSireben agreTve SromiTi Zalis farTomasStabian gadaadg
ilebas, emigraciasa da multikulturalizmis politikas,
romelic 1970-ian wlebSi Camoyalibda.
adgilobrivi globalizacia SeiZleba agreTve gulisxmob
des imas, rasac Cven transnacionalur multikulturalizmad
anu popularul kosmopolitobad SeiZleba movixseniebdeT,
es albaT mdidar dasavleTTan aris kavSirSi. `transnaciona
lurSi~ vgulisxmob `Cven yvela erTni varT~ tipis gancdas,
romelic win wamoswies benetonma, olimpiurma TamaSebma, sx
vadasxva saxis msoflio Tasebma da satelituri televiziis
saqvelmoqmedo aqciebma, rogoric 1985 wels gamarTuli kon
certi `Live Aid~ iyo. aseT popularul kosmopolitizms Ta
vad geografia ganapirobebs da istoriulad mizezi SeiZleba
globusebis popularizaciaSic davinaxoT, rac adamianebs
exmareba dedamiwa warmoidginon planetad, romelic TiToeu
lisTvis saerTo da saziaroa. amJamad geografiuli global
uroba yvelaze efeqturad, albaT, kosmosSi mogzaurobiT
vlindeba. dedamiwa, rodesac mas kosmosuri xomaldidan vuy
urebT, mcire burTia an rogorc es, magaliTad, satelituri
amindis rukebzea gamosaxuli. Cvens mier planetis `zemodan~
sivrculi xedvis gaziareba saSualebas gvaZlevs ufro marti
vad warmovidginoT msoflio erToba.
popularuli kosmopolitizmi SeiZleba agreTve niSnavdes
transnacionalur anu kroskulturul mgrZnobelobasa da
uflebamosilebas, rasac xSirad ori kulturis farglebSi
mcxovrebi diasporebi saWiroebs. filipineli mosamsaxuree
bi quveiTSi, sudaneli taqsis mZRolebi avstraliaSi, mavri
mSeneblebi CikagoSi, meqsikeli manqanis mrecxavebi aSS-s aR
mosavleT sanapiroze, maRaziebis pakistaneli mflobelebi
britaneTSi, erayeli vaWrebi indoneziaSi, avtralieli mas
wavleblebi papua axal gvineaSi, Turqi muSebi germaniaSi, Tun
dac saSualo klasis samxreTazieli IT personali vankuverSi
yvela am adamians sWirdeba SesaZlebloba, rom imuSaon da
ori kulturis konteqstSi iazrovnon, Tuki gadarCena surT.
Tumca es SesaZleblobebi SezRuduli ar aris maTTvis, vinc
mogzaurobs: samxreT afrikaSi xalxis umetesoba (TeTrkani

133
anTa gamoklebiT) aTwleulebia, erTze met enaze laparakobs
da mWidro kavSirSia erTze met kulturasTan, radganac urT
ierTobs Tavis damqiravebelTan da sxva tomebTan. mumbaiSi
aSS-s romelime bankis satelefono xazze momuSave samxreT
aziels unda SeeZlos yoveldRiurad gaiTavisos (da ganasax
ieros) namdvili amerikeloba. naTelia, rom globalizacia
aseT kosmopolitizms farTod gaavrcelebs.
ufro Rrma gagebiT, adgilobrivi globalizacia bevrad
negatiuria. am SemTxvevaSi, igi niSnavs lokaluri da adgilo
brivi ekonomikebis mzard kontrols msxvili kapitalizmisa
da neoliberaluri politikis mier, adgilobrivi avtonomiis
da uflebebis SezRudvas, dasaqmebisTvis safrTxis gazrda
sa da daSlilobis gaRrmavebis SegrZnebas. aq globalizacia
ganxilulia, rogorc wyaro uwyveti da mzardi ekonomikuri
usamarTlobisa sxvadasxva erebsa da regionebSi. globaliza
ciis amgvari gaazreba kidev sxva midgomis ganviTarebas iwvevs:
globalizacia aRiqmeba, rogorc msoflios amerikanizacia,
zogjer sasikeTod, umTavresad ki, sazianod.

globaluri msgavseba

adgilobrivi globalizaciis sakvanZo sakiTxi is aris,

rom erTdroulad mcirdeba distanciac da sxvaobebic. es in
terpretacia globalizaciis im Teoriis msgavsia, romelic
amtkicebs, rom globalizaciis procesebs msoflio erTgva
rovnebisken mivyavarT. totaluri globalizmis mTavari Teo
retikosebi, devid harvi da imanuil uolerStaini, romlebic
e.w. `globalur sistemur midgomas~ iziareben, marqsizmi
dan amodian da globalizaciis maTeuli gageba kapitalizmis
hegel-marqsiseuli versiaa. maTTvis globalizmi kapital
izmia, xolo kapitalizmi warmoebis saxe, romelic warmoe
bis yvela gansxvavebul xerxs STanTqavs da radikalurad
zRudavs maT cxovrebas, vinc am reJimis farglebSi cxovrobs
(ix. uolerSteini 1999; harli 1990). globalizacia am Tval
sazrisiT gansakuTrebiT saxifaToa, radgan demokratiul
struqturebs ayenebs riskis winaSe. Zlieri demokratiuli
mmarTveloba lokaluri aspeqtia, amdenad, rac ufro didi

134
teritoria eqvemdebareba politikur kontrols, miT ufro
sustad aRwevs centramde xalxis xma.
globaluri sistemebis Teoria ekuTvnis sxva post-hege
lianur skolas, romelic amjerad globalurs universalur
Tan akavSirebs (gansxvaveba am cnebebs Soris mniSvnelovania:
is, rac universaluria, WeSmaritia yvelgan da yovelTvis,
maSin, rodesac globaluri ubralod planetis Tvisebaa aq
da amJamad). iseTma inteleqtualebma, rogoricaa magaliTad
frensis fukiama, globalizacia daaxasiaTes, rogorc swored
universaluris ganxorcieleba. rogorc viciT, fukiama izi
arebda `istoriis dasasrulis~ arguments, amtkicebda, rom
yvela sazogadoeba iswrafvis demokratiuli kapitalizmi
saken da TiTqos sayovelTao da uryevi WeSmaritebaa, rom
socialuri kapitalizmi organizaciisTvis yvelaze samar
Tliani da efeqturi formaa (ix. fukiama 1992).
yvela es Tvalsazrisi Seicavs safrTxes: SeiZleba wagvi
yvanos im gziT, rom ar gaviTvaliswinoT, ramenad gansxvavebu
lad moqmedebs globalizaciis procesebi sxvadasxva adgilas.
namdvilad arsebobs iseTi adgilebi, sadac globalizaciis
Sedegebi zogadad ewinaaRmdegeba saerTod globalizaciis
mniSvnelobas: mzardi erTianoba holivudel mwerlebs So
ris; kunZulebis mzardi izolacia (magaliTad pitkernis kun
Zuli), romlebic globaluri turistuli qselis nawili ar
arian, gansakuTrebiT ki mas Semdeg, rac iklo naosnobam (ma
sei 1994, 148); an politikuri winaaRmdegoba Tavad global
izaciis mimarT. aRniSnul SemTxvevebSi, globalizmi ar aris
aRqmuli msoflio sazogadoebis maformirebel umTavres
Zalad. yvelaze ukeT globaluri koleqtivizmis gancdis Za
las gamoxatavs saerTSoriso daxmarebis amsaxveli cifrebi,
romelic am monacemebiT arasaxarbieloa: 1974 wels OECD-is-
erebi (ekonomikuri TanamSromlobisa da ganviTarebis orga
nizacia) pirobas debdnen, rom TavianTi GDP-s (erTiani Sida
produqti) 0,7%-s daxmarebisTvis gaiRebdnen; 1997-Si ucxo
qveynebisaTvis realurad gaRebuli daxmareba 0,22%-s Sead
genda (ganviTarebis saqvelmoqmedo komiteti 1998). dRes aSS
Tavisi GDP-s 0,13% gamoyofs daxmarebisaTvis. sinamdvileSi
Tavad aSS-s hegemonia ewinaaRmdegeba globaluri erTiano
bis Camoyalibebas: am mizeziT, Seferxebulia TanamSromloba

135
globaluri daTbobisa da sxva uamravi transnacionaluri
sakiTxis irgvliv.
am hegelianur SexedulebebTan dakavSirebuli meore
safrTxe aris is, rom isini sxvaobis, rogorc aseTis, Sem
cirebas gadaWarbebiT afaseben, im arealSic ki, sadac mniS
vnelovnad aris ukve gatarebuli globalizaciis socialuri
da politikuri procesebi. Tumca safuZveli gvaqvs vTqvaT,
rom sxvaobebi msoflioSi ar mcirdeba, miuxedavad imisa, rom
arsebobs mravali saSualeba (teqnologiebi, kulturuli mi
mocvla, socialuri da ekonomikuri organizaciebi), romelT
ac dRes ufro meti sazogadoeba iziarebs, vidre adre. Tum
ca es, TavisTavad, ar aqcevs am sazogadoebebs, absoluturi
gagebiT, nakleb gansxvavebulad. es damokidebulia imaze, Tu
kidev ra xdeba im sazogadoebebSi. Tanac zogierT globali
zebul teqnologias (magnitofoni, interneti) marTlac Seu
Zlia gaaZlieros lokaluri gansxvavebebi adgilobrivi kul
turis mxardaWeriTa da gavrcelebiT.
analizis dasasruls SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom arsebobs
konceptualuri problema argumentis Sesaxeb, mcirdeba Tu
ara gansxvavebebi. rogor SeiZleba vamtkicoT, rom amJamad
msoflioSi naklebi lokaluri gasxvavebaa, vidre odesme,
Tuki es gansxvavebebi iseT gamocdilebas emyareba, romelsac
pirdapir Tu vityviT, verafers SevadarebT? beisbolis
gavrcelebam iaponiaSi TiTqos warmoqmna `igiveoba~ massa da
aSS-s Soris, magram mainc, iaponuri beisbolis matCis yureba
Zalze gansxvavdeba aSS-s TamaSis yurebisagan (da orive Ta
visTavad Zalze gansxvavebuli SeiZleba iyos). aris Tu ara
isini ufro msgavsi, vidre aSS-s beisbolis TamaSi da iaponuri
sumo? erTi mxriv, aSkarad asea, magram erovnuli TamaSis or
ersa da or kulturaSi gavrceleba kidev axal gansxvavebasac
badebs, SesaZloa SAedarebiT mcires, rasac mxolod sportis
Tayvanismcemeli SeamCnevs. am mosazrebiT TamaSTa Tanxvedra
sxvaobebs amcirebs da zrdis kidec.
es rom abstraqtulad gamovTqvaT, im doneze, romelzec
Cven Sedarebis zogad ganzomilebebsa da kulturul miTiTe
bebs viziarebT, gansxvavebebi iqamde warmoiqmneba, vidre maTi
cnobisa da aRqmis saerTo saSualebebi da SesaZleblobebi
gvaqvs. SesaZloa umjobesi iyos, rom problema ase gavigoT:

136
rodesac komunikaciebi msoflioSi umjobesdeba, xolo kul
turuli formebi sul ufro metad saziaro xdeba, msoflio
sxvaobebisken ufro miiltvis, vidre imisken, rasac SeiZleba
ucxooba vuwodoT. aris Tu ara `gansxvavebulis~ qveS nagu
lisxmevi ram naklebad gansxvavebuli Cvengan, vidre is, rasac
vgulisxmobT sityvaSi `ucxo~? es rTuli SekiTxvaa da eWvqveS
ayenebs arguments globalizaciis efeqtebis Sesaxeb kul
turul homogenurobaze (`sxvaobaTa dasasrulis~ Tezisis
`kulturul imperializmTan~ mimarTebis sakiTxis SesaniSnavi
ganxilvisaTvis ixileT tomlinsoni 1991).

globaluri samarTali

1999 wlis seqtemberSi, sietlSi daxloebiT 40000 demon

stranti Segrovda, raTa gaeprotestebina msoflio savaWro
organizaciis Sexvedra, sadac unda ganxiluliyo transnacio
naluri Tavisufali vaWrobisadmi meti mxardaWeris aRmoCenis
sakiTxi. uamravi adamiani Seikriba msoflios mravali kuTxidan
da Zireulad gansxvavebuli politikuri jgufebisgan, romel
nic imeiliTa da eleqtronuli fostiT iyvnen informireb
ulni am Sekrebis Sesaxeb. demonstrantebi gansakuTrebulad
aprotestebdnen samuSaos dakargvas ucxouri konkurenciis
gamo; arakvalificiuri muSaxelis dabal xelfasebs; bavSvebis
dasaqmebas; adgilobrivi mosaxleobis uflebebs; garemos de
gradacias da imas, rasac Statebis mier marTuli mediis kul
turul imperializms uwodebdnen. protestma metad farTo
sazogadoebrivi gavrceleba hpova da ganixileboda (albaT,
mcdarad) savaWro organizaciis Sexvedris mTavar CamSlel
faqtorad. sietlis Semdeg msgavsi saprotesto gamosvlebi
Catarda sxva adgilebSic, maT Soris gansakuTrebulad Za
ladobrivi aRmoCnda 2001 wels genuas gamosvlebze momxdari
faqti, rodesac demonstrants policielma esrola.
es saprotesto gamosvlebi sazogadoebrivi saxe iyo imi
sa, rasac maleve antiglobalisturi moZraoba ewoda aseT
saxelwodebas Tavad moZraobaSi bevri ewinaaRmdegeboda da
`globalur samarTlianobas~ amjobinebda. moZraobas didi
daxmareba gauwia naomi kleinis bestselerma `araviTari

137
logo~ (2000), romelsac zogierTi moZraobis manifestad ga
nixilavda. igi marTlac uzrunvelyofda mas genealogiiT,
ken sarovivas sabediswero brZolis CaTvliT Selis navTob
kompaniis winaaRmdeg nigeriaSi. `araviTar logoSi` kleini
aerTianebs or gancalkevebul, magram urTierTdakavSire
bul kritikas. pirveli Tanamedrove kapitalizmSi brendebisa
da marketingis batonobis kulturaluri kritikaa kleini
kicxavs kapitalizmis warmodgenas arabrenduli moxmarebisa
da gamocdilebis ubralo, spontanur da auTentikur ganma
saxiereblad (savaraudod 60-iani wlebis frangi avangardisti
Teoretikosisa da reJisoris gai deboris da misi postmod
ernizmis adreuli versiis aSkara gavleniT, romelic `situa
cionizmis~ saxeliT aris cnobili). meore nawili ekonomikuri
argumentaciaa pirveli samyarosa da multinacionaluri kor
poraciebis sazRvargareTuli warmoebis SedegTa winaaRmdeg.
11 seqtembris movlenebma da Semdgomma `omma teror
izmTan~ ukan daswia globaluri samarTlianobis moZraoba,
nawilobriv imitom, rom misi programa anti-saomarma sapro
testo talRam STanTqa da Caanacvla da nawilobriv imitomac,
rom Seicvala antiglobalizmis politika aSS-s interesebze
al-qaidas Tavdasxmis Semdeg. sxva Tu araferi, islamuri fun
damentalizmi TavisTavad antiglobalizmis formaa. Tumca
moZraobas araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar daukargavs muxti amis
magaliTad ikmarebs farTo daintereseba indoeTis subkon
tinentze didi kaSxalebis winaaRmdeg warmoebul kampaniebSi.
kidev erTi magaliTia evropuli asociaciebis amJamindeli ga
mococxleba moqalaqeTa dasaxmareblad warmoebuli finans
uri transaqciebis dabegvris asociaciis misamarTiT (ATTAC),
maTi erT-erTi moTxovnaa dawesdes e. w. tobinis gadasaxadi,
romelic gulisxmobs mcire gadasaxads saerTaSoriso savalu
to mimocvlaze. savsebiT darwmunebiT SeiZleba vivaraudoT,
rom momavalSi amgvari moTxovnebi metad aqtualuri iqneba
politikis ZiriTad xazSi.
globaluri samarTlianobis moZraobis mimzedvelobas
ZiriTadad is faqti ganapirobebs, rom globalizaciam ki ar
Seamcira, piriqiT, ufro gazarda globaluri uTanasworoba.
dRes msoflio mosaxleobis umdidresi mexuTedi Crdilo
eT amerikaSi, evrokavSirsa da iaponiaSi moixmars msoflio

138
produqciis 90%-s. msoflios sami umdidresi adamianis qone
ba aRemateba mTeli danarCeni ganviTarebadi erebisa da maTi
600 milioni mcxovrebis qonebas (gaerTianebuli erebis gan
viTarebis programa 1999, 3; SesaZloa ufro gazviadebuli
SexedulebebisaTvis uTanasworobasa da globalizaciaze
ix. greideri 1997). es aris tradiciuli `internacionaluri~
problema, romlis gadawyvetac moiTxovs msoflio mmarTv
elobis centralizacias.
moZraoba SedarebiT axal formaciebzec reagirebs, anu im
gzebze, riTac msoflios mzardi urTierTdakavSirebulobis
gamo mis erT nawilSi momxdar movlenas Sedegi sadRac sxvagan
mosdevs. amdenad, masobrivad mzard moxmarebas pirveli sa
myaros qveynebSi (gansakuTrebiT aSS-Si) koreqtivebi Seaqvs
ekonomikasa da garemoSi mTel msoflioSi. moTxovnileba
teqtonis xis magidaze aCanagebs tyeebs iseT qveynebSi, ro
goric aris magaliTad indonezia; sazogadoebrivi trans
portis nacvlad sakuTari avtomanqaniT mgzavroba aramarto
abinZurebs garemos yvelasTvis, aramed asustebs sazogadoe
brivi transportis erovnul da saerTaSoriso industriebs.
globaluri samarTlianobis moZraoba, am SemTxvevaSi, mud
mivad cdilobs pirveli samyaros qveynebis momxmareblobis
mTel msoflioze gavlenis Sedegebis dadgenas.
siZnele, rasac es moZraoba awydeba, mainc is aris, rom am ar
gumentacias ekonomikuri ganzomileba aqvs da danaxarjisa da
mogebis gazomva, Tundac neoliberalur ekonomikur politi
kaSi, rTulia. magaliTisTvis aviRoT sazRvargareT warmoebis
sakiTxi: Tuki aSS-Si samuSao adgilebis Semcireba iwvevs samuS
ao adgilebis zrdas CineTSi, gana es misasalmebeli araa, radgan
amas saerTaSoriso ekonomikis Tanasworobis damyarebamde mi
vyavarT, an Tundac imitom, rom axali samuSaos povna aSS-Si
ufro iolia, vidre CineTSi? gana CineTSi xelfasebis zrda ram
denadme ar daabalansebs aSS-s xelfasebis klebas? Tavisufali
vaWroba, saSualebebis farTo gavrceleba komunikaciebis da
kapitalis mobiluroba amis ganxorcielebas emsaxureba. prob
lema aris ara imdenad is, rom bazris liberalizaciis poli
tika mcdaria, aramed is, rom isini Rrma kavSirSi arian sxva
socialur transformaciebTan: kerZod, naklebganviTarebuli
qveynebis urbanizaciasa da fuladi saxsrebis metad gaiole

139
bul transaqciebTan sazRvargareT. Sedegad izrdeba adgil
obrivad usafrTxoebis ararsebobis done, zRvari mogebulsa
da wagebuls Soris, Sesabamisad izrdeba moTxovnac, zaralis
kompensaciasa da misgan dacvaze. es sakiTxebi cal-calke gul
dasmiT unda iqnes Seswavlili. antiglobalur kritikas xSirad
mivyavarT calkeul garemoebebSi saxelmwifo keTildReobis
efeqturi, samarTliani sesxebis meqanizmis Sesaxeb mdgomareo
bis Sesaxeb teqnikur da taqtikur debatebamde; mzardi sazoga
doebrivi fondebisTvis; kanonier reJimis Sesaxeb, romelic mi
waTmflobelebs daicavs; umiwawylo glexebisTvis ioli fulis
uzrunvelyofis saSualebebis Sesaxeb; urbanuli infrastruq
turisa da binaTmSeneblobis Sesaxeb da a. S. am sakiTxebSi erTi
mainc umTavresia: savaraudod, ra saxis mmarTveloba (rogori
kanonmdeblobiTa da konstituciiT) gaatarebs karg politikas
da amavdroulad gaiTvaliswinebs da yuradiRebs xalxis nebas.
ufro zogadad, antiglobalisturi moZraoba `desocial
izaciis~ procesis mimarT winaaRmdegobis formac Aaris, romlis
saSualebiTac, mzardi msoflio konkurenciis wnexis pirobebSi
saxelmwifoebi cdiloben marTon yvela institucia maTi eko
nomikuri produqtiulobis gaTvaliswinebiT, raTa gazardon
sabazro Zalebisa da samomxmareblo eTikis efeqturoba da
misawvdomoba. saxelmwifo marTvis am formisaTvis TiToeuli
pirovneba adamianuri resursia, romelsac Tavisi, rogorc
resursis Rirebulebis mudmivi zrda sWirdeba, raTa damqi
ravebeli Tavisi energiiT, unar-CvevebiTa da codniT moxiblos.
`globaluri samarTlianobis~ moZraoba orazrovnad gana
calkevebs Tavis Tavs progresuli globaluri politikuri
kursebisagan, romlebic universalizms moicaven. maT Sorisaa
moZraoba adamianis uflebaTa dasacavad, romelic mzad aris
kulturuli imperializmis moTxovnilebebis dasakmayofile
blad (vinaidan uflebebi istoriulad dasavluri liberal
uri cnebaa) da romelic sinamdvileSi warmoqmnis uxerxul
msgavsebas imperializmis im formebTan, romlebic aralib
eraluri sazogadoebebis gaTavisuflebas gvpirdebodnen
(ix. supioti 2003 globalizebuli adamianTa uflebebis rTu
li politikis Sesaxeb). amave niSniT, igi emijneba moZraobas,
romelsac zogjer `saerTaSoriso samoqalaqo sazogadoe
bas~ uwodeben anu mimarTulebas, romelic sazogadoebrivi

140
sakiTxebis globalur CarCoebSi ganxilviT cdilobs miaR
wios sayovelTao da demokratiul gagebasa da Tanasworobas;
romlis instituciuri safuZvlebi liberaluri internacio
nalisturi arasamTavrobo organizaciebi da specialisti
mecnierebi ufroa, vidre Tavad globaluri samarTlianobis
moZraobis droebiTi da iatakqveSa safuZvlebi. am konteqstSi
moZraoba ubrundeba humanizms, romelic uZluris Rirsebas
icavs, es Tema STambeWdavad aris asaxuli rois romanSi `pa
tara arsebebis RmerTi~.
mesame formacia, romelic globaluri samarTlianobis
moZraobidan unda gamovarCioT da romelic naklebad damkvi
drebulia, vidre saerTaSoriso samoqalaqo sazogadoeba an
moZraoba adamianis uflebaTa dasacavad, aris Tanamedrove
inteleqtualuri kosmopolitizmi. dasavleTSi lokalizmis
sapirispiro movlenas `kosmopolitizms~ uwodeben. amdenad
misi istoria mokle mimoxilvis Rirsia. misi sawyisebi anti
kur berZnul stoicizmSi unda veZioT, xolo evropuli gan
manaTleblobis periodSi igi `msoflio moqalaqis~ cnebasTan
iyo mWidrod dakavSirebuli. imperialisturi antisemituri
nacionalizmis periodSi kosmopolitizmis cnebas metad nega
tiuri elferi daedo, radgan im periodSi umeteswilad ase
fesvebmowyvetil ebraelebs moixseniebdnen. 90-iani wlebidan
termini kvlav aRdga mecnierTa wreSi, rogorc Sualeduri gza
universalizmsa da globalizacias Soris. igi ganisazRvre
boda, rogorc kulturuli nacionalizmis, neoliberaluri
globalizaciis da (meti sifrTxiliT) identurobis poli
tikisa da postkolonializmis sapirispiro cneba. amas xeli
Seuwyo iman, rom kultura sazRvrebs daubrkoleblad laxa
vda, agreTve transnacionalurma organizaciebma, rogoric
progresuli arasamTavrobo organizaciebia, xolo ideolo
giuri TvalsazrisiT, adamianTa uflebebis doqtrinebma,
romlebic kulturul gansxvavebas afasebs. didi Sroma iqna
gaweuli imis dasamtkiceblad, rom kosmopolitizmi maincda
mainc lokalizmisa da `fesgadgmulobis~ sawinaaRmdego da
mangreveli ram ar aris (ix. Cihi da robinsi 1998).
kosmopolitizmis erTi SezRudva is aris, rom isic uSua
lod unda Tavsdebodes dasavluri liberalizmis inteleqtu
alur CarCoebSi. mas Tan sdevs Tanamedrove globaluri kul

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turis amJamindeli dinebebisgan gansxvavebuli specifikuri
evropuli da elitaruli istoria. ufro mniSvnelovania, rom
igi ar iZleva raime analitikur meTods, globaluri kultur
is analizis politikur-kulturuli problemebis gadasaWre
lad. rogorc globalur epoqaSi dasavluri liberalizmis
areuli politikis gamoxatuleba, igi ar cdilobs Tavad Se
qmnas kulturuli warmoeba. faqtobrivad, misi mTavari Rire
buleba isaa, rom igi pirveli samyaros qveynebis kulturuli
nacionalizmisa da identurobis politikis kritikis formaa.
amdenad, unda davadginoT, Tu romeli samecniero koncef
cia da kulturuli ruka (Tu saerTod arsebobs aseTi) moicavs
srulad globalizebuli kulturis sxvadasxva sferos,
rodesac iseTi Zveli terminebi, rogorc postmodernizmia (an
postkolonializmi) qreba. rogorc aRvniSnavdi, TavisTavad
kulturis kvlevebi uzrunvelyofili unda iyos Tanamedrove
proeqtebiT, romlebic acnobiereben globalur dinebaTa
Zalas da teqnologiebs, romlebic yvela mimarTulebiT mo
qmedebs, acnobiereben aseve yvela im risksa da danaxarjs, ro
melic arsebobs msoflio wyobaSi am energiis warmosaqmnelad.

globalizacia da kultura

axla cxadia, rom globalizacia sakmaod abstraqtuli

aqcentia farTomasStabian, mravalwaxnagovan procesebze,
emyareba politikur ekonomikas da metad ucxoa kulturis
kvlevebis kvlevebisaTvis. amasTanave, miuxedavad imisa, rom
globaluri samarTlianobis moZraoba nawilobriv imarTeba
kulturis kvlevebis sakiTxebiT, igi didad ar eqvemdebareba
mas, radgan eWviT uyurebs kulturis komercializacias, ro
gorc aseTs. kulturologiis midgoma globalizaciis mimarT
win unda aRudges sxvadasxva saxis ritorikas, romelic am cne
bas iyenebs, imisaTvis, rom Seafasos ramdenad gardaiqmneba
an narCundeba adgilobrivi sxvaobebi Tanamedrove samyaros
sistemaSi (klifordi 2000, fridmani 1994).
Tumca, arsebobs globalizaciis ramdenime Sedegi, romel
zec kulturis kvlevebia mimarTuli:
1. popularuli kultura naklebadaa aRbeWdili glo
balur skalaze (diuringi 1997), imis gaTvaliswinebiTac ki,

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rom globalizaciam transnacionaluri kulturuli gacvla-
gamocvla moitana da saeqsporto bazrebis mniSvneloba bevrad
gazarda. romeli varskvlavi anda produqcia aris marTlac
yvelgan cnobadi? Zalze cota: SesaZloa, mxolod erTic ko
ka-kola. mTlianobaSi, maRali dafinansebis mqone kulturuli
industriebis (rogoricaa kino-industria da naklebad tele
vizia) globalizacia TiTqmis iseTivea, rogorc magaliTad
manqanebis industriis globalizacia. produqti iqmneba sx
vadasxva erovnuli Tu regionaluri bazrisTvis da marketingis
ganyofilebas (xolo televiziaSi Tavad produqts) evaleba
gaiTvaliswinos adgilobrivi Taviseburebebi.
2. kulturaluri produqciis globalizacia axdens
kulturaluri industriis restruqturizacias. aviRoT
kino: prodiuserebs produqti msoflio bazarze gaaqvT (dRes
holivudis sazRvargareT aRebuli mogeba Sida bazarze aRe
buls aRemateba), calkeuli filmis biujeti izrdeba ise, rom
riski minimumamde davides, rac iwvevs nawarmis Semoqmedebi
Ti mxaris zedmiwevniT kontrols bazris kvlevis Sedegebis
mier da varskvlavebis mozidvas, radgan isini arian market
inguli kampaniis mTavari mamoZravebeli Zala. saerTaSoriso
finansebis mozidva da dazRveva riskis Tavidan acilebis sa
Sualebaa. produqciis garkveuli samuSao nawili sazRvarga
reT igzavneba, sadac danaxarji ufro mcirea, xolo inteleq
tualuri uflebebi, varskvlavebi da proeqtis menejmenti
SeerTebul StatebSi xorcieldeba. garkveuli ucxo stilis
CarTva produqciaSi, kung-fus elementebi holivudis blok
basterebSi amis naTeli magaliTia. garda amisa, filmis glo
baluri Semosavlianoba sul ufro metadaa damokidebuli
TamaSebze, wignebze, diskebze da sabavSvo filmebis SemTx
vevaSi saTamaSoebze. meore mxriv, Jurnalebi da sareklamo
kampania varskvlavebis monawileobiT produqtis globalur
warmatebas uwyobs xels. erTi sityviT, globalizacia gigan
tur zomebs iRebs da zogierT kulturul niSas zRudavs.
3. globalizacia zrdis nacionaluri kulturisa da me
diapolitikis mniSvnelobas da amZafrebs debatebs kultura
luri vaWrobis gamafarTovebelTa (ZiriTadad, aSS da iaponia,
romelnic msxvili kulturaluri eqsportiorebi arian) da maT
Soris, visac surs lokalur industriaTa da kulturul for

143
maciaTa dacva. yvelaze cnobili magaliTia molaparakebebis
CaSla 1993 wels urugvaiSi servisis gavrcelebis Sesaxeb Tanx
mobis miRwevis komisiis (GATS General Agreement on Trade in
Services) Sekrebaze, rodesac aSS da evro-kavSiri ver SeTanxmd
nen, rom kultura warmoebis sxva formebisagan gansxvavebulad
unda ganixilebodes. aq gansakuTrebul sakiTxad idga evropis
survili, SeenarCunebina wili adgilobriv satelevizio pro
gramebSi, Tumca ufro farTo sakiTxi iyo calkeuli erebis
kulturuli damoukideblobis ufleba, raTa maT daecvaT
Tavisi kulturuli industriebi erovnuli tradiciebisa da
globaluri kulturuli mravalferovnebis gaTvaliswinebiT.
es sakiTxebi mniSvnelovanwilad SeerTebuli Statebis domi
nantobis Sedegia satelevizio mauwyeblobisa da filmebis eqs
portSi mTel msoflioSi: mTeli msoflios masStabiT satele
vizio eqsportis 75% aSS-ze modis. Tumca iaponuri eqsportic
aziasa da Sua aRmosavleTSi did SeSfoTebas iwvevs im erebSi,
romlebic TavianTi kulturis dakargvas ganicdian.
4. lokaluri kulturebi, cxadia, ar amjobineben sazR
vargareT kulturis importirebas. ganvixiloT mxolod erTi
magaliTi: mari jilespi 90-iani wlebis dasawyisSi swavlobda
axalgazrda penjabiel londonelTa momxmareblobas. man aR
moaCina, rom isini Zalze dadebiTad afasebdnen koka-kolas
satelevizio reklamas, radgan, erTi mxriv, es ar iyo ingli
suri produqti, xolo isini ingliselobas rasizmTan akav
Sirebdnen da meore mxriv, igi ar iyo arc samxreTaziuri, rac
maTTvis mSoblebis mier Canergil da Tavs moxveul SezRud
vebTan asocirdeboda. maTTvis amerikeloba da axalgazrdoba
igivdeboda TavisuflebasTan, raRac sasiamovnosTan. Tumca,
2003-2004 wlebis erayis omis Semdeg, es albaT ase aRar iqneba
(jilespi 1995).
5. regionebs Soris mzardi mimocvla aZlierebs ingli
suris, rogorc msoflio enis pozicias. es inglisuris mcod
neTa ekonomikur potencials amaRlebs da iseTi anglofonuri
formaciebis Camoyalibebamde mivyavarT, romelTa samoqmedo
are aRaraa Zveli anglo-amerikuli samyaro. induri litera
tura inglisur enaze amis momaswavebelia.
6. globaluri qalaqebi Camoyalibda iseT adgilebad,
romlebic rogorc finansuri an kulturuli industriebis

144
centrebi (an orive erTad) kulturul da ekonomikur mmarT
velobas axorcieleben (sawinaaRmdego formas saxelmwifo
Tu mmarTvelobiTi kontrolisa) rogorc erovnul, ise re
gionalur doneze. Tavad maTi kulturuli profili (rogorc
`aucileblad mosanaxulebeli~ turistuli adgilebisa) gan
sakuTrebiT maRalia. esaa erTdroulad umdidresTa da Rar
ib migrantTa didi gaerTianeba. swored aseT qalaqebSia is
infrastruqtura da regulirebis sistema ganviTarebuli,
rasac hiper-mobiluri msoflio mimocvla moiTxovs (saseni
2001). amdenad isini mowinave arqiteqturisa da dizainis mTa
vari bazebia. aseve mTavari orientiri da gzis gamkafavi ur
banizaciaSi, qalaqTmSeneblobaSi, multikulturalizmsa
da memkvidreobiTobis tendenciebSi. am gagebiT arsebobs
mxolod sami marTlac msoflio qalaqi: londoni, niu-iorki
da tokio. sxva didi qalaqebi funqcionirebs rogorc `regio
nuli msoflio qalaqebi~. dReisaTvis aseT qalaqebad moiaz
reba: hong-kongi, mexiko, sidnei, buenos-airesi, milani, los-
anjelesi, parizi, frankfurti, toronto, bombei, san-paulo,
bangkoki, tapei, iohanesburgi da Sanhai.
7. globalizacia aZlierebs diasporaTa kriziss. erTi
mxriv, emigracia pasuxia ganviTarebad qveynebSi moderniza
ciis or Sedegze. saxelmwifo centralizacia Semaviwrovebel
pirobebs qmnis umciresobebisaTvis an iseTi jgufebisaT
vis, romlebic keTilganwyobiT ar sargebloben, rac zogjer
samoqalaqo omebs iwvevs da am jgufebis wevrebs gaqcevis
Zlier motivebs aZlevs. xolo industrializacias da urban
izacias mSromelTa mateba da arasaimedo dasaqmeba mosdevs,
rac agreTve imigraciis motivi xdeba. meore mxriv, imigra
cias xels uwyobs erebs Soris kulturuli kontaqtebis zrda:
satelevizio Souebi, samxedro bazebi, turizmi, multinacio
nalur korporaciaTa arseboba, codna mdidar saxelmwifoTa
Sesaxeb, rac Raribi qveynebis macxovreblebs imigracias Sesa
Zlo da mimzidvel gamosavalad usaxavs. emigracia Tavis Tavs
aZlierebs: rodesac ojaxis romelime wevri sazRvargareT
Tavs daimkvidrebs, danarCenebisTvisac ioldeba masTan wasv
la. emigraciis kulturuli saxe, cxadia, aris multikultur
alizmi, romelic qvemoT iqneba ganxiluli.
8. globalizacia moiTxovs did manZilze mentaluri

145
kavSirebis axal formebs. arjun apadurai amtkicebda, rom
globalizaciam gaaZliera warmosaxvis roli yoveldRiur
cxovrebaSi. igi wers:
`warmosaxva aRar aris pirovnuli niWis sakiTxi, yovel
dRiurobisgan gaqceva, an Tundac, esTetikuri ganzomileba.
esaa SesaZlebloba, romelic uamravi gziT gvawvdis infor
macias Cveulebriv adamianTa yoveldRiur cxovrebaze: igi
saSualebas aZlevs adamianebs ifiqron imigraciaze, gauZlon
saxelmwifo Zaladobas, gadaurCnen socialur daqveiTebas da
Seqmnan samoqalaqo asociaciebisa da TanamSromlobis axali
formebi, xSirad erovnul sazRvrebs miRmac. warmosaxvis ro
lis, rogorc popularuli, socialuri koleqtiuri faqto
ris aseTi xedva globalizaciis xanaSi mis xasiaTSi arsebul
garRvevaze miuTiTebs. erTis mxriv, warmosaxvaSi (da misi
saSualebiT) xdeba Tanamedrove moqalaqeebis disciplini
reba da kontroli saxelmwifo, bazris da sxva ZalTa intere
sebis mier. Tumca esaa niWi, romlis saSualebiTac uTanxmoe
bis koleqtiuri paternebi da koleqtiuri cxovrebis axali
formebi ikveTeba. rodesac warmosaxva, rogorc socialuri
Zala kveTs saxelmwifo sazRvrebs da lokalurobas war
mogvidgens rogorc sivrcis elements, Cven vxedavT sawyisebs
iseTi socialur formebisa, romlebic Tavisufalia araregu
lirebadi kapitalis mtacebluri garemosgan an mravali sax
elmwifos mZarcveluri bunebisagan.
(apadurai 2001, 6)

SesaniSnavi iqneboda, es rom marTali iyos. magram ro

gor SevuTavsoT yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi warmosaxvis
gavrcelebis es jadosnuroba formalur realobas? magali
Tad, gana ar Sesustda warmosaxvis politikuri roli (empa
Tia sxva adamianebis gasaWirisadmi) identobis politikisa da
globalizaciis pirobebSi? gana religia warmosaxvis udidesi
gamoxatuleba araa, romelsac globalizacia rogorc seku
larizacia amcirebs? magaliTad ar Seaviwrova global
izaciam Tundac holivudis produqcia? xom ar warmoqmnis igi
iseTive did paranoias, rogorc `samoqalaqo asociaciis axa
li formebi~ gavixsenoT omi terorizmTan. miuxedavad amisa,
SegviZlia vifiqroT, rom globalizacia kulturuli arCev

146
anisa da gamoxatvis formaTa gafarToebiT, aseve araprog
nozirebadi auditoriisa da koleqtivebis erTad TavmoyriT
niadags qmnis eqsperimentirebisa da inteleqtualuri Tavga
dasavlebisaTvis. kulturis kvlevebis unda gamoikvlios es
sakiTxi.

damatebiTi literatura: Appadurai 1996; Held and McGrew

2000; Robbins 1999; Roy 1999; Sassen 1998; Tomlinson 1991.

3.2 regionaluri, erovnuli, lokaluri

147
regionebi

socialurad organizebuli sivrcis saSualo zomis gaer

Tianebebi da gansakuTrebiT qveynebi da regionebi, kulturis
kvlevebSi naklebadaa warmoCenili. maT kulturul kvlevebSi
ufro mcire danayofebi eZRvneba da ar gvevlineba TavisTavad
sakvlev obieqtebad. amitom mocemul nawilSi warmodgenili
iqneba ara naSromebis mimoxilva, aramed is, Tu rogor mo
qmedebs regionebi da erebi kulturis kvlevebis Tvalsaz
risiT.
globalizaciis erTi Sedegi, romelic mniSvnelovania
kulturaSi, aris is, rom gazrdili globaluri ekonomikuri
konkurencia samyaros axleburad yofs. kerZod, gviani 80-iani
wlebidan moyolebuli, aqcenti gadatanilia `regionebze~,
gansakuTrebiT evropaSi, CrdiloeT amerikaSi, aRmosavleT
aziasa da samxreT-aRmosavleT aziaSi. umetesad am regionebs
fiqsirebuli politikuri sazRvrebi ar gaaCnia. isini arsebo
ben ideaSi, an STagonebaSi, Tumca amave dros isini SeiZleba
arsebobdnen gaerTianebebis saxiT regionaluri ekonomikuri
aqtiurobisa Tu usafrTxoebis mxardasaWerad. calkeuli
erovnuli saxelmwifo SeiZleba sxvadasxva regionSi xvde
bodes: amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi ekuTvnis amerikas, Tum
ca agreTve (misi dasavleTi sanapiro mainc) `wynari okeani
spireTia~. TurqeTi, romelic esazRvreba evropasa da axlo
aRmosavleTs da romelic odesRac evropuli Tvalsawieri
dan aRmosavleTis nawilad aRiqmeboda, amJamad mTlianobaSi,
orive regionis kuTvnilebad ganixileba da evro-kavSirTan
SeerTebis kandidaticaa.
erTi mxriv, regionalizmisken mimarTuli es tendencia,
rogorc wesi, ganixileba civi omis dasasrulis gamovlinebad
da moiTxovs TavdacviTi kavSirebis restruqturizacias da
TanamSromlur ekonomikur blokebad gaerTianebas, romlebic
gauZleben ufro msxvil erovnul Tu regionul warmonaqmnebs,
gansakuTrebiT aSS-sa da iaponias. regionalizmi, raRac done
ze mainc, kulturuli fenomenia. zogi regioni specifikuri
da faseuli kulturis transistoriul matareblad moiaz
reba. evropa da azia, gamorCeulad cdiloben Camoyalibdnen

148
istoriasa da tradiciebze agebul kulturul erTeulebad.
rogorc teni barlou amtkicebs, aRmosavleTaziuri Cinuri
diaspora Cinuri kulturis axali cnebis (venhua) irgvliv
gaerTianda, romelic moicavs dasavlur radikalur azrovne
basac da konfucianizmsac, rogorc vesternizaciis sawi
naaRmdego movlenas (ix. ongi 1999, 59). am regionaluri iden
turobis gamosaxatavad iqmneba filmebi da teleSouebi: MTV
Asia da Star TV am moZraobis wina xazze arian. SesaZloa aziis
`gaaziurebis~ yvelaze cnobil magaliTad iaponuri satele
vizio korporaciis NHK-s nawarmoebi, dRis CvenebisTvis ga
miznuli satelevizio drama `oSini~ moviyvanoT, romelic
hitad iqca aziis umetes nawilSi, radgan aRmosavleTaziur
gamocdilebasa da faseulobebs exmaureboda (ix. takahiko
1997). miuxedavad amisa, saxezea vnebaTaRelva dominantobisa
da daqvemdebarebulobis, gamoyofisa da mierTebis Sesaxeb.
iaponuri popularuli kultura gansakuTrebiT mozRvave
bulia samxreTkoreul da taivanur bazrebze da safrTxes
uqmnis maT kulturas, gansakuTrebiT koreaSi. xolo imis
gancda, rom iaponia da CineTi erT dRes regionSi kulturuli
da ekonomikuri hegemoniis misaRwevad erTmaneTs Seebmebian,
iseve arTulebs aziis, rogorc erTi mTlianis warmodgenas,
rogorc samxreT aziis subkontinentis gaurkveveli statusi
zogadad `aziaSi~.
aseve matulobs evropis, rogorc kulturuli erTobis
TviTSegrZneba. erebs Soris sul ufro mWidro ekonomikuri
da politikuri kavSirebi iqmneba. Tumca, albaT, `evropuli~
kulturuli produqti jer kidev iSviaTobaa da realurad
speqtris erTi maRalganviTarebuli nawilis mier ganisaz
Rvreba. magaliTad TanamSromloba kinowarmoebaSi safran
geTs, germaniasa da did britaneTs Soris an kulturologi
uri istoriebi, romlebic evropuli TviTgancdis fesvebs
iZieben gansakuTrebiT safrangeTSi. sportSi, turizmsa da
dasvenebis industriebSic Cndeba popularuli `evropeloba~,
romelTan nacnobobac da romlisgan gansxvavebulobac mniS
vnelovnad aRiqmeba. evropul safexburTo Sejibrebebs bevri
Tayvanismcemeli hyavs. britanelebi espaneTSi isveneben, ger
manelebi saberZneTsa da italiaSi, italielebs Cans londo
ni uyvarT. evro-popi gamorCeuli Janria.

149
 aRsaniSnavia, rom amerikis kontinentebi naklebad warmoad
genen kulturul mTlianobas, miuxedavad imisa, rom kubeli
antiespanuri revolucioneri xose marti daaxloebiT 1890
wlis naSromSi, gvisaxavs gzebs, riTac es naxevarsfero SeiZle
ba `iqces amerikad~ (vrclad martis Sesaxeb ix. fernandesi da
belnapis eseebi, 1998). es ar niSnavs imas, TiTqos aq regional
izacia ar mimdinareobdes, aramed aq igi ubralod anglofon
uri Crdilo amerikis hegemoniis miRma da mis sawinaaRmdegod
xdeba. es umTavresad laTinur amerikasa da aSS-Si meqsikur da
laTinur gaerTianebebs (romelTa mosaxleoba daaxloebiT 33
milionia da axlaxans afro-amerikelebsac gadaaWarbes) Soris
mimdinareobs. da mainc, es metad rTuli fenomenia. erTi mxriv,
am regionalizmis SekavSirebas xels uwyobs espanurenovani me
dia, romelic sul ufro TvalsaCinoa aSS-Si da espanuri tele
vizia, sadac importirebuli telenovelebis (sapnis operebis),
Toq-Souebisa da musikaluri videomasalebis zeimia. xolo
meore mxriv, aSS-s laTinuri mosaxleobis mxolod daaxloe
biT naxevari adevnebs regularulad Tvals espanur medias,
aSS-Si dabadebuli meore Taoba ki mTlianad inglisurenova
nia. momavalSi aSS-Si, savaraudod, SenarCundeba hibriduli
anglofonur-laTinuri kultura, albaT, mcire regionuli
gavleniT, rac amerikul regionalizms mxolod samxreT saz
RvarTan Tu dautovebs samoqmedo areals.
afrikaSi pan-afrikuli Segnebisa da politikis damkvidre
ba erTi saukuniT mainc CamorCeba da jer kidev maTi imedga
cruebebis daZleva SesaZlebelia. pan-afrikanizmi, romelic
metwilad iseTi afrikuli diasporuli inteleqtualebisgan
imarTeboda, rogorc u. e. b. diu bua da markus garli iyvnen
(romlebic imedovnebdnen, rom Seqmnidnen dabrunebul emi
grantTa gaerTianebebs, monobisagan Tavisufals), jerac ar
sebobs, rogorc inteleqtualuri da politikuri moZraoba.
dReisTvis es moZraoba ikvebeba afrikanuli kvlevis (ara
regionalisturi) TeoriiT, romelic aSS-s sauniversiteto
sistemebSi standartul programad iqca da aseve regionis
mravali erovnuli saxelmwifos dacemiT. mainc Ria sakiTxad
rCeba, SeZlebs Tu ara pan-afrikanizmi ara mxolod warsuli
imedgacruebebis daZlevas, aramed gandgomas abstraqtuli
`afrikanizmisgan~ (afrikuli cxovrebis stereo-tipebisgan),

150
sadac SavkanianTa TviTdamkvidreba da TeTrkanianTa rasizmi
erTmaneTSia areuli (akahi 1999). arsebobisTvis ibrZvis re
gionze mimarTuli post-panafrikanuli afrikeloba.
Sesajameblad vityviT, rom kulturebi, romlebic tran
snacionalur regionalizmzea dafuZnebuli, ganviTarebas ver
hpovebs da gaWedili rCeba lokalizmsa da globalizms Soris.

erebi da nacionalizmi

regionebi SesaZloa naklebad iyos Seswavlili kultur

is kvlevaSi, magram erebsa da nacionalizms didi yuradReba
eTmoba, ramdenadac isini, cxadia, ufro metad xelSesaxebi
politikuri, ekonomikuri da kulturuli erTeulebia. miuxe
davad amisa, globalizaciis Teoretikosebi amtkiceben, rom
eri ukve amowuruli da narCeni warmonaqmnia (ix. ohme 1996 am
Tvalsazrisis gamoTqmisaTvis). sazogadoebrivi azris cvli
leba da sicxade sxva rames gviCvenebs, ramdenadac kapital
izmi moiTxovs da afarToebs maregulirebel da infrastruq
turul CarCos, romelic saxelmwifos kontrolis qveS rCeba
(ix. hersti da tompsoni 1996). yvelaze ganviTarebuli saxelm
wifoebi aqtiurad uWeren mxars politikas, romelic aCqarebs
globalizacias Tavis sakuTar interesebSi. SemTxveviTi araa,
rom saxelmwifoebi da erebi sustia iq, sadac sustia global
izacia, magaliTad, afrikaSi.
Tanamedroveobis erT-erT ZiriTad niSnad rCeba is, rom
msoflio dayofilia damoukidebel erovnul saxelmwifoe
bad. TiTqmis yvela adamiani dabadebulia calkeuli erovnu
li saxelmwifos moqalaqed. es ar niSnavs, rom yvela erovnul
saxelmwifoSi cxovrobs: xalxi SesaZloa zogjer Taobebis
manZilze Caketili iyos afrikis ltolvilTa banakebSi, Razas
seqtorsa da palestinis Caketil teritoriaze, pakistansa da
indoneziaSi. xolo msoflios calkeuli adgilebi pakistan-
avRaneTis sasazRvro raioni, magaliTad, saxelmwifo kon
trols ar eqvemdebareba. Tumca es ufro gamonaklisia, vidre
wesi da sinamdvileSi ltolviloba xSirad utopiur ideebs
warmoSobs samSoblos Sesaxeb da SesaZloa hiper-nacionaliz
mamdec migviyvanos (ix. naiersi 1999).

151
 odesRac erebi ganixileboda, rogorc politikuri da
ekonomikuri erTeulebi, magram 80-iani wlebidan isini ufro
metad kulturul erTeulebad moiazreba. umniSvnelovanesi
wvlili am cvlilebebSi, udavod, benediqt andersenis Sexed
ulebam Seitana eris, rogorc `warmosaxviTi erTobis~ Ses
axeb, misi amave saxelwodebis wignidan. es cneba rogorc vixi
leT, globalur doneze ganvrco arjun apaduraim (andersoni
1991; apadurai 1996). andersonma, indoneziuri politikisa da
istoriis eqspertma, `warmosaxviTi erTobis~ koncefcia ga
naviTara mis mier indoneziis dekolonizaciis gaazrebisas.
igi amtkicebda, rom pirovnebebi, romlebic koloniamdel
xanaSi Tavs arasodes moiazrebodnen nacionaluri erTobis
wevrad, iZulebuli gaxdnen azri SeecvalaT, rogorc mkiTxve
lebs mraval lokalur teritoriaze gavrcelebuli beWdviTi
kulturisa. beWdviTma mediam kulturulad da enobrivadac
miizida Zireulad gansxvavebuli mkiTxvelebi da aiZula isini
Tavi erTi eris moqalaqeebad warmoedginaT, romlebic erT
droulad da erTnairad ecnobodnen danarCen gare samyaros.
afrikis Sesaxeb aSil embembes sityvebi rom moviyvanoT, na
cionalizmamde `zog SemTxvevaSi, politikuri erTeulebi
gamoyofili iyo ara sazRvrebiT, am sityvis klasikuri mniSvn
elobiT, aramed mravali urTierTmomcveli faqtoriT, rom
lebic mudmivad erTdebian, ganiyofian da kvlav SeerTdebian
produqciisa da pirovnebaTa moZraobis, omebisa da dapyrob
ebis Sedegad (embembe 2001, 27). nacionalizmis Semdgom ada
mianebma gaacnobieres sakuTari Tavi da miekuTvnen mkiTxvel
moqalaqeebs. amasTanave maT dauSves drois (dro, romelsac
regularuli intervalebiT moaqvs siaxleebi da informacia
da dro, rogorc erovnuli progresis sazomi) da sivrcis
(eris sazRvrebi, romlebic emTxveva saziaro sakomunikacio
qselebsa da koleqtiuri interesebis sferos) cnebebi.
andersonis warmosaxviTi erToba iyo Sebrunebuli nacio
nalizmis Sedegi, politikuri geografiis gansazRvra dekol
onizatorTa mier, romlebmac msoflio erovnul danawevre
bul saxelmwifoebad dayves. am konteqstSi, mniSvnelovania
gavixsenoT, rom koloniur samyaroSi erovnuli identobebi
erTdroulad Tanamedrovec iyo da anti-kolonisturic.
indonezieloba Tanamedrove msofliosTan SeerTebas niS

152
navda, magram ara evropul koloniur ZalTa moqmedebis obi
eqts. damoukidebeli eris moqalaqed qcevisken swrafva sab
olood kolonizatorTa mimarT winaaRmdegobaSi gamoixata
da am gagebiT igi politikuri ufro iyo, vidre kulturuli.
indonezia Tavadac nakleb xelSesaxebi qveyana iyo sinamd
vileSi igi `warmosaxviT~ cnebad gvevlineboda. SesaZloa es
dagvexmaros avxsnaT, ratom moxda ase swrafad Tavganwiruli
vnebebis gaRviveba: adamianebi iseTive motivirebuli iyvnen
sakuTari qveynisaTvis momkvdariyvnen, rogorc amas religiis
gamo akeTebdnen (meore ideologiuri formacia, romelic or
ganizebul warmosaxvas efuZneba).
es imis axsnaSic gvexmareba, Tu ratom aris bevr post
koloniur qveyanaSi, indoneziis CaTvliT, Zneli SesanarCu
nebeli erovnuli erToba. rodesac kolonizatorebi midian,
erovnuli erToba safrTxis winaSe dgeba da sazogadoebebi
Tavis Tavs kvlav religiur an kulturulistur terminebSi
moiazreben, anu ufro metad Tavis tradiciul memkvidreo
biT kulturas iziareben, vidre erovnul kulturas. samyaros
mier imperialistur eraSi evropaSi dawesebuli erovnuli
sazRvrebis gamo, daZabuloba kulturul erTobaTa da post
koloniur erebs Soris endemuri xasiaTisaa (dipeS Cakrabarti
1992). umTavresad am mizeziT eris geografiaSi unda gadaixe
dos Sida regionuli uTanasworoba da yuradRebis koncen
tracia moxdes administraciulsa da komerciul urbanul
centrebze: garkveuli TvalsazrisiT, erovnuli saxelmwifos
wevroba ver aanazRaurebs Rarib, ugulebelyofil provin
ciebSi cxovrebas.
`warmosaxviTi sazogadoebis~ idea metropolitanur are
alSi naklebi warmatebiT moqmedebs, vidre yofil kolonieb
Si. swavlulTa zogadi SeTanxmebiT, evropuli nacionalizmi
1800 wlisaTvis Cndeba, rodesac politikuri da ekonomikuri
avtonomiis survili daukavSirda kulturuli TviTgamox
atvis moTxovnilebas. am TvalsazrisiT, `kultura~, rogorc
cneba, herderisa da misi romantizebuli mimdevrebis mier
dakavSirebulia evropul nacionalizmTan. kulturuli na
cionalistebisaTvis 1800 wlisTvis koleqtiuri faseulo
bebi enaSi, miTebSi, xalxur TqmulebebSi da a.S. anu kultur
aSi aris Tavmoyrili. kulturis es cneba da nacionalizmi,

153
romelsac is uqmnis niadags, mxolod arapirdapir ukavSird
eba medias im TvalsazrisiT, rasac andersoni varaudobs.
herderiseuli midgomiT, kulturebs, romlebic imTaviTve
eqspresiulia, Tavisufleba sWirdebaT dasrulebisa da sab
oloo formirebisaTvis. isini garedan ar unda imarTebodnen
sxva kulturebis mier: TiToeuls sakuTari eri da saxelm
wifo sWirdeba.
axali erovnul-kulturuli individualoba xSirad saer
Tod ar gamoirCeva eTno-rasobrivi identobebisagan: rogorc
qvemoT vnaxavT, kulturalizmi da rasizmi mWidro kavSirSi
arian. am konteqstSi, etien balibari postmarqsistul yaid
aze amtkicebda, rom nacionalizmi is formaciaa, romelic
iZleva erTianobis gancdas da es scildeba realur socialur
dayofas, saxeldobr, klasebad danawevrebas (balibari 1884),
magram misi azriT nacionalizmi verasdros mogvcems srulad
im mSvidobasa da erTianobas, rasac gvpirdeba. es niSnavs imas,
rom igi rasizmiTa da qsenofobiiT ikvebeba. balibaris argu
menti struqturulia da namdvilad imsaxurebs dafiqrebas,
ramdenadac xsnis nacionalizmis mimzidvelobas, Tumca nak
lebad gvexmareba CavwvdeT im gzebs, riTac kavSirebi rasizms,
kulturalizmsa da nacionalizms Soris gansxvavebulia sx
vadasxva regionebsa da sxvadasxva droSi. arasakmarisia imis
gasaazreblad, rom nacionalizmi gasakuTrebiT Zlierdeba,
rodesac ganTavisuflebis stimuli xdeba.
dReisTvis, magaliTad, ganmaTavisuflebeli motivebis
mqone nacionalizms mTel dedamiwaze SexvdebiT, ra Tqma
unda, indoneziis CaTvliT. igi yvelaze Zlieria im sazoga
doebebSi, romlebsac saziaro ena, tradiciebi, religia da
eTnikuri individualoba aqvT. am SemTxvevaSi nacionalizmis
sawyis etapzeve xdeba winaaRmdegoba da gamoricxva sxva kul
turuli individisa, gansakuTrebiT ki mCagvrelTa klasisa. aq
qsenofobia ara imdenad nacionalizmis sicarielis Sedegia,
ramdenadac erTgvari iaraRis nawili, ris saSualebiTac eri
ibrZvis da Tavs imkvidrebs.
Tuki bilibaris mosazrebas garkveuli SezRudvebi aqvs,
TiTqos nacionalizmi rasizmisken mibrunebaa, radgan ers ar
SeuZlia Tavisi moqalaqeebis emocionaluri moTxovnilebebis
dakmayofileba, cxadia Cndeba eWvi, rom es logika kapital

154
isturi nacionalizmis sxva aspeqtebs ver moicavs. rogorc
vnaxavT, nacionalizmis erTi safuZveli individualuri mi
jaWvulobaa ekonomikur sargebelze, rasac saxelmwifo uz
runvelyofs, magram kapitalizmis pirobebSi es sargebeli
aramyaria, radgan ekonomikuri sistema, riTac individualuri
interesebi kmayofildeba, mudmiv arastabilurobas iwvevs.
kapitalizmi, yovelive amis Semdeg, cvlilebas, konkurencias,
arasaimedoobas gulisxmobs. amdenad, igi reaqciulad aRvivebs
mgznebare mikedlebas ideologiurad sapirispiro Zalebisad
mi, romelTagan erT-erTi `tradiciuli~ erovnuli individua
lobaa. amdenad, Tanamedrove nacionalizms axasiaTebs rogorc
erTguleba ekonomikuri struqturebisadmi, sadac bazrebi da
saxelmwifoebi kombinirebulia, aseve garkveuli zomiT, mRel
varebac, romelic mimarTulia sabazro Zalebis sawinaaRmde
god. am gagebiT globalizacia aZlierebs am ormag standarts.
erovnuli individebi ebrZvian aRqmul safrTxeebs, upirveles
yovlisa, transnacionalur kapitals da Semdeg, postmodern
izmsa da kosmopolitizms, romelic am kapitals moaqvs.

turizmi

kulturul nacionalizms aqvs sxva, ufro sworxazovani da

mZlavri, Tumca aranakleb rTuli kavSiri globalizaciasTan
turizmi. calkeuli eri bazarze Tavs waradgens, rogorc
erovnul kulturas, raTa miizidos rogorc turistebi, ise
biznes-investiciebi da iyenebs mTel Tanamedrove sakomunika
cio teqnologiebis arsenals. es gansakuTrebiT iseT qveyneb
Sia TvalSisacemi, rogoricaa tailandi, magram avstraliasa
da gaerTianebul samefoSic xdeba. Teoriulad turizmi far
Todaa ganxiluli kulturis kvlevebSi sociolog jon aris
`turistuli xedvis~ koncefciiT, romelic TavisTavad iy
enebs `xedvis~ Teoriebs, iseve rogorc filmis Teoriebs (ari
2002). arisTvis es istoriuli cnebaa, romelic xazs usvams,
rom meTvramete saukunis ganmavlobaSi turizmis warmoSobam
yuradReba gaamaxvila erT konkretul grZnobaze, xedvaze da
moiTxovda rogorc materialur, aseve ideologiur infra
struqturas.

155
 am argumentaciis Tanaxmad, turisti mogzaurobda da ax
lac mogzaurobs, pirvel rigSi, vizualuri siamovnebisT
vis, rac gulisxmobs rogorc cnobiT mogvril siamovnebas
(im adgilebis naxvas, romelTa Rirsebasa da mniSvnelobaze
winaswar aris informirebuli), aseve egzotikur siamovne
bas (imis naxvas, risi naxvac Sin ar SeuZlia). turistuli xe
dva, Tumca sasiamovno, magram gaucxoebuli da zedapirulia,
miRma rCeba Semovlili adgilebisa da qveynebis ufro Rrma
mniSvnelobebi da gamocdileba. ase Tu vimsjelebT, turizmi
imTaviTve Cafiqrebulia, rogorc biznes-iniciativa, romlis
TandaTanobiTi industrializacia mecxramete da meoce sau
kuneebSi SeTavsebulia procesebTan, riTac kulturuli mox
mareba masobrivi gaxda ganviTarebuli erovnuli ekonomikis
mniSvnelovan aspeqtad qcevis Semdeg. turizmi britaneTSi
daaxloebiT 1760 wlidan iRebs saTaves.
amdenad, turizmze msjelobisas mkacrad unda gavmijnoT,
Tu ras niSnavs turistuli adgilebi mnaxvelTaTvis da ras
niSnavs isini adgilobrivi macxovreblebisaTvis. bolos da
bolos, turizmi mniSvnelovani elementi gaxda mraval lo
kalur kulturaTa ganviTarebisTvis da ara aucileblad
auTentikurobis dakargvis motiviT. neba momeciT, moviyvano
ori metad gansxvavebuli istoriuli magaliTi. pirveli axal
zelandia/oteroa maoris exeba.
sayovelTaod cnobilia, rom maoris kultura, gansa
kuTrebiT xeze kveTa, kolonizaciis dartymas mniSvnelovan
wilad imitom gadaurCa, rom mecxramete saukunis Suaxanidan
(rodesac koloniuri omebi jer isev mZvinvarebdnen) igi tur
istul industriaSi CaerTo. saxelmwifo xels uwyobda axali
zelandiis maoris xelovnebisa da xelosnobis instituts, sa
dac xeloba gadarCa ufro imitom, rom daexmara rotoruas
(zelandiis CrdiloeT kunZulis sofels) SeenarCunebina
Tavisi metad Zlieri pozicia, rogorc turistebisTvis mim
zidveli adgilis (aq yvelaze saintereso cxeli wyaroebi da
geizerebi iyo) da te arauas ivis toms amiT mogeba enaxa. daax
loebiT 1890 wels rotoruas turistulma industriam Seqmna
is, rac dReisTvis farTod cnobilia rogorc maoris musika,
Tumca es sinamdvileSi, dasavluri melodiebis variaciebze
dadebuli maoris poeziaa. ufro Tanamedrove magaliTisaTvis

156
moviyvanoT uare runanga kunZulTa yureSi, vaitangTan mde
bare adgili, romlis mSeneblobac 1940 wels damTavrda. igi
aSenda, nawilobriv rogorc turistebis misazidi adgili (es
axali zelandiis RirsSesaniSnaobebs Soris erT-erTi upirve
lesia), magram amavdroulad igi farTodaa cnobili, rogorc
maoris xeze kveTis ostatobis namdvili Sedevri (misi ocdar
va pano maoris TiToeul `ivis~ warmogvidgens) da axalzelan
diuri `bikulturalizmis~ mniSvnelovani simboloa.
meore magaliTia centralur inglisSi stretford-afon-
eivonis, rogorc turistuli RirsSesaniSnaobis ganviTare
ba. am SemTxvevaSi turistuli industriis sawyisis dadgena
ufro specifikuri sakiTxia. stret-fordi oficialur tur
istul RirsSesaniSnaobad 1768 wels iqca, roca devid garikma,
londonis imdroindeli Teatraluri samyaros wamyvanma msax
iob-menejerma aq Seqspiris xsovnisadmi miZRvnili `iubile~
moawyo. es moxda adgilobriv mcxovrebTa Civilis sapasuxod,
romelnic wuxdnen, rom turistebs SesaZloa am adgilebis
mimarT interesi daekargaT, roca Seqspiris Zveli saxlis
mflobelma moWra muxa, romelic gadmocemis mixedviT, Ta
vad Seqspirma dargo. es iubile mniSvnelovani aRmoCnda in
glisuri nacionalizmisTvis, ramdenadac man xeli Seuwyo
Seqspiris mimarT siyvarulis komerciuli TvalsazrisiT
momgebian movlenad qcevas da Seqspiris Tayvaniscema garikis
iubiles Semdeg inglisuri kulturuli nacionalizmis mniS
vnelovani komponenti gaxda. Seqspiri inglisuri nacional
izmis xatad mogvevlina, masSi simbolizebuli iyo ingliselis
saidentifikacio maxasiaTeblebi: igi ganasaxierebda buneb
rivobasa da araierarqiulobas, rac ingliselis pirovnebas
misi imJamindeli mTavari metoqisgan, frangisgan ganasxvaveb
da (ix. dilmani 1964).
am magaliTebis mTavari azri isaa, rom, pirveli: turizmi
ar aris adekvaturad Sefasebuli iseTi koncefciebis mier,
rogoricaa turistuli xedva, radgan turizmi xels uwy
obs Tavad nacionalur da lokalur kulturaTa warmoqmna-
SenarCunebas. meore: turizmsa da kulturas Soris yovelT
vis iolad ver gavarCevT erTmaneTisgan auTentikursa da
araauTentikurs, vinaidan turistebis mosazidad Cafiqre
buli RirsSesaniSnaobebi SeiZleba agreTve miekuTvnebodes

157
da marTlac gadamwyveti iyos lokaluri kulturebisa da
individualobisaTvis. mesame: nacionalizmi ar aris mxolod
identifikacia igi biznesicaa, saxeldobr, turizmi. (ra
Tqma unda, turizmis yvela forma ar eqvemdebareba erovnul
marketings, magaliTad, Tundac seqsturizmi; agreTve yovel
gvari gasarTobi mogzauroba ar aris turizmi magaliTad,
sakurorto Svebuleba.) yovel SemTxvevaSi, masobrivi turiz
mis gansxvaveba Tanamedrove samyaroSi sxvadasxva regionebis
turistebsa da adgilobrivebs Soris sul ufro mcirdeba,
ramdenadac yvela adgilobrivi sazogadoeba warmoadgens Ta
vis Tavs, rogorc msoflio turistuli industriis nawils.
iseTi qveynebi, rogoric tailandia da, romelic SeiZleba
goliaTur nakrZalad moeCvenos stumars, migvaniSnebs iseT
momavalze, sadac mogzauris interesebi, siamovneba da codna
sul ufro metad marTavs adgilobrivisas.
amave dros pirveli samyaros qveynebis turizmi mesame sam
yaros qveynebSi SesaZloa turistisTvis didi gamowveva iyos,
radgan sxvaoba mdidarsa da Raribs Soris ufro TvalSisa
cemia aq, vidre maT sakuTar qveyanaSi. mimaCnia, rom mdidari
adamianisTvis aseTi SEexvedrisgan Tavis arideba privilegire
bul narcisizmSi gadasvlas da realobisgan gamijvnas niSnavs.
mniSvnelovania meti vicodeT, mets vxedavdeT, mets vgrZnob
deT imitom, rom es Sexvedrebi xSirad moulodnelobisa da
gamowvevis matarebelia. sxva SemTxvevaa melanqoliuri tur
izmi (agreTve `bnel turizmad~ cnobili), esaa mogzauroba
ekonomikuri siduxWiris, genocidis memorialebis, stiqiuri
ubedurebebis, urbanuli qaosis, saomar da a.S. zonebSi. tur
izmis es saxe imdenad ar moicavs globalur uTanasworobas
Tan Sejaxebas, romelic unda daiZlios da romliTac tur
istis yuradReba mimarTulia borotebisa da ngrevisaken
(lenoni da foli, 2000).

patriotizmi da kulturuli nacionalizmi

mivubrundebiT ra nacionalizmis sxva formebs, mniS

vnelovania gvaxsovdes, rom nacionalizmi Zlierdeba iq, sa
dac es politikurad da ekonomikurad yvelaze metad Ses

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aZlebelia. marTlac, arsebobs SemTxvevebi magaliTad,
Sotlandiuri nacionalizmi rodesac umciresi gansxvave
bac ki nacionalur gamijvnas iwvevs. Sotlandielebsa da in
gliselebs saerTo ena aqvT (Tumca, cota gansxvavebul di
aleqtebze metyveleben); TiTqmis sami saukunea, politikurad
gaerTianebulni arian; maTi ZiriTadi Rirebulebebi da kul
turuli sferoebi met-naklebad erTnairia (Tumca Sotlan
diaSi ase ar miiCneven); am or teritorias Soris migracia da
gacvla-gamocvla saukuneebis manZilze Zlieri iyo. maT erT
maneTisagan ZiriTadad politikur-ekonomikuri interesebi
aSorebs: fesvgadgmuli SiSi, rom Tuki regionis marTvas lon
doni daiwyebs, Sotlandias aRar eqneba sakmao avtonomia Ta
visi interesebis dasacavad. am SiSma imata 1970 wels, rodesac
navTobis Semosavali gaizarda. sazogadoebis mexsierebaSi ki
es SiSi ukavSirdeba warsulSi inglisis mier Sotlandiis da
pyrobas.
amdenad, mTlianobaSi, nacionalizmis kulturis kvlevebis
analizi amcirebs nacionalizmis politikur da socialur
impulsebs. SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom kulturuli naciona
lizmis gazrda saxelmwifos Zalauflebis gavrcelebasa da
demokratizacias emTxveva droSi. marTlac, nacionalizms
demokratiis valdebuleba moaqvs, ramdenadac yvela moqa
laqes aniWebs statuss maTi erovnuli mikuTvnebulobis gamo
da piriqiT, demokratia nacionalizms aferxebs yoveli moqa
laqisTvis saerTo suverenobis miniWebiT. erTi mizezTagani,
ris gamoc CineTs ar gaaCnia nacionalizmis standartuli
forma, is aris, rom hani CineTis eTnikurad dominanturi
sazogadoeba Tanabar socialur uflebebs ar aniWebs um
ciresobebs. hanis wevroba civilizaciuri movlena ufroa,
vidre nacionaluri an rasobriv-eTnikuri. racionalizmis
racionaluri safuZveli is aris, rom yovel moqalaqes aqvs
wili erovnul saxelmwifoSi, ramdenadac saboloo jamSi
isini dazaraldebian (pirovnulad da/Tu koleqtiurad), Tu
saxelmwifo im jgufTa xelSi gadava, vinc maT interesebs ar
warmoadgens.
amerikuli patriotizmi, umetesi evropuli da post
koloniuri nacionalizmisgan gansxvavebiT, emyareba ara kul
turulsa Tu eTnikur individualizms, aramed erTi mxriv de

159
mokratias da meore mxriv ekonomikur kerZo interesebs (sadac
kerZo SeiZleba piradsac niSnavdes, ojaxursac an Tundac,
ufro didi jgufebisas). kerZo interesebSia gasaRebi keTil
dReobasa da nacionalizms Soris mimarTebis gasarkvevad:
nacionalizmis Zlieri mxardaWera muSaTa klasebSi istori
ulad emyareba (nawilobriv mainc), im gancdas, rom keTildRe
obis politikis gansaxorcieleblad eris Zlierebaa saWiro.
brius robinss, romelic ZiriTadad kosmopolituri an ro
gorc Tavad ambobs, `internacionalisturi~ Tvalsazrisidan
amodis, swams, rom swored am mizeziT, mniSvnelovania garige
ba internacionalizmsa da nacionalizms Soris (robinsi 1999,
31-36).
patriotizmis an igive safuZvlis mqone sxva memarcxene
Zalebi Tavs miakuTvneben, mimarTulebas. magaliTad, iurgen
habermasi, `konstituciur patriotizms~ qadagebda. misTvis
Zveli yaidis `organuli nacionalizmi~, romelic eTnikur
identurobas emyareba, SeiZleba Canacvldes rigi principebi
sa da instituciebis gaziarebiT, `demokratiuli moqalaqeo
biT~ (habermasi 1998). magram aseTi msjeloba saTanadod ar
afasebs nacionalizmis uwyvet kulturalistur, qsenofo
biur da militaristul istorias. ar unda daviviwyoT, mag
aliTad, amJamindeli radikalizmi indoeTSi, romlisTvisac
indoeloba niSnavs indusobas, sawinaaRmdegod, mahmadianuri
umciresobebis oficialuri sekularizmisa da dacvisa, wax
alisebulia saarCevno procesebis, masmediisa da ekonomikuri
interesebis mier. inglisur imperializmsac mecxramete sau
kuneSi aZlierebda ara demokratizaciis procesebi, aramed
nacionalizmi. rodesac pirvelad muSaTa klasebma arCevnebSi
monawileobis ufleba miiRes, `jingoizmi~ (agresiuli da mas
mediaSi gamyarebuli, imperiuli gardauvalobisa da rasobri
vi upiratesobis grZnobaze damyarebuli patriotizmi) gaba
tonebuli kulturuli formacia gaxda britaneTSi.
am gzebs, romlebic nacionalizms politikurad iazreben
unda SeeZloT dauSvan is jgufebic, vinc Tavs im ers miakuT
vnebs, romelic im saxelmwifos ar marTavs, sadac es jgufebi
cxovroben. amis klasikuri magaliTia ebraelebi, Tumca adgi
lobrivi xalxic SeiZleba Tavs sxva ers miakuTvnebdes. albaT
sakmarisi iqneba iTqvas, rom, Cveulebriv, amgvari jgufebi is

160
toriulad `normidan gadaxrad~ iTvleboda saxelmwifoSi, sa
dac cxovrobdnen, socialur da ekonomikur dovlaTze xeli
ar miuwvdebodaT. es danamdvilebiT asea umetes adgilobriv
xalxTaTvis kolonizebul qveynebSi. `mSobliurTan~ gaigive
bas safuZveli eTnossa da kulturaSi aqvs da im crurwmenam
Tu gariyvam, romelsac isini awydebian, SeiZleba gamoiwvios
maT mier `sakuTari~ kulturis siwmindisa da tradiciona
lizmis gadaWarbebuli Sefaseba. Tumca daqvemdebarebul
jgufTa marcxi, romlebic CarTulni iyvnen nacionalizmis
mimarTulebaSi, ar abaTilebs zogad arguments, rom kul
turuli faqtorebi ufro naklebmniSvnelovania nacional
izmisTvis, vidre is, rasac TeoriaTa umetesoba varaudobs.
rogorc vnaxavT, am argumentTa erT-erTi daskvna isaa, rom
multikulturalizmi imaze ufro naklebad emuqreba nacio
nalizms, vidre amas konservatorebi acxadeben.

adgilobrivoba

globalizaciis gaazrebam ramdenadme paradoqsuli Sede

gi iqonia cnebis `lokaluri~ win wamoweviT, swored imitom,
rom globaluri umetesad (Tumca, es gamartivebuli midgo
maa) aRiqmeba rogorc lokalurisTvis saSiSi ram. amas mosdevs
argumentebi, rom sinamdvileSi, globalizacia mraval lo
kalur formas iRebs da mas lokaluri formaciebis gaZliere
bac SeuZlia da dasustebac. ganzogadebisas, garkveulwilad,
aseTi gansxvaveba tendenciuria, radgan, rogorc bruno la
turi amtkicebs, sityvebi `lokaluri~ da `globaluri~ im
qselTa Sefasebaa, romlebic TavisTavad arc lokaluria da
arc globaluri, aramed `met-naklebad grZeli da met-nak
lebad urTierTdakavSirebulia~ (laturi 1993, 122). miuxeda
vad amisa, samyaroSi sadac realurad vcxovrobT, lokaluris
aralokalurisgan garCeva xSirad arc Tu ise Znelia da es
gansxvaveba SeiZleba uaRresad mniSvnelovani iyos, rogorc
politikurad, aseve kulturuladac.
marTlac, roca erovnebaTa siZliere trans-nacionalur
ZalTa mier gamoicdeba, masze aseve moqmedebs subnacionaluri
Zalebic. msoflios mraval kuTxeSi, rogorc vnaxeT, wnexi mo

161
dis eris SigniT arsebuli sazogadoebebisa da regionebisagan
rigi uflebebisa da kulturuli gamorkvevis moTxovniT, ro
melic tradiciulad Tavad erovnul saxelmwifoSi arsebobs
gavixsenoT britaneTis `gaxleCa~; safrangeTSi decentral
izaciisken swrafva; politikuri kulturis lokalizacia
samxreT aziaSi. unda iTqvas, zog SemTxvevaSi, ganviTarebul
qveynebSic globalizaciis teqnologiebi da politikuri eko
nomika, aSS-s batonobasTan erTad, xels uwyobs amas, radgan
erTianobaSi isini amcireben saxelmwifo administrirebis da
naxarjsa da usafrTxoebaze zrunvis mniSvnelobas. mravali
Tanamedrove kulturul-politikuri formaciis msgavsad,
denacionalizaciis es biZgi Zvel memarcxene-memarjveneobis
dapirispirebis logikas ver esadageba. neoliberalebi cdi
loben decentralizacias miemxron, radgan igi erovnuli
saxelmwifos Zalas asustebs; adgilobrivi kulturalistebi
moiTxoven SesaZleblobas Tavis tradiciaTa gamosaxatad,
romelTa winaaRmdeg xSirad koloniuri Tu neokoloniuri
reJimebi moiazreba.
lokalurobas, erovnulobisa da globalurobis msgavsad,
gansxvavebuli Zalebi da mimarTulebebi aqvs sxvadasxva adg
ilas. garkveuli sazogadoebebi sxvebze metad inarCuneben
siaxloves adgilobrivi cxovrebis wesTan, ufro met erT
gulebas iCenen mis mimarT. magaliTad, meqsikeli migrantebi
samxreT kaliforniaSi, ufro metad cxovroben iseTive sof
lis cxovrebiT, rogoric manamde hqondaT, vidre kenieli mi
grantebi germaniaSi. aseve, garkveuli aspeqtebi sxvaze metad
lokalizebuli rCeba vTqvaT, amindi, romelic arcTu umniS
vneloa kulturisa da ekonomikisaTvis, istoriulad lokal
uria, Tundac masze globaluri daTboba moqmedebdes.
lokaluri kulturis Zalisa da mimzidvelobis erTi axsna
imaSi mdgomareobs, Tu rogor esadageba erTmaneTs lokalu
rad pirovnuli keTildReobis, identurobisa da qonebrivi
interesebi da sazogadoebrivi mexsiereba. neba momeciT, pi
radi magaliTi moviyvano. gareubnis mcxovrebni, sadac ram
denime weli vicxovre qlifTon hili melburnSi, avstra
liaSi SeSfoTebulni iyvnen magistralis mSeneblobis gamo
maTsa da maT uaxloes mezobel ubans, qolingvuds Soris 70-
ian wlebSi. es savaraudod gamijnavda qolingvuds (muSaTa

162
klasis emigrantul gareubans, brZolis, leiborizmisa da avs
traliuri fexburTis adgilobrivi gundis fanatikuri erT
gulebis xangrZlivi istoriiT) ramdenadme ufro SeZlebuli
qlifTon hilisgan. orive samezobloSi bevri iyo saavtomobi
lo gzis winaaRmdegi, radgan es negatiurad imoqmedebda ori
sacxovrebeli raionis ~Sida~ cxovrebis stilis Sedarebaze.
avtogmagistralis winaaRmdeg wagebuli brZola ar da
viwyebula da qlifTon hilis TviTgancda, rogorc arasa
surveli gareubnisa axlo warsulSi kvlav arsebobda. magram
warsulis es xsovna xundeba, rac ufro imatebs fasebi binebze
da Zvel mcxovrebTa adgils ufro mdidari da axalgazrda
emigrantebi ikaveben. lokaluri istoria da mexsiereba, ro
gorc lokaluri identurobis dasturi, sustdeba. marTlac,
sakuTrebaze fasis zrdis periodSi qlifTon hilis mcxovre
blebsa da maT raions TiTqos saerTo interesi akavSireb
daT, Tu ra fasi daedeboda binebs da kamaTi am Temaze iseTive
bunebrivi iyo, rogorc amindis ganxilva mezoblebs Soris. am
SemTxvevaSi, lokaluroba araa kulturis mniSvnelovani kom
ponenti: Tu ar CavTvliT qolingvudis safexburTo klubs
(romelic naklebad ainteresebs bevr emigrants, vinc evropul
fexburTs amjobinebs da muSaTa saSualo klasebs, romelTac
SesaZloa saerTod ar ainteresebT sporti) da adgilobriv
sajaro biblioTekebs, lokaluroba ebrZvis medias da sxva
kulturul formaciebs (mogzaurobis CaTvliT), romlebic
erovnuli an globaluria Tavisi warmomavlobiTa da dafi
nansebiT. qolingvudSi, TavisTavad, lokalurma midrekile
bebma SeinarCuna Zala da avtonomiisa da meamboxeobis Zveli
proletaruli grZnoba warmosaxviTad SeiTvisa am ubanSi
gadmosaxlebulma saSualo klasis zogma warmomadgenelma
(umTavresad, bohemurma adamianebma an damwyebma profesion
alebma).
lokalur kulturaSi cxovrebis mravali sxva gzac arse
bobs, magram kulturis kvlevebis TvalsazrisiT, es magaliTi
gviCvenebs, rom gansxvavebaTa lokalur-erovnul-global
uri samkuTxedi yovelTvis saukeTeso sqema ar aris, romelSic
`lokaluri~ kulturebi arsebobs an Tundac SeiZleba ga
nixilebodes. lokaluroba gansxvavdeba Tavisi unariT it
virTos sakuTari kulturuli ganviTarebis traeqtoria da
rogorc es monaTxrobi gviCvenebs, istoria da politikuri

163
ekonomika kvlavac mniSvnelovania, Tuki am gansxvavebaTa
Secnobas movindomebT. qlifTon hilis SemTxvevaSi, sivrce
swrafad uTmobs gzas socialur procesebsa da ekonomikur
kavSirebs, ramdenadac mexsiereba da fuli erTad socialuri
da kulturuli organizaciis geografias ayalibebs.
zogadad, kulturis kvlevebis kavSiri sivrcesTan ufro
Rrma gaazrebas moiTxovs. Tuki disciplina mWidrod ukav
Sirdeba mobilurobas, rogorc amas wignis pirvel nawilSi
vamtkicebdi, da igi kategoriuladaa ganwyobili SezRudul
sivrciT terminebSi ganmartebul identurobaTa da kul
turul formaTa winaaRmdeg, igi aucileblad unda ganixi
lavdes sivrces, rogorc kulturuli formaciebis makoor
dinirebels. gansakuTrebiT unda moxdes imis gaazreba,
ramdenad araTanabradaa ganfenili sivrceSi Zalaufleba da
globalur qselSi CarTvis SesaZlebloba da aseve rogor Seu
Zlia kulturis mobilurobis zrdas gaaZlieros `lokaluri
warmosaxviToba~.

damatebiTi literatura: Anderson 1991; Bhabha 1990; Massey

1994; Morley 2000; Nairn 1981.

164
 nawili IV

media da sazogadoebrivi sfero

4.1. televizia

1964 wels, rodesac kulturis britanulma kvlevam ganvi

Tareba daiwyo, kulturis CamoyalibebaSi araCveulebriv un
ars avlenda axali kavSiri televizia. im drosa da adgilas
televizia SedarebiT pasiuri iyo: gamosaxuleba Sav-TeTri,
sazogadoebrivi mauwyebeli, BBC xsnida Tavis meore arxs, ro
melic britaneTis sazogadoebas samive arxis yurebis SesaZle
blobas miscemda, xolo SesaniSnavi diqtorebi saRamos gasar
Tob programas ise gvacnobdnen, TiTqos varietes sanaxaobas
warmogvidgendnen sastumro oTaxSi. miuxedavad amisa, axali
media ukve aRvivebda vnebaTaRelvas axali kulturuli mov
lenis bitlomaniisTvis, ramac ara mxolod Seiyvana brita
neTi rok-en-rolis xanaSi misi popkulturis transnacionali
zaciiT, aramed gza gaukvala revoluciur aTwleuls 60-ian
wlebs, romelic axalgazrduli Zalis axali saxeobiT xasiaT
deboda. aSS-Si televiziam TiTqmis aTwleuliT adre erovnul
sensaciad aqcia elvis presli, xolo 1961 wels disneis mauw
yeblobam daarwmuna mayurebeli feradi gamosaxulebis upi
ratesobaSi. 1964 wels StatebSi, CBS-ma vidoeCanaweri gauSva
da bolo mouRo xanas, rodesac televiziaTa umravlesoba
pirdapir mauwyeblobda. es moxda, rodesac lindon jonsonma
Tavisi respublikeli metoqis winaaRmdeg pirvelad gamoiy
ena `uaryofiTi~ politikuri satelevizio reklama. garemos
transformirebisTvis gamiznuli ori mowyobiloba SemoiRes:
sportis gadacemebis pirdapiri CarTvisTvis, (romlis wyalo
biT aSS-s profesiuli fexburTis sferos wamomadgenlebi mix
vdnen, rom realuri fuli televizias mohqonda) da ukabelo
distanciuri marTva, ramac televiziis yurebis procesi ara
formaluri gaxada. televizia, dRevandel saxes iZenda (ix.
http://www.museum.TV/archievs/index.html, televiziis isto
riis Sesaxeb). televizias, rogorc mTavar media saSualebas im
xanebSi, gansakuTrebuli kavSiri hqonda kulturis kvlevebT

165
an, romelic, Tavis mxriv, televiziasTan kavSirSi formird
eboda am disciplinis Semobruneba populizmsa da maRali
kulturis gaufasurebisken; misi yuradRebis gamaxvileba
kulturul aRqmaze rogorc cxovrebiseul saqmianobaze,
ufro metad, vidre interpretaciasa Tu warmoqmnaze; kultu
ris momxmarebelTa segmentacia yovelive es televiziasTan
Sexebisa da `medias~ (sityva, romelic, rogorc irkveva, xmare
baSi mxolod 60-iani wlebis bolos Semovida) TV-centrulad
gaazrebis wyalobiT moxda. ra Tqma unda, kulturis kvlevebi
sulac ar aris erTaderTi, rac televiziis wyalobiT Camoy
alibda: TiTqmis sruliad warmoudgenelia televiziasTan
mravalmxrivi urTierTobis gareSe Tanamedrove partiuli
politika, sporti, musika, kinematografi da samomxmareblo
kultura.
erTi mniSvnelovani Sefaseba imTaviTve unda gakeTdes. sx
vadasxva ers gansxvavebuli satelevizio industria aqvs da
misi transnacionaluri ganzogadeba TiTqmis sruliad Seu
Zlebelia. am TvalsazrisiT, aSS kvlav gamonaklisia, radgan
komunikaciis es saxe pirvelad aq gamoCnda (Tumca es britanu
li aRmoCena iyo), radgan, Cveulebriv, teqnologiuri da pro
gramuli siaxleebi pirvelad aq iCens Tavs da misi nawarmebi
msoflio saeqsporto bazrebze dominirebs. ioli safiqrebe
lia, rom televizia iq yvelaze sufTa saxiT arsebobs da Tuki
masSi siaxle Semodis, momavalSi sxva qveynebsac Seexeba. es
warmodgena mcdaria, ufro metic, SeuZlebelia sxva qveynebis
satelevizio sistemebis axsna aSS-sTan Sedarebis gareSe da,
sasikeTod Tu sazianod, SemdgomSi rasac vityviT, aSS-s gaT
valiswinebiT iqneba naTqvami.
mainc ra saxis aris es mediasaSualeba, aseTi Zala rom
SeiZina? igi oTxi gansxvavebuli elementisgan Sedgeba: sa
translacio programa; sistema, romliTac programas vuyure
bT; am programis gavrcelebis saSualeba; da industria, ro
melic satelevizio programas awarmoebs. am kavSiris ganxilva
60-iani wlebis Semdgom ase SeiZleba SevajamoT: sistemebi, ro
gorc kerZo, aseve sazogadoebriv sferoSi, ayvavebas ganic
dis; satelituri da sakabelo televiziis popularizebis Sem
deg arxebi kvlav warmatebulia da mauwyebloba, Cveulebriv,
24-saaTiani gaxda. rogorc am procesis nawili, televiziaSi

166
sul ufro iklo scenarianma sanaxaobebma da gansakuTrebiT,
gamonagonma. mraval qveyanaSi industriam mowinave pozicia
dakarga da sul ufro mWidrod Seerwya sxva gasarTob da media
formebs, gansakurebiT sportsa da gazeTebs. yovelive es Sei
Zleba zogad daskvnad gamovTqvaT: Tavisi SedarebiT xanmokle
istoriis ganmavlobaSi televiziis urTierTobebi yovel
dRiur cxovrebasTan mkveTrad gaZlierda.

televizori

xSir SemTxvevaSi (globalurad YTu vityviT), televizo

ri, pirvel yovlisa, Sinaur garemoSi arsebobs da amis gamo
satelevizio programis Sinaarsi da wyoba yovelTvis ojaxur
faseulobebsa da cxovrebis weszea gaTvlili (ix. morli 1992).
axali mediis gayidvisas 50-ian wlebSi aqcents akeTebdnen
televizoris ojaxis mTavar oTaxSi ganTavsebaze (Spigeli
1992) da sakiTxi, Tu sad unda iyos dadgmuli televizori, gva
Zlevs warmodgenas cxovrebis wessa da mayurebelze. satele
vizio programebis arCeva ojaxis wevrebs Soris davis saga
nia, zogjer igi ojaxis wevrebs erTmaneTisgan ganacalkevebs.
televizori, rogorc yvelaferi sxva televiziaSi, ganviTar
da da 90-iani wlebidan `Sinaur gasarTob sistemad~ iqca, ro
melic farTod iTavsebs sazogadoebriv formebs (kinoTeatri,
koncerti) saSinao sivrcisaTvis, riTac veragulad uTxris
Zirs sazogadoebriv kulturas. igi sul ufro xSirad gamoi
yeneba vizualur ekranad kompiuteruli TamaSebis, videosa
da DVD-s sayureblad. ramdenadac kulturis kvlevebi, Ta
visTavad, interesdeba `televiziis gamoyenebis socialuro
biT~ (lembo 2000, 29), televiziis materialuroba pirveladi
sazrunavi xdeba. sistemaze koncentrirebiT ioldeba zusti
socialuri CarCoebis dadgena, romelSic televizia figuri
rebs dasavleTSi Sinauri media saSualebis saxiT. msoflios
mraval nawilSi televizias, ZiriTadad, uyureben sazogadoe
baSi, kafeebsa Tu barebSi da es mis zemoqmedebas metad cvlis
im qveynebSi, sadac ojaxur garemos gansxvavebuli funqcia da
mniSvneloba aqvs, vidre dasavleTSi. ase magaliTad, mraval in
duistur Tu muslimanur regionSi, sadac Sinauri sfero ganw

167
mendilia, siwmindes eZRvneba da qalebis kontrolSi imyofeba,
saxlSi televizoris ganTavsebam, SesaZloa, uxerxuloba Seqm
nas dasavluri stilis programebis yurebisas, sadac erotika
Tu mdabali kulturis tendenciebia gamovlenili.

industria: dafinanseba da regulireba

rodesac saqme industrias exeba, mTavari SekiTxvaa: rogor

unda dafinansdes igi. bolos da bolos, televizia, rogorc
satranslacio kavSiri, ar gvTavazobs moxmarebis sagnebs
tradiciuli gagebiT, romlebic SeiZleba savaWro adgilebSi
gamovitanoT, fasi davadoT moTxovnisa da miwodebis mixed
viT. Tundac radiotalRebis gadacemisas, satranslacio media
SeiZleba ufasod daiWiros mimRebis mflobelma (swored ami
tom, radios adreul periodSi, programebs uzrunvelyofdnen
mimRebis mwarmoeblebi. amis wamomwyebi satranslacio kompa
nia RCA iyo Tavisi pirvandeli saxiT). garda amisa, televizia
Zviri mediasaSualebaa. mas `Sinaarsis amowurvas~ uwodeben,
radgan Sinaarsi mudmiv Sevsebas moiTxovs da es mas siaxleebis
Ziebas aiZulebs. arxebis raodenoba izrdeba da Semoaqvs sul
ufro meti konkurentunariani siaxle (qorneri 2001). erTi
mizezTagani, ris gamoc gamogonili da scenaris mqone sanaxao
bebi dReisaTvis industriaSi SezRudulia, is aris, rom siaxle
cocxal SouebSi metia da isini bevrad iafi sawarmoebelia.
dafinansebis modelebi sxvadasxva qveynebSi metad gansx
vavebulia: televizias SeiZleba afinansebdes saxelmwifo,
reklamis an (sakabelos Tu satelitis SemTxvevaSi) periodu
li honorarebis, an orives saxiT. mTavroba cdilobs gamoyos
Tanxa satelevizio gadacemebisTvis gadasaxadebis sistemis
saSualebiT (rogorc avstraliaSi), sixSireebze uflebebis
gayidviT an sistemis mflobelobis licenziebis dabegvriT
(rogorc gaerTianebul samefoSia). aSS gamonaklisia saxelmwi
fos mier dafinansebuli televiziis TiTqmis sruli uqonlo
bis gamo: iq `saxelmwifo televizia~ zogadad niSnavs telemau
wyeblobas aramomgebiani arxebisTvis Semonaxul sixSireebze,
romelTa naxevari sazogadoebrivi wyaroebiT finansdeba da
romelsac, garda amisa, SeuZlia reklamac gadasces, Tuki igi
arakomerciul damatebad aris SeniRbuli.

168
 reklamis saSualebiT dafinanseba mediasaSualebas im
sistemaSi moaqcevs, romlis upirvelesi ekonomikuri fun
qciaa potenciuri momxmarebeli moupovos reklamis gamqi
ravebels sareklamo dros myidvelTa saSualebiT, reitingiT
gaTvaliswinebuli fasebiT, romlis sazom sistemas msoflio
Si a. s. nilseni awesebs. amJamad aSS-Si auditoriebi reklamis
ganmcxadebels mTavari drois yovel eqvs-Svid wuTs uTmoben.
ramdenadac industriaSi konkurencia matulobs da teqnolo
gia saSualebas iZleva arxebis raodenoba gazardos umTavres
ad studiis produqciaze fasebis daklebiT, satelevizio
auditoria iyofa sxvadasxva, metad gansxvavebuli ekonomi
kuri Zalis mqone gemovnebis da kulturis niSebad. reklamis
gamqiraveblebi iRvwian axalgazrda, mozardi auditoriebis
mosapoveblad, rac ewinaaRmdegeba mosazrebas, rom axalgaz
rdoba nakleb dros atarebs televizorTan, vidre, Tundac,
bavSvebi an mozardebi. auditoriis dayofis mixedviT, tele
viziac icvlis formas. ojaxebi morCilad aRar uyureben
saRamos gadacemebs da sul ufro naklebi programa ipyrobs
erovnul yuradRebas. mediasaSualeba cxovrebis Tanmxleb
mosaubres ufro emsgavseba, romelic xandaxan Tu iqcevs yu
radRebas. axali gemovnebiTi kulturebi yvavis: zogi eTni
kurobas emyareba (SavkanianTa televizia aSS-Si), zogi - asaks,
zogic ganaTlebis dones, zogierTi samuSao kviris ritms
(anu dRis im dros, roca televizors uyureben), zogi poli
tikur orientacias, zogic nakleb sagulisxmo gansxvave
bebs dRis serialebsa da Toq-Souebs. es ar niSnavs, TiTqos
erovnuli da transnacionaluri auditoriebi erTi movlenisa
Tu sanaxaobisaTvis arasodes ikribebodes. 2001 wlis 11 se
qtembers mTeli samyaro televiziiT uyurebda caTambjenebSi
afeTqebul TviTmfrinavebs.
gasaocaria, magram kulturis kvlevebi ufro daintere
sebulia industriis regulirebiT, vidre misi realuri
organizebiT. ratom aris regulireba televiziaSi ufro
mniSvnelovani, vidre, vTqvaT, beWdviT gamomcemlobebSi?
nawilobriv, imitom, rom miwodebis yvelaze sayovelTao gza
radiosixSireebi saSualebas aZlevs saxelmwifos pasux
ismgebeli iyos speqtris ganviTarebaze. amasTan, regulireba
mudam mzad aris ganaaxlos molaparakeba, ramdenadac mediate

169
qnologia ise swrafad icvleba, rom calkeuli teqnologiuri
reJimi SeuZlebelia xuT weliwadze metxans iyos xmarebaSi.
magram yvelaze metad televizia mainc politikuri sakiTxia
misi socialuri Zalis gamo.
industriis regulirebisas principuli sakiTxebi gansx
vavdeba programebis dafinansebis Sesabamisad, magram zogadad,
isini ukavSirdeba wonasworobas sabazro da arasabazro pro
gramebis dafinansebaSi da garantiebs: pirveli, nairgvarobis
dacvisaTvis (romelime erTi samauwyeblo kompaniis sabazro
wilis SezRudvis gziT); meore, mediis `sityvis Tavisuflebis~
uzrunvelsayofad, romlis gareSe, rogorc tradiciulad
miRebulia, demokratia sustdeba; da mesame, samoqalaqo zrdi
lobis dacvisaTvis cenzuris gziT. dasavluri neoliberal
uri wyobilebebi mudmivad uWers mxars balansis, xarisxisa da
mravalferovnebis sakiTxTa sabazro gadawyvetilebebs e. i.
daregulirebas. amaSi kulturis kvlevebic monawileobs kul
turis politikis SeswavliT, Tumca misi reaqcia xmamaRali ar
aris, radgan (zogadad Tu vityviT) misi liberalizmi da popu
lizmi naklebad Zlier, kritikul argumentebs gvawvdis mkac
ri maregulirebeli garemos SesanarCuneblad.
Tumca sakiTxavia, rogor SeiZleba SezRudulma mediam
flobelobam erT garkveul bazarze SeinarCunos sicocxlisu
narianoba. es metad mwvave sakiTxia, radgan udides transna
cionalur kompaniaTagan bevri kerZod, Time Warner da News
Corp flobs gazeTebs, gamomcemlobebs, sportul gundebs,
kinostudiebs, turistul atraqcionebs, erovnul periodikas
da a. S. mTel msoflioSi. cota xnis win internetis gamoCena
gamoiyenes mediamflobelobis siviwrovis gamo SeSfoTebis
Sesasusteblad da regulaciis Serbilebis asaxsnelad (ix.
striTeri 1996 rogorc brwyinvale wvlili am TvalsazrisiT
televiziis kulturuli politikis kvlevaSi). zogadad Sei
Zleba iTqvas, rom argumentebi mflobelobis Sesaxeb ganixi
lavs industriis sakiTxebs erTi mxriv (koncentrirebuli
mflobeloba emuqreba Tavisufal bazrebs, radgan satele
vizio mauwyeblobaSi misasvleli gaZnelebulia) da sazoga
doebis momsaxurebis sakiTxebs meore mxriv (SezRuduli
mflobeloba safrTxeSi agdebs balansis, mravalferovnebis
da xarisxis principebs). albaT, es ar aris polemika, romliTac

170
kulturis kvlevebs inteleqtualma SeiZleba raime SesZinos,
Tundac kulturuli populistebi moiTxovdnen im SezRud
vebis aRiarebas, rasac mflobelobis wesebi Sinaarsze axdens.
saxelmwifos mier dafinansebuli televiziis sakiTxis
ganxilvisas situacia icvleba. am SemTxvevaSi umniSvnelovanes
politikur Temad iqceva, Tu ramdenad ibrZvian programis
avtorebi reitingebisTvis (TiTqos sakuTari sazogadoebri
vi dafinansebis gasamarTleblad) da piriqiT, Tu ramdenad
unda uzrunvelyon maT xarisxiani programireba mxolod may
urebelTa umciresobis interesebisTvis. es metad sakamaTo
sakiTxia, vinaidan `xarisxiani programireba~ zogadad niSnavs,
ZiriTadad, ganaTlebuli liberaluri profesionalebisTvis
saintereso programebs. es aris sakiTxi, romelic yofs kul
turis kvlevebs, romelsac (zogadad) uZneldeba romelime
nawils miemxros, radgan reitingebis gamodevnis argumenti
sazogadoebriv televizias populistur maJoritarizmTan
akavSirebs, xolo xarisxis argumentebi elitizmTan.
televiziis regulireba moicavs agreTve cenzurisa da
TviTcenzuris sakiTxebs, rac metad sapasuxismgeblo sakiTx
ia, radgan televizia Zalze mimzidvelia bavSvebisTvis. tele
viziisa da bavSvebis Tema, romelsac exebian mediasaSualebis
ZaladobasTan, seqsTan da ojaxur faseulobebTan kavSirTa
ganxilvisas, Tavad sazogadoebriv sferoSic kamaTis sagania
da agreTve, mniSvnelovani samecniero gamokvlevebis obieq
tia. da kvlav, kulturis kvlevebi am debatebidan ganze dgomas
irCevs, gansakuTrebiT, SemaSfoTebel sakiTxze bWobisas, Tu ra
zomiT iwvevs televizia Zaladobas bavSvebSi. mraval pozitiv
ist mediamkvlevarTaTvis metad mimzidvelia, erTxel da samu
damod aCvenos mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSiri televiziis yureba
sa da `antisocialur~ qcevas Soris, anu rasac literaturaSi
xSirad `dadasturebul zians~ uwodeben (gontle, 995). erTi
ram utyuaria, es kavSiri verasodes iqneba sakmarisad warmoCe
nili, vidre arsebobs damokidebuleba socialur aqtiurobasa
da televizoris yurebas Soris, rac metad ganSualedebuli da
gafantulia da metad damyarebulia rTul istoriul Sedarebe
bze im modelebisTvis, romlebic arapirdapir mizezobriobas
mimarTaven dasabuTebisTvis. kulturis kvlevebi midrekilia
dagvixatos bavSvebi moZalade mayureblebad, rasac televiz
ia ufro aZlierebs da ar gardaqmnis maT Sexedulebebsa da sa

171
myaros aRqmas (giunteri da makaliri 1997).
stiuart qaningemis azriT, kulturis mkvlevrebi am de
batebisTvis Tavis aridebiT (rac marTlac kavSirSia mSobleb
sa da media kompaniebTan) SeiZleba uadgilod aRmoCndnen, mniS
vnelovania, agreTve, vifiqroT im debatebis arszec, romelSi
CarTvac maT evalebaT (qaningemi 1996). am TvalsazrisiT, lo
ren berlanma wamoayena damajerebeli argumenti, romlis
mixedviT bavSvebis dacvis dakisreba socialuri politikis
centrebisTvis Cveulebriv emsaxureba avtoritaruli da
retrograduli dajgufebebis interesebs, radgan axalgazr
duli produqciis mravalferovnebasa da Tavisuflebas zRu
davs (berlani 1991). mRelvareba bavSvebis mier televizoris
yurebis gamo, oficialur Tu araoficialur cenzuraze kama
Tis TanxlebiT, nawilobriv amis kidev erTi magaliTia. garda
amisa, bavSvebisa da televiziasTan maTi damokidebulebis
ganxilvisas mniSvnelovania dapirispireba or centrs Soris,
romlebic erTdroulad eTnikuricaa da socialuric, erTi -
ojaxzea damyarebuli, xolo meore - mediaze, mediis miRma ki
momxmarebelTa bazarze.
rogorc vTqviT, televizia momxmarebelTa bazris kuT
vnilebaa. mas bavSvebis (da maTi mSoblebis) yuradReba saTa
maSoebis mwarmoeblebze, konditrebze, swrafi kvebis bazar
ze, musikaluri Canawerebisa da kinos industriebze da a. S.
gadaaqvs. rac Seexeba sxva zegavlenas bavSvebze, aSkarad Cans,
rom is maT momxmareblobisken da amdenad im socialuri meqa
nizmebisken mimarTavs, rasac bazari emyareba (klaini 1993, 349-
50). televizori maT fizikur TamaSs mowyvets, rac xmaursa da
Zaladobasac Seicavs. am mxriv, igi ramdenadme daSorebulia
ufro esTetur, TaobaTa Soris urTierTqmed, socialur da
ganaTlebis Semmatebel faseulobebsa da ojaxur mogonebebs.
da kidev, rogori moZaladeebic ar unda iyvnen bavSvebi, maT
gansxvavebulad uyvarT televizori. gavixsenoT, rom aSS-Si
sabavSvo saZineblebis TiTqmis naxevarSi dgas televizori,
rac saSualebas aZlevs mSoblebs sivrce da dro moipovon (Ses
aZloa, aucilebeli) maTi Svilebis saaTobiT garTobis xar
jze (gaerTianebul samefoSi es cifri 10 procentze naklebia
[gontle da hili 1995, 35],). metic, televizia uzrunvelyofs
bavSvebs warmosaxviTi samyaroTi da aSorebs mosabezrebel

172
eTikur da emociur direqtivebs. rac ufro izrdebian bavSve
bi, maTi mogonebebi bavSvobisas televizoris yurebaze xSirad
Rrma nostalgiiTaa moculi, rac asazrdoebs TaobaTa Soris
kavSirs yovel Taobas bolos sakuTari satelevizio xsovna
aqvs. amis gamo, SesaZloa mogveCvenos, rom televizia Taoba
TaSorisi stilisa da avtonomiurobisaTvis brZolis safuZve
lia, Tumca vityodi, rom saboloo jamSi, kamaTi sabavSvo
televiziis Sesaxeb SesaZloa im SeSfoTebis gamoxatulebad
miviCnioT, romelic mSoblebis televizoriT Canacvlebas
ukavSirdeba.

auditoria

tradiciulad kulturis kvlevebi televiziis sfer

oSi mimarTulia auditoriis mier mis aRqmaze rac imaze
miuTiTebs, rom am media saSualebas kulturuli Rirebuleba
aklia. TiTqos Tavad gadacemis seriozulad aRqma arc Rirdes,
miuxedavad telemayureblebze moxdenili zemoqmedebisa. am
denad, satelevizio teqstTa axlos koncentrireba da satele
vizio kanonis ageba warmoudgenelia. nawilobriv amis gamo,
aRqmis Seswavla mudmivad ganicdis srul saxecvlas, rodesac
televiziis Rirebulebisa da zemoqmedebis gansazRvras cdi
lobs. am istoriaSi gansxvavebuli etapebis gamoyofa SeiZleba.
`gamoyenebaTa da dakmayofilebaTa~ midgoma pirvelad
pol lazarsfeldma SemogvTavaza 40-ian wlebSi da gamoiyena
raodenobrivi eTnografiis kvleviT mopovebuli monacemebi,
raTa eCvenebina, rom aSS-Si mainc, televiziis yureba mayureb
els kapitalistur sazogadoebad amTlianebda, normebis dam
kvidrebiTa da mofiqrebuli analizis marginalizebiT. am mid
gomisTvis, televizia, pirvel rigSi specifikur moTxovnaTa
damakmayofileblad igulisxmeboda, romlebic yurebis situ
aciis gareT arsebobs. lazarsfeldis naSromma saTave daudo
`masobriv komunikaciaTa~ uamrav naSroms, romlebic televi
ziis yurebis yaidas ukavSirebdnen genders, ganaTlebas, asak
sa da ekonomikur mdgomareobas da cdilobdnen aseTi yure
bis `qcevaze~ zemoqmedeba am mravalgvarobis TvalsazrisiT
ganexilaT (ix. Srami 1967 am tradiciis klasikuri wigni).

173
 `kritikuli Teoriis skolis~ yvelaze gamoCenili warmo
madgeneli Teodor adorni iyo. igi lazarsfeldis msgavsad
da daaxloebiT imave periodSi amtkicebda, rom televizia am
cirebda Tavisi auditoriis mier sazogadoebisa da kulturis
gansjis unars. adornis azriT, es xdeboda `garTobis~ Zlieri
formebis miwodebiT, romlebic `Tanamedrove maskulturas
fsiqologiuri kontrolis yovlad warmoudgenel media saSu
alebad~ aqcevdnen (adorni 1991, 138). televizia individualo
bas akargvinebs xalxs; igi maT metismetad standartizebuli
saxis samyaros warmoudgens; igi kerZo cxovrebis sazogadoe
briv sferoze cru dominirebas amkvidrebs; igi warmoSobs
fantaziebsa da mcdar kmayofilebas, rac kapitalizms TviT
damkvidrebis saSualebas aZlevs. satelevizio procesebs
cdunebis imdenad didi Zala aqvs, rom gansxvaveba `saocnebo
samyarosa~ da realobas Soris waSlilia. adornos xSirad (da
Cemi azriT, marTebulad) brals sdeben televiziis mraval
gvar siamovnebaTa vergagebaSi da imave dros maT zedmetad
seriozulad miRebaSi. da mainc, pirvelad man Semoitana am
sferoSi nawilobriv froidis qvecnobierebis cnebebze dam
yarebuli subieqturobis rTuli Teoria, iseve, rogorc kapi
talizmis SezRudvaTa mkafio gaazreba da maRali kulturis
ganxilva. igi iyo pirveli socialuri Teoretikosi, romelic
televiziis Janrebs ramdenadme specifikurad ganixilavda (ix.
adorni 1991).
kodis dadebis/kodis moxsnis modeli am sferos pirveli
mniSvnelovani gamokvleva iyo sakuTriv kulturis kvleveb
Si. aseTi saxelwodebis sagulisxmo esseSi stiuart holma
SemogvTavaza komunikaciebis oTxsafexuriani Teoria: war
moeba, gavrceleba, gamoyeneba da reproduqcia. misTvis yoveli
safexuri `SedarebiT damoukidebelia~ sxvebisgan (ix. holi di
uringSi 1989). es niSnavs, rom gzavnilis kodireba marTavs mis
aRqmas, magram ara aSkarad TiToeul safexurs misi sakuTari
gansazRvruli SezRudva da SesaZlebloba aqvs. SedarebiTi
damoukideblobis cneba saSualebas aZlevs hols amtkicos,
rom polisemiuroba igive pluralizmi ar aris: gzavnilebi ar
aris gaxsnili raime interpretaciisa Tu gamoyenebisTvis, vi
naidan ubralod yoveli safexuri am wreSi Semdegis SesaZle
blobebs zRudavs realur socialur yofaSi. holi amtkicebs,

174
rom gzavnilebs `dominirebis rTuli wyoba~ aqvT, radgan yovel
safexurze isini `aRbeWdilia~ instituciuri Zalismieri kav
SirebiT. ufro metic, gzavnilis calkeul safexurze miReba
SesaZloa, Tuki igi cnobadi an Sesabamisia Tumca gzavnilis
rogorme gamoyenebisa Tu gagebis, Tundac arsis AsawinaaRm
degod, sivrce arsebobs. es niSnavs, rom Zalismieri kavSirebi
warmoebis adgilas, magaliTad, nakleb Sesaferisia moxmarebis
adgilas. am gziT sakomunikacio wre agreTve dominirebis yai
dis reproduqciis wrecaa da amdenad, `ideologias~ ekuTvnis
rogorc mniSvnelobaTa sistema, romlis gavliT socialuri
struqturebi ufro bunebrivad Tu zogadmisaRebad ganixile
ba, vidre saSualebebi, riTac kapitalizmi (da misi klasobrivi
ierarqia) Tavisi Tavis reproduqcias axdens (holi diuringSi
1999).
holma Seasusta kavSirebi teqstis mniSvnelobasa da mis aR
qmas Soris. misTvis dominanturi mniSvneloba mxolod gansa
kuTrebul garemoebebSi iyo aRqmuli. 70-iani wlebis bolosa
da 80-iani wlebis dasawyisSi kulturis kvlevebma mniSvnelo
basa da gagebas Soris bzari ufro gaaRrmava, roca dauSva, rom
auditorias SeeZlo marTlac SewinaaRmdegeboda gadacemis
Rirebulebas (morli 1980). Semdeg aCvena, rom televizias ram
denime mimdinareoba aqvs, romlebic emociasa da sasiamovno
SegrZnebebs ukavSirdeba (fiske 1987). am kuTxiT, popularul
televizias SeuZlia agreTve kritikisa Tu transagresiis
formac miiRos. mas SeuZlia ideologiis rogorc gauqmeba,
aseve Seqmnac.
televiziis gadacemebis mravalferovnebam 70-iani wlebis
bolos kulturis kvlevebi aiZula yuradReba daeTmo tele
viziis mayurebelTaTvis, ara rogorc masobrivi auditoriis,
aramed rogorc socio-kulturulad Camoyalibebuli indivi
duumebisaTvis, ara rogorc `kulturis gabriyvebulebisTvis~
satelevizio mniSvnelobaTa aRqmisa da gaazrebis SezRuduli
unariT, aramed rogorc telesistemis irgvliv met-naklebi
yuradRebiT myofi adamianebisTvis.
es Zvra, romelic Tavad disciplinis gaazrebisTvisac
mniSvnelovani iyo, gansazRvra ronald bartis `teqstis sia
movnebis~ Teoriam, feministurma naSromma qalebis mier tele
viziis yurebis Sesaxeb, sadac mkvlevrebi da mayureblebi

175
solidarobis axali saxiT iyvnen warmodgenili; miSel fuko
seulma kritikam ideologiis rogorc metad ganmazogade
bel da damakavSirebel cnebaze; da im Taobis gamoCenam, visac
marTla SeeZlo eRiarebina televiziis siyvaruli da axlos
iyo mis istoriasTan.
vfiqrob, SemTxveviT ar moxda es cvlileba maSin, rodesac,
pirveli, aSS-Si programebis Semqmnelebma daiwyes mayurebel
Ta demografiis gaTvaliswineba da calkeuli auditoriisT
vis `daxarisxebul~ sanaxaobaTa warmoeba da meore, sakabelo
televiziam Tavisi dapirebebiT (ausrulebeli) komerciulo
bisgan Tavisufali arCevanisa da mravalferovnebis epoqaSi
SeveyvaneT, iklo. yovelive amas Sedegad mohyva is, rom kul
turis kvlevebis naSromebi televiziis Sesaxeb daukavSirda
mediis auditoriaTa empiriuli Seswavlis gansakuTrebul
formas diferencirebul gamokvlevas, xSirad Tanamonawile
dakvirvebis CarTviT (anu mkvlevari subieqtis qmedebebs
uerTdeba). es miznad isaxavda ara kvlevas, Tu rogor iyo gage
buli sanaxaobani, aramed televiziis rolis gagebas yovel
dRiur cxovrebaSi da, pirvel yovlisa, calkeuli Janrebisa
Tu sanaxaobebis TayvanismcemelTa Soris. aseTi namuSevari
xSirad gvixatavs televiziis Tayvanismcemlebs romantikuli,
samocianeli idealistis eniT: magaliTad, isini warmodgenili
arian rogorc kargi gemovnebisa da esTeturi kulturuli
normebis darRvevaSi CarTulni sanaxaobebidan garkveuli el
ementebis `gadmoRebiT~ da maTi gamoyenebiT sakuTari Semo
qmedebiTi gamomsaxvelobis safuZvlad (ix. jenkinsi 1992).
rodesac kulturis mkvlevarTa mier mayureblis Seswavlisas
isini Seudgnen agreTve im kriteriumebis ganxilvas, romleb
sac mayureblebi gadacemebis Sesafaseblad iyenebdnen (`re
alisturobis~ gamoricxviT). isini yuradRebas aqcevdnen,
Tu rogor erwymoda televizia maTi `me~-s Seqmnas (xerxebi,
romlebsac adamianebi mimarTaven Tavisi cxovrebisa da xasi
aTis asagebad) magaliTad, Zveli sanaxaobis scenebis CarTva
cocxal istoriebSi.
rodesac telemayureblebi ganxilvis obieqti gaxdnen, aman
televiziac Tanaziari gaxada televizia Sekrebs adamian
ebs an gamijnavs, amkvidrebs ojaxis avtoritetul wyobas an
auqmebs mas da a. S. swored am konteqstSic dainteresda kul

176
turis kvlevebis erTi ganxra televiziis (da zogadad mediis)
zemoqmedebiT `sazogadoebriv sferoze~. `sazogadoebrivi
sferoa~ is cneba, romelic kvlav dakavSirebulia iurgen
habermasis mier ganxilul samoqalaqo institutebTan, evro
pul ganmanaTleblobas rom Cauyares safuZveli. habermasis
zusti SeniSvniT, `burJuaziuli sazogadoebrivi sfero~ war
moiSva gviani meCvidmete saukunis evropis (gansakuTrebiT in
glisSi) salonebsa da yavis saxlebSi, roca gamoeyo komerciul
da ojaxur cxovrebas erTi mxriv, xolo saxelmwifo daweseb
ulebebs, meore mxriv. igi ar iyo damokidebuli samefo karze
da im ideebis gavrcelebasa da gansjas erTgulebda, romelTa
saSualebiT racionaluri gaazreba da reforma SeiZleboda
socialur institutebze asaxuliyo. habermasisTvis sazoga
doebrivi sfero (romelic Teoriuli konstruqciis saxiT
ufro arsebobs, vidre istoriuli realobisa) mecxramete
saukuneSi safrTxis qveS iyo. maRalma kapitalizmma igi `ymad
iqcia~, xolo rogorc mtkiceba, Tanamedrove sazogadoebriv
sferos komerciuli sfero, masobrivi garToba da teqnolo
giebi marTavs (habermasi 1989).
es dasabuTeba gaabaTila jon harTlim, romelmac amis
sanacvlod wamoswia cneba `mediasferos~ Sesaxeb. misTvis me
dia erTmaneTTan akavSirebs sxvadasxva `kulturul ares~ au
ditoriebisTvis (media ufro xidia, vidre dargi) da agreTve,
Tavad auditoriebis, rogorc gaerTianebis grZnobas aRZravs.
es ewinaaRmdegeba habermasis cnebas sazogadoebrivi sferos
erovnuli gaerTianebis politikuri SezRudvis Sesaxeb (har
Tli, 1996, 28). harTlis mixedviT, media upirvelesi saSu
aleba gaxda, riTac gaerTianeba ara mxolod moiazrebs Tavs
aseTad, aramed gaerTianebisTvis saWiro Sinagan kavSirebsac
qmnis. es SeniSvna mniSvnelovania, radgan gvexmareba televi
ziis produqtiuli roli davinaxoT, romelic gansxvavdeba
rogorc warmoCenis modelis (radgan televizia socialur
da kulturul dargebs ufro akavSirebs, vidre sazogadoebas
warmoaCens), aseve habermasiseuli destruqciuli racional
urobis modelisgan, romliTac televizia danaxuli iyo, ro
gorc racionaluri da samoqalaqo sazogadoebrivi debatebis
warmarTvis unars moklebuli.
da mainc, harTlis Teoriam SesaZloa zedmeti mniSvnelo

177
ba SesZinos mediasa da televiziis mier sazogadoebis Zveli
TeoriebisaTvis kategoriis miniWebis xarisxs. Tuki Tqven
mediaSi xarT Cabmuli, rogorc kulturis mkvlevari an ro
gorc mayurebeli, media socialuri realobis warmosaCen
scenad geCvenebaT. Tumca, ra zomiTac sazogadoeba moaqcevs
televizias sakuTar TavSi, imdenad ufro Sordeba yoveldRi
uri cxovreba televizias, Tundac dasavleTSi. mniSvnelova
nia ar dagvaviwydes, rom informaciisa da codnis umetesi
nawili sxva mxridan modis: megobrebisgan, skolebisa Tu sam
saxurebidan, eklesiebidan da a. S. an sulac, wignebidan. ras
warmoadgens sazogadoebrivi sfero axalgazrda qalaqeli
SavkanianebisTvis, davuSvaT, aSS-Si? is mdgomareobs kalaT
burTis moednebSi, savaWro punqtebSi, adgilobriv maRazieb
Si, skolebSi, klubebSi, quCis TavSeyris adgilebsa Tu wveule
bebSi ufro metad, vidre mediaSi (romelic, cxadia, savsebiT
erTnairad uaryofiTad esaxebaT). ras warmoadgens sazoga
doebrivi sfero ganaTlebuli saSualo klasis zedafenisT
vis? rivaivelisti qristianisTvis eTiopiidan axlaxans migri
rebulisaTvis? gavimeorebT: gansakuTrebiT maT, vinc Tavis
Tavs ver scnobs satelevizio saxeebSi, media Cveulebrivi yo
fierebis ritmSi Tanmxleb zuzunad warmoudgeba, drodadro
yuradRebis mimqcevad Tu gamrTobad ufro, vidre cxovrebis
Tavad wyobis ganmsazRvrelad. gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom
Tumca televizia da media sistematurad ayalibeben sazoga
doebasa da kulturas da gansakuTrebiT Zlier zemoqmedebas
axdenen Tavis auditoriaze, miuxedavad amisa, yoveldRiur
cxovrebaSi isini bevri adamianisTvis damatebiT mniSvnelobas
inarCuneben (ix. hermesi 1993).

Sinaarsi

SeuZlebelia SevafasoT televiziis struqtura kulturis

kvlevebis mixedviT, amitom Cemi mizania am nawilSi zogierTi
parametris mimoxilva. es mizani metismetad mokle iqneba Tu
ar gaviTvaliswinebT garemoebas, rom kulturis kvlevebi,
gansakuTrebiT adre, iSviaTad iyo koncentrirebuli indi
vidualur programebze, anu `teqstebze~, rogorc maT xSirad

178
moixsenieben. igi ufro medias SinaarsiT interesdeboda ufro
abstraqtul doneze rogorc ganrigis, aseve Janris Tval
sazrisiT da mec mas mivbaZav.
kulturis kvlevebis media saSualebisadmi midgoma daiwyo
reimond uiliamsis mier `dinebis~ koncefciis ganviTarebiT.
aSSA-Si Tavisi pirveli Casvlisas man sastumros oTaxSi televi
zori CarTo da aRmoaCina, rom rasac uyurebda, sruliad sxva
grZnobas aRuZravda, vidre sakuTar saxlSi. saRamos programa
Seicavda gadacemebis, reklamebis, gancxadebebisa da logoe
bis ganuwyvetel, SeuCerebel nakads. britaneTisgan gansx
vavebiT, diqtori ar acxadebda saRamos gasarTob programas
(uiliamsi 1975, 91-92). misTvis es aRmoCenis tolfasi iyo: arse
biTad, man gaacnobiera, rom televizia `dineba~ iyo! uiliamsi
darwmunebuli iyo, rom programis Semdgenelis TvalTaxed
viT, saRamos gadacemaTa wyoba safrTxes uqmnida ara individ
ualur sanaxaobas, aramed ganrigis `arqiteqturas~, romelic,
rogorc reitingebsa da gadacemebs Soris kavSiri, ufro da
ufro zustad gaTvlili xdeboda (elisi 1992). Sou audito
riis calkeul nawilebs miarTmevs reklamis ganmcxadeblebs.
Prime time dagegmilia `zolebad~, sadac Souebis Tanmimdev
roba gaTvlilia imaze, rom calkeulma demografiulma jguf
ma erTi gadacema meoris Semdeg naxos auditoriis realuri
cxovrebis movlenebis gaTvaliswinebiT ojaxuri sadilisa
Tu daZinebis drois mixedviT (aSS-Si prime time ganmwesebelTa
mier sagangebod gaTvlili ojaxis erToblivad sayureblad).
mniSvnelovania, rom zolebSi ganTavsebulma reklamam mayure
blis yuradReba SeinarCunos da mas satelevizio arxis Secv
lis survili ar gauCndes. am TvalsazrisiT, televizia brZo
lis velia gadacemaTa avtorebis Cafiqrebul `zolebsa~ da
distanciuri marTvis xelmisawvdom `muxruWebs~ Soris.
kulturis kvlevebi did yuradRebas uTmobs Janrebsac.
cxadia, satelevizio teqstisadmi midgoma zogadad gansxvave
bulia, maTgan sami gansakuTrebulad unda gamoiyos. pirveli,
Cven SegviZlia ganvixiloT calkeuli Janris arsebiTi niSan-
Tvisebebi (teqstualuri da/Tu instituciuri), magaliTad,
axali ambebis programebis, `sapnis operebis~, dokumenturi
filmebis bunebis Sesaxeb. amgvarad, dadginda, magaliTad, sa
mauwyeblo mediisTvis damaxasiaTebeli Janrobrivi gansxvave

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bebi `seriebs~ (sadac yovel nawilSi, Tumca saerTo gmirebiT,
Txroba gansxvavdeboda) da `serialebs~ Soris (sadac Txroba
gaSlilia epizodidan epizodamde). Tavad serialebic sx
vadasxva Janrisaa, romelTagan 70-80-ian wlebSi, ganxilulTa
gan umetesi `sapnis opera~ iyo. feministma Teoretikosebma
Zala Semates maT, roca aCvenes, rom dialogebze (Worebze) da
piradulze gamaxvilebuli midgomiT, melodramatulobiTa
da dausruleblobiT aseTi serialebi saSualebas aZlevdnen
qal mayurebels Tavis yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi epova azri.
amgvari Teoriebi gvawvdidnen kavSirurTierTobaTa da emo
ciur gamoxmaurebaTa irgvliv arsebuli cxovrebis poziti
uri aRqmis gzas metad, vidre qmedebisa da sazogadoebrivi
cxovrebisa. an, sxvagvarad Tu vityviT, `sapnis~ serialebs
SeuZliaT warmosaxviTi samyaros warmoCena, sadac cxovrebis
mamakacTa mier marTuli sazogadoebrivi mxare feminizebuli
da ufro piradi Rirebulebebis mier aris Sefasebuli (rapingi
2002). xolo sapnis opera gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelobis mqone
iyo, radgan yvelaze maRla gadarCenis Rirebulebas ayenebda
(angi 1985, 51-85; brandsoni 2000).
satelevizio Janris koncefcias Tavisi SezRudvebic ax
lavs. magaliTad, 1990 wels ABC-s hiTi `yvelaze STambeWdavi
amerikuli saSinao videofilmebi~ zogjer msoflio Janris
aRmoCenad ganixileba. Tumca, es adreuli vupieristuli,
komikuri realuri sanaxaobebis, rogorc `faruli kamera~
da `cxovrebis yvelaze uxerxuli momentebia~, versias ufro
miagavs. an ufro dazustebiT, tokios samauwyeblo kompaniis
nawarmoeb iaponur hiT sanaxaobas `kenis da katos xumrobe
bi~, sadac mayureblebs iwvevdnen gaegzavnaT maTi sasacilo
videofilmebi metad gansxvavebuli ganwyobisa da wardgenis
saxisa, vidre ABC-s zrdili bob sejeTisaa (wardgenis yaidis
Janrebic arsebobs). Tu arafers vityviT amgvar bunduane
baze, `yvelaze STambeWdav amerikul saSinao videofilmebSi~
yvelaze sainteresod is gveCveneba, Tu rogor moipovebs masa
las igi realuri samyarodan, yovelgvari dramatulobisa da
gamogonili CarCos darRveviT. amiT man gvamcno, Tu ra iqne
boda momavalSi realuri televizia.
realur televizias sakuTari Janrebi aqvs, romelTagan,
albaT, yvelaze popularuli `SejibrebiTi realuri sanaxao

180
baa~ (romlis pirveli didi hiTi `didi Zma~, aSS-Si evropidan
Semotanili idea iyo). aseTi sanaxaobebi xSirad mayureblis
satelefono da internetCarTvasa da TamaSis Sousa da `sap
nis operis~ elementebsac iyenebs. igi teqnikurad da formis
mxriv daxvewili da gadamdebi Janrobrivi hibridia, Tumca,
kvlav, rac masSi momxiblavad gveCveneba, ara Tavad Janro
brivi Selamazebaa, aramed, media saSualebis SesaZleblobis
ganaxlebuli gamoyeneba mayureblebsa da monawileebs Soris
urTierTqmedebis gziT. xolo Janris TvalsazrisiT, aris Tu
ara realuri sanaxaoba gamogonili? cxadia, iseTi gadacemebi,
rogoricaa Court TV-ze naCvenebi `policielebi~, sawyisebiT
tradiciul dokumentur filmebsa da axali ambebis reportaJ
Si, araa gamogonili da mainc, Tu ganvixilavT prodiuserTa
mxridan gamovlenil Zalisxmevas, raTa am sanaxaobebSi, gansa
kuTrebiT, SejibrebiTSi, `realuri cxovreba~ gamosWviodes,
maTi SeTxzulobis sakiTxi ase iolad ar moixsneba. kontroli
xorcieldeba ara redaqtirebasa, aramed dadgmaSi: erT mag
aliTad, 2004 wels donald Tramfis hiT sanaxaobam `axalbeda~
konkursSi monawileobis 250 aTasi msurvelidan Teqvsmeti
darCa SerCevis moTxovnis procesSi, romelic perioduli
sanaxaobisaTvis srul repeticiebs Seicavda. am procesebis
ganmavlobaSi konkursantebi ara mxolod SeirCeodnen, aramed
warmodgenisTvisac iwvrTnebodnen.
SeTxzulobis sakiTxs Tu ar SevexebiT, pirveli `dramatuli
realuri Sou~ aSS-Si MTV-s `realuri samyaro~ iyo. mis Semoq
medebiT jgufSi Sedioda meri elis bemoni, dRis serialebis,
maT Soris `santa barbaras~, gamocdili prodiuseri. igi mixvda,
rom MTV videofilmebis gamosaSvebad Zvir produqciaSi ar ga
daixdida da sainvesticio risks ar gawevda. igi agreTve moxi
bluli iyo xelovnuri fly-on-the-wall dokumenturi filmebiT,
rogorc PBS-s legendaruli 24-saaTiani `amerikuli ojaxi~,
romelic pirvelad 1953 wels gavida da xSirad `realuri tele
viziis~ sawyisad moixsenieba (`amerikuli ojaxi~ TvalTvalia
uiRblo amerikeli ojaxis, laudebis cxovrebaze da pirvelad
gauTqva saxeli realur sanaxaobas. lens laudis, vaJis homose
qsualobis gamJRavneba misi mSoblebis gayras gamoiwvevs, rac
mZime dramatulobiT viTardeba). amdenad, `realurma samyarom~
mozardebi manhetenze Zvirad Rirebul binaSi moaTavsa da maT

181
(garkveul doneze gakontrolebul) qmedebebs akvirdeboda.
qmedebda. misma warmatebam, romelic MTV-sTvis siurprizi
iyo, warmoqmna finansurad momgebiani Janri, konkurentunari
ani realuri sanaxaoba, romlis pirveli nimuSi `sagzao wesebi~
(1991) agreTve benimis prodiusirebuli gaxldaT, Tumca ev
ropuli `didi Zmisa~ da Semdeg `gadarCenilis~ (`ukanaskneli
gmiri~) warmatebis wyalobiT gaxda inglisurenovan televiz
iaSi dominirebuli Janri 90-ianTa Suawlebidan, nawilobriv,
rogorc vixileT, ekonomikuri mizezebis gamo.
es, rac Seexeba Sinaarss Janris doneze. ra SeiZleba iTqvas
teqstis doneze? gadacemaTa analizi xSirad niSnebis gamo
yenebiT programebis mniSvnelobis Seqmnis Cvenebis formas
iRebs. es meTodi umTavresad reklamebisTvis gamoiyeneba,
Tumca, radgan isini moklea, am doneze SeiZleba rTuli da
gaurkveveli iyos. zogjer SesaZloa ganixilebodes, magali
Tad, Tu rogor iyenebs xsnadi yavis reklama egzotikur da
seqsualur saxeebs yavis smis grZnobier misteriasTan dasa
kavSireblad. am sferoSi klasikuri nimuSia judiT uiliam
sonis `reklamebis kodis axsna~ (1978), romelic kvlav rCeba
standartul teqstad media teqstebTan e. w. `semiotikuri~
midgomis Sesaswavlad, anu midgomisa, romelic dayofs teqsts
Semadgenel niSnebad. semiotikis midgomis xarvezi isaa, rom
igi midrekilia ugulebelyos `polisemia~ (ese igi, niSnis erT
mniSvnelobaze Cerdeba, vidre mis gansxvavebul mniSvnelo
bebze, gansakuTrebiT, sxvadasxva erTobebisTvis). semiotika
Tavisi bunebiT, SedarebiT mcire yuradRebas uTmobs im gzas,
riTac faqtiurad aRiqmeba teqsti mayurebelTa mier. am mize
zis gamo, kulturis kvlevebSi igi mxolod Sesaval kursebSi
Tu arsebobs.
individualuri gadacemebic SesaZloa literaturis, ki
nokritikisTvis Cveuli saxiT iyos yuradRebiTa da dawvr
ilebiT ganxiluli, Tumca, rogorc aRvniSneT, amgvari kri
tika SesamCnevad nakleb adgils uTmobs televizias akademiur
kulturaSi. problemuria, rom naklebad xelmisawvdomia bev
ri Zveli sanaxaoba da televiziis nawarmis Senaxvis sakiTxic
gaurkvevelia es materialurad warmosaxviTi media saSu
alebaa, rac mis grZelvadian Rirebulebebsac safrTxeSi ag
debs. miuxedavad amisa, televizia mainc dafasebulia, radgan

182
dadebiTi politikuri da sociologiuri funqcia aqvs, ro
gorc feminizmis mier `sapnis operis~ gamococxlebas, Tumca
iSviaTad Tvlis Tavad media saSualebis SemoqmedebisTvis
saWiroebis TvalsazrisiT. amgvari saxis kritikas farTo moma
vali aqvs, radgan saSualebas iZleva kulturis kvlevebisTvis
televiziis Tayvaniscema damkvidrebul samecniero formad
aqcios. igi am formaTa Secvlasac gvpirdeba: ra saxis kritikas
SeuZlia, magaliTad, SejibrebiTi realuri sanaxaobis serio
zuli da detaluri gansazRvra?
sabolood, televizia SeiZleba ganvixiloT, sxva kul
turul da socialur institutebTan kavSiris TvalsazrisiT.
kerZod, televizia konkurencias uwevs bevr sxvadasxva in
stituts, romlebic msgavs funqcias asruleben da msgavs sa
siamovno sanaxaobebs gvTavazoben. Tanamedrove televiziis
yvelaze sagulisxmo, Cemi azriT, niSan-Tviseba isaa, Tu rogor
Seexeba igi sxva medias, gansakuTrebiT internets. ara mxolod
industriuli Tanaqmedebis, aramed informaciis, siuJeturi
xazebis, varskvlavebisa da a. S. Worebi internetSi ufro adre
vrceldeba da prodiuserebs Tavsatexs uCens.
magram televizia ufro maRal donezec epaeqreba sxva
calkeul institutebs. magaliTad, igi ganaTlebis sistemis
konkurentia, rogorc samyaros Sesaxeb informaciis, cod
nisa da komentaris mimwodebeli; igi cocxal sportul mov
lenebsac ejibreba, rogorc garTobis arCevani; igive iTqmis
literaturaze, Tumca (zogjer), cxovrebis wesisa da kul
turuli Rirebulebebis Sejaxebac xdeba; igi internetsac uw
evs metoqeobas, ara sanaxaobaTa Sesaxeb informaciis doneze,
aramed rogorc sakomunikacio teqnologias, romelic, albaT,
STanTqavs televizias. cxadia, es ar aris konkurencia sxva
socialur da kulturul institutebTan; igi ayalibebs da
formas aZlevs maT, albaT, yvelaze TvalsaCinod, oficialur
politikas (ix. nawili 1). xolo Tavad televizia sxva warmosax
viT teqnologiebSic aris warmodgenili: kinoSi, literatur
aSi, beWdviT mediaSi, auditoriebSi, sadac igi Tanamimdevru
lad, Tumca ara bolomde, borot Zalad aris warmoCenili,
nawilobriv, sxva institutebTan metoqeobis gamo da nawilo
briv, SeRwevadobis ubadlo Zalisa da es aris kulturis SiSs
rom iwvevs. televiziis samecniero Seswavla am Tvalsaz

183
risiTac unda gavigoT. saganmanaTleblo aparatis umaRlesi
sferoebi masSi mociles (xSirad ufro Zlieradac) xedaven. es
gvexmareba gavigoT yvelaze uaryofiTi da paranoiduli sa
mecniero warmodgenebi satelevizio sanaxaobebze, rogorc
joSua meirovitisa (1985), romelic maT yovelgvari sazRvris
momSlelad aRiqvams, gansxvavebas rom aqrobs sazogadosa da
kerZos, mdedrobiTsa da mamrobiTs, bavSvobasa da mozrdilo
bas, politikosobasa da maT amomrCevlebs Soris.

daskvna

mosazreba, TiTqos televizia qmnis kulturas formisa da

wesrigis gareSe, sabolood, usafuZvloa, radgan ar SeuZlia
im realuri gzebis Sefaseba, riTac televizia gamoiyeneba da
moswonT. aseTi saxis ukmayofileba reaqciuli kulturuli
kritikis versiaa, romelzec reimond uiliamsma kulturis
britanuli kvleva daafuZna. miuxedavad amisa, igi mniSvnelo
van rameze migvaniSnebs: televizia da zogadad media, ar aris
Zalauflebis, standartebisa da ierarqiis adgilsamyofeli,
radgan igi aTqvefilia Tavad yoveldRiur cxovrebasTan. erT
magaliTs moviyvanT: televizia warmoqmnis realobas iseve,
rogorc warmoaCens mas. magaliTad, qmnis cnobil adamian
ebs ara kargi miRwevebisTvis, aramed ubralod imisTvis, rom
pirovneba cnobadi saxe gaxdes (ix. rojeski 2001). es cnobili
saxeebi ucnaur kulturul zonaSi arseboben: isini CvenTan er
Tad cxovroben da amave dros, warmosaxviTi arsebebic arian
ekranze, fotoebsa da internetSi. maT Tavisi gaurkveveli
mdgomareoba aniWebT momxiblaobas. da bolos, maTi cxovreba
SeiZleba gavigoT, rogorc realur droSi mimdinare, cocxali
eqsperimentebi mediis Zalaze, sicocxlis, rogorc speqtak
lis gansaxorcieleblad: yvelaze metad es maiql jeqsons exe
ba (Tumca Tavis didebas man udidesi talantiT miaRwia). anda
gavixsenoT tyupi olsenebi: media gmirebi cxra Tvis asaki
dan (rodesac prime time-is gadacema sitkomi `savse saxlSi~
daiwyes gamoCena); kompiuteruli TamaSebisa da animaciuri
satelevizio seriebis varskvlavebi; media magnatebi (Sems
rulebeli prodiuserebi Svidi wlis asakSi, maT videoseriebs

184
500 milioni amerikuli dolaris mogeba aqvs); brendis saxel
wodeba `tween~ tansacmlis, kosmetikis, avejis, wignebisa da
CD-sTvis; da agreTve veb-gverdisa da kinos varskvlavebic.
ukuTvla maTi meTvramete dabadebis dRis dadgomisas mcire
ligis msxvili media movlena iyo aSS-Si. media sistemaSi (ro
melic televiziis garSemoa Tavmoyrili) cxovrebisas amgvari
cnobili pirovnebebi simbolur mniSvnelobas iZenen: isini
imgvari metaforebi xdebian, romelTa gaerTianebis nawilebic
urTierTqmedeben satelevizio/media warmosaxviTobasTan,
ara rogorc Tavad cnobili pirebi, aramed rogorc momxmare
belni, gatacebulni, meocnebeni, moyvarulni, Woriknebi.
mediis Zveli gageba, TiTqos igi asaxavs anda ganmartavs
samyaros da gansxvavebul sibrtyeSi arsebobs, vidre Tavad
cxovreba savsebiT gabaTilda samauwyeblo mediis mier ga
sul saukuneSi. rogorc vnaxavT, igi ufro metad internetma
gaabaTila. am gagebiT harTlis mediasivrce realurad ar ar
sebobs. ufro metad media iWreba yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi,
gadakveTs mas, SeenivTeba da teritoriebs CamoarTmevs; igi
gancdaTa ubnebs qmnis realur samyaroSi an socialur saqmi
anobebs amkvidrebs masSi, romlebic Tavis sakuTar gaurkvev
el ritmSi gamoCndebian da qrebian. am frazaSi xazgasmuli
sityvebi (iWreba, gadakveTs, ubnebi) frangi filosofosis
Jil delezisganaa nasesxebi, visi Teoriuli naSromi gansa
kuTrebiT gvexmareba Tanamedrove cxovrebasa da medias Soris
kavSirTa aRsawerad (ix. raixmani 2000 delezis naazrevis Ses
aniSnavi SesavlisaTvis). igi am kavSirTa sirTulesa da sicocx
lisunarianobaze metyvelebs da Zneladgasageb filosofiur
metyvelebas iyenebs mis aRsawerad.

damatebiTi literatura: Ang 1991; Boddy 1990; Brunsdon 1997;

Ellis 1992; Hartley 1996; Jenkins 1992; Lembo 2000; Press 1991; Spigel
1992

185
4.2. popularuli musika

telemauwyebloba SedarebiT Zviria da moiTxovs mniS

vnelovan teqnikur gamocdilebas, xolo misi gavrcelebis
arxebi SedarebiT SezRuduli da uaRresad mowesrigebulia.
kompiuteruli teqnologiebis ganviTarebam mkveTrad Secva
la industriis biznesmodeli. es naklebad exeba popularul
musikas, romelic, nawilobriv im individuumTa (rogorc
musikosebis, aseve Tayvanismcemlebis) nawarmad rCeba, vinc
kapitalizebul xmis Camwer industriaSi garedan Semodis
da axal teqnologiebs miitacebs, raTa Seqmnas da mousmi
nos produqcias Tavis sakuTar enaze. musika ar aris mxolod
Canaweri da gasaReba. swored amitom azri ara aqvs televiziis,
an Tundac garkveuli satelevizio Janrebis, davuSvaT, TviT
myofadoba moiTxovo, Tumca es sakiTxi mniSvnelovania musi
kis SemTxvevaSi. albaT, iSviaTad aqvs azri satelevizio sanax
aobebisgan opoziciurobis moTxovnas. am sakiTxs kulturis
kvlevebi mudmivad ayenebs popularuli musikis win, nawilo
briv, radgan rok-en-roli imTaviTve amboxis tolfasi iyo.
faqtobrivad, kulturis kvlevebis mier politikuri winaaRm
degobis moTxovnaze Rrmad aRibeWda rokis amboxi.
Tumca popularuli musika marTlac popularulia, isic
yofs sazogadoebas Taobebad, klasebad, eTnikurobad, ge
movnebebad da, SedarebiT naklebad, genderad. musika maSinve
warmoqmnis raRac Tavisze mets mikrosazogadoebebsa da
cxovrebis stilebs, romelic Janrsa Tu qveJanrs aris mibmuli.
msxvili multinacionaluri korporaciebi, romlebic musi
kalur industriebs ganagebs, Tavad qmnis musikalur danay
ofebs erTobebSi, radgan gansxvavebul Janrsa da auditorias
emyareba. Savkaniani auditoria TeTrkanianisgan ganirCeva da
calkeuli Janrebi (gansakuTrebiT, e. w. `Tanamedrove roki~)
met yuradRebas Tavisi momgebianobis gamo iqcevs (negusi 1999,
496). musikis dayofisa da danawevrebis gamo, sociologiidan
nasesxebi cneba `subkultura~ kulturis kvlevebis termino
logiaSi popularul musikaze naSromebis saSualebiT Semovi
da. swored am unaris wyalobiT kulturis kvlevebis naSromebi
afrikuli diasporis kulturebsa da narkotikul kulturebs
swored musikis meSveobiT ukavSirdeba Tundac amas musikis

186
Seswavla erTgvar damaxinjebamdec mihyavdes.
cxadia, rok-musikac gansakuTrebiT hegemoniuri xdeba.
`TviTmyofadi~ rok-varskvlavebic ki SeiZleba garkveul or
ganizaciul sistemas miekuTvnebodnen, Tundac, umetesad,
liberalurs. wlebis ganmavlobaSi maT gamorCeuli politi
kuri wonac SeiZines, amis saukeTeso magaliTia bonos da U2-s
roli msoflios uRaribes xalxTaTvis aSS-s daxmarebis gaz
rdaSi. gaerTianebuli erebis konferenciaze ganviTarebis
Sesaxeb meqsikis qalaq montereiSi 2002 wlis martSi aSS-m gaz
arda daxmarebis biujeti oci wlis ganmavlobaSi pirvelad 5
bilion dolaramde. TeTri saxlis mier, rok-varskvlavis mier
lobirebuli sakiTxis damtkiceba aSS-s mimarTulebis Secvlis
niSandoblivi iyo (ramac evropis kavSiris mxridanac gamoiwvia
biujetis gazrda). am wonisa da respeqtabelobis gamo rokis
istoriis da metad mondomebiT SenarCunebuli ieris meamboxe
obam rRveva daiwyo, rasac male dawvrilebiT ganvixilavT. ra
mouvida, magaliTad, `alternatiul roks~, romelic amJamad
gamoiyeneba axalgazrda mayureblis mosatyueblad iseT marT
lac tradiciul nawarmze, rogoric arisfoqsis `Dallas~ -is ga
naxleba `The O.C.~.

panki da regei

popularuli musikis pirveli Janrebi, romelTa Seswavlac

kulturis kvlevebma daiwyo, regei da panki gaxldaT, ukmayo
filo axalgazrdobis musika 70-iani wlebis miwuruls, rode
sac Tavad disciplinac axalgazrda iyo. britanuli panki
sxvadasxva saxis winamorbedebis sawinaaRmdego reaqcia iyo:
(1) maRal industrializebul da Sou-biznesiseul musikaze,
saidanac amJamad `mZime metali~ da sxva rok-Janrebi warmoiS
va; (2) hipebis moZraobis utopiurobis, misi saSualo klasis
TanaJReradobaze da (3) `glem-rokis~ keklucobasa da naZa
ladev pretenciulobaze, romlis udidesi varskvlavebi dev
id boui da `Roxy Music~ iyvnen. panki qalaquri, muSaTa klasis,
axalgazrduli da sistemisadmi agresiulad dapirispirebuli
iyo. zogierTi misi elementi (saxelwodebisa da revizion
istuli musikaluri mrwamsisa `dabruneba namdvil rok-n-

187
rolTan~, CaTvliT) gadmoRebuli iyo niu-iorkis avangarduli
xelovnebis skolebis scenebidan (da gansakuTrebiT New York
Dollsis mibaZviT) malkolm maklarenis, Sex Pistols-is menejeris
mier. miuxedavad amisa, mTlianobaSi britanuli panki siaxle
iyo.
rac Seexeba regeis: es iyo dro, rodesac regei iseT sas
tudio teqnikebs Seiswavlida, rogoricaa `dub~ (ZiriTad
xmovanebaze bgerebis damateba) da teqnika `toasting~ _ wamyvani,
romelic adreuli 50-iani wlebis qingsTonis xmovan siste
mebSi ganviTarda. (xmovani system aris moZravi deka [deck],
gamaZliereblebi da dinamikebi, romlebsac quCebsa da sx
vadasxva wveulebebze iyenebdnen, gansakuTrebiT popularuli
iyo uRaribes gareubnebSi). wamyvani (toasting) dijeebi, xmovan
sistemebze muSaobisa da individualizebisas Canawerebs im
provizebul slengis lirikasa da SeZaxilebs amatebdnen am
tradiciam iamaikur sistemebSi 80-ian wlebSi daiwyo gaqroba,
roca hip-hopi, romelic SesaZloa nawilobriv toasting-is gan
Stoebad miviRoT, aSS-Si mTavari Janri gaxda (iamaikaSi igi
`densholad~ anu `regeid~ gardaiqmna 90-iani wlebis erT me
tad ganaxlebul, teqnologizebul musikalur Janrad).
70-ian wlebSive, `dasabami regei~, iseT varskvlavTagan
nawarmoebi, rogorebic bob marli, barning spiri da `Culture~
iyvnen, rastafarelobas ukavSirdeboda, iamaikur religiur
kults, romelzec didi gavlena moaxdina markus garvim, ro
melic meoce saukunis pirvel aTwleulebSi `afrikaSi dab
runebis~ doqtrinas qadagebda. rastebi TeTrkanianTa mate
rialistur samyaros uaryofen da hail selasis, ukanaskneli
eTiopeli monarqis RvTaebrioba swamT. maTi religia Tan
stilic aris: dakululebuli Tma, marixuanas moweva, adgi
lobriv kilokavze metyveleba. 70-iani wlebis ganmavlobaSi
rastafarianelobam iamaikel muSaTa klasis mamakacebSi dai
wyo gavrceleba, vinc mis safuZvels qmnida 30-iani wlebidan
moyolebuli. imavdros, londonSi, regei rTul urTierTq
medebaSi iyo pankTan, yvelaze cxadad iseTi jgufebis musika
Si, rogoricaa `Clash~ da `Slits~ iseve, rogorc marlis 1977 wlis
`Punky Reggal Party~ (marlis azri popularuli musikis moma
valze `Clash~-is mosmenis zegavlenas ganicdida).
mis wignSi `subkultura~: stilis mniSvneloba (1979),

188
romelmac bevri gaakeTa kulturis kvlevebis popularizebi
saTvis inglisurenovan samyaroSi, diq hebdijma panki gansaz
Rvra, rogorc kanondamrRvevi `mniSvnelobis momniWebeli
saqmianoba~. mis Tanaxmad, panki `anawevrebs~ da erTmaneTs ux
amebs muSaTa klasis sxvadasxva stilebs, warsuls da awmyos,
parodirebiT gamarTlebul `moCvenebiT istoriaSi~. am stil
isTvis damaxasiaTebeli inglisuri qinZisTavebi, Zewkvebiani
Sarvlebi, S&M aRWurviloba, daglejili tansacmeli radi
kaluri `maTxovruli~ garegnoba ganmartebulia, rogorc
britaneli gaRatakebuli muSaTa klasis stilis imitacia,
romelsac gamomwvevad atarebdnen, raTa im socialuri situ
aciis sicariele da uazroba gamoexataT, romelSic muSaTa
klasis axalgazrdoba aRmoCnda TeTCerizmis, anu pirveli
talRis neoliberalizmis gamo. erovnulobis gamomxatvelTa,
gansakuTrebiT, Union Jack-is mikuTvneba pankebisTvis aSkara
dacinva iyo. Tumca, hebdijis mixedviT, pankis stilis yvelaze
mniSvnelovani funqcia pankebis gaerTianebis Seqmna iyo: pan
kis identuroba da koleqtiuroba gamoiTqmoda mniSvnelobis
mimniWebel saqmianobebSi.
`subkulturaSi~ hebdijis Sexeduleba regeize ramdenad
me ufro sworxazovania; dub-i, toasting-i, `dasabami regei~ da
xmovani sistemebis kultura misi TayvanismcemlebisTvis Te
Tri hegemoniis alternatiulobas atarebda. musikaSi isini sa
pirispiro afrikanistul identurobas, dub-is Tanabar ritmSi
mZgeri `afrikis Sav guls~ xedavdnen (hebdiji, 1979, 38). ras
tafarianelobam iamaikel axalgazrdebSi didi xnis arsebuli
amboxisa da ukmayofilebis ganwyoba gaaRrmava, rasac yovel
dRiur cxovrebaSic gamoxatavdnen (pankis stilis msgavsad)
gansxvavebisa da uaryofis niSnebis sxeulze tarebiT, Tumca,
dasabami regeis SemTxvevaSi, gansulierebul da istorizebul
TviTaRqmasac gvTavazobdnen. rastas stilis niSnebi mTel
msoflioSi gavrcelda: 80-ian wlebSi marlis axal zelandi
aSi mogzaurobis Semdeg (rodesac mas maoris axalgazrdoba
gmiriviT Seegeba) Tmis kululebi, rastas ferebi, Triaqis mow
eva da a. S. maoris axalgazrdobis daumorCileblobis Cveul
niSnebad iqca, gamoCnda warmatebuli regeis stilis maoris
jgufebi. amJamad xmovani qleSi (clashes-Sejaxebebi) (xmovan
sistemebs Soris Sejibreba) mTel msoflioSi mimdinareobs:
zepiri Sejibrebebi (Word Clash), romelic Cveulebriv niu-

189
iorkis quinsSi tardeba, Tavs uyris xmovan sistemebs Soridan:
iaponiasa da italiidan (afrikidanac).
pankisTvis regeis gamomsaxveloba sakmaod cxadi iyo. pan
kebs SeeZloT regeis uaryofasa da gansxvavebulobasTan gai
giveba, gansakuTrebiT, Tuki es musikalur formas iZenda. am
denad, hebdijis mtkicebiT, pank musika imdenadve opoziciaSi
Camoyalibda, ramdenadac regeisTan aliansSi. musikaSi panki
basis sanacvlod diskants amjobinebda, qaragmebis ritorikis
sanacvlod Seuracxyofas. TeTrkanianTa rokTan dasapiri
spireblad energias panki regeidan ikrebda, magram eTnikuro
bisken mibruneba regeis pankisgan aSorebda, amdenad, hebdijis
azriT, `pankis subkulturis arsSi samudamodaa damkvidre
buli es TavSekavebuli dapirispireba Sav da TeTr kulturaTa
Soris dialeqtika, romelic, garkveuli (eTnikuri) Tvalsaz
risiT, SeuZlebelia ganaxldes, radgan Tavis sakuTar istori
aSi, Tavis sakuTar antonomiaSia Caketili~ (hebdiji 1979, 69-
78). aq hebdijis sakuTari warmodgena pankze, rogorc moqmed
mniSvnelobaTa mimniWebel saqmianobaze, romelsac gareSe
kulturul ZalebTan mudmivi saxecvlilebis da Suamavlobis
unari Seswevs, Tavis zRvars aRwevs.
SesaZloa hebdijis zogierT mignebas SevedavoT: misi ana
lizi zedmetad damyarebulia londonis magaliTze da pankis
kulturis romantizebas axdens misi muSaTa klasis bunebis
gadametebuli aqcentirebiT. iseTi mniSvnelovani figurebi,
rogorc jo sTrameri `Clash~dan, sinamdvileSi saSualo kla
sis maRali wridan iyo da, rogorc vixileT, panks xelovnebis
skolebisa da komerciuli genealogiac hqonda nu davivi
wyebT, rom misi stili qings roudis butikidan daiwyo da,
rogorc gril markusma SeniSna, ukavSirdeboda gi deboris
1960-iani wlebis franguli avangarduli xelovnebis samyaros
kulturul/Teoriul moZraobas, romelic `situacionaliz
mad~ ariscnobili (markusi 1989). rogorc yvela Teoretikosi,
kulturul warmonaqmnTa socialur-politikuri mniSvnelo
bis povnis gadawyvetilebiT, hebdiji ugulebelyofs garTo
bis, siamovnebisa da aSkara sicarielis rols Tayvanismcemel
Ta Soris. rac Seexeba regeis, avtori srulad ar gamokveTs
siaxloves Tanamedroveobasa da teqnologiebs Soris, riTac
dub-i Tavis iamaikel Tayvanismcemlebs izidavda. SavkanianTa

190
musikis sxvadasxva saxeebs xangrZlivi urTierToba aqvs Ta
namedroveobasTan `soulTan~ dapirispirebaSi gavixsenoT
jorj qlinToni; gavixsenoT san ra; hip-hopis musikosebi da
disk-Jokeebi, rogorebic auTkasti Tu DJ spuki arian; gavix
senoT 80-iani wlebis iamaikeli dub-is maestro saienTisti.
da kidev, hebdijis mosazreba musikis garSemo Camoyalibe
bul or subkulturas Soris kavSirebze yuradsaRebia, radgan
igi migvaniSnebs, raoden warmatebiT SeuZlia musikas Camoay
alibos politikuri da Tundac, sulieri ganzomilebis mqone
identurobani, xolo es identurobebi SesaZloa erTmaneTTan
rTul urTierTqmedebaSi gamoiTqvas. rogor SeuZlia musikas
Seqmnas xidi, safuZveli urTierTgaziarebisTvis Tayvanismce
melTa jgufebs Soris erTimeoresTan yovelgvari `organize
buli~ kavSirebis gareSe marTlac mecnieruli Tu aramecni
eruli Tayvanismcemlebis CaTvliT.

Tanamedrove folk-musika
Tu komerciuli nawarmi?

musikis hebdijiseuli gageba imden niuanss Seicavs, rom

aSkaraa misi gataceba im musikaluri stilebiT, romelTa Ses
axeb wers. Tumca unda iTqvas, rom kulturis kvlevaTa naS
romebi ufro distancirebulia da Semoifargleba im daZabu
lobebiTa Tu polemikiT, romelsac disciplina popularul
musikasTan Sexebisas awydeba. pirveli, romelic ukve aRvniSne,
aris daZabuloba musikas, rogorc TviTmyofad, pirad Zalebze
gaTvlil koleqtiur gamomsaxvelobas (Tuki is folk-musikis
magvaria) da musikas, rogorc saqonels anu industriis nawarms
Soris. es Seusabamoba, cxadia, komercializebuli kulturis
sxva sferoebSic arsebobs, magram gansakuTrebiT intensi
uria, rodesac musika meamboxe TviTmyofadobis niSniT aris
Seqmnili. swored amitom kulturis kvlevaTa pretenzia dis
identur disciplinobaze nawilobriv rokis ritorikidan iyo
nasesxebi, sadac komerciuli da `namdvili~ musikis dapiris
pirebis sakiTxi metad arsebiTia, xolo misTvis Tavis arideba
Zneli (ix. bibi, fulbruki da sondersi 2002 esseebis anTo
logia, romelic am ganxeTqilebis asaxvas cdilobs da agreTve

191
grosbergi 1994). amis erTi mizezi is aris, rom kulturis mra
vali mkvlevari Tavs aigivebs maT mier damuSavebuli popu
laruli musikisa da subkulturis formebTan. Tumca komer
ciuloba-TviTmyofadobis gansxvavebac qmnis musikis Seqmnisa
da gasaRebis sakiTxs, radgan musikosebs (vinc, Cveulebriv,
cocxal bendebs ayalibebs da moyvarulidan profesionalis
statusisken midian) da xmis Camweri kompaniebis fulze mzrun
vel aRmasruleblebs Soris uTanxmoebis gamomxatvelia. igi
msmenelTa Soris gansxvavebebsac avlens, vinc realurad, an
naklebad garkveulia musikaSi. arc kritika da arc survili am
gansxvavebebs ar gaabaTilebs isini, rogorc leri grosbergi
moixseniebda, `rok-formaciebs~ qmnian.
am kamaTisTvis Tavis asarideblad unda miviRoT mosaz
reba, romelsac uil sTrou gamoTqvams mZime metalis Sesaxeb
Tavis farTod miRebul statiaSi, rom musika ar unda ganix
ilebodes qvemodan an TayvanismcemelTa TvalsazrisiT, ar
amed instituciurad da ekonomikurad (sTrou 1998). amdenad,
igi amtkicebs, rom mZime metalis Tayvanismcemlebi sulac ar
qmnian subkulturas, aramed musikaluri industriis am is
toriis garkveuli momentis Sedegi arian rodesac oligop
oliis tendenciebi (industriis kontroli mcire monawileTa
mier) da FM radiosadgurebis da eTerSi gasaSvebi musikaluri
nomrebis siis gamoCenam Semoikriba gareubnebis moZravi au
ditoria. (faqtobrivad industriis konsolidirebis sakiTxi
kvlav gadauWrelia: peTersoni da bergeri [1990] gviCveneben,
rom is ar aris aucileblad uryevi. 50-ian da 70-ian wlebSi
warmoqmnili nazavebi mogvianebiT momxmareblis gemovnebis
Secvlam gaaqro.) magram, sTrous mixedviT, erTi mxriv mZime
metali standartuli stili iyo, romelic ar scnobda lo
kalur gansxvavebebs, nawilobriv, centralizebuli radio
programirebis Sedegad. es procesi amJamad ufro mwvavea, vi
dre 80-ian wlebSi, rodesac sTrou esses werda. meore mxriv,
es stili Tavis Tayvanismcemlebs, romelTa umetesoba mesame
safexuris ganaTlebas ar iRebda, awvdida mamakacurobis for
mas, romelic upirispirdeboda ganaTlebuli `me~-s saxeebs,
rodesac umaRlesi ganaTlebis diplomis ekonomikuri Rireb
ulebebis swrafad zrdis pirobebSi.
komercializmsa da samoyvarulo gamomsaxvelobas Soris

192
kavSiris sakiTxis ganxilvis meore gza aris maTi urTierTo
bis iseTi saxis gadasinjva, romelic maT (struqturul) urT
ierTdaZabulobas ar Seexeba. am TvalsazrisiT, albaT, yvelaze
damajerebeli naSromi repis komentarebidan modis, musikis,
romelic gansakuTrebuli komerciuli warmatebiT gamoirCe
oda, magram, romelic (yovel SemTxvevaSi, misi calkeuli ubne
bi) inarCunebda kavSirs quCis moZraobasTan, saidanac 70-iani
wlebis ganmavlobaSi aRmocenda. (repma Caanacvla regei, ro
gorc SavkanianTa msoflio daumorCileblobis gamoxatule
ba: amJamad mas misdeven polinezieli, melanezieli da abori
genuli rep jgufebi, iseve, rogorc regeis koleqtivebi. repi
swrafad Seerwya sxva stilebs magaliTad (wignis weris momen
tisaTvis) niu-iorkis sacekvao moda `regeitoni~ - laTinuris,
regeisa da repis nazavi puerto rikodan, `pereosTan~ erTad
popularuli iatakqveSa laTino axalgazrdebSi).
hip-hopi, romelic Seicavda modur stilebs, grafiti
arts, breiq-denss, (mogvianebiT) fri-sTails (ritmul bilike
bze ritmuli improvizaciis dadeba, zogjer jgufurad da
zogjer Sejibris saxiT, upirvelesad Zlieri inteleqtual
uri da politikuri datvirTviT gamoCnda (uimseTi 2001). bo
los da bolos, repi poeturi da sityvieria, rac popularuli
musikis sxva formebs (toastingisa da regeis gamoklebiT) ar
axasiaTebs. marTlac, rok-musikaSi es, ZiriTadad, sxvagvarad
xdeboda. misi taqti Tu ritmebi leqsebisa da vokalisgan gan
calkevebiT iqmneboda da sinamdvileSi industriis sxva sfer
os warmoadgens, Tumca pasuxismgeblobis ganawileba simReris
sxvadasxva elementTa warmoebaze sul ufro Cveuli xdeboda
ZiriTadi xazis komerciul musikaSic, sadac simReris erTiani
JReradobis Semqmnelebi industriis mefeebi gaxdnen. miuxeda
vad amisa, repis birTvs aramWidrod SekavSirebuli Semsrule
belTa da prodiuserTa jgufebi Seadgenen, romlebic calkeu
li proeqtebisTvis ikribebian xolme. am jgufTagan yvelaze
organizebulia `crew~ (jgufi), urTierTmxardamWeri Sems
ruleblebi, xSirad xangrZlivi samezoblo Tu saerTo skolis
fesvebiT fri-sTailingi swored skolis ezoSi aRmocenda,
xolo fri-sTailingma Cawerili hip-hopi warmoSva.
`The Wu Tang Clan~-i, albaT, yvelaze warmatebuli, ara
komerciulobis gamo artistuli iyo am jgufTagan. `Wu~-s

193
Sesaxeb isic unda iTqvas, rom maTi Camweri `Loud Records~-i,
romelsac sanaxevrod mravalerovani BMG flobda, e. w. qu
Cis marketingis pioneri iyo. es iyo sacalo vaWrobis forma,
romelmac Caanacvla an Seavso radio da video reklamireba
axalgazrda, qalaqeli, Savkaniani sazogadoebis TavSeyra
SerCeul adgilebSi kalaTburTis TamaSebze, adgilobriv
maRaziebSi, skolis ezoebSi, klubebSi gasayidi masalebis
gavrcelebiT. marketingi da sazogadoeba aq erTmaneTs erwy
mis da quCis damajerebloba xdeba rogorc gasaRebis iaraRi,
aseve socialuri seqtoris valdebuleba da `realuroba~.
es gaqnili marketinguli teqnikebi mTavaria `gangsta~ rep
Si, romelic los-anjelesSi warmoiSva 80-iani wlebis bolos
da agreTve, im rTul zonaSi, sadac komerciuli saxe cocx
als xvdeba. swored `Wo~-m wamoiwyo is, rac aSS-s Savkaniani
bazrebis did industriad iqca: musikis varskvlavebis mier
saxeldebuli da `daproeqtebuli~ privilegirebuli moda.
mTlianobaSi, hip-hopi Segaxsenebs, rom antikomercializeba
ufro damaxasiaTebelia TeTrkaniani burJuaziis, vidre af
rikel amerikelTa midgomisaTvis, miuxedavad moqmedi afri
kul-amerikuli kontrkulturis damyarebisa sulierebasa da
poeturobaze.
repTan dakavSirebiT gansakuTrebiT kamaToben auditoriis
sakiTxze. rogorc wesi, mas ufr metad damoukidebeli markebi
awarmoebs, vidre msxvili, Tumca isinic avrceleben da yidian
damoukideblad Seqmnil musikas. zogierTis mtkicebiT, es xde
ba, radgan damoukidebeli markebi ufro axlos arian quCasTan,
sxvebi Tvlian, rom damoukidebeli repis meti wili saSualo
klasisa da ganaTlebuli auditoriisTvis (Savkanianebisa da
TeTrkanianebis) iwarmoeba im prodiuserebisa da xelovanebis
mier, visac SeuZlia damoukidebloba SeinarCunos. cxadia,
msxvili markebi naklebad uWeren mxars Janrs imis SiSiT, rom
mas naklebi `reitinguli Rirebuleba~ (momavali gayidvis po
tenciali) da saerTaSoriso gamoxmaureba aqvs, vidre roks
da amgvarad isini warmoebis uflebas damoukidebelTa xelSi
agdeben (negusi 1999, 498-500). rogorc TriSia rouzi aRniS
navs, gayidvis cifrebis kleba maincdamainc ver dagvexmareba
am debatebis SefasebaSi, radgan amJamad sxvadasxva saxis musi
ka vrceldeba oficialuri arxebis gavliT, gansakuTrebiT

194
Savkanian axalgazrdobaSi da maTi aRnusxva tiTqmis SeuZle
belia (rouzi 1999). 90-iani wlebis bolodan moyolebuli MP
3 Canawerebis gadmotvirTva da gacvla-gamocvla internetis
saSualebiT agreTve niSnavs CD-ebis gayidvis mixedviT mos
menis maCveneblis Semcirebas.
bolo aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi repi TavisTavad daiyo ram
denime Janrad da auditoriad: masobrivi bazris iseTi fig
urebiT dawyebuli, rogorc Jay-Z an eminemi arian, visi kavSiri
Tavis Camwer markasTan pirobiTia, iseT sawarmoo koleqtive
bamde, rogorc `Wu Tang~-ia, an regionalur pirobebSi ar
sebuli damoukidebeli naerTebis aRzeveba, rogorc dueti
`OutKast~-i, an avangardisa da mis xelovanTa mzardi ricxvi, vi
sac farTod exmaureba saSualo klasi, rogorc `Prince Paul~-is
rep-opera `qurdebis mefe~ da bolos regeisa da sxva JanrebT
an aRreva (rogorc mogaxseneT, aSS-Si pirvel adgilzea Son
polis singli. es iamaikeli regeis momRerali soulsa da reps
aerTebs) da mainc, am danawevrebis miuxedavad, kritikosebi
hip-hops umTavresad kvlav opoziciuri Zalis mqoned ganixi
laven, rac yvelaze damajereblad georg lipSicma (1994) da
TriSia rouzma (1994) gamoTqves. rouzi amtkicebs, rom hip-ho
pi metad dapirispirebulia samomxmareblo kulturasTan da
unda gavigoT rogorc `urbanuli ganmaaxlebeli gaCanage
buli gaerTianebebis kvlav Sejgufeba~. lipSici, meore mxriv,
rogorc hebdijis pankis SemTxvevaSi, miiCnevs, rom hip-hopis
gataceba moxmarebis sagnebiT (oqros Zewkvebi, swrafmavali
manqanebi da a. S.), dominanturi kulturis TamaSnarevi da gaz
viadebuli imitaciaa, mozardis fantaziis gamoxatuleba, ro
melic Tavis TavSi sakuTari axirebulobis damangrevel Seg
rZnebas atarebs.
amgvari analizi gansazRvras moiTxovs, gansakuTrebiT
dominanturi komerciuli repisTvis Cveul maCos JargonSi
gamoyenebuli `bitches~ (Zuknebi) da `ho~ (meZavi). cxadia, es
Cveuleba zustad moqmedebs, radgan Sokismomgvrelia qalebi
sTvis, liberalebisTvis, ojaxuri faseulobebisaTvis da a. S.
is meamboxeobas ganasaxierebs. magram mas sxva funqciebic ax
lavs igi qmnis daZabulobas, romelSic repers SesaZlebloba
eniWeba daamtkicos specifikuri ritorikis floba. ufro
saeWvod, aman SeiZleba gamoxatos mamakacurobis garkveuli

195
krizisic qalaqel afrikel amerikelebs Soris erTgvari sa
dizmi, socialuri poziciidan, romelSic SeTavsebulia siste
maturi Cagvra sayovelTaod aRiarebuli xibliTa da quCuri
ndobiT, iseve rogorc saSualo klasis TeTrkanianTa Soris
SiSis aRZvris unariT. sad aris yovelive amaSi gamovlenili
gansxvaveba komerciulsa da namdvils Soris? anda damangrev
elobis dapirispireba dominanturTan?
komerciasa da iatakqveSa gamomsaxvelobas Soris daZ
abulobis matarebeli kidev erTi Janri sacekvao musikaa. is,
pankisa da repis msgavsad, amJamad `siSmagis scenad~ cnobil
marginalur axalgazrdul kulturul warmonaqmnTan erTad
iwyeba. siSmagis scena met-naklebad erTdroulad warmoiqmna
ibizas espanur kurortze da manCesterSi daaxloebiT 1987
wels, rodesac hauz miuziks pirvelad daukavSirda narkotik
eqstazis. hauzi, romelic diskosgan warmoiSva detroitsa
da CikagoSi, iyo musikaluri stili, romelic yvela saxis ev
rodiskos, krafTuerkisa da anglo sinTpopis CaTvliT, JRe
radobis sinTezsa da Sejerebas axdenda maTi dabefeqtebiTa
da perkusiuli danawevrebiT SeerTebis gziT. igi swrafad
gavrcelda londonsa da germaniamde da 1990-iani wlebis da
sawyisSi kaliforniasa da niu-iorkSi damkvidrda. pirvel
xanebSi, mas gansakuTrebuli bazari hqonda. igi vrceldeboda
DJ-ebs Soris da upiratesad iseT klubebSi sruldeboda, ro
gorc Cikagos `Warehouse~-i da niu-iorkis `Paradise Garage~-i,
romelTa klienturas Savkanianebi, TeTrkanianebi da laTino-
amerikelebi, `wesierebi~ da geebi Seadgendnen.
meore mxriv, reivi (`siSmage~) msxvili wveulebebi iyo,
romelTa siaxleebi zepirad an piraduli radiosadgure
biT vrceldeboda, ZiriTadad oficialuri sanqciis gareSe
imarTeboda, pirdapir rom iTqvas, teqnomusikaze sacekvaod
eqstazisa an zogjer LSD-s zemoqmedebis qveS. am mimdinareo
bisTvis narkotiki iseTive mniSvnelovani iyo, rogorc musi
ka, Tu meti ara es mas iatakqveSa da araregalur statuss
moupovebda. cekvac ZiriTadi iyo am kulturisTvis axali
stili partniorebis gareSe, transis msgavsi da uaRresad
gamomsaxveli. musika swrafad ganviTarda gansxvavebul Jan
rebad gaerTianebul samefosa da evropaSi, aSS-s ritmebze
damokidebulebisgan gaTavisuflebiT, nawilobriv kompiu

196
terebisa da musikis gadmotvirTvis gaiafebis Sedegad. hauzi
da eisid hauzi eqiSpeboda detroitul teqnos, myar teqnos,
breiqbiTs, jangls, dramsa da bass, transs. mis adreul xanaSi
did wveulebaTa, teqno musikisa da narkotikebis kombinacia
dakavSirebuli iyo warmarTobis, momTabareobisa da gansuli
erebis diskursTan, rac cxadad Segvaxsenebda 60-iani wlebis
hipebis moZraobas da bevrisTvis (manamde pankebis msgavsad)
TeTCer-reiganuli neoliberaluri individualizmis gaazre
bul uaryofad gvevlineboda.
1992 wlis zafxulSi, moZraobis zenitSi, reivis wveulebaze
inglisis dasavleT nawilSi, Castlemorton Common-Si 40 aTas
kacamde Segrovda da eqvsi dRis ganmavlobaSi aralegalurad
erToboda. Tumca reivis moZraoba, rogorc aseTi, komer
cializacias bevrad ar eqvedebareba misi simRerebi Zalze
daxlarTuli da erTferovania da saamisod orientirebuli
narkotikze. miuxedavad amisa, masSi Camoyalibebuli musikal
uri stilebis popularizebuli versiebi 90-iani hiT-paradebsa
da saklubo musikaSi Sevida, kerZod, gvian 90-ianTa klubebis
varskvlavi DJ-ebis gauTavebeli CD-ebiTa da sagangebo saR
amoebiT (magaliTad, Ministry of Sound) `siSmagis scenis~ (rave
scene) saxecvlileba gaxldaT. moZraobis daqveiTeba 60-iani
wlebis hipebis kulturis gamofitvis logikis wyalobiT mox
da narkotikebis ganmeorebiTi, mudmivi da mzardi gamoyene
ba, avtoritetTa sul ufro meti zedamxedveloba da moZrao
bis avangardidan ufro farTo, bevrad pragmatul da savaWro
gasarTob kulturad gardaqmna yvelaferi es akninebda mas.
auTenturobis sakiTxs Tu mivubrundebiT, sacekvao musikis
istoria erT-erTi maTgani iyo, rasac saimon friTma da en
driu gudvinma `progresi gamofitvidan~ uwodes (gadmocemis
Tanaxmad, zogjer ufro damajereblad, vidre sxva dros), rac
SeZlebs realuri Sedegebis srul gayidvas (friTi da gudvini
1990, IX).
ufro zustad: rac mniSvnelovani iyo `siSmagis scenaSi~ da
mis musikaSi, regeis, pankisa da hip-hopisgan gansxvavebiT, mas
sruliad araorganizebuli safuZveli hqonda. igi musikiTa
da narkotikebiT da mxolod musikiTa da narkotikebiT gan
isazRvra. es niSnavs, rom misi politika ar iyo identurobis,
aramed siamovnebisa da (ramdenadme) gansulierebisa. amdenad,

197
misi musika, tradiciuli musikaluri instrumentebis saSu
alebiT, piradi talantis gamomxatveli ar iyo; am mxriv man
folkis JReradoba sruliad dakarga. igi warmogviCenda kav
Sirs anti neoliberalur xazgasmul koleqtiurobasa da ci
fruli musikaluri bilikebis maRalteqnologiur samyaros
Soris (rogorc misi narkotiki iyo rTuli industrializebu
li farmakologiis nayofi). SesaZloa, yvelaze TvalsaCino mis
windauxedaobaSi iyo politikuri miznisa da ambiciis nakle
boba. albaT, dRes umjobesia igi TanagrZnobisa da siamovnebis,
rogorc winaaRmdegobis, warumatebel, magram gambedav eqs
perimentad ganvixiloT (ix. reinoldsi 1998; melboni 1999).

arti Tu popi?

popularuli musikis Tanmxlebi meore winaaRmdegobri

oba, romelic mis Sesaxeb samecniero nawerebis didi nawilis
gansjis sagania, esTetikasa da popularuls Soris arsebobs.
Zvelad, rokis analizi, mxardamWeri Tu sawinaaRmdego, xazs
usvamda mis meamboxeobas, efemerulobas, modis mier stan
dartizebasa da dominirebas. Tumca isini nakleb Sesabamisi
aRmoCndeboda, radgan rokis Seqmna, moxmareba da Sefaseba
uamravi gansxvavebuli gziT xdeboda. magaliTad, garkveuli
seqtori rok samyaros SigniT yovelTvis aRwevda `seriozul~
musikamde: gavixsenoT ara riq ueikmani, aramed `Radiohead~is
`Kid A~ da `Amnesiac~. xolo rok musikis akademizacia 80-iani
wlebidan musikas martivi populizmisagan Semoabrunebs (pro
fesiuli gazeTi `Popular Music~ 1981 wels daarsda; aSS-Si pop
musikis Semswavleli profesiuli asociacia imave wels da
fuZnda; mas Semdeg seminarebi musikis Sesaxeb, romlebic sa
mecniero da industriul tipebs aerTianebda, Cveuli gaxda
da piriqiT, rok-musikosebi kulturis sakvlev esseebsac
werdnen ix. r. j. uiren zeinis `Del Fuegos~-dan piesa anTo
logiaSi `roki zRvarze~ (bibi, fulbruki da sondersi 2002)
anda kulturulad daxvewil Txzulebebs ix. `Luna~-s
wevr din uoremisa da alt-qanTri jgufis `Old 97~-is wevr
ret mileris moTxrobebi `MacSweeneys~ Si, # 12 (2004)). kidev
erTi magaliTi: daxSuli sistemebi pirvelad kontrabandis

198
gan TavdacvisaTvis Seiqmna, xolo Semdeg, CD-s SemoRebasTan
erTad, 80-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, bazari aavso. manamde rok-
en-rolSi Semovida literaturis msgavs sferoebSi Caketili
kvazi-esTeturi da damakanonebeli saqmianobebi (`naSromTa
krebulebi~) oRond ara sabazro ZalTa mier rokis STanTqmis
winaaRmdeg, aramed maT gamo. gaTviTcnobiereba, Segroveba da
sisrule Zalas iZenda xanmokle sicocxlisunariani musikal
uri produqciis sacalo bazrebiT da naRdi angariSsworebiT
msxvili markebis gverdis avliT gavrcelebisgan, iseve, ro
gorc Savi bazrebis ayvavebisgan. erTi mxriv, es sistemebi xe
lovanTa ganmadidebeli mavzoleumebi da maTi reputaciisa
da aRqmis sakiTxis gadawyvetaa. meore mxriv, isini ubralod
erTxel kidev gviCvenebs kulturul gansvavebulobas qmede
baSi. xolo kidev erTi kuTxiT, es ubralod didi Canafiqria,
romelic Tayvanismcemlebs saSualebas aZlevs isiamovnon,
iswavlon, axsovdeT da Seagrovon.
sinamdvileSi, garkveuli esTetizmi ganuyofelia popu
laruli musikis bazrebisgan, ramdenadac mimoxilvasa da kri
tikazea damokidebuli. mimomxilvelebi Rirebulebis Sesaxeb
msjeloben, raTa momxmareblis arCevani gansazRvron da amas,
saboloo jamSi, esTeturi kriteriumis saSualebiT akeTeben.
magaliTad moviyvanT (Semoklebul, magram mainc grZel) san-
franciskos damoukidebel CanawerTa maRaziis Aquarius Re
cords-is TanamSromlis daweril mimoxilvas internetidan.
aq naTlad SeimCneva rokis esTetizmi, rogorc uxerxuloba
massa da populizms Soris (aseve is siswrafe, riTac Janrebi
yalibdeba).
`glosaluri~, `radioaqtiuri~, `moCvenebiTi Sexsenebebi,
Tu ra iqneboda simRera~ - yovelive es metismeti rafinirebisa
da Tanac, sruliad ironiulad, popis esTetizaciaa. liberal
uri saxelovnebo ganaTlebis kvali aq aSkarad SeimCneva, xolo
Sefasebis diskursi, romelic agreTve gasayidi moTxovnaa,
Tavad musikasTan aris SeTavsebuli. es aris esTetizebuli
eqsperimentuli musika, romelic moxerxebulad icavs wonas
worobas popis siamovnebebs, avangardul karCaketilobasa
da mosawyeni normatiulobis darRvevas Soris. SesaZloa es
rok-speqtris yvelaze esTetizebuli ubani iyos, magram, ro
gorc bernard gendroni SeniSnavs Tavis SorsmWvretel wignSi

199
`monmartrsa~ da Mudd Club-s Soris: popularuli musika da
avangardi~, rok-kulturis damfuZnebeli moZraoba iseTi
mSvidi momRerlebis, rogorc pet bunia, uaryofa liTl ri
Cardis msgavs mCqefare ucnaurTa sasargeblod TavisTavad
gulisxmobs esTetur gansxvavebas, energiul, TviTmyofad da
disidentur esTetikas (gendroni 2002, 214).
popularul musikaSi arsebuli xelovnebis RirebulebaTa
miRebis sirTuleebi Tavs iCens am sferosadmi miZRvnil kul
turis kvlevebis naSromebSi. magaliTad, enjela makrobis
brwyinvale esse britanul dram-en-basze (`drumn bass~) ganix
ilavs am Janrs rogorc popularuli musikis stilTa Savkanian
britanul esTetizacias (McRobbie 1999, 14-16). dram-en-basis
umetesoba, SeniSnavs igi, anonimuria da ar aris bazarze ga
miznuli, aramed ufro Tavisi TavisTvis iqmneba da sruldeba.
es aris Janri, romelic agreTve imiT gamoirCeva, rom gareSeni
mas ver Seafaseben an sxvagvarad ver mourigdebian, swored
misi Sinagani miswrafebis gamo:

es musika mis SemqmnelTa cxovrebis Canawers hgavs. igi

uaRresad TviTamsaxveli, mudmivad ganaxlebadi, Tavisi sa
kuTari ambis kvlav da kvlav mTxrobelia. igi improvizaciis,
aRfrTovanebisa da utopiis elementebs Seicavs, romlebic
mis xorcSesxmasa da SesrulebaSi gamoixateba (da aRwerilia
gilrois mier rogorc SavkanianTa atlantikuri musikaluri
esTetikis nawili) da agreTve raRac ufro axali, gaurkveveli
da gansxvavebulia. SiSi, teroric ki feTqavs dram-en-bas musi
kis gulSi, romelsac faqtobrivad, xma da teqsti, MC-s brZane
bebisa da komentarebis garda, ar axlavs. amaSi rasobrivi xsov
nis siRrmecaa, roca ar iyo sazogadoeba, arc daculoba da
usafrTxoeba mxolod paranoia.
(makrobi 1999, 19)

makrobis miaCnia, rom dram-en-basi uaryofili formaa, ro

melic Tavisi damsaxurebebiT yuradRebas ar iqcevs, radgan
naklebad ukavSirdeba sazogadoebriv kulturasa Tu aka
demias, vTqvaT, britartisgan gansxvavebiT, romelsac avtori
ganixilavs xelovnebis samyarodan popularul kulturaSi
zedapirul da urcxv gadanacvlebas (makrobi 1999, 18). amaSi

200
igulisxmeba, rom dram-en-basis msgavs subkulturebs ofi
cialuri aRiareba, mediis yuradReba sWirdeba: usamarTlobaa,
Tuki mas es ara aqvs. es sinamdvileSi ar aris mravali mimdevris
Tvalsazrisi. marTlac, 80-ian wlebSi dram-en-basis aRtaceba,
eqsperimentaloba da `integrireba~ aSkarad yuradRebis uqon
lobas emyareboda, rasac makrobi gasagebad kicxavs.

daskvna

popularuli musika kulturis kvlevebisTvis gadamwyve

tia, radgan karg magaliTs gviCvenebs, Tu rogor qmnis xe
lovnebis formebi calkeul kulturul warmonaqmns gayofisa
da mizidvis procesebSi da ratom arRvevs ase iolad musikis
Tayvaniscema mecnierulisa da aramecnierulis sazRvrebs. ma
gram popularuli musikis esTetika populizmis Semamcirebe
li formebis (rokis samyaros CaTvliT) gamowvevaa, radgan misi
komercializmis aseTi siaxlove mis meamboxeobasTan agreTve
gamoiwvevs analitikur struqturebs, rac bazars TviTmyo
fadi disidentobis opoziciaSi aTavsebs.
lorens grosbergi Tavis bolodroindel esseSi kultu
ris kvlevebisa da popularuli musikis Sesaxeb, miiCnevs, rom
mniSvnelovania maTi kavSirebis politikuroba (grosbergi
2002). misi argumentaciiT, neoliberalizmis pirobebSi, ax
algazrdoba (anu amerikeli axalgazrdoba) iWyliteba maTi
ekonomikuri da socialuri momavlisTvis safrTxis momtan
politikasa da maTTvis pasuxismgeblobis sul ufro da ufro
adre damakisrebel politikas Soris. am situaciaSi, amtkicebs
igi, axalgazrduli kulturis da gansakuTrebiT, musikis
Teoriulad informirebuli gaazreba, daexmareba am sferos
mkvlevrebs axalgazrdobas gamoesarClon: es mimzidveli
SeniSvna, zogierT, am wignSi gamoTqmul, Cems arguments exmi
aneba kulturis kvlevebis rolis Sesaxeb. magram me agreTve
mainteresebs ras SesZens es `OutKast~-sa Tu maikl jeqsons an
avril lavins da maT Tayvanismcemlebs. da bolos, kulturis
kvlevebis pop musikasTan xangrZlivi siaxlovis miuxedavad,
isini sxvadasxva samyaros miekuTvnebian da es gansxvaveba misi
siZlierisTvis ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre raime garigeba. am

201
SemTxvevaSi, popularuli musikis gageba kulturis kvlevebis
mier, Tumca SesaZloa Tayvaniscemis an Tundac gamosarClebis
survils gamoxatavdes, sabolood midrekilebas amJRavnebs
imisken, rom samecniero codna iyos rogorc nebismieri sxva
disciplinis kavSiri (radgan kulturis kvlevebi datvirTu
li disciplinaa) musikasTan, anu politikuri Zalis armqone,
gansxvavebiT genderis, eTnikurobis, rasisa da seqsualobis
sakiTxebisgan, romlebic sul ufro uaxlovdeba politikurs.
rodesac saqme musikaze midgeba, kulturis kvlevebs SeuZlia
Seaqos, gaakritikos da misi gageba Tu axsna scados, Tumca amas
sakiTxisgan daSorebiT axdens da aucileblad SezRuduli
politikuri midgomiT.

damatebiTi literatura: Beebl, Fulbrook and Squarders 2002;

Frith 1996; Frith and Horne 1987; Frith, Straw and Street 2001; Good-
win 1992; Hebdige 1979 and 1987; Ross and Rose 1994.

202
4.3. interneti da teqnokultura

1999 wels indra sinham (internetSi `Bear~-ad cnobilma), ga

moaqveyna `kiberboSebi: eleqtronul sazRvrebze siyvarulis,
sicocxlisa da mogzaurobis gulaxdili angariSi.~ esaris
naxevradSeTxzuli mogoneba 1987 da 1991 wlebs Soris inter
netSi TamaSsa da SetyobinebaTa gzavnaSi gatarebul Rameebze.
es iyo manamde, vidre Windows-i da WWW (World Wide Web)
kibersivrces masmediad gadaaqcevda. 80-iani wlebis bolos in
terneti gotikiT-hiper gotikiT daavadda. misi gmirebi: Jesus
Slutfucker, liliti hagstroi da metibali daxetialoben vir
tualur sivrceSi, TiTqos is saxifaTo, mistikuri jojoxeTi
iyos. zogierTi virusis iseT adgilebSi moxvedrisas, rogorc
nuKE, amoSanTvasa da rRvevas iwvevs; zogi S&M-is rolis Sem
srulebeli Tavs iyris saitebze, rogorc madam pompaduri
Vortex-ze; zogi Shade-ze, MUD saitze damokidebuli xdeba
da dRe-Rames uZinrad asworebs klaviaturasTan. Sepyrobili
hakerebi Fidonet-is msgavs Wkuiskolofebis qselur sistemas
misdeven (romelic aSS-Si 1984 wels daiwyo da am gaerTianebis
dasabams aRniSnavs) iseve, rogorc sauniversiteto sistema
JANET-s. riskis fasad, isini cdiloben internetis or, aSS-
s Tavdacvis saministros mier marTuli `mamis~ MILNET-is
(samxedro sistemis) da ARPNET-is (saZiebo sistema, romelic
yvela internetsistemaTagan pirveli iyo) sistemaSi SeRwevas.
garda amisa, modemebiT Sesvlas wuTebi, zogjer saaTe
bi sWirdeba, raTa raime kavSiri damyardes. zog moTamaSes
satelefono zarebi akotrebs. `Bear~ flobs kompiuters,
romelsac Apricot ewodeba (britanuli pasuxi Apple-s) da 128
K mexsiereba da 16-bit mikrokompiuteri aqvs, rac dros amok
lebs da yovelive es im samyaroSi SesaRwevad, romelic Tavda
pirvelad gamosaxulebasa da bgeras moklebul sacnobaro
dafebd Seicavda (sinha 1999).
erTi mxriv, sinhas cocxal gamoxmaurebaSi Zvel internet
ze TvalSisacemia, Tu raoden moZvelebuli gveCveneba igi.

203
magaliTad, ar aris agresiuli porno, romelmac biZgi misca
internetis bums, rodesac gamosaxuleba xelmisawvdomi gax
da. kiberkulturaze swrafad sxvas arafers gasdis yavli.
Tumca, meore mxriv, igi ucnaurad axlobelia. mis SemswreTa
gan romels SeuZlia daiviwyos bedisweris, gaucxoebisa da
revoluciis apokalifsuri ritorika, romelic teqnokul
turis warmoSobas axlda? xolo amis sapirispiro, ganmaaxle
beli, saswaulebrivi da teqnologiuri netarebis ritorikas,
romelSic kosmosuri futuristuli motivebi kaliforniul
axali Taobis ganmaTavisufleblobasTan iyo SeTavsebuli, mx
ars ubamda Jurnalebi `Mondo 2000~ da `Wired~-i 80-ian wlebSi.
yovelive aman zenits miaRwia dotcom-is fuWi utopiurobis
bumsa da kapitalizmis axali safexuris mqadageblobaSi, rac
uaryofiTad aisaxa 2000 wlis pirveli ianvris aTaswleulis
kraxis SeSlil winaswarmetyvelebaSi.
teqnokulturebs is sirTule axlavs, rom zustad ara
vin icis, sad iRebs saTaves da sinamdvileSi ras warmoadgens.
swored sinhas Semdgom, ufro zustad, 1990 wlidan Web-ma
(qseli) rogorc aseTma, ufro vrceli internetis SigniT me
tad specifikuri mniSvneloba SeiZena. igi niSnavda mTeli sa
myaros bades (WWW), romelic Tavidan mxolod erTi saxis
momsaxureba iyo Net-ze, moxmarebisTvis sasiamovno suraTebi
sa da (mogvianebiT) bgeris gamo, rasac maSin Net-xalxidan bev
ri uaryofda (teqnikurad WWW globaluri hiperteqsturi
HTML-ze damyarebuli sistema iyo. ix. www.w3.org/history.
html Webistoriis droiTi xazisTvis). Web-i urTierTCae
nacvleba da warmosdgeba iseTi terminebidan, rogorc `in
terneti~ an `Net~-i. Web-i mxolod kulturas ar miekuTvneba
igi imdenadve biznesis, administraciuli, samxedro saSu
alebaa, rogorc pirovnuli, gasarTobi. is mxolod momsaxure
bac ar aris. igi iTvisebs da gardaqmnis Zveli sakomunikacio
teqnologiebis umetess telefons, translirebas, fostas,
gamomcemlobas da axlebsac umatebs audio gadmotvirT
vas, linking-s (romelsac hiperteqsti unda ewodos. am sakiTxs
adreul 80-ianebSi uamravi optimisturi futuristuli na
muSevari mieZRvna), info-tracking-i (saxelwodeba dauyovnebliv
Cawerisa da gamoqveynebis unaris mixedviT rom miiRo). Zveli
hegelianuri gamoTqmiT: igi mohyveba Zvel medias, inarCunebs
mas da umaRles Zalauflebamde ahyavs. amasobaSi urTierTS

204
eaTavsebs da saxes ucvlis. E-mail-I, magaliTad, fostis saxesx
vaobaa, Tumca siswrafis, individualobis damkargavi, erTba
Sad bevri misamarTis miRwevis unaris gamo, igi translirebas
emsgavseba, SesaZloa `interaqtiursac~ ki.
radgan Web-i kvlav viTardeba da zustad aravin icis, ris
gakeTebas SeZlebs an ra socialur Sedegs gamoiRebs, misi kri
tika da Teoria kvlavindeburad spekulaciasa da winaswar
metyvelebas emyareba. miT umetes, rom informaciisa da komu
nikaciis gacifruleba, Tumca internetisgan gayofilia, mainc
axlo kavSirSia Net-is gafarToebasTan, radgan yvelaferi,
rac cifruli xdeba, umTavresad, Web-ze ideba. amJamad gaci
frulebas mainc Tavisi sakuTari Sedegebi mosdevs Web-isgan
damoukideblad, maT Soris, gansakuTrebiT, saavtoro ufle
bebis, rogorc MP3-s gaziarebis SemTxvevaSi. sTiven feldi
aseT SemTxvevas ganixilavs: solomonis kunZuleli momRerali
qalis, afunakvas Sesrulebuli simRera `Rorogwela~ Tavdapir
velad UNESCO-Si momuSave eTnomusikis mcodnem Caiwera da
Semdeg Deep Sound-is CD-ze iyo warmodgenili (feldi 2001).
Semdgom man TavisiT ganagrZo arseboba: misi gadamuSavebuli
maRalxarisxovani versia msoflio musikalur hitad iqca,
romlisTvisac videoklipic gadaiRes. musika licenzirebuli
iyo satelevizio reklamirebisTvis ramodenime korporaciis
mier, Sony-s da Coca Cola-s CaTvliT. jazis saqsofonistma ian
garbarekma is Tavisi CanawerisTvis SearCia, radgan egona, rom
`pigmeebis musikas~ iTvisebda. aq ki honorarebis gamo gaCaR
da uTanxmoeba. afunakvas simReraze ekonomikuri uflebebi
hqonda, Tumca (rogorc mesame samyaros adgilobrivi musikis
didi nawilic) igi `zepirsityvierebad~ ganixileboda. gar
bareks aSkarad araviTari honorari ar gadauxdia arc misTvis
da arc solomonis kunZulelebisTvis, Tumca aRmoCnda, rom
igi, rogorc norvegiuli sagadasaxado saagento iuwyeboda,
mTeli honoraris 50 procents `xalxuri musikis~ mxardamWer
fonds uxdida. Tumca, sakiTxavia: ecodineboda originalur
Semsrulebels cifruli Canaweris erTi CD-dan meoreze da
erTi Web-gverdidan meoreze gadaweris Sesaxeb? da ra saxis
kontroli SeiZleba maT awarmoon aramyar, komerciul `erT
samyaroSi~ CaZirul simReraze? es aris magaliTi, sadac na
muSevris Seqmnis Tavdapirveli garemoebebi daviwyebuli da

205
ignorirebulia, rodesac igi cifruli da met-naklebad ara
materialurad gafantuli xdeba. miuxedavad amisa, Tumca
situacia axalia, pasuxismgeblobisa da kontrolis mis mier
wamoWrili sakiTxebi ar aris uCveulo gacifrulebuli peri
odisTvis da arc Cvens xelT arsebuli eTikuri kategoriebi
maTTan gasamklaveblad, Tumca, es nakleb damajerebelia leg
aluri struqturebis SemTxvevaSi (ix. makleodi 2001 axali te
qnologiebis mier inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis winaSe wamoW
rili sakiTxebis SesaniSnavi ganxilvisaTvis).
aq bgeris cifrul formatSi gadayvana da gadacema kul
turul da erovnul sazRvrebs miRma kulturul uflebaTa
da samarTlis gamocdas warmoadgens. Web-i aCqarebs amgvar
gamocdebsa da gaurkvevlobas. garda amisa, amJamad, Web-is
zemoqmedebis gansazRvris mcdelobebic SezRudulia misi te
qnologiuri ganviTarebis mdgomareobaSi yofnis gamo. misi ax
landeli gamoyeneba da cxovrebaze zemoqmedeba sulac ar aris
kargi mimaniSnebeli momavlis Sesaxeb: sinahas magaliTi amis
dadasturebaa. anda, sxva magaliTi moviyvanoT: 1997 wels luis
vuduordi, aSS-Si mcxovrebi britaneli ZiZa misi aRsazrdeli
bavSvis mkvlelobaSi daadanaSaules. am SemTxvevam Zlieri in
ternet aqtiuroba gamoiwvia mis sasargeblod. igi Web-Si cno
bili pirovneba gaxda da, rogorc aseTi, kulturis kvlevebis
mniSvnelovani ganxilvis obieqti (ix. senfti 2000). kerZod, es
SemTxveva Web-aqtiurobis rogorc samarTlisaTvis moqmedi
Zalis dabadebis mauwyeblad ganixileboda. Tuki gverds avu
vliT vuduordis kampaniasa da ufro tradiciul medias (gan
sakuTrebiT, `Court TV~-s) Soris kavSiris sakiTxs, ise Cans, rom
misi msgavsi SemTxveva aRarasodes ganmeordeba. amJamad, eqvsi
wlis Semdeg, interneti ubralod metismetad didi gaxda saam
isod; aseTi SemTxveva Zalze bevria. mas imaze meti kavSiri ara
aqvs socialur samarTlianobasTan (Tuki es am sakiTxSi arse
bobda), vidre qristianul uflebebTan, politikur reklamasa
da kapitalis zrdasTan, azartul TamaSebTan an, vTqvaT, gan
maTavisufleblobasTan.
amasTanave, odesRac aRmaSfoTebeli internet gverdebi
axla miRebuli gaxda. erT magaliTsac moviyvanT 1997 wlidan
heri noulesis da misi vebgverdis, http://www.aint-it-cool-
news.com, romelmac saxeli gaiTqva adreuli mimoxilviT ho

206
livudis warumatebeli filmisa `beTmeni da robini~. texaseli
bavSvi, noelesi pirveli iqca holivudSi mniSvnelovan figu
rad internetis gziT. imdroindeli didi studiebis Sedar
ebiTma Seuvalobam, misma mxurvale siyvarulma Zveli da axali
filmebisadmi; scenarebis, dadgmebisa da sasinji Cvenebebis
Sesaxen Sida e-mail-ebis gamoyenebam; holivudis marketingu
li teqnikis kargma codnam yovelive aman Web-gverds mniS
vnelovneba SesZina, rogorc holivudis mier sakuTari Tavis
gareT warmoCenis saSualebam. es, amdenad, safrTxesac Seicav
da didi studiebisTvis, radgan informaciis gavrceleba da
miukerZoebeli Sefaseba metad mniSvnelovan `pirvel kviraze~
adre gansakuTrebuli zianis momtani iyo. es kvira gadamwyve
tia aSS-s kinoindustriisTvis, radgan sazomia ara mimoxilvisa
da zepiri gamoxmaurebis (romelzec studias naklebi kontro
li aqvs), aramed marketinguli strategiebisa da varskvlavTa
ZalisaTvis (romlis gakontroleba maT xelSia) da SesaZloa
gaxdes ufro farTo marketinguli kampaniis safuZveli. ma
gram dRes noulesis gverdi komercializebulia da Zalze
daxvewil studiis reklamas Seicavs. Tuki is rogorme emijneba
holivuds, Tqven holivuds ufro unda dauaxlovdeT, vidre
Cveulebrivi filmis naxviT. Web-is damoukidebloba damkvi
drebul mediainteresTa xazSi CaerTo.
amdenad, Web-is aRqma adreul utopiur Tu Sokismomgvre
li momavlis diskursebs gascda. samecniero mimoxilvac mas
mihyva. socialur-samecniero gamokvlevis bolodroindeli
daskvna Web-is socialur da kulturul zemoqmedebaze Ta
vis aRmoCenebs am sferoSi xuTi saTauriT warmogvidgens: (1)
axali teqnologiebis aTviseba da gamoyeneba, riTac damokide
bulia umTavresad lokalur konteqstze da ar `arRvevs so
cialurad normatiul qcevas~; (2) axal teqnologiebTan aso
cirebuli SiSebi da safrTxe araTanabradaa gavrcelebuli
socialuri TvalsazrisiT; (3) virtualuri teqnologiebi re
alur saqmianobas ufro Seavsebs, vidre Caanacvlebs; (4) ufro
virtualuri ufro realuria, rac gulisxmobs, rom axali
teqnologiebi marTlac waaxalisebs ufro tradiciul saqmi
anobas (rogorc sagamomcemlo saqmes, sadac wignis warmoe
bis cifruli xerxi process ufro iafs, swrafsa da moqnils
xdis da yovelwliurad gamocemuli wignebis ricxvs zrdis);

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(5) ufro globaluri ufro lokaluria, rac gulisxmobs, rom
lokaluris daZlevis SesaZlebloba ganxilulma teqnolo
giebma sinamdvileSi SeiZleba gazardos. amis kargi magaliTia
sazogadoebrivi Web-gverdebi, romlebsac SeuZlia efeqturi
saSualebebi mogvawodos calkeuli lokalurobebis saxeebsa
da atraqcionebTan, agreTve saqmianobasTan dasakavSireblad.
cxadia, rom Web-Tan regionis dakavSirebam SeiZleba adgilo
brivi siamaye gaaZlieros swored msofliosTan dakavSirebis
SegrZnebis gamo (vulgari 2002, 14-20). Web-is gamoyenebam,
marTlac, SeiZleba gaamyaros odindeli kulturuli saqmi
anobani. deniel milerisa da don sleiteris mier trinidadSi
Net-is gamoyenebis Seswavla, magaliTad, gvaCvenebs, rom Web-i
iq tradiciis darRvevad ki ar mogvevlina, aramed `bunebrivad
trinidadulad~, romelic miesadaga, rogorc lokalur kos
mopolitizms, aseve lokalur laybobismoyvare gulRiaobas
(mileri da sleiteri 2000).
mainc, es ar unda iyos mizezi, ris gamoc Web-i ar niS
navs warsulTan kamaTs ufro metad, vidre avtomanqanebi Tu
eleqtroba an telefonebi (romlebic agreTve mniSvnelovani,
amJamad met-naklebad damkvidrebuli teqnologiebia) araa so
cialursa da kulturul wyobaSi cvlilebis Sedegi. miuxeda
vad imisa, rom es teqnologiebi cxovrebis ganuyofeli nawili
gaxda, isini gamokvlevas ar eqvemdebareba, ubralod ar arse
bobs raime Tvalsazrisi, romelic analitikurad moicavs maT
an Tundac, amas moiwadinebs (televizia gamonaklisia, radgan,
rogorc vnaxeT, igi inarCunebs wonasworobas struqturul
Zalad yofnasa da mravalTagan erT mediad yofnas Soris).
axal teqnologiaTa mTel sazogadoebaze zemoqmedebis Sem
swavleli socialuri sferos mkvlevarni, Cans, am zegavlenis
mniSvnelovan niSnebs uSveben mxedvelobidan, vinaidan Se
darebiT mcirea im privilegirebul `adreul amTvisebelTa~
ricxvi, vinc teqnologiebis gamoyenebis Tanmdevi gardaqmnebi
SeamCnia. Tumca, adreul amTvisebelTa gamocdileba ar aris
aucilebeli igive iyos Semdgomi TaobebisTvis.
me Tavs ar vdeb gamocdil da mowinave Web-momxmare
blobaze, magram metad var eleqtronuli mowyobilobebiT
aRWurvili, vidre sazogadoebis wevrTa umetesoba amJamad,
rodesac Web-i totaluri mediamoxmarebis drois daaxloe

208
biT 11 procentis tolia aSS-Si da aSkarad naklebia msoflio
maCvenebelTan SedarebiT (gaerTianebuli erebis ganviTarebis
programis (UNDP) 1999 wlis `kacobriobis ganviTarebis anga
riSSi~ aRniSnulia, rom 90-iani wlebisTvis OECDs qveynebi
msoflios mosaxleobis 19 procents, xolo internetmomsa
xurebisa 91 procents Seadgenda es cifri aRniSnavs glo
balur cifrul dayofas, anu masobriv uTanasworobas Net-is
xelmisawvdomobaSi regionebis mixedviT). Cemi piradi procen
tuli maCvenebeli internetSi media moxmarebisa 50 procents
utoldeba, rasac Cveni mimarTulebis gansazRvra SeuZlia, anu
Web-is piradad Cems mier gamoyeneba winaswar gansazRvris sa
Sualebad gamodgeba. amdenad, neba momeciT erT garkveul dRes
(guSin, 2003 wlis 28 maiss) Cems mier Web-is gamoyenebis mcire
avtobiografia SemogTavazoT. nasauzmevs maSinve Cemi e-mail-i
Sevamowme da Semdeg daaxloebiT yovel or saaTSi imaves vimeo
rebdi. me ramdenime wigni SevukveTe da amasobaSi CemTvis sa
survel sias gadavxede Amazon-sa da ABE-ze. BBC.com axali am
bebis gverdi dReSi orjer mainc gavxseni dasarwmuneblad, rom
sanam sxva saqmes vakeTebdi, samyaro raime ubedur SemTxvevas
ar SeuZravs da Slate-ze saTaurebs gadavavle Tvali. am wignis
werisas zogjer Google-idan vamowmebdi monacemebs sakiTxisa
Tu bibliografiuli detalebis Sesaxeb Cveulebriv kongre
sis biblioTekidan Endnote-is saSualebiT. xolo Limewire-ze,
ZiriTadad uSedegod, vcdilobdi ramdenime Son Volt-is gad
motvirTvas, radgan maTi damowmeba mimzidvelad meCvenebo
da. me Cems Zvel kolegas warmovidgendi da mainteresebda, ra
emarTeboda, rodesac Web-Si iCxrikeboda da Semaferxebel
Cixebs, moZvelebul gverdebsa da Semdeg SedarebiT axlebsac
aTvalierebda. me zereled gadavikiTxavdi zogierT pirad
dRiurs (blogs) da moviniSnavdi, romlis gadaxedvac msurda. ma
salis nawili Cems blog-ze gadmovwere da Semdeg Apple Music-ze
30-wuTi simRerebis mosmenaSi gavatare da mivdevdi im `xalxs,
vinc yidulobda da yidulobda~ CemTvis ucnob albomebs.
yoveli dRe, cxadia, aseTi ar aris. vici, arc me var tipiuri
magaliTi, radgan internetSi Sin Sevdivar da ara samsaxursa
Tu internet-kafeebSi (kiber kafeebi, universitetebi da a. S.),
rac kvlav mniSvnelovania Net-Si SesaRwevad maTTvis, visac
kompiuteris SeZenis fufuneba ara aqvs. me arc internetSi, e.

209
w. `masobriv mraval moTamaSeTa~ SejibrebebSi CarTuli moTa
maSe var, rolebis SerulebisTvis scenarebs rom avrcelebs,
sadac Bear-is Zveli yaidis virtualuri Txzulebebi sruliad
axal sivrceSia gatanili. ufro teqnikurad rom vTqvaT, me Sin
internet momsaxureba maqvs arasakabelo gadamcemiT, romelic
Tanamedrove da swraf kompiuters kvebavs, rac jer kidev iS
viaTobaa. Tumca, arasakabelo kavsirebis (links) gavrceleba in
ternetSi izrdeba da albaT vebSi Sesvlas gaafarTovebs.
Web-is gamoyenebis am Tvalsazrisidan Tu gamovidodi,
teqnologiis socialur zemoqmedebaze winaswarmetyvele
bas imiT daviwyebdi, rom momsaxurebisTvis meti dro Tavisu
fldeba da iklebs saqonlis sacalo gayidvis SemTxveviToba
realur sivrceSi (sinamdvileSi mniSvneloba ara aqvs, ra
wignebia calkeuli wignis maRaziaSi, roca internetSi TiTq
mis yvelaferi iolad xelmisawvdomia da es amJamad mraval
moxmarebis saganzec vrceldeba). es, albaT, unda niSnavdes
garkveul sazogadoebriv saqmianobaTa, gansakuTrebiT say
idlebis SeZenis Sinaur garemoSi gadmotanas. imavdros, Web-i
niSnavs saqonlisa da informaciis mzard misawvdomobas, mou
lodneli aRmoCenebis CaTvliT. xolo gasarTob saqmianobebs:
televizias, kiTxvas, kinos Web-is saxiT namdvili metoqe
hyavs. marTlac, amJamad niSandoblivia, rom telemayure
bloba Web-is Tvalierebam marTlac daazarala. es imasac niS
navs, rom beWdviTisa da satranslacios magvar saqmianobaTa
misawvdomobis barierebi imdenad dadablda, rom moiTxovs
axal gadasarCev teqnikebs auditoriaTa dasakvalianeblad
da Camosayalibeblad, anda sruliad axlebur urTierTobas
sazogadoebrivsa da kerZos Soris. teqnologia sakmaod aio
lebs warmoebisa da moxmarebis gamijvnas, rac kulturisTvis,
tradiciuli TvalsazrisiT, sakmaod mniSvnelovania.
Cemi am momsaxurebiT sargebloba muSaobasa da dasvenebas
Soris zRvris waSlasac mianiSnebs. guSin, samuSao da piradi
dro urTierTmomcveli da gadamkveTi iyo saxlSi, Tumca, sam
saxurSi rom vyofiliyavi, ar iqneboda sruliad gansxvavebu
li. amas garkveuli uxerxulobac mosdevs, radgan saSinao dro
ufro gaxsnilia moTxovnebisaTvis, xolo samuSao dro ufro
daucvelia gasarTobi interesebisaTvis. xolo Web-ze yovel

210
qmedebas SeiZleba davakvirdeT, radgan kvals tovebs, rac imas
niSnavs, rom kerZo (potenciur Tvalyuris devnebis ararsebo
bis gagebiT) safrTxis qveS aris. muSaobac da moxmarebac Sei
Zleba uwindelze metad Semowmdes.
es sazogadosa da kerZos Soris axali domenis Web log-
is gaCenasac gulisxmobs: vebiT gagzavnili dRiurebis gama
calkevebeli Web-gverdebia (blog-ebis mraval mimwode
belTagan yvelaze popularuls, Blogger-s milionze meti
registrirebuli momxmarebeli hyavs am momentisTvis). Blog-
ebi Web-gamoqveynebis mkveTr demokratizebas axdens, radgan
mas iolsa da Tavisufals xdis. yvela saxis blog-i arsebobs:
misaloci, komerciuli, Jurnalisturi, ucnaur gatacebaTa,
fsevdonimuri, xelmowerili, politikosTa. TiTqmis yvela
maTgani ucnaur sivrced gvevlineba, romelic Web-is ukide
ganobaSi ganlagdeba da amitom misawvdomia. isini arc said
umloa da arc sayovelTao; isini yoveldRiuri cxovrebis
nawilia dRiuris msgavsad, magram imavdros samyarosadmi da
mis Sesaxeb wardgenili angariSic.
da bolos, dro (amJamad, yovel SemTxvevaSi) Web-ze gan
sxvavebulad zemoqmedebs, vidre tradiciul media da kul
turul formebze rogorc maikl uorneri aRniSnavs, gaci
fruleba saSualebas aZlevs kulturas mudmivmyofobaSi
iarsebos, sadac igi naklebad aris (magram ara sruliad amis
gareSe) organizebuli, beWdviTi da samauwyeblo mediis `punq
tualobis~, droebiTobis irgvliv, romlis teqstebi (yvelaze
metad axali ambebis programebi) regularuli intervalebiT
aris warmodgenili gansakuTrebul dros (uorneri 2002, 97-
98). es mauwyeblobis droebiTobidan biblioTekis srul ar
adroebiTobaSi dagvabrunebs (rogorc Cemi yofili kolegis
kvalis Ziebisas). Web-gverdebze Tavisi Seqmnis TariRebi iS
viaTad aris cxadad aRniSnuli da imden xans arsebobs, ramden
sac momxmarebeli ukavSirdeba.
marTlac, Web-is mimdinare triumfi virtualurobis de
materializebis gamarjvebas ar unda niSnavdes, rogorc amas
teqnokulturis adreuli Teoria miiCnevda. faqti, rom Web-s
gansakuTrebuli kavSiri aqvs mis mier Seqmnil misi moqmedebi
sTvis arsebiT sivrcesTan, mis momxmarebelTaTvis umniS

211
vnelovanesi ar unda iyos. igi maT sivrces ki ar ganaSorebs,
ubralod saxes ucvlis maT garemos. mTlianobaSi, `virtual
uri~ sagani yuradRebis gadamtan obieqtad gvevlineba (Tum
ca igi cifruli TamaSebis kategoriad ufro rCeba). metic,
sadenebze damyarebuli sazogadoebisa da demokratizaciis
Sesaxeb mtkicebani, Web-is pretenziebis msgavsad Cveni urT
ierTkavSirebis Zala gaafarTovos, rogorc sazogadoebrivi
sferos gamyarebisas, masobrivad gadaWarbebuli unda iyos.
marTlac, am argumentebis sawinaaRmdegod, jodi dinma ax
laxans daadastura, rom komunikaciebis zrdis Web-is mier
motanili SesaZlebloba sinamdvileSi demokratias aqveiTebs,
radgan individualur xmas masobriv informaciasa da uwes
rigo komunikaciebSi axSobs. dinis Tanaxmad, cifruli qse
lis popularobis zrda ramdenadme vnebs gansjas, romelsac
sinamdvileSi SeuZlia demokratiis ganxorcieleba teqnokul
turis gareSe (dini 2002). es dasabuTeba aRiarebs, rom Web-i
ar Seadgens sazogadoebrivi sferos im saxiT, rogorc poli
tikuri da socialuri Teoriebis umetesoba miiCnevs komu
nikaciebis gaziarebis unariani pirovnebebis SezRuduli ra
odenoba, vinc agreTve Seadgens im erTobis mosaxleobas anda
vinc warmoadgens mas warmoCenis Sesabamisi formiT. amdenad,
rogorc vixileT, Web-i ar unda iyos umTavresi Zala maTze
damyarebuli oficialuri politikis daqveiTebaSi: Zveli sa
mauwyeblo media, gansakuTrebiT ki televizia, amaSi mTavar
rols asrulebs.
amdenad, davaskvnaT, rom Web-is irgvliv gamarTuli msj
elob mxardamWer Tu sawinaaRmdego isteriasac ki aRwevs.
rodesac Web-i ufro metad Camoayalibebs socialur da kul
turul urTierTobebs, mis Sedegebs guldasmiT Semowmeba das
Wirdeba, mis safrTxeebs winaswar ganWvreta, mis siamovnebebsa
da SesaZleblobebs gavrceleba da kritikuli gamoxatva.
amJamad umTavresi saSiSroeba, rac Web-ma SeiZleba wamoWras,
SesaZloa iyos cifruli danawevreba, misi Zala _ sazogadoe
brivi kulturis geografia daamcros da misi unari _ inter
netiT sargebloba aqcios qmedebad, romelic erTdroulad
moxmarebis saganic aris (savaWro saSualebisTvis xelmisawv
domi) da zedamxedvelobis obieqtic. meore mxriv, Web-i axali

212
koleqtiurobebisa da identurobebis, internet urTerToba
Ta axali saxeebisa da yovelgvari informaciis xelmisawvdo
mobis damkvidrebas gvpirdeba. Tumca, amgvari daskvnebi ara
damajereblad JRers, radgan, rogorc mogaxseneT, aravin icis
amJamad, Tu saiT mivyavarT gacifrulebasa da Web-s. es aris
sakiTxi, romliskenac studentebi, amJamindeli Tu momavali,
gezs aiReben.

damatebiTi literatura: Bell and Kennedy 2000; Herman and

Swiss 2000; Lovink 2002; Miller and Staler 200; Plant 1996; Winston
1998.

213
214
 nawili V

identuroba

5.1. debatebi identurobaze

identurobebi Zireulad bevrad rTulia, vidre es Tavda

pirvelad SeiZleba gveCvenos. erTi SexedviT isini gansaz
Rvraven mas vinmes im niSan-Tvisebebis mixedviT, romlebic
sxeulis raime fizikur maxasiaTebelze, azrze, genealogiasa
Tu kulturul warmomavlobaze SeiZleba miuTiTebdes. faq
tobrivad, isini amgvari niSan-Tvisebebis mqone pirovnebebis
identificirebas axdenen jgufebis mixedviT, Sedegad ki: es
niSnavs, rom identuroba pirovnulobis garkveul mdgomareo
bamde Sesustebis fasad miiRweva. magaliTisTvis, Cemi, ro
gorc mamakacis, identuroba aris Cemi ganmsazRvreli, aseve
mTlianobaSi 50%-iT mSTanTqmeli (uxeSad). amasTan erTad
pirovnebis identurobis aRsaweri maxasiaTeblebi yovelT
vis pirobiTia. identurobis damafiqsirebeli raime niSan-
Tvisebis gamoCenis Semdeg, SesaZloa gamoCndes sxvac, rac
SeiZleba `bunebrivic~ ki aRmoCndes, magaliTad, adamianebis
sqesis mixedviT identificirebisas (albaT, CvenTvis cnobili
nebismieri sazogadoeba adamianebis identificirebas sqesis
mixedviT axdens). identurobebi ar gulisxmoben pirovnebebis
mTlianobaSi warmosaxvas, aramed meti an naklebi sizustiT,
subieqturad asaxaven Tvisebebs, romlis matarebelnic ada
mianebi arian. umravles SemTxvevebSi adamianebs sakuTari
identificirebisaTvis uWirT maxasiaTeblebis SerCeva amas
garSemomyofi sazogadoeba axdens.
adamianebis Sexedulebebidan gamomdinare es asea, radgan
identuroba arsebobs gare, calkeuli da koleqtivizirebu
li da isini cvlian erTi meores. sinamdvileSi isini mxolod
nawilobriv Tu arian Tqveni ganmsazRvrelni. amasTan erTad,
radganac adamianebi sazogadoebrivi mdgomareobis mixedviT
aRweven identurobebs, identurobis gareSe, sazogadoebrivi
mdgomareobis mixedviT, ar arsebobs pirovneba. sazogadoe
bebi, identurobebi da pirovnebebi erTmaneTisgan damouki

215
deblad ar arseboben da Teoriuli TvalsazrisiT uazroa
zogadad identurobis kritika pirovnebis mier meobis da
kargvis gamo, iseve, rogorc mtkiceba imisa, rom adamianebs
araferi gaaCniaT sakuTari identurobebis garda. identuro
bebi adamianebsa da sazogadoebas Soris ara imdenad Suamavlis
rols asruleben, ramdenadac am urTierTobis ganmsazRvre
lebs warmoadgenen. Tumca, sinamdvileSi es ar aris marti
vi. pirovnebebs identuroba ki ara, identurobebi gaaCniaT,
radganac identurobebi garkveuli niSan-Tvisebebis mixedviT
yalibdebian (kanis feri, socio-ekonomikuri statusi, sqesi,
nacionaloba, regioni, profesia, Taoba da a.S). axal zelandie
li eqtomorfi da burJua, maswavlebeli, zodiaqoTi merw
yuli mamakaci gaxlavarT da a.S. magram yoveli identuroba
konkretul SemTxvevebSi Tanabari datvirTvis matarebeli ar
aris da maTgan gamomdinare sazogadoebrivi Sedegebic gansx
vavebulia. sqesi, erovneba, eTnosi da klasi umniSvnelovanesi
identurobebia, romlebic Cvens sazogadoebriv mdgomareobas
gansazRvraven. identurobebis pirobiTi datvirTva ki drosa
da sivrceSi icvleba. bevri eris magaliTis mixedviT, garemo,
sadac adamiani daibada, did rols asrulebs misi identuro
bis maxasiaTeblebze. amJamad (zogadad) amas gacilebiT na
klebi mniSvneloba gaaCnia. meore mxriv, odesRac, rogorc
identurobis maxasiaTebeli, erovneba mcire rols TamaSobda;
axla es mianiSnebs identurobaze, romliTac saxelmwifoebi,
upirveles yovlisa, arian dakavebulni. bolo 30 wlis ganmav
lobaSi `mamakacad~ yofna dasavleTSi sayovelTaod miRebuli
formidan gardaiqmna (mamakacoba praqtikulad alternativis
gareSe) sxvaTa Soris gamorCeul identurobad.
amasTan, azrebi, romlebsac identurobebs miaweren, xSir
ad ar asaxavs maxasiaTeblebsa da jgufebs obieqturad. isini,
kulturuli TvalsazrisiT, gavlenis qveS imyofebian da bolo
instanciaSi sazogadoebrivi garemos ZalisxmeviT ganisaz
Rvreba, gansakuTrebiT, Tu rogor ayalibeben isini sazoga
doebriv urTierTobebs maT Soris, vinc iyenebs identurobis
maxasiaTebelsa da visac es maxasiaTebeli exeba. magaliTad,
didi gansxvavebaa, rodesac Savkanian amerikel pirovnebas ni
gers, afroamerikelsa, Savsa Tu negros uwodeben. yoveli es
azri gamoxatavs identurobas, rogorc msgavss (romelSic

216
igi imave jgufs aRniSnavs), aseve gansxvavebuls (romelSic
mas damatebiTi niSnebi gaaCnia) erTi meorisgan azrebis mixed
viT. nebismierma azrma SeiZleba mniSvneloba Seicvalos. mniS
vnelovania, Tu vin aris da ra konteqstSi misi gamomyenebeli.
identurobis ganmsazRvreli zogierTi teqsti dadebiTad
aris damuxtuli im jgufebis mier, romlebic am identurobas
aRweren (isini aRniSnaven `TviT-identurobas~) zogi ki ara.
sakmaod xSirad, rodesac jgufis aRweras Seuracxmyofeli da
winaswar Seqmnili azrebiT axdenen, aseTi ganwyoba atacebulia
TviT jgufis mier da Semdeg iqceva TviT-identurobis gamomx
atvelad, Cveulebriv im mcire periodis mixedviT, romelSic
isini ironiulad moixseniebodnen: magaliTad, hipi, panki, ni
geri TavisTavad.
amitomac Sesabamisoba identurobasa da pirovnul me-s
Soris, struqturuli TvalsazrisiT, dakargulia da xSirad
fiqroben `identifikaciaze~, rogorc moTxovnad procesebze,
raTa erTgvari iarliyis qveS moaqcion (fasi, 1995). ueWvelia,
rom adamianebi gansxvavdebian intensiurobiT, romliTac
isini kavSirs amyareben garkveul identurobebTan. marTlac,
adamianebis sakmao raodenoba ebrZvis `uidenturobas~ -saku
Tari Tavis gamoyofiT am tipis jgufebidan yvelaze cnobil
transseqsualebisgan. (am SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs droTa
ganmavlobaSi uidenturobaze dafuZnebul identurobasTan.
Tuki sqesobriv-identurobebis kulturuli logikis mixed
viT vimsjelebT, kacad dabadebuli pirovneba bolomde qalad
verasodes iqceva). xolo sadac identurobebs dabali kul
turuli faseulobebi gaaCnia, amgvari identurobebiT daxa
siaTebul adamianebs sakuTar Tavze negatiuri warmodgenebi
SeuZliaT gaiTavison. am SemTxvevebSi identifikaciis proces
ma SeiZleba gavlena iqonios fizikur damaxinjebaze.
identifikacia kvlavac Teoriul gamocanad rCeba: post-
marqsistebis magaliTze, viciT, Tu ratom xdeboda, rom
identifikacia nebismier sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT arasodes
srulyofil formas ar iRebda. droTa ganmavlobaSi sakiTxi
sawyisi perspeqtivebis miuxedavad, arasrulyofilad cxad
deboda. magram Teoriuli analizis meSveobiT, bevr situa
ciebSi identifikacia SeiZleba bevrad martivad aixsnas. ada
mianebi mkvidrdebian TavianT identurobebSi ufro maRali

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an dabali xarisxiT, radganac identurobebi maTi cxovrebis
struqturas da amasTan erTad calkeul SemTxvevebs Sead
genen, radganac siamovneba da stimuli maTi qcevidan gamom
dinareobs. mniSvnelovania gansxvavebis povna SeZenil da
memkvidreobiT identurobebs, romelTa didi nawilic materi
alurobazea dafuZnebuli (maori (axali zelandiis polinezie
li xalxi), qali) da arCeul identurobebs Soris, romelTa didi
nawilic kulturul, materialur, Tu ideologiur arCevansa
Tu warmodgenebs eyrdnoba (konservatori, oficianti, ope
ris fani). es gansxvaveba (rodesac eWvgareSea, magaliTad, ras
ityviT religiur identurobebze, romlebic TiTqos xSirad
ganusazRvrelad memkvidreobiTi da arCeulia?) gamoyenebadia
imdenad, ramdenadac Cven gviqmnis azrs, rom identifikaciis
intensiurobis bevri saxeoba arsebobs, romelTac identifi
kaciis verc erTi Teoria ver daitevs. rogorc franc fenonma
SeniSna, uaryofiTi identurobebi SeiZleba sxva adamianebis
mier gaTavisebul iqnas Zlier dadebiTad (fanoni 1966).
amasTan erTad, radganac identurobebi calkeulia, isini
TavianT garSemo cariel adgilebs toveben. yoveli Cemi Tvise
ba, identuroba Tu maTi gaerTianeba ar gansazRvravs Cems
`kacobas~. CemSi aris raRac, meoba Tu `Sinagani~, rasac iden
turoba ar gaaCnia: es me, sakuTari saxeliT, rogorc pirovne
bas mekuTvnis. mas ver itevs verc erTi pirovnebaTSorisi
Segneba. es aris piradi ganwyobis, survilebisa da fiqrebis
samyaro, risi axsnac mTlianobaSi SeuZlebelia, Tu sad vxedav
sakuTar Tavs yvelaze metad. zogjer es sivrce asocirebulia
winaaRmdegobriv TavisuflebasTan, magram ar arsebobs raime
mizezi, Tu ratom aris es ase. saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi, Tuki
sazogadoebrivi identurobebi ganixileba ufro SezRuduli,
vidre SesaZleblobebis gamovlinebis TvalsazrisiT (da es
gvibiZgebs imaze, rom ganvixiloT isini erTdroulad rogorc
SezRuduli, aseve SesaZleblobebis TvalsazrisiT), am dros
identurobis gare me-oba identurobis sazRvrebs scdeba. ma
gram amis safasurad cxadia, rom rac identurobis danak
liss ganicdis, ver Seqmnis sazogadoebriv pirs.
70-iani wlebidan dawyebuli, mzardi interesi SeiniSneba
identurobis garSemo, rogorc `identurobis politikidan~
gamomdinare Sedegi politika, romlis meSveobiTac, rogorc

218
viciT, kulturis kvlevebi Tanabrdeba. cxadia, identurobis
politika niSnavs ufro metad garkveuli identurobis mqone
Ta interesebze agebul politikas (Cveulebriv istoriulad
uflebamosilebis CamorTmeuli adamianebi), vidre garkveul
sazogadoebriv polisebsa Tu filosofiebze agebul poli
tikas. faqtobrivad, es gansxvavebebi gaurkvevelia jer kidev
mas Semdeg, rac tradiciuli memarcxene/memarjvene politika
yovelgvari dabrkolebis gareSe ganxorcielda klasobrivi
identurobis garSemo.
identurobis politikis Zirebi bundovania: xSirad amboben,
rom maTi saTave 60-ebis dasawyisSi amerikaSi gaCaRebuli samo
qalaqo uflebebis moZraobaa, romlis Sedegadac specifikuri
kulturuli da socialuri identurobebis mqone dajgufebeb
ma mzard tempebSi ganaxorcieles am identurobebze agebuli
politikuri moTxovnebi gansakuTrebiT, afroamerikelebma
sakuTari rasobrivi TviTmyofadobisa da feministebma qalTa
uflebebis dasacavad (omi da uinanti 1986, 75). es moTxovnebi
daukavSires analizs, pirvel rigSi, politikuri da istori
uli TvalsazrisiT. istoriuli TvalsazrisiT aSkaraa, rom
saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi dasavleTSi garkveul dajgufebaTa
Rirebulebebi da maxasiaTeblebi TeTrkaniani heteroseq
sualuri mamakaci da gansakuTrebiT TeTri heteroseqsuali
burJua miRebul iqna normad, magaliTad imisa, ra iqneboda
adamianad yofna sayovelTao adamianurobis TvalsazrisiT.
ganaTlebas, romelic istoriuli momentis mixedviT wyvet
da religiasa da tradicias sazogadoebrivi da politikuri
avtoritetisagan, gaaCnda ironiulad (asea damtkicebuli)
gayinuli normatiuloba TeTrkaniani qalis movaleobebis
Seusruleblobis Taobaze RmerTTan da kadrs miRma istorias
Tan. igi samyaros centrSi imyofeboda, rogorc mizezis privi
legirebulad matarebeli. eWvgareSe da es umniSvnelovanesi
politikuri aspeqtia heteroseqsuali TeTrkaniani mamakaci
iyo avtoritetisa da Zalis gzamkvlevi saxalxo sferosken da
politikuri da ekonomikuri moTxovnebisaken, rac ar iTqmis
aranair sxva dajgufebaze. aseT Zlier istoriul da poli
tikur interpretaciiT SeiaraRebul pirovnebaTa jgufebs,
romelTa Soris arian feministebi, homoseqsualebi, les
boselebi da sxvadasxva eTnikuri dajgufebebi, 60-iani wle

219
bidan dawyebuli, gaaCniaT saxalxo sferoSi damkvidrebis
farTo saSualeba maSinac ki, rodesac formaluri politi
kuri aparati mxars uWers da ibrZvis maTi survilebisa da
moTxovnebisTvis maTi marginalizebuli identurobis Zalisx
mevis meSveobiT an winaaRmdegobas uwevs maTi identurobiT
gamowveul SeboWvas.
zogjer aseve amboben, rom identurobis politikas Zalas
hmatebs `aRiarebis~ wyurvili (Teilori 1994) (quCuri sityva,
`pativiscema~), magram umetesad igi motivirebulia midgo
mis, Tavisuflebisa da patiosnebis surviliT, miukerZoebe
li midgomiT. miuxedavad imisa, rom RirsebasTan mimarTebaSi
identurobis politika moicavs gamosworebul pirovnebaTa
jgufis namdvili kulturuli ganurCevlobis moTxovnas, igi
moicavs aRiarebis komponentebs, romlebic politikis sxva
formebs aklia da mniSvnelovania, rom ar davakninoT pativis
cemis faseuloba. amasTan erTad, sadac calkeuli identuro
bebi marginalizebulia sazogadoebaSi Zlieri gavlenis mqone
jgufebis mier, identurobis politikam SeiZleba moicvas
`aRiarebis warmoCena~, romelic uaryofiTi stereotipebis
kritikas warmoadgens da anadgurebs maTTan identificire
bul fizikur nakls.
ufro detaluri ganxilvisaTvis saWiroa momentis daWera,
Tu ratom gaxda gasuli saukunis bolo aTwleulebSi iden
turobis politika aseTi Cveulebrivi, politikuri da so
cialuri landSaftis nawili. zogadad, am saxeobis politi
kuri formirebis arenaze gamosvlis orgvari axsna arsebobs:
erTi aqcentirebas akeTebs sazogadoebriv mxardaWeraze da
CarTul pirebze; meore ki ganixilavs ufro farTo sazoga
doebriv kondiciebs, romlebic axal politikas da mis gamaer
Tianebel SesaZlo formebs qmnian. amgvarad, istoriidan
cnobili magaliTis mixedviT, britaneli abolicionistebis
moZraoba monebis da maTi mxardamWerebisaTvis uflebebis
micema iyo, Tu es monobis Sesabamisma ekonomikuri araefeq
turobis Sedegma ganapiroba (ixile jeimsi 1963; bleqberni
1988).
identurobis Tanamedrove politikis enaze: afroame
rikelebi, qalebi, homoseqsualebi, lesboselebi da uazro
politikuri gaerTianebebi TavianT avtonomiurobaze aqcents

220
gaTavisuflebis mizniT akeTeben, Tu politikaSi isini viTa
rebidan gamomdinare uflebebis mopovebis gamo aRmoCndnen?
faqtobrivad, Cven ar gvaqvs myari arCevani am alternativebs
Soris. marginaluri dajgufebebis nebisyofa da energia ga
damwyveti iyo identurobis politikisaTvis, magram miuxe
davad amisa, aseT politikas adgili aqvs, rodesac igi axali
ZaliTa da aRmoCenebiT xorcieldeba `winsvlisa~ da `wevis~
faqtorebs Soris balansis damyarebiT, maTi gancalkevebiT
gansxvavebul viTarebebSi.
70-ian wlebSi dasavleTis qveynebis identurobis politi
kis gamoCena SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc xangrZlivi isto
riis momenti, romlis ganmavlobaSic sxvadasxva erovnuli da
kolonialur hegemonuri `kanonebis paketebis~ Zalaufleba
(inglisur enovan qveynebSi WASPS [TeTrkaniani anglo-saqso
ni protestantebi]) TandaTanobiT Sesustda.
CvenTvis kargad nacnobia es istoria, romelic garkveul
wilad kavSirSia postmodernizmisa da globalizaciis isto
riasTan: meore msoflio omi elitis hegemoniis dasrulebis
gadamwyveti momenti iyo sxvadasxva mizezebiT. iaponiis mier
aziaSi mopovebulma adreulma gamarjvebebma dagvanaxa, rom
dasavleTi ar iyo uZleveli. amerikis samxedro Zalebis af
roamerikel jarebze daqvemdebarebuli teritoria da jaris
kacis Semdgomi Semosavali (ramac rasobriv Tanasworuflebi
anobis ganviTarebas Seuwyo xeli CrdiloeTSi da ara samxreTSi)
axali energiiT exmareboda samoqalaqo uflebebis moZraobas.
xolo ebraelTa masobrivma genocidma rasistuli politikis
moTxovnebi Seasusta, Zireulad moacila ra mas yvelaze mka
fio gamoxatulebebi. 50-ebis dekolonizaciam aseve daasrula
evropuli hegemonia, xolo damoukideblobisaTvis samxreT
aziurma xangrZlivma sub-kontinenturma brZolam, rogorc
SemdgomSi gairkva, mniSvnelovani roli Seasrula vietnam
eli komunistebis gamarjvebaze jer frangebTan, Semdeg ki
amerikelebTan. ufro konkretulad, qalTa moZraobas Tan
erTvoda ekonomikuri da teqnologiuri ganviTarebis mTeli
cikli dakavSirebuli siuxvesTan, dovlaTTan, axali sarecxis,
gamwmendi, Tu saWmlis mkeTebeli meqanizmebi, oraluri kon
traceptivi da sxva. yovelma maTganma TandaTanobiT Secvala
sqesTa Soris ZalTa Tanafardoba yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi. es

221
moxda, sul mcire, industriul qveynebSi mainc. msgavsad sub
urbanizaciam gadamwyveti roli Seasrula homoseqsualebis
gamaTavisuflebeli moZraobis gaCaRebaSi, mas Semdeg, rac
darTuli iyo neba homoseqsualebis myari sazogadoebebis
Seqmnaze, ZiriTadad qalaqis Rarib dasaxlebebSi SesaRwevad.
rogorc vnaxeT, kulturuli da media industriebi sakuTar
Tavs segmentaciis da identurobis formirebis aqseleraciis
saSualebas aZleven calkeuli identurobebis ucbad specifi
kurad Seracxvis, samomxmareblo bazrebis gansazRvris gziT.
kulturis kvlevebi xSirad ganixileboda (gansakuTrebiT
aSS-Si) rogorc identurobis politikis akademizacia (da ami
tomac am istoriis memkvidre), magram faqtobrivad, is gaix
liCa or nawilad: erTi, romelic akavSirebs sakuTar Tavs
marginalur da subordinirebul identurobebTan; meore ki
identurobebs ganixilavs, rogorc iZulebisa da mouxerxe
blobis gamoxatulebebs, agreTve hegemoniis sazogadoebri
vi struqturirebis nawils. amitomac meordeba mcdelobebi
`post-identurobis~ kulturuli politikis artikulirebi
sTvis iseTi koncepciebis gaTvaliswinebiT, rogoricaa hi
briduloba; mcdelobebi, romlebic sul ufro da ufro gav
leniani xdeboda 80-ebsa da 90-ebSi, identurobis politikis
konceptualuri da politikuri sirTuleebis mzardi konkre
tuli mniSvnelobiT gaZlierebuli.
Cven SegviZlia Sedegis saxiT am sirTuleebis Sejameba:
1. identurobis politika miiswrafvis Sida gansxvavebe
bis mospobisaken. amgvarad, feminizmis saSualebiT sxvadasx
va klasebis an eTnosis warmomadgeneli qalebis garCeva
Secdomaa. gansxvavebuli ganwyobiT midgoma zogadad qaluro
basTan warumateblobaa, romelic TiTqmis afuWebs moZraobas.
2. Zalze msgavsi momenti: identurobis politikas xSirad
miaCnia, rom identuroba arsia rom arsebobs mniSvnelovani
(an WeSmariti) gza, rom iyoT qali, maori, azieli da a.S. hibrid
ulobis Teoria am Sexedulebis iluziebisagan Tavis daRweva
Si gvexmareba. amas qvemoT vixilavT.
3. identurobis politikas gamoricxvis principiT muS
aobis tendencia gaaCnia. identurobebi midrekilni arian sxva
Ta damcirebis xarjze Camoyalibebisaken, rogorc im konkre
tul SemTxvevebSi, rodesac, sazogadoebrivi TvalsazrisiT

222
dominanturi identurobebi yalibdebian (TeTrkanianTa kon
cefcia didwilad gansxvavebuli kanis feris mqone jgufebis
Seviwrovebaze iyo dafuZnebuli), aseve im SemTxvevebSi, rode
sac identuri-jgufebi dakavebulni arian emansipaciis poli
tikiT (feminizmi zewolis qveS imyofeboda, raTa yvela mamaka
ci qalTmoZuled warmoCeniliyo).
4. identurobis politikas gaaCnia tendencia ganixilos
identurobebi sicocxliT aRsavse cxovrebis mqone adamianTa
garSemo. yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi erT-erTi umniSvnelovane
si identuroba, romelic adamianebs gaaCniaT, anazRaurebadi
samuSaos gansazRvraa. (es ufro did interess iwvevs social
uri, vidre kulturis kvlevebisTvis, nawilobriv imitom, rom
kulturis kvlevebi xSirad politikur identurobebTan daka
vSirebuli survilebiT imarTeba da anazRaurebadi samuSaos
sakiTxebi Sesabamisad naklebi interesis sferos warmoadgens.)
5. rodesac politikuri an sazogadoebrivi moZraoba age
bulia identurobaze, `identurobis~ arsi miiswrafvis gansa
kuTrebuli mobilizebulobisaken, xolo politikuri miznebis
misaRwevad organizaciisa da procesis mniSvnelobas naklebi
yuradReba eqceva. es imitom xdeba, rom identurobis politika
xSirad erTdroul kavSirSia solidaruli dajgufebis mzard
intensivobasTan da uflebebTan dakavSirebuli moTxovnebis
SesrulebasTan. amasTan erTad, radganac identurobis poli
tikaSi identurobebi arc molaparakebas eqvemdebareba
(garkveul sazRvrebSi), arc gafarToebis unari gaaCnia, raTa
moicvas isini, vinc identurobaSi monawileobas ar Rebuloben,
identurobis politikam SeiZleba mouqneli xasiaTi miiRos da
gamoiwvios im saerTo platformis fragmentacia, romlis meS
veobiTac garkveuli koniunqturuli moTxovnebis mixedviT
Sida politikis marTva warmoebs. amgvari tendencia aSkaraa,
rodesac identurobas kulturas miaweren xolme, rasac Cven
multikulturalizmis seqciaSi vixilavT.
6. identurobis politikas legitimirebuli istoriebisa
da tradiciebis gamogonebis tendencia gaaCnia, romlebic Sei
Zleba politikuri, agreTve komerciuli miznebiT iqnas gamoy
enebuli. albaT, erovnuli identurobebi amis yvelaze aSkarad
gamoxatuli instanciebia, mas Semdeg, rac am SemTxvevaSi
`mogonili tradiciebi~ gansakuTrebiT gaZlierdnen. yvelaze

223
cnobili magaliTia Sotlandiuri mosasxamisa da qvedatanis,
rogorc mniSvnelovani erovnuli identurobis ganmasaxiere
blis `gamogoneba~. Tavdapirvelad es ingliselma tansacmlis
mwarmoeblebma me-18 saukuneSi ganaxorcieles, Semdeg ki me-19
saukunis dasawyisSi amaze kulturis erovnulobis mxardaWer
is mizniT ser uolter skotma imuSava (ix. hobsboumi da rein
jeri 1983).
albaT, kulturis kvlevebis umTavresi winsvlebi am prob
lemebTan mimarTebaSi iyo identurobis garCeva da xelax
ali ganxilva im mimarTulebiT, romliTac koncefcia kar
gavs mouqnelobas. amgvari winsvla sxvadasxva formebs iZens,
romelTagan yvelaze farTod gavrcelebuli `hibridulobis~
kategoriaa. kidev erTi forma ki stiuart holis mier `gan
sxvavebebSi kavSirad~ wodebuli kategoriaa (holi 1987, 45).
orive SemTxvevaSi identuroba ganxilulia ara rogorc fiq
sirebuli niSani, aramed im procesebisa Tu warmodgenebis
TvalsazrisiT, romelTa Sedegadac yalibdeba identurobebi.
am Teoriaze dayrdnobiT, es procesebi uwyvetia: TiToeuli
identurobis mniSvneloba da Zala mudmiv mutaciaSia (miuxe
davad imisa, rom zogjer isini ufro nela icvlebian, vidre
sxva dros). am dros identurobebi arc SeZenilia, arc arCeu
li, isini miRebulia, magram es niSnavs, rom identurobebma
unda SeaRwion sirTuleebSi im situaciis mixedviT, romelSic
isini arian warmodgenilni an aqamde miuRiaT monawileoba.
metic, post-marqsistTa gamoCenis mixedviT, SeiZleba vi
varaudoT, rom pirovnebebsa da dajgufebebs SeuZliaT saku
Tari identurobis dacva gacilebiT intensiurad, radganac
identurobis miRwevamde yovelTvis cota aklia arc erTi
identuroba ar aris sruli individualurobisa Tu cxovrebi
seul praqtikaSi yovel aspeqtSi myari fundamentis formebis
ganmsazRvreli. ganvixiloT es sxva TvalsazrisiT: hibrudu
lobis Teorias identuroba miaCnia ara rogorc dajgufebebs
Soris aqtivSi myofi stabiluri maxasiaTebeli niSani, aramed
rogorc praqtika, romlis mniSvneloba da efeqti aris mudmivi
mutacia konteqstualuri cvlilebebiT.
magram ratom `hibruduloba~? sxvadasxva mizeziT. Tavda
pirvelad ganvixiloT gavleniani post koloniali kritikosis,
homi bhabas koncefciis Teorizaciis sakiTxi. igi identurobis

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sakiTxs kolonializmSi misi interesebidan gamomdinare ganix
ilavs. bhaba amtkicebs, rom `qveSevrdomi~ identurobebi reg
ularulad gamoxatulia im TvalsazrisiT, rom isini sakuTar
Tavs ar ekuTvnian da ganekuTvnebian mmarTvel fraqcias (ter
mini `qveSevrdomi~ Tavdapirvelad gramSim gamoiyena, magram
amJamad es termini Seexeba minimaluri Zalis mqone sazoga
doebriv dajgufebebs da gansakuTrebiT kolonizirebul
xalxs.). kolonializmis qveSevrdomi identuroba ar gaxlavT
misi gansakuTrebuli xasiaTis WeSmariti gamoxatuleba. ufro
sworad, qveSevrdom dajgufebaTa identuroba gamoxatulia
qmedebebSi, romlebic kolonizatoris mier gamoxatul konce
fciebs (an msjelobas) imitacias ukeTebs an mis adgils ikavebs.
bhabas argumentis mixedviT, mmarTveli identurobebisa da
msjelobebis imitaciasa da gadaxraSi hibriduli qveSevrdomi
gverdidan zurgSi scems mCagvrels nebismieri formis poli
tikuri brZoliT. hibridizebuli identurobebi sargebloben
mmarTvelTa SemTxveviTi daudevrobebiT da Semdeg safexurze
hegemonuri identurobebis Zaldautaneblobisa da kanon
ierebis sakiTxebze gadadian (ix. bhabha 1994).
didad gansxvavebuli midgomiT, hibriduloba gamoyenebadi
koncefciaa, radgan dajgufebebsa da pirovnebebs ara erTiani,
aramed gansxvavebuli identurobebi gaaCniaT. garkveul
wilad, rogorc stiuart holi eTnosis Sesaxeb naSromSi amt
kicebs, britaneTSi terminma `Savkaniani~ msoflios sxvadasxva
kuTxeebidan, sxvadasxva didad gansxvavebuli dajgufebebi
erTad miizida da aseTma mravalgvarobam Zala mianiWa mas. mag
aliTad es niSnavda, rom `Savkaniani~ identuroba sakuTari
Tavis konsolidaciisaTvis warsulis miTi ar gaxldaT da
advilad ver moxerxdeboda kulturis sferoSi misi Casma.
amgvari `gansxvavebebSi kavSiri~ iTxovda procesis politikas,
romelSic rac gansxvavebuli iyo erTi identurobis wevrTa
Soris, mniSvnelovani iqneboda xvedriTi wilis TvalsazrisiT
da romelSic aRmoifxvreboda erTiani kulturis yvela saxe
oba, warmoCindeboda ra igi obieqturad (stiuart holi 1992).
es moiTxovda gansxvavebul dajgufebebs Soris aliansebsa da
gacvlebs situaciebSi, sadac politikuri dajgufeba sakuTar
bazisze yalibdeboda.
es koncefciebi gaxsnilobis gamo kritikis qarcecxlSi

225
moeqca. isini eyrdnobian logikas, xolo opoziciuri poli
tika, romelSic identurobebi Zireulad arian CarCenilni,
gansxvavdeba erTi meorisagan da gansazRvravs sazogadoebriv
qmedebas. amgvarad, robert iangis sityvebiT, hibriduloba
`yovelTvis imeorebs da aZlierebs erTi da imave konfliqtu
ri struqturis dinamikas, romlis daZabulobas da SeuTanx
meblobas xelaxla adgens sakuTari sapirispiro struqturis
Sesabamisad~ (oangi 1995, 27). hibridulobis koncefcia sakmari-
sad ar scildeba warsulis identurobis politikas, magram
amgvari kritika yoveldRiurma cxovrebam gamoiwvia, sa
dac amdeni ram aris ganpirobebuli identurobebiT. TiTqos
yovelive ufro Teoriuli da utopiuri, vidre praqtikuli
xasiaTis matarebelia. Tanac, hibridulobis identurobis
kategoriidan mowyvetili TvalsazrisiT kritika imis daviwye
baa, rom subieqtis formacia identurobas moiTxovs. SeuZle
belia sazogadoebaSi garkveuli saxisa Tu identurobis mom
wodebeli institutebis gareSe arseboba: ojaxi an sanaTesavo
wre, qveyana, eTnikuri gaerTianeba, genderi. Tanac es ar aris
gardauvali sazogadoebrivi struqtura. uamravi pirovneba
mWidro kavSirSi imyofeba maTTvis, rogorc calkeuli ojaxis,
eTnikurobisa, qveynis da/an genderis warmomadgenlebisTvis,
miwodebul sul mcire ramdenime identurobasTan mainc. maT
surT, rom es iyos stabiluri. maTi identurobebi mTliano
baSi sazogadoebrivi gaerTianebebis kuTvnilebaa. maT Sesa
Zloa amgvari tradiciebi, nebadarTulni Zlieri da energiuli
sazogadoebebisa da momavlis Sesaqmnelad, erTad dagrovili
naxon amgvari identurobebis garSemo. SeiZleba, rom gamaTavi
suflebeli politikis mxridan aseTi SemTxvevebi ar iyos daS
vebuli?
SesaZloa hibridulobis TeoretikosTa mier identuro
bisa da misi kritikis zeobis TvalsazrisiT yvelaze metad
gamoxatuli aris is, rom arc erTi gvTavazobs centralur
rols, imisaTvis rac namdvilad aris erT-erTi ZiriTadi kat
egoria politikisaTvis da subordinirebul pirovnebaTa ar
tikulaciisTvis: brZola. magram brZolis logika ucnauria,
brZolis dros mtrebi ganurCevlad Cndebian mebZrol mxareze
pirovnulobis sxvadasxva variaciebs Soris (amisi naTeli
magaliTia feministuri moZraobebi, romlebic maleve daiyo,

226
rogorc vnaxavT me-6 nawilSi). amas mivyavarT dayofebsa da
sxvadasxva savarjiSoebTan. agreTve xSirad pirovnuli jgu
fis wevrebis moSorebasTan da rodesac brZola mTavrdeba, mi
Tumetes Tu Sedegi gamarjvebaa, pirovnebebi kargaven muxtsa
da logikis SegrZnebas; asimilacia da indiferentuloba iw
yeneb TavianT saqmes (rogorc irlandieli emigrantebi aSS-sa
da avstraliaSi). hibridulobaze debatebis dros pirovnebis
es dinamika ikargeba nawilobriv imitom, rom hibridulobis
TeoretikosebisTvis iseTi cnebebi, rogoricaa subversia da
rezistentuloba kulturidan gamomdinareoben da SeuZliaT
kulturuli wes-Cveulebebi, magaliTad mibaZva, ambivalen
turoba, ironia da a.S. gamoiyenon iaraRebad. Tu SevxedavT
aqtiuri liberaluri moZraobebis mxridan, hibriduloba
mogveCveneba sasurvel da ara materialur cnebad.
jamSi, Tumca, identurobis politikis Sesaxeb argumenteb
ma dakarges is siZliere, romelic 70-ian da 80-ian wlebSi
hqondaT, kulturis kvlevebisTvis isini mniSvnelovan cne
bebad rCebian (es amoRebulia aqtiuri liberalizaciisTvis
brZolidan). amasobaSi, debatebi disciplinis Sesaxeb grZel
deba. pirovnulobisgan gaqceva SeuZlebelia, Tundac es iyos
moswavlisa da maswavleblis mier formirebuli kulturuli
cneba. erT-erTi gza imis gasagebad, Tu raze keTdeba aqcen
ti aris Semdegi SekiTxvis dasma: `disciplinasTan mimarTe
baSi gvirCevnia, rom CamovayaliboT axali pirovnebebi Tu
gvirCevnia, rom gavaerTianoT da SevcvaloT Camoyalibebuli
pirovnebebi an vmuSaobT Tu ara imaze, rom CamovayaliboT
postpirovnuli politika, romelic Riaa racionalurobis
formebisTvis? Rirs Tu ara pirovnebis winaswar gansja?~. es
im tipis SekiTxvebia, romlebsac kulturis kvelevebi xSirad
iyeneben kulturuli problemis politikur CarCoSi Casa
smelad. savaraudod pirovneba aris is cneba, sadac kultura
Sejamebulia sazogadoebasTan da politikasTan.

damatebiTi literatura: Fuss 1995; Gilroy, Grossberg and

McRobbie 2000; Hall and Du Gay 1996; Papastergiadis 1998.

227
5.2. multikulturalizmi

1991 wels, amerikuli neokonservatizmis erT-erTma dam

fuZnebelma irving kristolma gamouSva editoruli namuSe
vari `Wall Street Journal~-Si saTauriT: `multikultural
izmis tragedia~. misi mTavari moTxovna iyo is, rom Tumca
multikulturalizms ZiriTadad akritikeben, rogorc `ara
liberalurs~, sinamdvileSi is aris pirvel rigSi ganmana
Tleblebis gamogoneba, romelic `aris sasowarkveTili
da namdvilad TviTdamamarcxebeli strategia ganaTlebis
deficitTan brZolaSi da agreTve socialuri paTologia
axalgazrda Savkanianebisa~ (kristoli, 1995, 50). afrikeli
amerikelebis istoriasa da kulturis mimarT kurikulumis Se
brunebiT, kristoli amtkicebda, rom multikulturalistebi
aufasurebdnen memkvidreobis civilizaciur Rirebulebas. im
sityvebiT, romlebic winaswarmetyvelebdnen da amaRlebdnen
terorizmis winaaRmdeg brZolis ritorikas, man ganacxada:
`rasac es radikalebi uwodeben multikulturalizms, aris
zustad iseTi brZola dasavleTis winaaRmdeg, rogoric iyo
nacizmi da stalinizmi~ (kristoli, 1995, 52).
kristolis esse iyo dawerili 90-ianebis dasawyisSi mimdi
nare kulturuli brZolis dros da SeiZleba Zneli warmosad
geni iyos aseTi gancxadebebi Tavisi rasistuli gamuqebebiT,
romlebic dResdReobiT aseTi gamWvirvalobis dones aRweven
yvelgan dasavleTSi, ra Tqma unda, garda amerikisa. magram es
imas niSnavs, rom franguli da germanuli uflebebi (le peni, re
spublikuri partia) unda iyos daviwyebuli an, rogorc berZen
ma profesorma Tavis cnobil sityvaSi Tqva, 1968 wels `sisxlian
mdinareebSi~ karibis da samxreT aziuri emigracia migviyvanda
anarqiamde an raime uaresamde. Tumca, aseve marTalia, rom
multikulturuloba amerikis politikur arenaze cota sxva
rames niSnavs, vidre, magaliTad, evropasa da avstraliaSi: is na
klebad aris dakavSirebuli emigraciis problemasTan da ufro
fokusirebulia (rogorc kristolis SemTxvevaSi) Savkanianebi
sa da laTinosebis umravlesobaSi miRebaze (ase gaxda spaik li
aSS-s multikulturulobis gmiri 1990-ianebis boloSi).
sasurvelia, rom kristolis namuSevriT kvlavac vixelmZ

228
RvaneloT, ara imitom, rom igi am sakiTxis konservatiul mx
areze miuTiTebs, aramed imitom, rom garkveviT moicavs mul
tikulturalizmis or umTavres kritikas.
am konservatiuli kritikis safuZvelze, multikultural
izmis muqaraa: (1) kulturul barbarosobaSi dabruneba ufro
dabali standartebis gavliT an faseulobebis gaufasurebis
xarjze; (2) dabali kulturuli iZuleba. mas Semdeg, rac
calkeulma polisebma umciresobaTa kulturebis gadarCena
gamoiwvia, TiTqos dadgenil iqna pirovnuli Tavisuflebis
sazRvrebi (magaliTisaTvis axali kanoni kvebekSi (kanada), ro
melic yovel firmaSi iTxovs 50-ze met TanamSromels, romle
bic bizness safrangeTSi awarmoeben). maT xSirad mesame argu
mentic mohyavT da am dros kristols iyeneben, saxeldobr, rom
eris SigniT multikulturalizmi xSirad enebis, religiisa da
kulturis fragmentacias iwvevs. ase xdeba nacionaluri er
TobisaTvis saWiro damakavSirebeli Zafebis gamovlena.
pirveli am argumentTagani vrclad iqneba ganxiluli kul
turuli faseulobebis seqciaSi momavalSi, rodesac davu
brundebiT sakiTxs, rom faseuloba ar ganekuTvneba calkeul
kulturebs. magram Rirebuli SeniSvnaa, rom idea, TiTqos
multikulturalizmi uTanabrdeba barbarosobas, gadaWarbe
bulia. maSinac ki, rodesac istoriis progresuli TvalTaxed
viT, romelSic gansxvavebebi nagulisxmevia, mocemulia, rom
multikulturalisturi polisebi WeSmaritad umaRles done
ze ganviTarebuli hiper-modernizebuli saxelmwifoebis dam
axasiaTebeli niSania. multikulturalizmi ganviTarebuli
samyaros periferiebSi gacilebiT naklebad qmediTunariania:
iseT mowinave industriul qveyanaSic ki, rogoric iaponiaa,
odnav Tu SeigrZnoba igi. aq oficialuri monoeTnicizmi kvlav
ZalaSia, rac aviwrovebs emigrant koreelebsa da Cinelebs,
iseve, rogorc aborigeni okinavanis, ainusa da burakumimis
xalxebs. anti-multikulturalizmis yvelaze eqstremaluri
forma - eTnikuri wmenda, dResdReobiT yvelaze xSiri im sax
elmwifoebSia, sadac modernizacia hiper-Tanamedrove sax
elmwifosTan SedarebiT igvianebs.
am konservatiul argumentTagan meores kulturis kv
levebTan mxolod iribi kavSiri gaaCnia. mesame ki namdvilad
safuZvliania, SemdgomSi igi dagvabrunebs Cven sakiTxze sax

229
elmwifo-naciasa da kulturas Soris kavSiris Sesaxeb. ra Tqma
unda, mZimed monokulturalizms Tu movixseniebT ideas, rom
yoveli saxelmwifosaTvis mxolod erTi kultura unda arse
bobdes istoriuli Sexedulebebidan gamomdinare aSkara
problemebi gaaCnia. TiTqmis yoveli eri aris da yovelTvis
iyo multikulturuli im TvalsazrisiT, rom isini moicaven
mraval kulturas, enasa da dialeqts. faqtobrivad, Tuki Cven
veTanxmebiT reinhart koSelekis Teorias Tanamedrove saxelm
wifos gamoCenis Sesaxeb, am SemTxvevaSi Tanamedrove saxelm
wifo arsebobs multikulturalizmis calkeuli formis gamo.
koSeleki amtkicebs, rom raRac momentSi saxelmwifo icalkev
ebs Tavs sazogadoebisa da kulturisagan (me-17 saukunis Suax
ans 30 wliani omis Semdeg), rodesac cxadi gaxda, rom saxelm
wifoTa teritoriebze ori religiuri aRmsarebloba unda
Sesuliyo (protestantoba da kaTolicizmi, xolo britaneTis
SemTxvevaSi protestantobis nairsaxeobebi). religiuri gan
sxvavebuloba maSin, dRevandel eTnikur gansxvavebulobasTan
SedarebiT, gansxvavebulobis ara nakleb mniSvnelovani indika
tori iyo. (koseleki 1988). Tanamedrove saxelmwifoSi, rogorc
wesi, sxvadasxva aRmsareblobis warmomadgenel pirovnebebs mS
vidobiani moqalaqeobrivi Tanacxovreba SeuZliaT.
Svedma sociologma ulf hanercma frTxilad aRniSna: amJa
mad yoveli Tanamedrove sazogadoeba ar aris tolerantuli,
magram agebulia im mniSvnelobebsa da faseulobebze dayrdno
biT, romlebic yovel wevrs ar Seexeba (hanersi 1992, 44). sax
elmwifoebriv pasuxismgeblobas SeuZlia mouaros am gansx
vavebulobebs da, marTlac, gaZlierdes maT mier. albaT, arsad
ise, rogorc amerikaSi. `amerikuli kultura~ erTgvarad cal
ke mdgomis rolSia da masSi didad gansxvavebul religiebs, ge
movnebas, moralsa Tu warmodgenebs SeuZliaT Tanaarseboba.
es imas niSnavs, rom `multikulturalizmSi~ termin `kultu
ris~ gaerTianeba savsebiT SesaZlebelia. nebismier doneze na
cionalizmi gansxvavebuli kulturebis mqone sazogadoebebis
gaerTianebaSi rols TamaSobs. ase rom, nacionalizms Segvi
Zlia mivudgeT rogorc dadebiTi, aseve uaryofiTi mxriT:
rogorc ideologiuri formireba, romelic Tavidan icilebs
ganuyofeli faseulobebis aRiareba-gamoxatulebas an, ro
gorc ideologiuri formireba, romelic uSvebs koleqtiuro

230
bis ganwyobas ganuyofel faseulobaTa Soris.
situacia nawilobriv icvleba, rodesac multikultural
izmi oficialur polisad iqceva da emsgavseba sazogadoebas,
romelSic sxvadasxva Temebs TavianTi kulturuli gansxvave
bebi SeaqvT. multikulturalizmis mTavari niSani gansxvave
buli kulturis mqone moqalaqeebis srulad (da ara formalu
rad) dakmayofilebaa im msgavsi gziT, rogorc es me-17 saukunis
dasasruls protestantul qalaqebSi moxda. gaixseneT, rogor
xdeboda religiuri rwmenis uaryofa (mkacrad gansazRvruli)
moqalaqeebSi kriteriumis TvalsazrisiT.
amrigad, kultura am konteqstSi mniSvnelobas iZens,
radganac moqalaqeoba am dros ar ganixileba rogorc paspor
tis qonis, xmis uflebis micemis da a.S. sakiTxi.
igi agreTve xels uwyobs viRacis tradiciebs, Sexedule
bebs da rwmenas erovnul identurobasTan dakavSirebiT: mag
aliTisaTvis britanuli `erovnuli xasiaTi~ Tu `erovnuli
sxeuli~ moqalaqeebis TeTri feris tansacmelSi gamowyobas
moiTxovs. saxelmwifo doneze multikulturalizmi mxed
velobis areSi iRebs moqalaqeobriv ganmasxvavebel niSnebsa da
survilebs, raTa isini mkacrad gansazRvruli iyvnen, rogorc
moqalaqeTa saerTo uflebebi da rom es uflebebi saxelmwi
fos mier mxardaWerili da dakmayofilebuli iqneba (beneti
2001, 61). amgvari damokidebuleba Cven Segviyvanda evropul
kulturaSi, musulmanTa msxverplSewirvaSi, afrikel xalxTa
memkvidreobaSi da evropaSi mcxovreb da momuSave azielebSi:
marselis meCeTi warmovidginoT rogorc frangulad, aseve ev
ropulad.
oficialuri multikulturalizmis TvalsazrisiT, evro
peli politikosebi gansakuTrebul sirTuleebs gadaeyarnen,
rodesac maT centraluri evropa pirveli msoflio omis Sem
deg axal saxelmwifoebad dayves. erTa ligam TemebisTvis,
romlebic axal saxelmwifoebSi umravlesobas ver qmnida,
daamtkica `umciresobaTa uflebebi~. es evropaSi sakmaod
gvian 30-ian wlebSi moxda, xolo Temebi, romelTac Cven, ro
gorc `eTnikur umciresobad~ aRviqvamdiT, mmarTvel wreebSi
Seracxul iqna, rogorc `religiuri umciresobebi~ (arenti
1973, 267-290). magram umciresobaTa uflebebma male Zala da
karga. situacia bevr qveyanaSi ganviTarda. germaniidan ameri

231
kaSi emigrantTa denaturalizebuli eTnikuri jgufebi xSi
rad moqalaqeobis gareSe rCebian. meore msoflio omis Semdeg
denaturalizaciis polisebi ukanonod cnes (mas Semdeg, rac
man gaukvala gza genocids), rodesac umciresobaTa ufle
bebis saerTaSoriso dacva ukve dasasruls uaxlovdeboda.
saxelmwifoebs sakuTari multikulturalizmis Seqmnaze unda
emuSavaT, miuxedavad imisa, rom isini xSirad ver xvdebodnen,
rom sakiTxis arsi kulturasa da eTnosSi iyo. oficialurma
multikulturalizmma frTebi farTomasStabiani emigraciis
xarjze, 50-ian wlebSi gaSala, rodesac gaumjobesebulma da
gaiafebulma globalurma komunikaciebma emigrantTa Temebs
sakuTar qveynebSi saxlTan kontaqtis SenarCunebisa da Ta
vianTi tradiciuli kulturuli interesebisa Tu xasiaTis
gamoxatulebis saSualeba misca (diasporul identurobaze
mimarTuli Tanamedrove mediis efeqtebis saukeTeso mag
aliTebisaTvis ixileT nafici 1999).
xSirad diasporul Temebs Sin darCenil TanamemamuleebT
an SedarebiT ufro mtkice damokidebuleba gaaCniaT tradici
uli mSobliuri kulturis mimarT, radgan nostalgia imdenad
mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs kilturasTan mimarTebaSi, rom
isini ar ganicdian im dros mimdinare Sinaur movlenebs. nebi
smier SemTxvevaSi, raRac doneze multikulturalizmi glo
balizaciis Sedegia.
multikulturalizmis erT-erTi gamoxatulebaa gansx
vavebis marTvis saxelmwifo iaraRi. amis magaliTia kanada,
romelSic sakuTari ambiciebis mqone iredentistebis (anu sep
aratistebis) umciresobaTa didi dajgufebebia Tavmoyrili.
anu, rogorc vfiqrob, rodesac qveyanaSi sxvadasxva erovnebis
arammarTveli da umciresobaTa Temebi cxovroben, multikul
turalizmi ara mxolod monokulturalizmis marTvas, aramed
rasizmis gamoxatulebasac SeiZleba warmoadgendes (rogorc
es amerikaSia). piriqiT, nebismier SemTxvevaSi es aris multi
kulturalizmis egidiT kulturuli gansxvavebebis saxelm
wifo aRiareba, romelic SemdgomSi uaryofiT konservatiul
reaqcias iwvevs, radgan amgvari aRiarebis Sedegad TiTqos
mmarTveli jgufebi saxelmwifo aparatis marTvis sadaveebs
xelidan uSveben.
es ase ar aris, Tuki multikulturalizmis kritikosebi mx

232
olod konservatorebi arian. marcxnidan, multikultural
izmi Zalze gansxvavebuli mizezebis gamo, didi brZolis Sede
gad aRwevs Cvenamde. Tavdapirvelad CvenTvis Zalze nacnob
argumentamde mivdivarT `kulturis~ koncefciis apelireba
ze da erovnuli saxelmwifos warmodgenaze, romelic Sedgeba
sxvadasxva Tanabari uflebebis mqone kulturebisgan. am Sem
TxvevaSi multikulturalizmi spobs calkeul kulturul
jgufebs Soris gansxvavebebs. es ar gulisxmobs sakmaris adg
ils hibridulobisTvis da `identurobebi gansxvavebebSi~ -
sTvis wina seqciaSi gamoxatuli Tvalsazrisis mixedviT (ix.
baruka 1999). meore mxriv, multikulturalizms, politikuri
problemebis mosagvareblad, kulturuli gadawyvetilebebis
SemoTavazebis tendencia gaaCnia. es mdgomareobs ufro gamox
atvis aRiarebisa da Tavisuflebis mxardaWeraSi, vidre sax
elmwifo da ekonomikur TanasworuflebianobaSi (kritikuli
kulturis kvlevebis jgufi 1994). es argumenti am wignis Ses
avalSi ganxiluli kulturis kvlevebis sawinaaRmdego kargad
nacnobi saCivris versiaa.
am argumentis meore versia isaa, rom saxelmwifoebi mul
tikulturalizms angaJirebas uweven ufro TavianTi toler
antobis gamosaCenad, vidre mxars uWeren gansxvavebebs, rasac
SedarebiT mcire kulturuli saxeobebi moiTxovs eTnikuri
restornebi da festivlebi multikulturalizmis baneris
egidiT ewyoba (ix. heigi 1998).
mesame SemTxvevaSi ki multikulturalizmi didi winaaRm
degobebis daZlevis Sedegad Cvenamde marjvena mxridan aRw
evs. es maSin xdeba, rodesac pasuxismgeblobas da organizaci
ul sakiTxebs saxelmwifo iRebs Tavis Tavze. marcxena mxridan
ki multikulturalizms maSin viRebT, rodesac imaves bazari
axorcielebs. magaliTisTvis e.w. `benetonis efeqti~ an komer
ciuli miznebisTvis gamoyenebuli Sida korporaciuli gansx
vavebebis polisebi gavixsenoT (gilroi 2000, 242; kritikuli
kulturis kvlevebis jgufi 1994, 115). amgvari logika CvenTvis
kargad nacnobia: sxvadasxva dajgufebebis bazarze SesvlisaT
vis, korporaciebma unda gaiTvaliswinon am dajgufebebTan
dakavSirebuli personalis interesebi da maTi faseulobebi.
benetonis msgavsad, mcirericxovanma globalurma kompanieb
ma sakuTar brendSi multikulturaluri grZnobis aRmZvreli

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`Cven varT msoflio~ CarTes, amgvarad maTi reklamis funqcia
multikulturalizmis reklamirebasac moicavs. SedarebiT
cota xnis win, bazrisa da saxalxo multikulturalizmis Ser
wymis mizniT, zogierTma urbanulma saxelmwifom angaJireba
gauwia kulturul gansxvavebulobas da qalaqebSi globaluri
mobiluri kompaniebisTvis da maRalkvalificirebuli muSax
elisTvis mimzidveli garemo Seqmna. sabolood ki arsebobs
marcxena argumenti, rom multikulturalizmi xels uwyobs
esencializms: igi gansxvavebul kulturul dajgufebebs Ta
vianT gansxvavebebSi boWavs da kulturebs ara rogorc dinami
kaSi maT mudmiv saxecvlilebas, aramed rogorc fiqsirebul
tradiciebs aRiqvams. kulturuli esencializmis am saxeobam
SeiZleba xeli Seuwyos eTnikur da erovnul niadagze winas
warSeqmnili cudi azrebis gaRvivebas (miniSneba, romelic
aseve moyvanilia konservatori kritikosebis mier).
Cans, rogorc memarcxene, aseve memarjvene kritikosebs is
eTi warmodgena aqvT, TiTqos multikulturalizmi gulisx
mobs nacias, masSi CarCenili mZime da myari sazRvrebis mqone
mcirericxovani kulturuli dajgufebebiT, romlebic maT
mSobliur qveynebSi an maT warsulSi dafiqsirebuli kul
turebiT suldgmuloben. mTavaria, rom multikultural
izmze amgvarma warmodgenam SecdomaSi ar Segviyvanos. realur
samyaroSi nebismieri multikultura perspeqtivebisa da fa
seulobebisgan Sedgeba. zogierTi maTgani erTi meoresTan wi
naaRmdegobaSia, zogi ki sxva multikulturebisken gzamkvle
via. (konservatorma islamistma da britanelma konservatorma
anglikanma SeiZleba raime RonisZiebaSi monawileoba miiRon,
rasac maTi ufro gonebagaxsnili da cnobismoyvare qaliS
vilebi arasodes gaakeTebdnen.) ar unda daviviwyoT, rom ada
mianebi erTdroulad gansxvavebul multikulturebs SeiZle
ba ekuTvnodnen da eweodnen moRvaweobas, romelsac srulad
arc erTi `kultura~ ar asaxavs. aseTi SesaZleblobebi multi
kulturalizmis miRma ar unda ganisazRvrebodes.
amgvari mtruli garemos gamo, multikulturalizmi mt
kivneul sakiTxad rCeba da ukanasknel wlebSi xSirad (gansa
kuTrebiT evropaSi) mas naklebad sakamaTo terminiT `kul
turuli gansxvavebuloba~ cvlian. zogjer amtkiceben, rom
`kulturuli gansxvavebuloba~ ufro Sesatyvisi terminia,

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radgan `multikulturalizmi~ SezRudul sazRvrebs moicavs,
romelSic gansxvavebuli kulturebi Tanaarseboben da (ro
gorc vnaxeT) mzardi erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi sazRvrebi
ar gulisxmobs sazRvrebs, romlebSic kulturuli kavSirebi
unda ganixilebodes. magram Znelia ar daeTanxmo azrs, rom
multikulturalizmi ubralod yuradRebis gareSea darCeni
li, radganac es termini bevr gansxvavebul azrs iwvevs.
erT-erTi problema, romelsac multikulturalizmi Se
iZleba gadaeyaros, is aris, rom igi liberalur paradigmebs
ar Seesabameba. Tumca marTalia, rom Tuki multikultur
alizmi qveynebSi ubralod gansxvavebuli kulturebis aRi
arebisa da sargeblobis sagani iyo, kvlavac unda arsebob
des fragmentaciis problemebi, magram polisi yovelTvis
kanonieri ver iqneba klasikurad liberaluri paradigmebis
gaTvaliswinebiT, Temis SigniT gansxvavebebis daSvebis Tao
baze. es, ra Tqma unda, arapirovnuli liberalizmi iqneba. igi
gansxvavebul pirovnul identurobebsa da interesebTan Se
darebiT, gansxvavebul koleqtiur an kulturul identuro
bebsa da interesebs aRiarebs. magram, rogorc vxedavT, es ar
aris yvelaferi, rasac Tanamedrove multikulturalizmi
moiTxovs. multikulturalizmi aSkara winaaRmdegobaSia
subieqtur msjelobasTan, CaketilobasTan, gamoricxvasTan
da ara mxolod maTTan. es badebs mowinave komerciul media
kulturebSi da hiper-Zlevamosil saxelmwifoebSi calkeuli
kulturebis gadarCenis sakiTxs. es ara mxolod gansxvavebuli
kulturebis uflebebis Tavisufali gamoxatvisa da aRiarebis
sakiTxia, rac oficiozis indeferentulobiTa Tu monokul
turalistebisa da rasistebis mier maTi represirebis Sede
gia. rodesac saxelmwifosgan ar aris mxardaWera, ilapara
keT frangulad kvebekSi, daamtkiceT amerikis Sua dasavleT
mxareSi hmongTa ena da zogadad gamoscadeT sxvadasxva kuri
kula sxvadasxva eTnikuri dajgufebebisTvis, vidre diaspo
ruli kulturebi mTlianad gaqrebodes. amgvari situacia
SesaZloa aqtiur saxelmwifo Carevas saWiroebdes. vixelmZ
RvaneloT empiriuli SekiTxviT, muSaobs ki globalizebuli
kapitalizmi multikulturalizmis interesebSi? (rogorc
viciT arsebobs argumenti, rom es asea.) Tavs iCens Teori
uli sakiTxi, rogoricaa `nebisyofa gadasarCenad~. aris kul

235
turuli gansxvavebuloba Tavisi arsiT kargi da Rirebuli
winapiroba, Tu Cveulebriv sazogadoebriv mdgomareobaSi
garkveuli tradiciebi da identurobebi TavisTavad SeiZleba
gaqres? cxadia, rom es aris kulturasTan dakavSirebuli mTa
vari saerTaSoriso organizaciis UNESCO-s Sexeduleba,
romelmac axlaxan ganacxada, rom kulturuli gansxvavebu
loba `iseve aucilebelia kacobriobisaTvis, rogorc biolo
giuri variaciuloba bunebisaTvis~ da misi dacva `eTnikuri im
peratiulobaa~ (UNESCO 2001 b, art. 1). amJamad kidev erTxel
kulturuli uflebebis sferoSi vimyofebiT. Tuki erT mimar
Tulebas gavyvebiT, yovelTvis moiZebneba misi damCrdilavi
ufro praqtikuli argumenti, radgan nakleb savaraudoa, rom
kulturebma sakuTari Tavi gadaarCinon da saxelmwifo poli
sis daxmarebiT muzeumizirebul da Jestikuliaciur formas
iReben. calkeuli Temebis kulturuli gadarCenis garantias
samTavrobo uwyeba da Careva ver iZleva.
amasTan erTad, multikulturalizmis winaaRmdegobebi
evropuli filosofiis erT-erTi Zireuli sakiTxia, romelic
SesaZloa mravalferovani ganxilvisaTvis moiTxovdes gansx
vavebul moqalaqeTa jgufebs. SeiZleba, rom skolaSi islami
qalebi nebadarTulni iyvnen Tavsaburavis tarebaze? SeiZle
ba, rom samuSao adgilebsa da skolebSi Cinur axal wels pa
tiviscemiT epyrobodnen? ra doneze SeiZleba endos saxelm
wifo Tavis moqalaqeebs, romlebic TavianT mSobliur enaze
saubroben? Tu arsebobs amaze eqstremaluri SemTxveva, roca
islamist moqalaqeebs survilisamebr neba aqvT darTuli
SariaTis wesebis mixedviT icxovron. yvelaferi rTuldeba,
rodesac asparezze qalTa dacveTis sakiTxi dgeba. qalTa
dacveTa (amJamad qalTa sasqeso saxiCrobad [FMG] wodebuli)
xSiria Crdilo da centraluri afrikis bevr qveyanaSi (Tum
ca, arc sxvagan aris ucnobi): es aris saxifaTo, ukiduresad
mtkivneuli operacia, romlis drosac sqesobriv simwifemde
armisul gogonebs klitorebs acileben, raTa aaridon maT mo
mavalSi seqsualuri siamovnebis SegrZneba. romelime calkeu
li religiis mier ar ikrZaleba: igi warmoadgens regionalur
da kulturul praqtikas, romelic emigrantma afrikelebma
dasavleTSi gadmoitanes. radganac igi sajaro Seuracxyofas
ayenebs bevr dasavlur (da aramarto dasavlur) faseulo

236
bebs, Cven gvebadeba kiTxva: ra xdeba, rodesac kulturuli
tradiciebi pativiscemiT ar epyroba `adamianTa uflebebs~,
romlebic SeTanxmebulia dasavleTSi da umravlesobaTa saer
TaSoriso organizaciebis mier? am TvalsazrisiT, sakuTar
sxe-ulTan dakavSirebuli qalTa uflebebi (sul cota) boro
tad aris gamoyenebuli. SeuZliaT saerTo uflebebs kul
turuli uflebebis uaryofa?
amgvari rTuli sakiTxebis speqtrSi sul cota erTi ram
aris naTeli, romelsac yovelTvis SeiZleba davubrundeT:
saxelmwifoebi ukve aRar aweseben sazogadoebriv kulturebs,
isini aweseben sazogadoebriv religias. marTlac, isini
sazogadoebriv kanonebsac ki ar aweseben: araferia cudi moqa
laqeTa gansxvavebuli jgufebis Tavidan aridebis principSi,
romlebsac sxvadasxva legaluri sistemebi marTaven, rodesac
es farTo masStabiT (Tu winaaRmdegobrivad) arsebuli wesi
samebr xdeba iseT qveynebSi, rogoric indoeTia an SedarebiT
mcire masStabSi avstraliis msgavs postkoloniur qveynebSi,
sadac amJamad zogierT adgilebSi aborigenTa kanoni garkveu
li SemTxvevebis gaTvaliswinebiT, adgilobriv damnaSaveebTan
mimarTebaSi gamoiyeneba. saxelmwifoebi sazogadoebriv ena
sac ar aweseben; faqtobrivad, erTenovan saxelmwifoTa ricx
vi Zalian mcirea, xolo orenovneba da mravalenovneba miRebu
lia aziis qveyanaTa umravlesobaSi, iseve, rogorc magaliTad,
axal zelandiaSi, sadac maori da inglisuri amJamad orive sa
xelmwifo enaa.
evropaSi Sveicaria multikulturuli da multilingval
uri qveynis (rac istoriuli TvalsazrisiT damtkicebulia)
erT-erTi umTavresi magaliTia. belgia amis kidev erTi maga
liTia. ase rom, monokonfesiuri, monokulturaluri, mono
lingvisturi qveynebis idealebs ar gaaCniaT pragmatuli dac
vis safuZveli, mas Semdeg rac sxva qveynebi amis sapirispirod
muSaoben. es niSnavs, rom am konteqstSi erovnuli saxelmwi
foebi kulturulTan SedarebiT, met yuradRebas politikur
da ekonomikur erTeulebs aqceven. sakiTxi gaxlavT is, Tu sa
xelmwifo rodis unda CaerTos kulturul praqtikaSi adami
anTa uflebebis TvalsazrisiT. me vvaraudob, rom TandaTano
biTi midgoma aris am sakiTxis mier wamoWrili moTxovna, rac
imaSi mdgomareobs, rom `uflebebis~ Semadgeneli arsi sakmaod

237
gaurkvevelia (ix. arenti 1973, 290-302). sakiTxTan mimarTeba
Si SesaZlebelia iTqvas, rom mavans sakuTar enaze laparakis
`ufleba~ aqvs imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom multilingvaluri
qveynebis sicocxlisunarianoba STambeWdavia. xolo FMG-s
msgavsi eqstremaluri magaliTebiT Tu vimsjelebT, uflebaTa
winaSe kulturis damcavi cotaodeni meqanizmi Tu arsebobs.
mniSvnelovania gageba imisa, rom uflebebis egidiT gansa
kuTrebul SemTxvevebSi Careva ar saWiroebs multikultur
alisturi polisebis gaiafebas, gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac
isini `kulturis~ statikur da monoliTur koncefciebze ar
arian agebuli.
mniSvnelovan problemas vawydebiT, rodesac vmsjelobT
axlo warsulSi kolonizaciuri qveynebis multikultur
alizmze, sadac kolonizirebuli sazogadoebebi xelSeuxe
beli rCebian. Tuki multikulturalizms ubralod rogorc
moZraobas ganvixilavT, romelic esalmeba, mxars uWers da
zrunavs kulturul gansxvavebebze, maSin aborigenul, kolo
nizirebul da SedarebiT Tanamedrove emigrantTa kulturebs
Soris gansxvavebebi SeiZleba moispos. termin `kulturuli
gansxvavebulobis~ mniSvnelovani efeqti is aris, rom igi xels
uwyobs mis advilad daviwyebas: niSandoblivia, rom toni bene
tis 2001 wlis polisis dokumentSi, romelic evropis konsuls
saTauriT gansxvavebaTa gansxvavebuloba: Temaze kulturuli
polisisa da gansxvavebulobis Sesaxeb winaaRmdegobrivi swav
leba warudgines, aborigeni xalxi gansxvavebulobis Sirmis
qveS myof kulturad aris warmodgenili.
magram, faqtobrivad, kolonizebul xalxs maT dampyrobel
saxelmwifosTan da kolonizaciis Semdgom periodSi dasax
lebul sazogadoebasTan gansxvavebuli damokidebuleba gaaC
nia da maTi moTxovnebi unda gaTvaliswinebul iqnes nebismier
doneze, samTavrobos CaTvliT. 70-ian wlebSi avstraliaSi,
multikulturalurma polisebma aborigeni xalxisaTvis,
(garda imisa, rom zogierTma polisma xeli Seuwyo maT darCe
nas) bevri veraferi gaakeTa. amis sawinaaRmdegod axal zelan
diaSi `bikulturalizmi~ oficialuri polisia, romelic mo
qalaqeebs yofs maorid da pakead (TeTrkanianebi).
bikulturalizmis mxardamWerma pirebma (da gansa
kuTrebiT maorim) mkacrad uaryves multikulturalizmi da

238
kulturuli gansxvavebuloba, rogorc polisis alternative
bi, radganac maT SeiZleboda maoris garkveuli kavSiri sax
elmwifosTan da miwasTan SeesustebinaT. magram aborigenTa
ukiduresobam problemebi Tavad gamoiwvia: oklendi, axali
zelandia amJamad multikulturaluri qalaqia, romelSic
aTasobiT samxreT azieli, taivaneli da hong-kongeli Cinelia
dasaxlebuli. maoris da pakeas msgavsad, bikulturalizmis
polisi maT Sorisac dayofilia, miSvebulia ra TviTdinebaze.
gansakuTrebiT problematuri ki is aris, rom oklendi kun
Zulis umTavresi mSvidobiani centria, sadac didi raodeno
biT samoelebi, tongelebi, fijielebi, tuvaluelebi, toke
lauelebi binadroben. zogi maTganis aq moxvedra globaluri
daTbobiT gamowveulma okeanis azvirTebulma talRebma
gamoiwvia. magaliTisaTvis oklendSi bevri axal zelandieli,
rogorc `axali~ cxovrobs. magram maT mimarT zogjer antago
nisturi ganwyobis miuxedavad, es xalxi eTnikurad maorisTan
aris axlos. oficialuri bikulturalizmis gamo ki am xalxs
umniSvnelo aRiareba gaaCnia. am situaciaSi kulturuli gan
sxvavebuloba sul cota bikulturalizmis Carevas saWiroebs.
reziumirebisaTvis amerikis multikulturalizmis sazo
gadoebrivi identifikacia Zalze gamartivebuli kvlevebiT,
mTlad uazrod ar mimaCnia. multikulturalizmi discipli
nis Zireuli faseulobaa. es imitom, rom, multikulturaliz
mis saWiroeba TavisTavad statikuri koncefcia an statikuri
polisebis krebuli ar gaxlavT. am mimarTulebiT momavali
muSaoba aucilebelia 5.1 seqciaSi aRwerili identuri poli
tikis multikulturalizmTan mimarTebaSi kritikuli gamo
Zaxilebis mxardasaWerad. ibadeba kiTxva: SeiZleba, rom
multikulturalizmi rogorc monokulturalistTa, aseve
esencializebuli politikis winaaRmdeg ganewyos? agreTve
mniSvnelovania multikulturalizmis iseTi sivrcis saxiT
warmodgena, sadac ori Zlier gansxvavebuli Tundac urT
ierTdakavSirebuli Zala gamodis asparezze: erTi mxriv,
mTel msoflioSi xalxis mzardi mobiluroba da amis Tanmdevi
emigrantTa uflebebis Seviwroveba. meore mxriv, korporati
uloba, romelsac miesalmeba komerciuli struqturebis Ta
viseburebebi. am TvalsazrisiT, aqamde yvelaze mniSvnelovani
politikuri problema dokumentebis gareSe myof an qveynis mo

239
qalaqed ver Semdgar emigrantebs ukavSirdeba. es xalxi zrdis
procesSi myof mdidar qveynebSi iyris xolme Tavs. polisebis,
aRiarebis da warmodgenis struqturis ra saxeobebma unda
moaqcios es adamianebi multikulturalizmis oficialur
problematikaSi? meore mTavari SekiTxvaa, Tu romel kultu
ris kvlevebs miuZRvis wvlili am mimarTulebiT?

damatebiTi literatura: Bennett 2001; Goldberg 1994; Gordon

and Newfield 1996; Hollinger 1995; Naficy 1999; Papastergiadis 2000;
Zizek 1997.

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5.3 rasa

rasa ganisazRvreba iseTi koncefciebiT, rogoricaa sqesi,

klasi da eTnosi, romlebic badeben kiTxvas, Tu sad unda veZi
oT sinamdvile. aravin uaryofs, rom mamakacsa da qals Soris
gansxvavebas biologiuri safuZveli gaaCnia (maSin, rodesac
cxare kamaTia gaCaRebuli am gansxvavebis mniSvnelobis Sesa
xeb an Tu ras unda niSnavdes igi socialuri TvalsazrisiT).
cota Tu kamaTobs, rom klasis kategoria Tanamedrove sazoga
doebebis zusti gansazRvrisaTvis aucilebelia (rodesac
farTomasStabiani debatebi mimdinareobs, Tu ras niSnavs,
faqtobrivad, erTi klasidan meoreSi daqveiTeba da zoga
dad klasobriv dayofas ra siRrmeebSi mivyavarT) da eTnosic
ideologiis SedarebiT martiv nawilad aris miCneuli. magram
Cans, rom rasa araferia Tu ara Seqmnili subieqturi azris
produqti an sul mcire araswori fiqris Sedegi. rasizmi Ta
visi arsiT rwmenaa, rom adamianTa nairsaxeobebi biologiurad
gancalkevebuli gansxvavebuli qve-saxeobebis garkveuli ra
odenobisagan Sedgeba: anu rasebi. magram mkvlevrebi TiTqmis
SeTanxmebulni arian, rom ar arsebobs rasa amgvari Tvalsaz
risiT. unda iTqvas, rom mecnieruli rasizmis umaRles safex
urzec ki, rasistebs uWirT bevri rasis arsebobis gansazRvra.
amJamad rasa, rogorc kategoria gaqrobis saSiSroebis wi
naSea. amis sxvadasxva seriozuli mizezi arsebobs. upirveles
yovlisa, igi SeiZleba wina mecnierul safuZvlebs qsenofobi
is konceptualuri aparatis, `velurobis~ Zveleburi gagebis
da rasobrivi maxasiaTeblebis xangrZlivi periodis miRe
buli warmodgenebis TvalsazrisiT daubrundes (ix. jahoda
1999; hanafordi 1996; Todorovi 1993). am konteqstSi, rasebis
Semadgeneli Rrmad gamjdar biologiur niSanTvisebebTan da
kavSirebuli adamianebis ricxvi ar aris maincdamainc didi.
adamianebi metad midrekilni arian pirovnulobis calkeuli
nairsaxeobebis, faseulobebis, midrekilebebis gamorCevaze,
romlebic sxeulis calkeul tipzea gankuTvnili da xSirad
kanis feriT aris ganpirobebuli. rasizmis am saxes SeuZlia

241
ierarqiebis Seqmna da Seviwroebis da diskriminaciis manqa
nebis aSeneba. amas didi efeqti eqneba, radgan rasizmi Rrma
biologiazea dafuZnebuli. amitomac samxreT aziuri raso
brivi sistema qmediTi rasizmia, mas Semdeg, rac CaTvales, rom
sxvadasxva rasebs gansxvavebuli sxeulis tipi da SesaZleblo
bebi unda gaaCndes. meore mxriv, rasa kvlavac Zlevamosilia,
magram aSkarad referentulia iseT koncefciebSi, rogoricaa
eTnosi, multikulturalizmi da aqedan gamomdinare kultu
ris arsis koncefciaSi. kulturuli gansxvavebebi, rodesac
isini nakarnaxevia Zireul an adamianebs Soris `eTnikur~ gan
sxvavebebze dayrdnobiT, xSirad rasobrivi gansxvavebulobis
Semcvleli formebia. praqtikaSi xSirad sirTules warmoad
gens kulturalizmis dacalkeveba (sxvadasxva xalxs gansx
vavebuli memkvidreobiTi kulturebi gaaCnia) rasistuli
TvalsazrisiT, radgan sxvadasxva kulturebi Zalian xSirad
adamianebisa da maTi sxeulebis gansxvavebul tips moicavs.
mesame, rasizmis aRmofxvra Znelia, radganac igi Sexed
ulebazea dafuZnebuli adamianTa sxvadasxva jgufebs So
ris vizualuri gansxvavebebi. es gansxvavebebi xSirad (ara
yovelTvis) ganpirobebulia istoriuli, kulturuli, enis da
geografiuli gansxvavebulobiT. isini Zireulad SemTxveviTi
an pirobiTia da sxva doneze SeiZleba aRarc iyvnen mTlad pi
robiTi, mas Semdeg, rac mTel dedamiwaze kacobriobis isto
riis didi nawili metwilad sxeulis ganxilvaze dafuZnebul
diskriminaciebs eyrdnoba.
rasa SesaZloa adamianTa nairsaxeobebad dayofis swori gza
arc iyos, magram igi kacobriobis istoriis organizebaSi did
rols TamaSobs.
da bolos, umniSvnelovanesia, rom rasa yoveldRiurobis
speqtrSi mravalgzis gamocdili iyos, Tanac sazogadoebaTa
umetesobaSi ara imave rasis umravlesobis mier (ra saWiroa Ci
neTSi gamgzavreba. magaliTad, evropelTaTvis es seriozuli
gamocdaa: aq maT SeuZliaT gaigon, Tu ras niSnavs iseTi gan
sxvavebuli sxeulis tipis mqone adamianTa jgufis wevroba,
romelTa jerovani gageba da pativiscemac aqamde ar hqoniaT).
rasis yoveldRiuri gamocdileba saocrad kompleqsuria, ma
gram xSirad igi obieqts moiazrebs mudmiv upativcemuloba
Si, odnav gamorCevaSi, tonis cvlilebaSi, daJinebuli mzeris

242
aridebaSi, Zlier gulisxmier reaqciaSi, viRacis damokide
bulebaSi grZnobebis garSemo, sakuTari sxeulis codnaSi,
faseulobebSi, gamoxatvis formebsa da manerebSi, romlebic
ar axasiaTebs bevr adamians, romlebic Tqven SegxvedriaT. am
TvalsazrisiT, rasa da kultura mTlianad Serwymulia.
garkveul doneze rasizmis Tavidan acilebis erTaderTi
gza ubralod rasistuli koncefciebis gamoyenebis SeCere
baa. igi rasis gamoxatulebis aRmofxvras moiTxovs da gansa
kuTrebiT es kanis fers Seexeba. sazogadoebrivi dajgufe
bebisa da pirovnebebis Sesaxeb msjelobis TvalsazrisiT,
TiTqos es gamoxatulebebi adamianebs Soris gansxvavebebis
damyarebis imdenad umniSvnelo kriteriumad iqca, rogorc
fexsacmlis zomaa. mniSvneloba aRar eqneboda adamiani
Savkaniani, TeTrkaniani, Tu kidev sxva feris kanis mqone iqne
boda. meore gzaa, mivyveT toni morisons, romlis argumentis
mixedviTac `bil klintoni Cveni pirveli Savkaniani prezi
denti iyo~. morisoni `Savkanianobas~ ara rogorc kanis fers,
aramed rogorc sazogadoebriv-kulturul pozicias aRiq
vams. klintoni martoxela mSobelma gazarda; igi `daibada
siRaribeSi, cxovrobda muSaTa klasSi, ukravda saqsofonze,
makdonaldsisa da iank-fudis moyvaruli arkanzaseli biWi~
(morisoni 1998, 32). bevri rom aRaraferi vTqvaT hiper-seq
sualuri-aqtiuri biWi. samxreTul rasistul miTologiaSi
yovelive es Savkanianobas miewereba, xolo, rogorc morisoni
damajereblad amtkicebs, dauokeblobaze da Surismgebloba
ze miuTiTebs. klintonma yovelives stimulireba gaukeTa mis
mtrebs Soris, rasac loialurad Sexvda Savkaniani sazogadoe
ba. morisonisTvis Savkanianoba rasidan Camocilebad iqca: es
gaxlavT kulturuli atributi, romlis farTod gavrcele
bac sakmarisi iqneba rasizmis aRmosafxvrelad. magram, raRac
momentSi aris SesaZlebeli warmovidginoT samyaro, romelSic
rasistuli gamoxatulebebi gamoefineba Tavisuflad an dai
yvaneba fexsacmlis zomis doneze? albaT, ara: radganac maT
garSemo kultura da sazogadoeba Zlier organizebulia da
maT gamocdilebac aqvT.
dasavluri rasizmis istoria kulturis istorikosebis
mier kargad aris SeTanxmebuli. Tumca, cxadia, rom me-19
saukunis meore naxevarSi gansakuTrebuli ram moxda: aqamde

243
garkveulwilad naklebad mniSvnelovani idea (Tu ara nak
lebad mniSvnelovani winaswarSeqmnili uaryofiTi azri) ka
cobriobis Semswavlel mecnierebaTa gzamkvlevad iqca. 1850-
ian wlebSi britaneTis premier ministr benjamin disraelis
SeeZlo eTqva, `rasa yvelaferia, sxva simarTle ar arsebobs~,
- sityvebi, romelTac ganuwyvetliv imeoreben rasobriv mec
nierebaTa momxreebi (citirebulia hanafordSi 1996, 352).
1900-ian wlebSi, magaliTad evgenikosebma, romelTac miznad
rasobrivi siwmindis dacva daisaxes (da Sors sazogadoebrivi
progresi) `jiSebis gaumjobesebis~ meSveobiT, respeqtabe
luri mecniereba Camoayalibes, romelic seriozul kvleviT
dafinansebas saWiroebda da moqmedebda kidevac mTel dasav
leTSi, Tumca ara intensiurad. rogor iyo es SesaZlebeli?
disraelis sityvebiT, rasa iyo `yvelaferi~, radganac igi
miesadageboda bunebas da sazogadoebas. am TvalsazrisiT
bunebis mixedviT adamianTa nairsaxeobebi daiyo sxvadasx
va rasebad da TiToeul rasas aRmoaCnda sakuTari `buneba~,
romelmac gansazRvra kidevac istoria, kultura yvelaferi.
rogorc aRvniSneT, es iyo istoriuli TvalsazrisiT up
recedento SemTxveva: aqamde rasa arsebobda, magram mcire
kategoriis saxiT, warmoidgineT, Tu rogor muSaobda sazoga
doeba maSinac ki, rodesac es mcire kategoria ar monawil
eobda aqtualuri sazogadoebrivi kavSirebis organizebaSi.
ra Seicvala? sxvadasxva istoriuli Zalebidan rasis umniS
vnelovanesi gamomyvani centralur poziciaSi darvinizmi iyo.
Carlz darvinis evoluciis Teoria, romelic 1859 wels naS
romSi `nairsaxeobaTa warmoSobaze~ gamoqveynda, arsiT rasis
tuli ar gaxldaT, sanam igi rasebSi nairsaxeobaTa qvedayofas
ar daeqvemdebara Tavisi axsnis unariT (miuxedavad imisa, rom
Tavad darvini, zogierT rasas sxvebTan SedarebiT ganviTa
rebulad aRiqvamda). metic, darvinizmma ubiZga sazogadoe
basa da politikosebs, raTa SeTanxmebuliyvnen adamianebis
arCevanis Sedegze (calkeuli interesebis gavlenis qveS), ma
gram, rogorc ucvlel sakiTxze, biologiuri kanonebis da
gansakuTrebiT im kanonebis gansazRvrisas, romlebmac popu
laciebs Soris memkvidreobiTi Cvevebis gadacema ganapiroba.
es gaxldaT safuZveli imisa, rac `mecnieruli rasizmi~-s sax
eliT aris cnobili.

244
 magram mecnieruli rasizmi TavisTavad gulisxmobs Se
darebiT Zvel koncefcias, rac Cven romantikulad migvaC
nia. safuZvlad mas udevs volk sazogadoebis filologiuri
mosazreba (pirvelad misi Teoria me-18 saukunis dasasruls
herderma warmoadgina), sakuTari auTenturobiT saerTo
principidan gadaxrili sazogadoeba, romelic kulturuli
tradiciebis mierac SemosazRvrulia maTTvis specifikuri
faseulobebis, miTebis, enisa da xasiaTebis tipebisa da Sesa
Zleblobebis speqtris mixedviT. Tuki ganvixilavT, darviniz
mis Semdeg rasebi figurirebs, rogorc herderis volkuri
kulturebis biologiuri versiebi.
mecnieruli rasizmi saWiroebs, rom masze funqcionaluri
TvalsazrisiTac vimsjeloT: es ar SeiZleba ganvixiloT ro
gorc nairsaxeobaTa warmoSobis darvinis Teoriis ubralo
Sedegi. imperializmis xanaSi Seasrula ra gansakuTrebuli
ideologiuri moTxovnebi, igi iqca Zalian seriozul ide
ad. yvelaze mniSvnelovani ki is iyo, rom darvinis Teoriam
mTel samyaroSi daakanona TeTrkanianTa dominireba (miuxe
davad imisa, rom imavdroulad evropelTa Soris axali ier
arqiebi gamoCnda rogorc magaliTisaTvis anglo saqsTa
da keltTa Soris [feuredi 1998]). igi agreTve ubiZgebda
TeTrkanianebs amerikis kontinentze afroamerikelebze ba
tonobis gagrZelebisken, sadac monobis mospobis Semdegac ki,
jim qrous `rasis kanonebis~ mTeli krebuli mimarTuli iyo
SavkanianTa monawileobis srul aRmofxvraze sazogadoebaSi,
politikasa da ekonomikaSi.
rasizmma evropelTa jgufebis gaerTianebac gamoiwvia,
gaabnia ra isini kapitalizmisa da kolonializmis impulsiT
mTel dedamiwaze. namdvili evropelebi, nacionalobis, reli
giis, sqesis, klasis da kulturis miuxedavad, globalurad
gaerTiandnen `TeTri rasis~ warmomadgenlebis saxiT (kidev
erTxel aRvniSnoT, rom sxvadasxva rasebisaTvis gankuT
vnili rasizmis Teoriis mixedviT, TeTrkanianoba sxvadasxva
TeTrkanianebs Soris ar iyo rasis ganmsazRvreli). raoden
paradoqsulic ar unda iyos, rasizms Tanasworuflebianobis
qomagnic amxnevebdnen. iseTi STabeWdileba iqmneba, TiTqos
odesRac adamianebi Tanabari uflebebiT sargeblobdnen.
sistemuri uTanasworoba mxardaWeras mxolod adamianTa

245
garkveuli jgufisgan da ara mTeli kacobriobisgan iRebda
da rasizmma SeZlo amis gakeTeba.
rasizmis erT-erTi umTavresi efeqti Sereuli rasebis
cxovrebisa da identurobebis radikalur SeviwrovebaSi
gamoixateboda. `naxevar rasad~ Seracxuli metisebi (adami
anebi Sereuli sisxliT) garkveulwilad rasizms Seuracxyo
fas ayenebdnen, ara im SemTxvevebidan gamomdinare, rodesac
TeTrkaniani adamianebi feradkanianebTan seqsualur urT
ierTobebs amyarebdnen da TeTrkanianTa upiratesobasa da
avtonomiurobas safrTxe emuqreboda, aramed radganac isini
adgendnen rasaTSorisi Tanaziarobisa da aRrevis, agreTve ra
sobrivi siwmindis mkacri biologiuri gansazRvrebebis marT
lacda xelovnurobis cxovrebiseul mtkicebulebas.
dResdReobiT, rogorc viciT, rasizmi ideologiur saqmi
anobas eweva. Sereuli kulturis SigniT, umravles SemTxveveb
Si igi moqmedebs sxva xalxis maTi rasis mixedviT gamoyofis
gziT. amgvarad, `Cveni msgavsi xalxi~ rasis mier SeumCnevelia.
Tumca, maSin, rodesac TeTrkanianebi sxvadasxva feris kanisa
da eTnosis mqone adamianebTan mZime brZolis saSiSroebis wi
naSe arian (wminda sisxlis TeTrkanianebi industriul ameri
kaSi an TeTrkaniani muSebi visi samuSao adgilic SeiZleba
feradkanianma emigrantma an aziaSi ltolvilma daikavos),
rasizmi TeTrkanianebs warmosaxviTi Tavisuflebebisa da Ta
vianTi upiratesobis miTvisebaSi exmareba; TeTrkaniani ra
sizmi ki SeiZleba gaRvivdes (ix. frankenbergi 1997; aleni 1994;
roedigeri 1991). post-rasizmis xanaSi rasizmi gansxvavebul
saxelmwifoebSi gansxvavebulad moRvaweobs. rogorc aqamde
vTqviT, igi globalurad vrclad aris gabneuli, magram (Ci
neTSi) han rasizmi Turq emigrantebTan dakavSirebiT, german
uli rasizmis muSaobasTan SedarebiT, romelic, Tavis mxriv,
gansxvavdeba Ria Seferilobis kanis mqoneTa naklebad mkacri
kvazi-rasizmisgan karibul da samxreT amerikel muq kanianebT
an mimarTebaSi, didad gansxvavebulad muSaobs. TiTqos raso
brivi gansxvaveba ar Seexeba kulturul gansxvavebas.
yvelaze Zlierad da tipurad rasizmi ayalibebs ZiriTad
stereotipebs: rasizmi ganixileba, rogorc msgavsi pirovne
bebisgan, romlebic floben Tvisebebis (xSir SemTxvevebSi
uaryofiTi) viwro speqtrs, Semdgari jgufebi. iseTi gamoxa

246
tulebebi, rogoricaa `yvela afrikels gaaCnia ritmi~, an
`azielebi Wkvianebi arian~, rasistulia, miuxedavad imisa, rom
iseTi saSiSi ar arian, rogoricaa `ebraelebi TaRliTebi da
Zunwebi arian~, an `indoelebi zarmacebi arian~. zog adamians
pretenziac ki aqvT, rom isini rasistebi ar arian, radgan (mag
aliTisaTvis) did aRfrTovanebas gamoxataven aziuri mzrunv
elobis mimarT. aseTi tipis rasistuli warmodgena pirovnebas
ganixilavs ara rogorc aseTs an Tundac sxva koleqtivisTvis
gankuTvnils (vTqvaT, adgilsamyofeli an klasi), aramed, up
irveles yovlisa, rogorc stereotipebisa da midrekilebebis
nakrebis saxiT warmodgenili rasis wevrsa da warmomadgenels.
rasizmis qveS myof sazogadoebaTa dajgufebebs an pirovne
bebs amgvari stereotipebi arc metad da arc naklebad uCinars
ver gaxdian: magaliTad, erT-erTi cnobili Suamavali jgufi
amerikaSi aris afroamerikuli zeda-saSualo klasi.
rasobrivi ganwyoba garkveulwilad amxnevebs sqesobriv
stereotipebs: afroamerikuli mamakacuroba (hiper-mamak
acuri da muqaris gamomxatveli), aziuri qaluroba (hiper-
qaluri da damjeri) ori mTavari magaliTia. rasisa da sqesis
aseTi gamoxatuleba aZlierebs gansxvavebebs orive regis
trSi. Tanac, es ar aris SemTxveva, rodesac rasizmis qveS myo
fi pirovnebebi Sefasebulni arian stereotipebis sapirispi
rod, aramed maTi qceva, rogorc am stereotipebis dasturi,
TiTqos `tipurad~ aris ganxiluli. kulturuli rasizmis es
saxeoba asuldgmulebs bazisur rasizms rasizmi formalu
rad zogierT rasas advokatis wodebas arTmevs daSvebis Ses
aZleblobiT dawyebuli, samuSaoTi, samezobloTi Tu klubiT
damTavrebuli. kulturuli rasizmi ki gansakuTrebiT did
zaralSia, rac Seviwrovebulma rasebma Zalian advilad Sei
Zleba saaSkaraoze gamoitanon.
dResdReobiT rasis koncefciasTan dakavSirebuli mTa
vari sirTule is aris, rom igi arasakmarisad aris dakavSire
buli eTnosTan. rogorc viciT, formalurad koncefciebis
gansxvaveba TiTqos sakmarisad advilia: rasa biologiuri
maxasiaTebelia, xolo eTnosi kulturuli niSania. amJamad
eTnosi sakmaod mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli ganStoebasTan da
sisxlTan: erTi da imave eTnosis warmomadgeneli adamianebi
monawileobas ar Rebuloben kulturaSi, magram metnaklebad

247
imTaviTve kavSirSi arian ojaxuri urTierTobebis sqemas
Tan, fesvebTan xSirad miTiurad kavSiri aqvT garkveul
mSobliur teritoriasTan. Tuki rasa sazogadoebasa da bune
bas Soris Suamavlis rols asrulebs, maSin eTnosi rasasa da
kulturas Soris iSuamavlebs. calkeuli SemTxvevebis gaT
valiswinebiT, rodesac epidermuli ierarqiebi arseboben eT
nikuri gansxvavebebis miRma, rasasa da eTnoss Soris mTavari
gansxvaveba is aris, rom eTnosi TiTqos rasizmis istorias
CrdilqveS ar mouqcevia. amgvarad, dResdReobiT, rodesac
rasizmi TiTqmis arasodes aris pirovnuli da jgufuri sia
mayis masazrdoebeli (da rodesac aris, igi ganixileba Zlier
eWvis qveS), eTnosi SeiZleba iyos siamayis wyaro. marTlac,
gansxvaveba kvlavac winaaRmdegobrivad muSaobs: afrikuli
warmoSobis adamianebi ufro metad arian warmodgenilni, ro
gorc rasis gamoxatuleba (gansakuTrebiT amerikaSi, sadac
Sav da TeTrkanianebs Soris rasobrivi gansxvaveba regularu
lad SeTanxmebulia) vidre eTnosis TvalsazrisiT warmodge
nili TeTrkanianebi da ebraelebi. inglisurenovani qveynebis
quCebSi `eTnikuri~ migrantTa sazogadoebis wevria. magali
TisaTvis britanuli warmoSobis avstralielebi dRemde saer
Tod ar arian eTnikurebi, rogorc es avstralielTa umravle
sobas exeba.
eTnikur kulturebsa da subkulturebis sxva saxeobebs
Soris gansxvavebaa (vinc Camoyalibda gemovnebis an Taobis ir
gvliv) is, rom istoriasa da geografiaSi ase Rrmad SeWrili,
isini garkveulwilad identurobis seriozul niSnebad gvev
linebian (Turme, `me var serbi~ mets gulisxmobs, vidre `me
var panki~). isini SeiZleba gamoxatul iyvnen Tanamedroveobis
procesebis winaaRmdegobis formebis saxiT. aborigenuli eT
nikuri kulturebi kolonializmis damangreveli Zalis qveS
gadarCenilebis saxiT arseboben maSin, rodesac SedarebiT
mobiluri da centraluri eTnikuri kulturebi arseboben
rogorc `gansxvavebebi~, romlebic moiTxoven dacvas homog
enizirebuli globaluri dinebebisgan. multikulturalizmi,
rogorc vnaxeT, identurobis CamoyalibebisaTvis saWiro eT
nikurobis Zalis saxelmwifo aRiarebaa. amJamad eTnikurobebi
ar aris mxolod dadebiTad Sefasebuli; isini xSirad agreTve
pasuxoben warsulis diskriminaciebs, romlebmac gansazRvres

248
isini. odnav sxva TvaliT Tu SevxedavT, bevri eTnikuri iden
turoba TviTCasaxulobis gamo imdenad Zlieri ar gaxlavT,
radganac maT istoriulad mmarTveli jgufebi iyenebdnen
adamianTa calkeuli jgufebis gamosarCevad da dasaqvemde
bareblad. iseTi komunebi, rogoricaa boSebi da ebraelebi,
romelTac SemorCenili aqvT milionobiT mkacri, xSirad sas
tik mkvlelobebTan dakavSirebuli, genociduri, winaswarSe
qmnili uaryofiTi ganmdevi ganaCeni, albaT, yvelaze TvalsaC
ino magaliTebia am saxis kompleqsuri dialeqtikuri eTnikuri
TviTmyofadobis da Sida diskriminaciebisa. sasaciloa, magram
xSirad maT adanaSauleben asimilaciis gamo.
rogorc rasizmi, aseve eTnosi identurobis politikis
formebia da yoveli identurobis politikis msgavsad (ro
gorc zemoT aris aRniSnuli) isini sxvebTan kavSirurTier
Tobebis warsuls, romlis gareTac garkveuli eTnosebi da
kulturebi warmoCindebian da romlis SigniTac isini Zalas
inarCuneben, zereled epyrobian. 80-iani wlebidan dawyebuli,
`pirveli kontaqtis~ momenti mimzidveli gaxda magaliTad,
Tavdapirvelad aborigenebma mTel dedamiwaze pirveli kav
Sirebi daamyares TeTrkanianebTan. amgvari kontaqtebi siwmin
dis moments warmoaCens: ormxrivi gansxvavebulobis namdvili
gamonaTeba. amgvari momentebi hqmnian gansxvavebulobis poli
tikis miTiur safuZvels, magram isini Zalian iSviaTia. faqto
brivad, istoria wamdauwum gvaxsenebs, rom xalxebi urTierT
kavSirSia: kulturuli gacvlebis Tvalsawieri sagrZnoblad
gafarTovda da ufro didi distanciebi dafara, vidre amas
lokaluri da eTnikurad orientirebuli msjeloba aRiarebs.
es niSnavs, rom kavSirurTierToba (imitaciebi, gansxvavebebi,
transformaciebi, Sereva) kulturuli formaciis normaa. es
iqidan gamomdinareobs, rom `hibriduloba~ ar aris raime fa
seuloba da aRmricxavi-hegemonuri gamonaklisi. metic, is
normaa. TiTqmis yoveli rasa, eTnosi da kultura hibridi
zebulia rac mas kulturis Teoretikosebis varaudebTan
SedarebiT, romlebzec wina seqciaSi visaubreT, kidev ufro
banalur koncefciad aqcevs, maSin, roca imavdroulad igi mo
nokulturalizmsa da eTno-rasistul purizmsac winaaRmde
gobebs uqmnis.
rasizmi kulturis kvlevebisaTvis winaaRmdegobriv saxes

249
hqmnis, radgan igi identurobis politikis ararealur formas
warmoadgens. amis gamo aris igi gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani
disciplinis ganviTarebisaTvis. britaneTSi imis gaazrebam,
rom rasizmi gamoyenebuli iyo, Cveulebriv, saxelmwifos mier
(da garkveulwilad polisi) dasaxlebulTa hegemoniis dama
dasturebeli kanoni-da-wesrigis Sesaqmnelad (gilroi 1987),
umal gamoiwvia rasasa da saxelmwifos Soris Rrma kavSirurT
ierTobebis kritika (SeiZleboda, rom Savkaniani britaneli yo
filiyo kulturuli orTodoqsizmis poziciaSi?), ramac moma
valSi hibridulobis Teorizacia gamoiwvia. magram kritikuli
Teoriis im formebis idealizacia, romlebic amtkiceben, rom
progresuli praqtikuli politika `identuroba gansxvave
bebSi~ msgavsi koncefciebis daxmarebiT SeiZleba damyardes
da romelTac `ukvirT~, Tu rogor axerxeben pirovnebebi sx
vadasxva sakiTxi-poziciis kombinirebas, didi xania aSkaraa.
amitomac, anti-rasistul analizs kidev erTi biliki hqonda
gasavleli. aravin yofila pol gilroize mniSvnelovani fig
ura kulturis kvlevebSi anti-rasistuli analizis axsnis
TvalsazrisiT. gilrois `rasis winaaRmdeg~ did simkacreze
dafuZnebuli rasis (romlis qveS igi eTnossac gulisxmobs)
identurobebis xelSewyobisa da miRebis sawinaaRmdego SemTx
vevas warmoadgens, miuxedavad imisa, rom, SeniSvnebis Tanax
mad, igi TiTqmis mTlianad Savkanian identurobazea foku
sirebuli.
amgvari SemTxveva TiTqos azrTa sxvadasxvaobas ar unda
iwvevdes. gilrois varaudis Tanaxmad, vinc sakuTar Tavs
SavkanianTan, ebraelTan, irlandielTan, CinelTan da a.S.
(rasac dedamiwis zurgze uamravi akeTebs) rasobriv kat
egoriebze yuradRebis gamaxvilebiT aigivebs, ganekuTvneba
istorias, romelsac igi `rasologias~ uwodebs dakanoneba
imisa, rasac franc fenonma `gansxvavebis epidermidelizacia~
uwoda (anu kanis feris mixedviT adamianTa gansxvavebulobe
bi). amitomac, identurobebis erovnuli formebi raRaciT fa
Sizmsa da nacizms ukavSirdeba da gilrois wigni ganixilavs am
`raRacas~. gilrois argumenti garkveulwilad CvenTvis nac
nobia: yoveli rasobrivi/eTnikuri azri eyrdnoba simtkicis,
fesvebis da tradiciuli sazogadoebebis faseulobebs fa
seulobebi, romlebic ignorirebulia upirveles yovlisa,

250
mowinave teqnologiebsa da komerciul kulturaze Taname
drove rasobrivi identurobebis damokidebuleba; meore ra
sobrivi jgufebis Sida gansxvavebulobebi. igi gamorCeulad
aRniSnavs, rom nacizmis Semdeg rasis Taobaze Sexeduleba me
tad vizualuri Seiqmna, vidre logikuri msjelobis sagani (mis
mier moyvanili Tanamedroveobis bevri magaliTis miuxedavad,
Savkaniani kultura musikis samyarodan modis).
gilrois Tezisis yvelaze saintereso nawili Savkaniani
kulturis dRevandeli dRea. gilrois azriT, Zlier Taname
drove Savkaniani kultura afro-centrizmisgan ukve sakmaod
Sorsaa da igi TanxmobaSia diasporul statusTan. marTlac,
misTvis zedmetia TavisuflebisaTvis politikuri da utopi
uri mizanswrafvebi, riTac savse iyo monuri sazogadoebebi
(aq mTavari momenti samxreT afrikuli aparteidis dasasrulia
1989 wels). Tavisuflebisken swrafva, misi TqmiT, `radikali
zebulma politikam~ Secvala vnebiTi koncentracia da (het
eroseqsualuri) sxeulisa da seqsualurobis zeimi, romelSic
identuroba dakavSirebulia sxeulTan (gilroi 2000, 185).
radikalizebuli sxeulis politika `quCas~ ar ganekuTvneba
(ramac, misi mtkicebiT, SeaCera komunis statikuri mdgo
mareoba, rac gadaizarda konfliqtebSi, saSiSroebebsa da
policiis obieqtebSi), magram xalxsa da pirovnebas Soris saz
Rvris TvalsazrisiT, magaliTad mas sakalaTburTo moedani
mohyavs. Savkaniani sxeulis kulturis aspeqtebma msoflio
aRiarebas miaRwia amerikis kulturul simZlavresTan erTad
aRniSvnis Rirsia sportis iseTi supervarskvlavi, rogoric
maikl jordania da komerciuli TvalsazrisiT repi. am Sem
TxvevaSi `Savkanianoba~ gamoiyeneba `ultraTanamedroveobisa
da ultraprimitivizmis ucnauri, hiperadamianis hibridis~
warmosadgenad (2000, 347).
gilrois argumenti ubiZgebs rasiologiis dasasruls da
afroamerikul kulturaze sxva naSromebis msgavsad, es wignic
mkiTxvels iseT warmodgenas uqmnis, TiTqos globalizebuli
sazogadoebebi rasis gamoyenebisaTvis sul ufro met gzebs
pouloben: rogorc TavSesafari marketingisTvis; rogorc
saqonlis wyaro; warmosaxviTi warmodgenebi, romelTac popu
laruli kulturebis gamxneveba SeuZliaT; rogorc transna

251
cionaluri muSaTa klasis Semasustebeli da damyofi iaraRi;
gansakuTrebiT ki rogorc identurobis siamayis wyaro, Tanac
ara mxolod marginalizebul da privilegiebis gareSe myofTa
mimarTebaSi. gilrois namuSevarSi yvelaze sasargeblo, al
baT, misi daJinebuli mtkicebaa, rom rasizmi ganuwyvetliv
icvleba; Tuki amas, rogorc mudmiv Zalas aRviqvamT, yvelaze
fxizeli politika da kritika Tu SeZlebs mis amocnobas.

damatebiTi literatura: Back and Solomos 2000; Baker, Diawara

and Lindeborg 1996; Banton 1998; Dyer 1997; Gilroy 2000; Rattansi and
Westwood 1994.

252
 nawili 6

seqsualoba da genderi

6.1 feminizmis Sedegi: genderi dRes

uaxlesi (dasavleTis) istoriis erT-erTi aRsaniSnavi feno

meni feminizmis aRzeveba da dacemaa. dacemam, ra Tqma unda,
didi aJiotaJi gamoiwvia. 1998 wels Jurnal Time-ma am sakiTxs
garekanic ki dauTmo: `daRupulia ki feminizmi?~ romelic
met koncentrirebas ali makbilsa da Spice Girls-ze axdenda,
vidre gloria Stainemsa da beti fredanze (amerikuli femi
nizmis fuZemdeblebi), pasuxi iyo `diax~. Jurnali Time anti-
feministTa manamde arnaxulma uaryofiTma reaqciam moicva.
amJamad `dacema~ rbilad rom vTqvaT uxeSi terminia, mas Sem
deg, rac feminizmi ase saocrad SemoiWra 60-iani wlebis meore
naxevarsa da 70-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, bevri qalisTvis man
TiTqos Secvala yvelaferi da sinamdvileSi Tuki yvelaferi
ara, bevri ram mainc. magram asec rom yofiliyo, saqme ise mar
tivad ar aris, rodesac iseTi qalebi, rogoric uaryofiTi
reaqciis sastikad ganmkicxavi suzan faludi daNnaomi vulfi
arian, ganuwyvetliv Tavs gvaxseneben (ix. faludi 1992 da 1999;
vulfi 1991 da 1997).
dasavleTSi qalebi TavianTi odindeli mdgomareobis
mimarT subordinirebulni da sxvebisgan gamorCeulni ar ari
an. erTxans farTod gavrcelebuli SeniSvna, rom `qalis ad
gili saxlSia~ politikur periferiebs gadaeca. saxelmwifo
Ta umravlesobam abortis legalizacia moaxdina da daawesa
dekretuli Svebuleba. bavSvTa mzrunvelobis uzrunvelyofa
ukve Cveulebrivi ambavia. axalgazrda qalebi mamakacebis ms
gavsad, xSirad sapasuxismgeblo saqmianobebs iTxoven (gaxso
vdeT `Girl Power~ `gogonebis Zala~). qalebi oficialurad,
sul mcire, tols ar udeben mamakacebs ganaTlebis sistemaSi,
samuSao adgilebis umravlesobaSi an, magaliTad, sacekvao/
eqstazis scenaze (ise, rogorc hipebisa da pankebis moZraobis
periodSic ki ar yofilan). media qalTa seqsualobas ukve aRar

253
ganixilavs, rogorc Cveulebriv pasiursa da konfidencial
urs. epoqaluri praqtika qalebisTvis met daxmarebas eweva. se
qsualuri agresiis oficialurad daSveba Cveulebrivi ambavia.
qalTa monawileobis sakiTxi kulturul memkvidreobaSi sru
li Seviwrovebidan ubrundeba warsul poziciebs da garkveul
wilad, qalTa mwerlobis mTeli principia SenarCunebuli li
teraturul mexsierebaSi. genderi amJamad, rogorc arasdros,
socialuri da kulturuli analizis ZiriTadi kategoriaa.
meore mxriv, realur avtoritets kvlav mamakacebi floben,
romlebic mraval institutSi warmmarTvel rols asruleben.
Sinaur saqmeebSi genderuli dayofa ise mimdinareobs, rom, mag
aliTad, qalebi ufro xSirad umzadeben saWmels mamakacebs, vi
dre piriqiT, ojaxebSi, sadac orives gaaCnia samuSao. qalebi
bavSvTa aRzrdis tvirTs kvlavac sakuTar mxrebze atareben.
sportis samyaroSi qalebs giganturi nabijebi aqvT gadadg
muli, magram mamakacebi aviwroveben maT komerciuli mimzid
velobis TvalsazrisiT. Sou biznesSi qalTa kariera ufro
moklea da axalgazrdobaSi isini gamudmebuli presis qveS imy
ofebian, raTa Tavi hiper-seqsualur stilSi warmoadginon.
faqtobrivad, komerciuli kultura da marketingi vnebiani
gogonebis garegan iersaxes metad aqcevs yuradRebas, vidre es
feministuri moZraobis dasawyisSi xdeboda. (sasaciloa, magram
feminizmma TiTqos xeli Seuwyo momavalSi kulturis am mimar
TulebiT [hetero-] seqsualizebas.) ganqorwinebuli qalebi
ekonomikur brZolas ewevian, rasac maTi yofili partniorebi
ar akeTeben, xolo dasavluri orientaciis mqone qalTa mcire
raodenobam (da gansakuTrebiT transnacionaluri arasamTav
robo organizaciebidan momdinare aqtiurma polisurma ini
ciativebma) ara-evropul samyaroSi feministur moZraobas
mcire biZgi misca. qalTa moZraobis xangrZlivi warsulis mqone
iseT mdidar qveynebSic ki, rogoric iaponiaa, genderuli urT
ierTobebi stabilurad araTanabar xasiaTs inarCunebs. mra
val uRaribes qveyanaSi, islamis saxeliT patriarqatis uxeSi
formebi ganagrZobs arsebobas (ix. bakli 1997; naraiani 1997).
yovelive amis gaTvaliswinebiT, sakvirvelia, rom femi
nizmi, rogorc moZraoba suls Rafavs. feminizmi ukve siaxles
aRar warmoadgens. axalgazrda qalebis umetesoba, rogorc
wesi, Tavs aRar acxadebs feministad, aRizianebs ra dedebis

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Taobas, romelic mTeli ZaliT ibrZoda im uflebebisa da Se
saZleblobebis mosapoveblad, romlebmac ganapirobes am aRi
arebis uaryofa da vinc icis, rom maTi samuSao ar dasrulebu
la. feminizmis miRwevebsa da mis mimdinare sajaro ignorirebas
Soris daZabuloba xSirad farulad aris gamoxatuli popula
rul kulturaSi. magaliTisaTvis holivudis salaros dRes
dReobiT umniSvnelovanes donor msaxiob julia robertsis
kariera moviyvanoT. filmSi lamazmani igi asaxierebs qals,
romelic feminizmis qveS cekvavs, magram agreTve TavSekavebas
amJRavnebs feminizmis wina warmodgenebisa da faseulobebis
mimarT. erin brokoviCSi ki misi roli muSaTa klasis warmo
madgeneli qalis brZolas ganasaxierebs raime damakmayofile
beli samuSaos mosapoveblad da sxeulis sakuTari survilis
mixedviT seqsualizebis gziT. magram ibadeba kiTxva vis exe
ba amgvari sakiTxebi Tu ara genderze agebul politikur moZ
raobas (brunsdoni 1997).
feminizmis Caqrobas sxvadasxva mizezebi gaaCnia: rogorc
vxedavT, moZraoba TavisTavad daiSala nawilebad Sida de
batebis xarjze. SedarebiTma warmatebam mas TiTqos Zalebi
aarTva marTlac, logikurad moZraobis sruli warmateba
zedmetoba iqneboda. igi multikulturalizmisa da saeWvo moZ
raobis CaTvliT, naklebad mniSvnelovanma identurobis poli
tikam moicva. is aRmoCnda popularuli kulturis msxverpli,
romelmac mtrad aRiqva, moaqcia ra igi stereotipebis nusxaSi.
albaT, feminizmma axali stresebic Semoitana, gansakuTrebiT
saSualo klasis warmomadgenel qalTa Soris, sadac misi Zalis
impulsi udidesi iyo; saxeldobr sakiTxi, romlis Tanaxma
dac maT gaaCniaT karierebi garemoSi, sadac isini sul ufro
da ufro sapasuxismgeblo da arasaimedoa. qalebi sul ufro
metad bavSvebs SedarebiT gvian aCenen da ara mxolod imitom,
rom es maTi arCevania, aramed, radganac winaaRmdeg SemTxveva
Si isini yoveldRiuri cxovrebis presis saSiSroebis winaSe
dgebian. amgvari zewola aris feminizmis ideologiis gavlenis
msxvreviT gamZafrebuli situacia. nawilobriv igi saojaxo
saqmianobis usamarTlo genderul ganawilebaSi gamoixateba.
da bolos, feminizmis politika ucnaur adgils ikavebs, gan
sakuTrebiT, Tu igi seqsualobas Seexeba. am konteqstSi monika
levinskis SemTxvevis mniSvneloba (romelmac gamoZaxili mTel

255
msoflioSi pova) gazviadebuli rodia. feminizmisken midrekil
qalTa umravlesobas sakuTari Tavi warmoedgina prezidentis
adgilze, vinc SedarebiT liberaluri iqneboda sqesobrivi da
qalTa uflebebis mimarT, iqneboda es seqsualur mtaceblo
baSi, Tu aRelvebulobaSi mxileba. avstraliaSi `ormondis
kolejis saqme~ grandiozul siaxled iqca, rodesac erTxans
cnobilma feministma mweralma helen garnerma daicva univer
sitetis administratori, visac seqsualurad aRelvebul stu
dentebTan hqonda saqme (prestiJuli Tanamdebobidan gaTavi
sufleba da ganuwyvetliv damcireba), im TvalsazrisiT, rom
igi sasjels ar imsaxurebda (studentur mejlisze daTroba da
axalgazrda gogonebis jgufze gasvlis mcdeloba). Tanac ise
Cans, TiTqos garneris Taobis bevri qali, vinc Tavisuflebis
moZraoba gamoiara, mas eTanxmeba. aseT SemTxvevebSi iseTi
STabeWdileba iqmneba, rom Tuki seqsualuri urTierTobebi da
feministuri eTika erTmaneTs am mimarTulebiT daetakeboda,
Sedegi aborti an sasamarTlo SeiZleboda yofiliyo.
amgvar situaciaSi feminizmis mniSvnelobaze warmodgenis
aRdgenis mizniT, SemTxvevebTan da motivaciebTan erTad, misi
SedarebiT xangrZlivi istoriis ganxilvaa saWiro.

feminizmis warsuli

miuxedavad imisa, rom preindustriuli tradiciuli

sazogadoebebi Cveulebriv gaazrebulia `patriarqaluri~
TvalsazrisiT, romelSic mamakacebi dominireben, Cans,
TiTqos, Tanamedrove kapitalizmma, gansakuTrebiT saSua
lo klasebSi, gaaZliera qalTa subordinacia. kapitalizmis
gverdSi myof aristokrat qalebs SeeZloT mniSvnelovani
damoukideblobisa da Zalauflebis mopoveba, xolo indus
trializaciis muSaTa klasis warmomadgeneli qalebi, xSir
ad ojaxs gareTac muSaobdnen. es ar Seexeba saSualo klasis
warmomadgenel qalebs isini qveSevrdomobis axali formis
winaSe aRmoCndnen. amgvarad, sakvirveli ar aris, rom Taname
drove feminizmis pirveli argumentebi saSualo klasis war
momadgenelma qalma warmoadgina. industriuli revoluciis
sawyis wlebSi, safrangeTis revoluciiT STagonebulma meri

256
volstonkraftma Enlightenment-is (ganaTlebuloba) mixedviT
(me-18 saukunis evropuli filosofiuri mimdinareoba) adamia
nis bunebis Sefaseba da samarTlisa da obieqturobis princi
pebi genderuli dayofis mimarTulebiT gamoiyena. misi sawyisi
mizani qalTa sqesis tipebis gamovlena iyo, romelTac ganapir
obes maTi gonebrivi SesaZleblobebis dasusteba: yuradRebis
gamaxvileba seqsualur mimzidvelobaze, `mgrZnobiarobaze~
(daaxloebiT Tanamedrove sentimentalizmis msgavsad) da uaz
ro an araseriozul aRzrda-ganviTarebaze.
misma wignma `qalTa uflebebis dacva~ (1792), umal cudi
reputacia moixveWa, magram mas cotaodeni Suamavali impul
sic aRmoaCnda. igi mimarTuli iyo im sazogadoebis misamarTiT,
romelSic patriarqati gaazrebuli iyo, rogorc mamakacTa qa
lebze dominireba TiTqmis uZleveli, Tumca gauwonaswore
beli. uZleveli da gauwonasworebeli? sofelSi momuSave ma
makacebsa da qalebs gansxvavebuli rolebi eniWebodaT. magram
maT, mZime sameurneo samuSaos CaTvliT, erToblivi amocanebic
hqondaT mosagvarebeli. samuSao adgili da saxli Cveulebriv
dacalkevebulad ar moiazreboda, rac mamakacebsa da qalebs
daaxloebul mwarmoeblur erTeulad warmoaCenda. magram ur
banizaciasTan da daqiravebuli Sromis gavrcelebasTan erTad
bevri ram Seicvala. saerTod, mamakacebma sxvadasxva ofisebsa
da qarxnebSi daiwyes TavianTi produqciis gayidva, xolo qa
lebi ki Sin darCnen sameurneo amocanebis Sesasruleblad, rac
ojaxis uzrunvelyofas ganapirobebda. sadac qalebi anazRau
rebisTvis muSaobdnen, maT aRar uSvebdnen ufro SemoqmedebiTi
samuSaos Sesasruleblad. TumcaRa am procesSi regionuli da
industriuli variaciebi SeimCneoda: iseTi samuSaoebi, ro
goric qvanaxSiris warmoebaa, mTlianad mamakacebs ekuTvnodaT,
rodesac samkervalo saqme fabrikebSi umetesad qalebis mier
keTdeboda da maT anazRaurebas xSirad mamakacebi ganagebdnen.
aman zogierTi qalis politizireba gamoiwvia. magaliTisaTvis
britaneTis magaliTi me-19 saukuneSi lankaSirSi, sadac
koncentrirebuli iyo samkervalo industria, qalebi warmoe
bis TvalsazrisiT kargad iyvnen organizebulni da me-19 sau
kunis oromtrialSi maT aqtiuri monawileoba miiRes saarCev
no uflebis mopovebis moZraobaSi. es iyo qalTa oficialuri
moTxovnis politizirebis pirveli SemTxveva (masei 1994).

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 saerTod, anazRaurebaze momuSave muSaTa klasis warmo
madgeneli qalebi da vinc ojaxis siZlieris simbolos an ma
sazrdoeblis statuss iZenda, sazogadoebrivi menejerebisa
da Teoretikosebis Setevas ganicdida. amis umTavresi mizezi
mxolod maT mimarT winaswarSeqmnili uaryofiTi damokide
buleba ar yofila, miuxedavad imisa, rom sqesobrivi diskrimi
nacia garkveul rols asrulebda: mamakacebi da qalebi anaz
RaurebisTvis SejibrSi myofebad moiazrebodnen. saSualo
da mmarTveli klasis warmomadgeneli mamakacebi ki qalTa
winaaRmdeg muSis pozicias ikavebdnen. saSualo klasis war
momadgeneli qalebis sityvieri samxilebi Cveulebriv maT
qmrebs ekuTvnodaT. am SemTxvevaSi ori azri ar arsebobs, rom
viqtorianuli saxli qalis sfero asea, Tu ise, xSirad iyo
warmodgenili amgvarad mamakacuri Zaladobis gamo.
arcerTi qali ar iyo nebadarTuli xmis micemaze. maT xels
uSlidnen profesiebis dauflebaze (SeinaxeT diasaxlisad) an
universitetSi wasvlaze. dasaxlebuli qalebi swavlobdnen
`ganaTlebas~ (simRera, fortepianoze dakvra, xatva, kerva,
yvavilebis movlas da SeiZleba cota frangulsa da italiurs...),
rac Seesabameboda maT mowodebasa da col-qmrul wyvils. co
tas Tu hqonda miRebuli klasikuri Tu mecnieruli ganaTleba.
(es iyo volstonkraftis yvelaze gulisxmieri protesti).
ufro zogadi TvalsazrisiT, genderuli dayofis gamyarebis
survili samuSao da saojaxo cxovrebas Soris sazogadoebrivi
`reformaciis~ moZraobis xelSi iyo, romelic me-17 saukunis
meore naxevriT iyo daTariRebuli da romelmac, erTi mxriv,
scada sajaro loTobis, prostituciisa da azartuli TamaSebis
gamijvna, meore mxriv ki higienisa da pirovnebaTa partnioro
bisa da pasuxismgeblobis grZnobis ganviTareba. am moZraobas
safuZveli protestantul eklesiebSi Caeyara, sadac qalebi
xSirad SedarebiT Tavisuflad grZnobdnen Tavs. bevri sajaro
adgilebi, ra Tqma unda, didi xnis akrZaluli iyo qalebisTvis,
vinc Seuracxyofa da Zaladoba ganicada quCebSi, rac mamak
acebTanac SeiZleboda yofiliyo dakavSirebuli. argumentis
mixedviT, meuRlisa da dedis subordinirebuli kontrolis
qveS Cveuli Sinauri garemo Tavisi yoveli gamovlinebiT iyo
yvelaze efeqturi Tbili adgili reformirebuli sazogadoe
bisTvis. sabolood, TiTqmis mTeli saukunis ganmavlobaSi ax

258
alma industriulma da profesionalurma samuSao adgilebma,
mamakacTa solidarobam da Zaladobam, civiluri reformebis
ideologiis fonze volstonkraftis mier warmodgenili femi
nizmis saxeobis marginalizeba moaxdina (kaini 1997).
volstonkraftis Semdeg 60 weli gavida da me-19 saukunis
bolos `qalis sakiTxi~ ganaxlebuli mcdelobebiT xmis, gan
qorwinebis, ufro maRali donis ganaTlebis sistemisa da aqe
dan gamomdinare, profesiul muSaxelze uflebisaTvis, xe
laxla wamoiWra. magram yvelaze TvalsaCino wvlili `meore
talRis~ feminizmTan mimarTebaSi virjinia vulfis `viRacis
sakuTar oTaxs~ (1927) miuZRvis vulfis adrindeli blums
beris elitizmisgan mkveTrad gansxvavebuli inovaciuri po
lemika. aq kultura da sazogadoeba ganixileba mamakacebad
da qalebad dayofis TvalsazrisiT, mamakacTa mier qalebis
SesaZleblobebis SezRudvis gziT. vulfi acxadebs, rom mamak
acebi mudmivad weren da laparakoben qalebis Sesaxeb, magram
maTi epizoduri idealizacia mxolod faravs qalTa realur
subordinacias. sabolood mas materialuri argumenti mo
hyavs: qalebs gamoxatvis Tavisufleba ar gaaCniaT, radganac
maT xeli ar miuwvdebaT qonebaze, rac monopolizebulia ma
makacis mier. qalebs sWirdebaT kulturaSi SeRweva, produq
tiuli moRvaweoba da fuli `viRacis sakuTari oTaxi~.
Tuki es moxdeboda, maSin kulturuli faseulobebi da war
modgenebi Zireulad Seicvleboda. amasTan, vulfis azriT, ma
makacebis dominirebis gamo kultura gajerebulia faseulo
bebiTa da stilebiT, sadac qalebi Tavs kargad ver grZnoben.
es axSobs adamianis bunebriv Zireul biseqsualobas da herma
froditizms, romelic mis momdevno naSromebSi, rogorc uto
piuri da SedarebiT konservatiuli ideali, aseve dakarguli
mTlianoba funqcionirebs (mulerni 2000).
30-iani wlebis depresiis, meore msoflio omisa da omis
Semdgomi pirdapiri `rekonstruqciis~ periodma feministTa
samuSao gegma droebiT SeaCera, magram 60-ianebis meore naxe
varSi man kvlav iCina Tavi qalTa Tavisuflebis moZraobis sax
iT. imdroindeli sazogadoebrivi Teoriis gavlenis qveS, Zvel
moTxovnebTan erTad igi sam axal elements moicavda, rac qalTa
ufro aqtiur monawileobas gulisxmobda ekonomikaSi, muSaxel
sa da saganmanaTleblo da oficialur politikur sistemaSi.

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 upirveles yovlisa, niSandoblivi iyo warmodgenis kritika:
qalebi moTxovnebis gaaqtiurebis Semdeg damcirebul mdgo
mareobaSi aRmoCndnen, gansakuTrebiT komerciul sajaro sfer
oSi mamakacTa vnebiani mzeris winaSe seqsis obieqtis saxiT podi
umze gamosvlis TvalsazrisiT. am `qalurobaze~ da mdedrobiTi
sqesis idealze mniSvnelovani patriarqatis SigniT ideologi
uri konstruqciebi iyo, rac mas Semdeg premodernistobasTan
asocirebul calkeul sazogadoebriv struqturas ukve aRar
warmoadgenda, aramed kulturul formirebas, romelSic ma
makacebi kvlav dominantis rolSi iyvnen da romelSic qalebs
xels uSlidnen maTi survilisamebr yofacxovrebaze. es konte
qstualurad gulisxmobda, rom `genderi~ upirveles yovlisa
CamoSorda `sqess~. argumentis mixedviT, biologiuri Tval
sazrisiT qalebi mamakacebisgan gansxvavdebodnen, maT hqondaT
gansxvavebuli sqesi, magram es ar uxsnida qalebs gzas qaluro
bisaken da gansakuTrebiT genderisken. amis dawvrilebiT gas
agebad: sqesi biologiuri struqturaa, genderi ki socialuri
da ideologiuri; magaliTad, seqsualuri upiratesobis gamo,
ar arsebobs bunebrivi kavSiri qalebis mier bavSvis dabadebis
faqtsa da daJinebul moTxovnas Soris, rom isini arseboben;
vTqvaT, SedarebiT TavSekavebulni arian sazogadoebaSi da
garkveul rols TamaSoben pirad/saSinao sferoSi genderuli
upiratesobis gamo.
Tumca kapitalisturi patriarqatis qveS bevrma qalma moir
go qaluroba; amgvarad `gonebis gaxsna~ (romelic am konte
qstSi qalTa subordinaciis istoriis Seswavlas niSnavda, ide
ologiis kritikis bazisuri codnis Seswavlis safuZvelze da
gaazrebas, Tu rogor SegexoT istoria da qalTa warmodgenebi
dResdReobiT piradad) `mesame talRis~ adreuli feminizmis
mTavar iaraRad iqca tradiciuli genderuli rolis Zlierebis
ganadgurebaSi (rogorc isini am boloxans uwodeben). gonebis
gaxsna, romelic mediisaTvis umal saxumarod iqca, sinamdvile
Si seriozuli momenti iyo kulturis kvlevebis istoriis gari
JraJze Tanamedrove msofliosTan midgomis TvalsazrisiT:
Tanamedrove kulturuli formebis dawvrilebiTma Seswavlam
SegcvalaT rogorc Tqven, aseve msoflio.
mesame talRis feminizmis mesame inovacia sazogadoeba/pi
radulis xelaxal ganxilvaSi gamoixateboda. vulfis `viRa

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cis oTaxis~ midgomis, misi ukan daxevisa da avtonomiis eTikis
erT-erTi problema is iyo, rom igi srul konteqstualizebas
ar axdenda, Tu ra aRiqmeboda 60-iani wlebis dasasruls qalTa
moZraobis mTavar RerZad: sazogadoebasa da piraduls Soris
dayofis genderingi, romelSic qalebi Semofarglulni iyvnen
piradi saqmianobiT. rogorc qerol peitmenma SeniSna: `diho
tomia piradulsa da sazogadoebas Soris... bolos da bolos
ris Sesaxebacaa mTlianad feministuri moZraoba~ (peitmeni
1989, 135). amgvari tipis azrovnebam, romelSic qalTa mor
julebis sakiTxi Ria iyo polemikisTvis, gamoiwvia (gansa
kuTrebiT rodesac gonebis gaxsnas iTxovs) cnobili apoTerma
`rac piradulia, is politikuria~. es fraza mTlianobaSi iden
turobis politikis qvakuTxedad iqca.
rogorc aqamde aRvniSneT, feminizmi ganadgurda, sul mc
ire imitom, rom daiSala sxvadasxva skolebad. es sakvirveli
ar aris, mas Semdeg, rac misi programa sxvadasxva mimarTule
bebiT wavida. umniSvnelovanesi iyo Sida ganxeTqileba; erTi
mxriv, volenstonkraftis ufro Zveli feminizmi mamakaceb
sa da qalebs Soris Tanasworuflebianobis miRweva, romelic
Zireulad koncentrirebuli iyo socialuri da politikuri
midgomisa da monawileobis sakiTxebze meore mxriv, axali
identurobis politikis impulsi, romlis saSualebiTac qa
lebma daamtkices, rom kacebisagan gansxvavdebodnen da ro
melic fokusirebuli iyo gamoxatvisa da sakuTari Tavis Seqm
nis kulturaze.
feminizmis SigniT meore ganxeTqileba uSualod seqsualo
bas Seexo. sakiTxi Semdegi saxiT wamoiWra: ra doneze Seadgen
da heteroseqsualoba problemas? ra doneze iyo seqsualuri
moTxovnilebis politika? da ufro konkretulad, iyo Tu ara
moZraoba heteroseqsualur normebs miRma mamakacTa daJineb
uli mzeris ganzogadebis gamoZaxili? iyo Tu ara qalTa sxeu
lis seqsualizeburad gamoxatva da misi provocireba sisxlis
samarTlis pasuxismgeblobaze qalurobis morCil, piradul
hetero-versiebSi?
anti-heteroseqsualuri politika Tavisi susti formiT,
cdilobda seqsualobis rolis daqveiTebas qalebis cxovreba
Si (TiTqos Zvel puritanizmSi vbrundebiT), xolo radikaluri
formiT ki politikuri Carevis doneze daJinebiT moiTxovda

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qalTa Soris msgavs seqsualobas. magram ra Tqma unda, bevri
qali am programebidan verc erTs daeTanxmeboda. yvelaze
sastiki debatebi seqsualobis Sesaxeb, pornografiasTan da
kavSirebiT mimdinareobs: sakiTxi, sadac pro-seqs feminizmi
yvelaze sustad gamoiyureba; vizedac man Tundac garkveu
li ZalisxmeviT safuZvliani gamarjveba moipova, moZraobis
logikurobaa.
mesame ganxeTqileba, romelic orive zeda ganxeTqilebas
mWidro kavSirSi moiazrebs, qalurobasTan damokidebulebaSi
gamoixateboda. surdaT ki feministebs tradiciuli qaluro
bis uaryofa Tu SeeZloT misi tareba axal, albaT, SedarebiT
ironiuli da namdvilad ufro nebadarTuli gziT? aq naklebad
radikalurma poziciamac gaimarjva: upirveles yovlisa, qal
uroba Zalebs ikrebda samecniero wreebSi im argumentiT, rom
igi iqneboda ara imdenad daxurul sivrceSi, aramed rogorc
farTod gamoxatuli; Semdeg ki Tavisi gansakuTrebuli sur
vilebis Sesrulebas daJinebiT moiTxovda (brundsoni 2000).
80-ianebis axalgazrda qalebma isargebles qalurobiT saTa
nadod (Tundac xSirad odnavi ironiiT) tradiciuli Tvalsaz
risiT, ganacxadiT, rom gansxvaveba axla iyo is, rac maT arCies.
ar aris aucilebeli vinme Zalian kargad erkveodes hegemoniis
TeoriaSi (romelic amtkicebs, rom msxverpli zogadad egueba
Cagrul mdgomareobaSi yofnas) raTa dainteresdes amiT.
sabolood, mTavari niSanic, rom piraduli politikuria,
ori mimarTulebiT vrceldeba. loren berlanis mtkicebiT,
politikursa da piraduls Soris damokidebuleba Seicva
la 90-iani wlebis konservatorebis gavlenis gamo. Zvele
buri dayofa sazogado da piradul gamoxatvas Soris daeSva
formamde, rasac berlani (1977, 1) `saxalxo intims~ uwodebs.
amgvar formaSi, sajarod qceuli intimuri piradi cxovreba
politikuri miznebisTvis xelmisawvdomia. es mxolod imas ar
niSnavs, rom politikosebis piradi cxovreba saaSkaraozea ga
motanili da maT karieras sajarod Zirs uTxris, aramed poli
tikuri sakiTxebi sul ufro metad mimarTulia intimur - axlo
urTierTobebisken. garkveulwilad, socialuri polisi sul
ufro metad bavSvebisa da deda-bavSvis urTierTobis polisis
efeqtis mixedviT ganisazRvreba, gansakuTrebiT mas Semdeg,
rac qorwineba naklebad sando da stabilur movlenad iqca

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(Samuei 2003). magram es xdeba feminizmis gavlenis Sesasuste
blad pirovnulze da feministebs Soris, visac politikursa
da piraduls Soris myari kavSirebis aRdgenis survili gaaCnia,
daZabulobis Sesaqmnelad (piraduli cxovrebis pirovnuli
bunebis liberalur dayofaze dabruneba da misi naklebi mniS
vneloba sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi) da visTvisac `piraduli
da politikuris~ konservatiuli daniSnuleba ar warmoad
gens am frazis mowodebas, rom qalebi SeiZleba ignorirebul
iyvnen. sajaro sferoSi Rrma detalurze aqcentireba SeiZle
ba SesaZleblobasac (imeds) gamoxatavdes, rom intimurobas
adgili aqvs, sadac uaxloesi da yvelaze damakmayofilebeli
urTierTobebi SeiZleba ganviTardes (nawilobriv, radgan qa
lebs am sferoSi xeli miuwvdebaT) im saxiT, romelic politi
kuri moTxovnebisa da SefasebisTvis nimuSs amzadebs.
amJamad ibadeba kiTxva: ra unda feminizms? feminizmis
adrindel formebs mkafio Sexedulebebi gaaCnda: Tanasworu
flebianoba da Tanabari SesaZleblobebi; mamakacuri daJineb
uli mzeris batonobis aRsasruli; qalTa TviTmyofadi kul
turis ayvaveba; uflebebisa da SesaZleblobebis (TumcaRa nel
tempSi) samuSao programa miRebul iqna da genderisa da seq
sualobis kultura feminizmis movlinebis Semdeg Seicvala,
magram ara im mimarTulebebiT, romelTac adreuli periodis
feministebi ivaraudebdnen an metwilad mxars dauWerdnen. ma
gram axla ra xdeba?
am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacemis erT-erTi problema is aris,
rom rogorc post-struqturalistebi didi xania varaudo
ben, `qalebi~ Zalian didi dajgufebaa imisTvis, rom analiti
kuri TvalsazrisiT sargebloba mohqondeT da es globaliza
ciis procesTan erTad sul ufro aSkaravdeba. gansxvavebuli
rasebis, adgilsamyofelisa da klasebis warmomadgeneli qa
lebi sxvadasxva kondiciebSi cxovroben da SeuZlebelia maT
Soris ganzogadeba. im realobis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom qalis
sxeulisTvis Tvisobrivia menstruacia, bavSvebis gaCena, meno
pauza da (heteroseqsualebis SemTxvevaSi) seqsualuri aRqma
mamakacTa Soris, ara nakleb aSkaraa, rom magaliTad, maRali-
saSualo-klasis warmomadgeneli TeTrkaniani amerikeli/ev
ropeli qalebi, kulturuli da ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT,
ufro axlos dganan mamakacis eqvivalentTan, vidre samxreT

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azieli Raribi sofleli qalebi. kulturebs, eTnosebsa da
klasebs Soris qalTa solidarobas, rac feministuri politi
kis safuZvels warmoadgens, erTgvarad deformirebuli da ab
straqtuli xasiaTi gaaCnia da TiTqos gonebaSi patriarqatis
mudmivi aRiarebiT, sakuTari neba-surviliT safuZvlianad
izRudavs Tavs. nawilobriv am mizeziT, nawilobriv, radgan
popularuli kultura sakmaod gamijnulia feministuri re
formisgan, kulturis kvlevebi metwilad qalTa Tavisuflebis
moments ar iTvaliswinebs.
feminizmis nacvlad misi monaTesave kulturuli dargi gan
viTarda genderis swavleba romelsac mokled ganvixilavT.

qalTa kvlevebidan genderis kvlevamde

feministuri moZraoba imTaviTve ar yofila Seswavlis

sagani, maSinac ki, rodesac man ganviTarebul msoflioSi da
araerT SedarebiT Rarib qveyanaSi TviT-ganviTarebis popu
laruli formebi gansazRvra, ramac 70-iani wlebidan dawye
buli, sauniversiteto seqtorSi asiaTasobiT qalTa SeRweva
gamoiwvia. kvlevebis amgvari transformaciis Sedegad, qalTa
kvlevebis axali disciplina, xSirad didi winaaRmdegobebis
daZlevis fonze nel-nela damkvidrda. magram 90-iani wlebi
dan dawyebuli, garkveulwilad im mizeziT, rom STagonebada
kargulma feminizmma Sewyvita brZola amis winaaRmdeg, qalTa
kvleva ZiriTadad genderul kvlevad gardaiqmna.
genderulma kvlevebma Zalian swrafad SeaRwies mraval
poziciaSi, romelTac gansazRvres kidevac gare samyaroSi qa
lTa moZraobis mimdinareobebi. angela makrobize (1999) dayrd
nobiT Cven SevZlebT am mimdinareobaTagan umniSvnelovanesTa
gamoyofas, imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom umravles SemTxvevaSi
isini zemoTxsenebul formaciebs imeoreben (da SeiZleba, maT,
rogorc mesame talRis feminizmis inteleqtualuri wiaRsv
lebis mikro istoriad aRviqvaT):
1. qalTa morCilebisa da misi Tanamedrove konceptua
luri safuZvlebis analizi. beti fridanis qaluri mistika
(1963) am momentis amsaxvel klasikad rCeba.
2. mamakacebis mizeziT, maTive TvalTaxedviT tradici

264
uli feminizmis farTod gavrcelebul warmodgenebze Seteva
imavdroulad qalTa aramimzidveli an uaryofiTi gamovline
bebis gamxnevebiT, rasac amgvari Sexeduleba iTvaliswinebs.
robin morganis anTologiam debis sazogadoeba uZlieresia
(1970) sayovelTaod aRwera, rogorc Sexeduleba, aseve aqedan
gamomdinare moZraoba.
3. kanonTa krebulis simboluri struqturis saxiT ganx
iluli patriarqatis ideologiis, romelSic identurobebi
daSvebulia, rogorc mamakacebisTvis, aseve qalebisTvis da
socialuri normebi mamakacTa dominirebis mxardamWeri in
teresebis mixedviTaa dadgenili, kritikuli analizi. am moZ
raobaSi mTavari iyo jiuti seqsualur/genderuli gamorCeva.
4. marqsistuli feminizmis ganviTareba, romelic qalis
Tanamedrove subordinacias kapitalistur sazogadoebrivi
urTierTobebis funqciis saxiT ganixilavs da qalTa materi
aluri usamarTlobisa da brZolis irgvlivaa koncentrireb
uli, metad samuSao adgilTan aris dakavSirebuli, vidre iseT
sakiTxebTan, rogoric qalurobaa. feminizmis am formasTan
mimarTebaSi juliet miCelis qalTa sazogadoebriv mdgo-
mareobas (1971) mniSvnelovani wvlili aqvs Setanili.
5. qalTa kmayofilebis fsiqoanalizi da fizikuri struq
tura: am mimarTebaSi qali mamakacurobisgan `gansxvavebulad~
aRiqmeba, Tanac ara patriarqatis ideologiidan gamomdinare.
julia miCelis naSromma fsiqoanalizi da feminizmi (1975)
feminizmis amgvar gamoxatulebas Cauyara safuZveli.
6. qalTa Janrebis reklamireba melodrama, teleseri
alebi, sentimentaluri nawarmoebebi, romansi qalTa damci
rebul mdgomareobaSi yofnas an qalTa fantaziebsa da emo
ciebs garkveul doneze, iribi formiT gamoxataven. es, albaT,
is momentia, romelic qalTa da kulturis kvlevebs gansa
kuTrebiT specifikuri TvalsazrisiT aerTianebs.
7. feministuri post-struqturaluri anti-esencializ
mi (aseve `frangul feminizmad~ wodebuli): argumenti, romlis
mixedviTac `qalis~ kategoria arc bunebrivia, arc gamorCeu
li. ase romc yofiliyo, mniSvnelovania, rom am kategoriebs
patriarqatTan winaaRdegobaSi yofnis drosac ki ar daeTanx
moT. Tuki daeTanxmebiT, miT ufro daafiqsirebT identuro
bas. am arguments, romelic iseT moazrovneTa mier, rogori

265
caa julia kristeva, lusi irigrei da helen siqsi, ramdenime
formiT aris SemoTavazebuli, Tavis Zlier bunebrivobis gamo
ar ZaluZs identurobis TvalsazrisiT, movlenebis ganviTa
rebis safuZvlebis analizi. amas uCveulo dinamikamde mivya
varT, rac seqsualobis esencializmis gare politikis saxiT
aris Teorizebuli. warsuli gamocdilebis mixedviT, igi, sul
mcire, termin qalTa kvlevebis mospobis momentad SegviZlia
aRviqvaT (oliveri 2000).
8. qalTa kvlevidan `gavfarTovdeT~ genderul kvleveb
Si. qalTa Tavisuflebis moZraobam sqesi da genderi warmate
biT ganacalkeva da amis erT-erTi yvelaze naklebad mosalod
neli Sedegi is iyo, rom seriozuli analizisa da kritikuli
ganxilvis sagani Seiqmna mamakacurobis genderis saxiT aRqma,
iseve, rogorc im identifikaciis procesebis gacilebiT mo
zomilad gansja, romelTa mixedviTac pirovnebebi genderuli
TvalsazrisiT calkevdebodnen. judi batleris genderuli
winaaRmdegoba (1990) am mxriv gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania.
batlerma genderi daaxasiaTa ara rogorc ideologiis gare
gamoxatulebiT ganpirobebuli sakiTxis mdgomareoba, Tu
ubralod arCevanis SesaZlebloba, aramed rogorc pirovne
bebisa da Suamavlebis monapovari da danergili erTian sazoga
doebriv qmedebebSi seqsualuri swrafvebis mixedviT, romle
bic mxolod biologiur xasiaTs ar atareben.

mamakacoba

rogorc aRvniSneT, mamakacoba kvlevebis analizis saTaved

aris warmodgenili, romlis garSemoc qalTa kvlevebi gende
rul kvlevebad gardaiqmna. magram Semdegi safexuri ukve misi
calke dargad mamakacobis kvlevebi Camoyalibebaa. mamaka
cobis kvlevebSi TeTrkaniani sxeuli umniSvnelovanesia, ara
mxolod imitom, rom kvlevebis dinamika metwilad dasavluria
(feminizmze metadac ki), aramed, radganac TeTrkaniani vaJka
curoba transnacionaluri formis CamoyalibebaSi udides
rols TamaSobs. miuxedavad imisa, rom qalTa Tavisufleba
pirveli msoflio moZraobaa, feminizms globaluri miRwevebi
gaaCnia da qalTa sakiTxebi bevri saerTaSoriso NGO-s, ada

266
mianTa uflebebis saagentoebis da sxvaTa samuSao programas
warmoadgens. vaJkacurobis sakiTxi gacilebiT naklebad mniS
vnelovania. Zalian uxeSi aRricxvis mixedviTac ki `mesame
msoflio feminizmis~ gamoZaxils TiTqmis 2000 bestselerSi
vnaxulobT, rodesac `mesame msoflio mamakacobis~ Sedegi mx
olod erTs udris.
davuSvaT, rom situacia icvleba; ra Tqma unda, uamravi sa
muSaoa Casatarebeli. magram es niSnavs istoriis uaryofas da
TeTrkaniani mamakacis sxeulis specifikurobisTvis uSualo
politikuri energiis miniWebas.
istoriuli TvalsazrisiT, es sxeuli SedarebiT uCinaria
da TiTqos TeTrkanianobasTan da mamakacobasTan dakavSire
buli Zalis sajaro CvenebiT igi safrTxis winaSe dadgeba.
saxasiaTo TvalsazrisiT, 60-iani wlebis meore naxevramde
(miuxedavad popularuli `fizikuri kulturis~ moZraobisa,
romelic yuradRebas amaxvilebda adreuli 1800-ianebis fit
nessa da muskulaturaze) TeTri mamakacebi sazogadoebaSi
srulad Cacmulni Cndebodnen xolme. mxolod kanis gansxvave
buli Seferilobis mqone axalgazrda mamakacebi da qalebi Tu
aZlevdnen sakuTar Tavs sxeulis garkveuli nawilebis gamoCe
nis uflebas. mamakacebis tansacmelic ki SedarebiT naklebad
Teatralizeburi iyo (rac vizualuri yuradRebis mozidvis
sawinaaRmdegod iyo mimarTuli).
modis istorikosebze dayrdnobiT, mamakacuri Cacmulobis
`ganacrisfreba~ `grandiozul gandgomad~ wodebul process
emTxveva, romelic saTaves inglisSi 1820-ian wlebSi iRebs.
swored am dros gamoCnda Tanamedrove yaidis Sarvlebi da
muqi feris svitrma saSualo klasis warmomadgenel mamakac
Ta Soris erTgvari uniformis saxe miiRo. es niSnavda mamaka
cis Zalauflebisa da prestiJis tansacmlis mixedviT aris
tokratuli midgomis aRsasruls. Semovida individualuri
Cacmis stili, romelic moaswavebda da warmoaCenda Zalis
demonstrirebas: ara ojaxebisa da calkeuli pirovnebebis, ar
amed mamakacuri genderuli koleqtivis Zalas. man genderul
reJimTan dakavSirebul (romelSic mamakacebi valdebulni
iyvnen TavianTi emociebi da gansakuTrebiT, gaWirvebisa da
TanagrZnobis Tanmdevi spontanuri grZnobebi kontrolis qveS
aeyvanaT) Tavdapirvel puritanulobasTan da Semdgom profe

267
sionalizmTan asocirebuli dafarulobis, TavSekavebulobi
sa da sifrTxilis asketuri eTikac warmoaCina. me-18 saukunis
miwuruls `mgrZnobiare kaci~, romelic cxovelebisa Tu bavS
vebis gaWirvebis danaxvaze tirils iwyebda, Semdeg saukuneSi
mizanmimarTul da SemoqmedebiT profesionalad iqca. sxva
sityvebiT, igi sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi konkurentunar
ian monawiled aRiqmeboda, rodesac adre miseuli vaJkacoba
daundobel bazris moednebze dacinvis obieqti iyo da amgvar
rols mxolod skolebsa da sportuli Sejibrebebis dros as
rulebdnen (mileri 2001). qalebis daniSnuleba genderuli
specializaciis mixedviT, TanagrZnobasTan da emociebTan
dakavSirebul samuSaos SesrulebaSi gamoixateboda. vaJka
curobis es forma TeTrkanian mamakacs sxva kanis feris mqone
mamakacisgan ansxvavebda, romelic metnaklebad Cagrul md
gomareobaSi myofi, rCeboda stoikuri, emociebis momTokavi,
asketur normebze mijaWvuli da sakuTari Tavis gamomcdeli.
am struqturam 60-iani wlebis periodSi saxecvlileba gan
icada, rogorc nawilobriv feminizmis, aseve sazogadoebriv
kulturaSi gei moZraobis mzardi popularizaciis Sedegad. am
TvalsazrisiT, mamakacebi, erTi mxriv, rogorc amboben `femi
nizebuli~ gaxdnen, rac vaJkacurobis sayovelTao kriziss
daukavSires. meore mxriv, aman mamakacobis kvlevebisTvis
stimuli Seqmna. es ar emTxveva sqesisa da genderis dacalkev
ebis periods, magram TeTrkaniani mamakacis privilegiis kiTx
vis niSnis qveS dasma imave periods ekuTvnis.
albaT, mamakacobis kvlevebis danergvaSi mTavari wvlili
avstraliel sociolog bob konelis naSromma Seitana, romelic
gramSis hegemoniis Teoriis versias iyenebda imis dasamtkice
blad, rom TeTrkanianma vaJkacurobam gadamwyveti roli Sea
srula dasavleTis globalur zegavlenaze imperializmTan
morgebis TvalsazrisiT (koneli 1987 da 1995). imavdroulad
konelim yuradReba gaamaxvila mamakacobasa da homoseqsua
lobas Soris kavSirze. es sakiTxi (romelic ufro detalurad
seqcia 6.2-Si ganixileba) sakmarisia imis saTqmelad, rom kone
lis azriT, homofobiam WeSmarit dasavlur mamakacobaSi mTa
vari funqcia Seasrula. kaci namdvil mamakacad aRiqmeboda,
Tuki is homoseqsuali ar iyo (ufro metadac ki vidre im Sem
TxvevaSi, Tu is qaluri ar iyo); mamakacobis gamoxatvis mixed

268
viT nulovan doneze myofi homoseqsualoba momavalSi kidev
ufro ecema, mis mimarT amgvari damokidebulebis ukanali,
aso, xvreli, pederasti, Cvari da sxv. fonze. amgvarad Taname
drove mamakacobis damkvidreba homoseqsualizmisgan gami
jnulad Zalian intensiurad ganxorcielda. literaturuli
kritikosi iv sedvikis azriT, es procesi metad gamWvirvale
iyo sazogadoebisaTvis, moiTxovda ra adamianTa Tanaziaro
bas (dakavSireba mamakacebs Soris gamorCeul adgilebSi, ro
goricaa sportuli moednebi, klubi, samuSao adgili, skola
da sxva), sadac siaxlovis grZnobam advilad SeiZleba seqsual
uri datvirTva SeiZinos (sedviki 1985 da 1990). axsna amgvaria:
radgan adamianTa Tanaziaroba da erTi da igive seqsualuri
miswrafebebi ase daaxloebulia, ukanasknelma periodma yove
live ufro mkacrad gansajos.
rogorc aRvniSneT, sazogadoebis teqtonikuri da kul
turuli saxecvlilebebi, romelTac erTgvarad Seasustes
heteroseqsualuri TeTrkaniani mamakacis privilegirebuli
mdgomareoba, misi maskulinobac TavisTavad Secvales. yov
elTvis arsebobda mamakacad yofnis bevri gza, magram 50-iani
wlebidan dawyebuli maskulinobis stilebis raodenoba mkve
Trad gaizarda. amis magaliTebia: saxlSi mjdomi qmari, bedn
ieri Sin buxarSi cecxlis danTebiT, sanam meuRle samsaxurSia;
50-iani wlebidan moyolebuli britaneTSi subkulturebis
saxiT, didi winsvliT gamovlinda muSaTa klasis dendizmi,
Tavdapirvelad tedebTan, Semdeg ki modebTan erTad (miuxe
davad imisa, rom oriveni asocirebulni iyvnen ZaladobasTan);
hipebis maskulinoba TiTqos tkbilad gauCinarda. amasTan
erTad avstraliaSi ironiulad (zogjer Tu ara nazad da siy
varuliT) `naRd sodomitad~ wodebuli stili SemoiWra: he
teroseqsualuri mamakaci, visac stereotipuli homoseqsual
istis yvela manera gaaCnda. warmoidgineT mgrZnobiare da nazi
Wabuki, marjve partniori, aseve vigulisxmebdiT Seupovar da
imavdroulad mgrZnobiare da naz axalgazrda gogonaze?
albaT, mamakacobis transformaciis umniSvnelovanesi
aspeqti emociasTan kavSirSi unda iyos. omis Semdgomi peri
odis dasavlurma mamakacobam sakuTari Tavis morgeba TiTqos
Tavidan daiwyo. popularuli kulturis iseTma figurebma,
rogoricaa jeims dini, kurt kobeini da Tundac elvisi amis

269
demonstrirebas individualuri gziT axdendnen. ise moxda,
rom Wabukuri stilebi wina planze gadmovida da axal media
Janrebsac safuZveli Cauyara. am mxriv gansakuTrebiT aRsan
iSnavia rok-musika da axalgazrduli kinofilmebi. imavdrou
lad, TiTqos amis sapasuxod hiper-mamakacobis formebi iwyebs
ganviTarebas gamoixateboda es post-Svarcnegerul dakun
Tul sxeulSi (rac agreTve niSnavda heteroseqsualur sxe
uls), Tu im svlebSi, romlebSic heteroseqsualur mamakacebs
amxnevebdnen mamakacobasTan kavSiris aRdgenaSi axali, femi
nizebuli sazogadoebis pasuxad, romelic mamakacuri Zlieri
mxareebisa da arsis aRdgenas ewinaaRmdegeboda. robert blais
wignma rkinis joni: wigni mamakacis Sesaxeb, romelic sakmao
warmatebiT, judi batleris `genderul winaaRmdegobis~ ms
gavsad 1990 wels gamoqveynda, am moZraobis mimdevar aTasobiT
mamakacuri jgufis Camoyalibebas Cauyara safuZveli. mamaka
cebs ukve Segnebis donis amaRlebac SeeZloT.
post-feministur epoqaSi mamakacuri kvlevebi gansa
kuTrebul yuradRebas ipyrobs mamakacobis ganvlili gzebisa
da misi sxvadasxva formebis gaanalizebisas. moviyvanoT min
dorSi muSaobis magaliTi: Zalzed natif patara monaTxrobSi
saimon niqsoni amtkicebs, rom mamakacoba gansakuTrebiT mniS
vnelovania Zveli yaidis muSa kacebisTvis, romlebic aqtiur
fizikur samuSaoSi arian CarTulni (niqsoni 2001). am samuSaos
ekonomikuri da kulturuli faseuloba klebulobs: am tipis
samuSaoebs ukve manqanebi da migrantebi asruleben. magram aman
mamakacobaSi investirebis zrda gamoiwvia: mamakacoba kripto-
normas ukve naklebad warmoadgens da ufro metad identuro
bis maniSnebelia. niqsonis azriT, SedarebiT rbili xasiaTis
Tanamedrove mamakacoba amis gamoZaxilia: TviTSegnebul iden
turobas mamakacoba umTavres rolSi gamohyavs, magram, meore
mxriv, mis alternatiul mamakacobasac hqmnis, romelic muSa
sxeulis Zlieri, Zveleburi yaidis mamakacobisgan gansxvave
bul, magram arc mTlad mis gareSe darCenil stils warmoad
gens. es gaxlavT axalgazrda momsaxurebis sferos mamakacoba,
romelmac heteroseqsualobasTan mWidro aliansi Sekra.
rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, ra unda feminizms? SeiZleba rom
igive SekiTxva mamakacebsac davusvaT? ra unda mamakacobas?
erTi mxriv, es ar SeiZleba, radgan mamakacobam Sewyvita mcde

270
lobebi damatebiTi uflebebisa da SesaZleblobebis mopovebi
sTvis. amis sawinaaRmdegod, igi TiTqos mamakacebis erTgvarad
SezRuduli da istoriuli TvalsazrisiT Camoyalibebuli,
sazogadoebriv identurobebs Soris genderuli niSniT gamor
Ceuli sazogadoebrivi identurobis saxiT danaxvis mcdelo
baa. magram vinaidan momravlda mamakacebis ricxvi, romlebic
TavianT mamakacobas ara rogorc genderis specifikurad da
yofis Sedegs, aramed normad aRiqvams, mamakacobis Seswavlas
kvlavac realuri politikuri mniSvneloba gaaCnia.
amJamad feminizmis msxvrevis msgavsad, mamakacobis poli
tika imave sakiTxis garSemoa koncentrirebuli gvWirdeba
Cven meti an naklebi genderuli gansxvavebuloba? sakuTari
Sexedulebis mixedviT: genderis kvlevebis ukanaskneli, ufro
metad utopiuri mizani genderis irgvliv naklebi subieq
turobis mqone momavlis Seqmnaa. es arc virjinia vulfis
`hermafroditizmis~, arc `biseqsualobis~ da arc agreTve im
`ucnauri identurobebis~ mxardaWeraa, sadac vaJkacurobisa
Tu qalurobis formebi gamoxatulia, ironizirebulia da hi
bridizirebulia (amis Sesaxeb ufro vrclad seqcia 6.2-Si). um
jobesia im pirovnul Cvevebze muSaoba, romlebic genderTan
SexebaSi saerTod araa: pirovnebaSi im sferoebis ganviTare
ba, romlebic arc mamakacuria, arc qaluri, warmoadgens maT
nazavs an erTimeoresTan raRac kavSirSia. radganac adamianTa
umravlesoba seqsualur cxovrebaSia Cabmuli da seqsi gen
derTan ara Teoriuli, aramed praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT aris
dakavSirebuli, ra Tqma unda, am proeqts Tavisi zRvrebi gaaC
nia. amgvarad, genderis rolis Semcirebis xarjze seqsualobis
gansja genderulad dauyofeli sqesis formebis moTxovnile
bamde migviyvanda. ra donezea es SesaZlebeli?

damatebiTi literatura: Adam, Beck and van Loon 2000; Bruns-

don 1997; Felski 1995; Gardiner 2002; Massey 1994; McRobbie 2000;
Morris 1988; Nixon 2001.

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6.2 saeWvo kultura

termini `saeWvo~ garSemomyofTa ironias iwvevs xolme.

ratom uwodebT sakuTar Tavs ase? amis istoriac arsebobs.
didi xnis ganmavlobaSi `saeWvo~ mamakac homoseqsualistTa
damamcirebel terminad aRiqmeboda. mdgomareoba Seicvala,
rodesac aqtivistur organizaciebs Soris, romlebic Sidsis
epidemiasTan dakavSirebiT politikosebsa da medias daupi
rispirdnen, man farTo masStabiT dadebiTi gamoZaxili hpova.
gansakuTrebiT aman Tavi iCina amerikaSi 1987 wels daarsebuli
usafrTxo seqsis moZraobis sapasuxo ACT UP-is gverdis avliT.
usafrTxo seqsis moZraoba miiswrafvoda homoseqsualizmis,
rogorc arasaimedo praqtikis, Seviwrovebisken strategiiT,
romelic Zvelmoduri homofobiis gamoZaxils hgavda. ACT UP-
is SemoTavazebis mixedviT, adamianis imunodeficitis virusi
(HIV) ar unda gaeigivebinaT amis ganmvrcob seqsTan (`ebrZoleT
Sidss da ara seqss~), xolo epidemia ki ganesazRvraT samedicino
TvalsazrisiT, romelic saerTod ar saWiroebda homoseqsual
istTa lanZRvas. am programiT STagonebuli igi sakuTar Tavs
gamoyofda homoseqsualuri da lesbosuri moZraobis miznebis
gan, romelTac homoseqsualuri da lesbosuri identurobebis
Zlierebis gamarjvebis saxiT Tavi iCines 70-ian wlebSi (ix. ber
lanti da frimeni 1993). ACT UP umal saerTaSoriso Seiqmna da
centraluri dawesebulebis saxiT Camoyalibda. misTvis saeWvo
politika da koleqtivizmi momavalSi zogjer `saeWvo qveya
nasTan~ gaigivda. maSin, rodesac saeWvo politikis globali
zeburi saxiT warmodgena swori ar iqneboda (mas didi roli
ar uTamaSia an saerTod ar ganviTarebula afrikasa Tu islam
uri tradiciebis qveynebSi, romlebic mkacrad homofoburni
rCebian), saeWvo moZraobebi aziis zogierT nawilSi, laTinur
amerikasa da Zveli sabWoTa blokis qveynebSi gamovlinda (ix.
patoni da sanchez-epleri 2000).
mniSvnelovania saeWvo kulturis misi winamorbedi sxva
dasxva tipis seqsualuri Tavisuflebis moZraobebisagan
gamorCeva, romlebic dResdReobiT GLBT-Si (homo, lesbosuri,
bi da transgenderuli gaerTianeba) gadaizarda. aq homoseqsu
listebis Tavisuflebis moZraobam yvelas daaswro da udidesi
kulturuli zegavlenac moaxdina. wina TavSi aRweril feminis

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tur moZraobasTan erTad, me-20 saukunis dasasrulis kultu
ris erT-erTi grandiozuli transformacia homoseqsualist
Ta da lesboselTa kulturebis sajarod warmoCenaa meore
mxriv, konfidencialuris Riad Cvenebis waxaliseba.
homofoburi winaswarSeqmnili uaryofiTi damokidebule
ba da devna ar wydeba, magram dasavleTis Tanamedrove isto
riaSi pirvelad, erTi da imave sqesis cxovrebis stilma SeZlo
sajarod daemkvidrebina Tavi. sagazeTo kioskebSi iyideboda
gazeTebi homoseqsualistebisa da lesboselebisaTvis. dRe
saswaulebic gamoCnda. homoseqsualistTa klubebi, sacekvao
wveulebebi, rCeuli sadResaswaulo adgilebi, barebi, mTeli
samezobloebi iqcnen `normalizebuli~ sazogadoebrivi mate
riis nawilad. homoseqsualistTa saarCevno blokebi umTavres
qalaqebSi ganlagda (upirveles yovlisa, san-francisko, sadac
sayovelTao azris mixedviT amomrCevelTa daaxloebiT meo
Txedi homoseqsualistia); maT gverdSi ki homoseqsualisti
politikosebi Riad awarmoeben TavianT saqmianobas. marketin
gisa da sareklamo saagentoebma gansxvavebuli marketinguli
segmentis saxiT `vardisferi dolari~ aRiares. homoseqsu
alisturi da lesbosuri kulturebis gamamxnevebeli sidneis
`gei mardi grasis~ msgavsi festivalebi sajaro mxardaWeras
hpovebs, rogorc xalxis farTo masebis, aseve saxelmwifos
mxridanac. 90-iani wlebis dasasruls homoseqsualistur xa
siaTebs ZiriTad kinofilmebsa da satelevizio komediur ga
dacemebSi neitralurad da pozitiuradac ki xvdebodnen.

istoria da Teoria

es moZraoba xSirad (Tu ara miTiurad) garkveuli momentis

warmoSobas adgens. 1969 wlis 27 ivliss niu iorkis policiam
grinviC vilijis homoseqsualistTa Stonewall Inn-is reidi
Caatara. amgvari reidi Cveulebrivi iyo, magram im dros yve
las gasakvirad klienturam, romelSic homoseqsualistebi,
lesboselebi da transseqsualebic Sediodnen, policias
winaaRmdegoba gauwia, Cauyara ra safuZveli `Stonewall Inn
Rights~-s (homoseqsualistTa samoqalaqo uflebebis moZrao
ba). amas momdevno TveSi mohyva feministur radikalur aqti

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vizmze Segnebulad awyobili ufro agresiulad ganwyobili
jgufis TanxlebiT pirveli rali - `homoseqsualistTa Zala~.
maT sakuTar Tavs homoseqsualistTa gaTavisuflebis fronti
uwodes. msgavsi organizaciebi ganviTarebuli msoflios sx
vadasxva mxareebSi, garkveuli dagvianebebiT, Camoyalibda.
magaliTad TiTqmis 20 wlis Semdeg, 1990 wels gaCnda kidev
erTi dajgufeba, Outrage! `uxeSi darRveva~. igi londonSi
Camoyalibda msaxiob maikl botis saeWvo Tvisebebis devnis
gamo policiis arasakmarisi reagirebis sapasuxod. `uxeSma
darRvevam!~ daafinansa SedarebiT TavdaWeril britaneTis
homoseqsualistTa gaTavisuflebis moZraobaSi saxelovan ho
moseqsualistTa programaSi CarTva, Camoayaliba ra saxalxo
`Sida kocnebi~ da `uCveulo qorwinebebi~ diskriminaciuli
kanonebis xazgasasmelad.
homoseqsualistTa moZraobis politikuri programa or
umTavres moTxovnas Seicavs: erTi da imave sqesis warmomad
genlebs Soris seqsualuri aqtis kriminalizaciis anulireba
da TviT-identur homoseqsualistTaTvis sruli samoqalaqo
uflebebis miniWeba. es moTxovnebi (gansakuTrebiT pirveli)
Tanmdevi gamWvirvalobisa da konfidencialurobis miuxeda
vad, siaxles ar warmoadgenda. siaxle homoseqsualizmis irgv
liv misi Teoriis axlebur Secnobaze agebuli axali saxalxo
kulturis aRmoceneba iyo. (aqac ki termini `axali~ gansaz
Rvras saeWvoebs, radgan los anjelesSi Camoyalibebulma ONE
institutis tipis dajgufebebma 50-iani wlebis periodSi so
ciologiuri terminologiis TvalsazrisiT `homoseqsualuri
kulturis~ Teorizacia moaxdina.)
axali kultura homoseqsualizms iRebda identurobis
saxiT, romelic metnaklebad samarcxvino ar gamxdara da arc
mTel msoflioSi homoseqsualur identurobaze miRebuli
uaryofiTi warmodgenebis internalizacia Seucvlia, aramed
moaxdina adamianis me-obis TviT-Casaxva da gamxneveba.
dRemde, sazogadoebaSi mamakacuri homoseqsualoba asoci
rebulia feminizebul mamakacobasTan: qaluri stereotipebi,
esTeturoba, vardisferi Seferilobisken midrekileba da
sxv. 70-ian wlebSi Stonewall-is Semdeg, sazogadoebrivi yur
adReba homoseqsualizmis axalma stilma miipyro: agresiuli
maCo stili qaubois qudebiT, aprexili ulvaSebiTa da cisferi

274
levisiT. es iyo stili, romelic marlboroze gamoxatuli
tradiciuli mamakacis mamakacobaze erTgvar parodias axden
da Zveli stereotipebis demonstraciul dakninebasTan er
Tad. 70-iani wlebis Semdgomi homoseqsualizmi ukve mzad iyo
stilebis mTeli speqtris misaRebad.
homoseqsualoba arsiT Zveli koncefcia ar aris: igi me-19
saukunis bolo aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi aRmocenda sas
wavlo medicinisa da sazogadoebrivi mecnierebis Serwymis
xarjze, rasac momavalSi seqsologia ewoda. sawyisi periodis
TeoretikosebisaTvis homoseqsualoba socialuri paTolo
giis formas warmoadgenda, romelic `anomaliis~ gamovlineba
dac ganixileboda. es im konteqstSi, romelmac 70-ian wlebSi
miSel fukos seqsualobis istoriuli mimoxilva aseTi gav
leniani gaxada. fukom SesaniSnavad daasabuTa, rom rasac igi
`represiul hipoTezas~ uwodebda, safuZvlian gadamowme
bas saWiroebda (fuko 1978). igi amtkicebda, rom seqsualoba,
rogorc amas Cveni winaprebi ganixilavdnen da amaxinjebdnen,
bunebriv Zalas ar warmoadgenda da rom Sinaganad igi CvenSi
gaTavisuflebas saWiroebs. saubris dros warmoqmnili seq
sualobis nacvlad (yvela koncefciis msgavsad), `seqsis Ses
axeb saubarSi~ man mtkiced aRniSna, rom seqsualobasTan
mimarTebaSi mzardi sazogadoebrivi yuradReba me-19 da me-
20 saukuneebSi SeimCneoda. gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia me-19
saukunis bolos seqsualobis mecnierebis gamoCena, romelmac
faqtobrivad Tanamedrove seqsualobas Cauyara safuZveli. am
TvalsazrisiT represiuli viqtorianuli reJimis dros ad
gili hqonda ufro met, vidre nakleb seqsualobas, radganac
magaliTisTvis masturbacias, mozardi periodis seqss da ko
merciul seqss Tvalyurs metad adevnebdnen. fukos azriT,
adamianebSi seqsualuri cxovrebis Zala ar SeiZleba social
uri borkilebisgan gaTavisuflebis molodinSi imyofebodes:
kidev erTxel aRvniSnoT, rom arsebobs araerTi `saubris
praqtika~, romlis mixedviTac seqsis Sesaxeb `sinamdvile~ Cam
oyalibebul xasiaTs atarebs da sazogadoebriv praqtikas, in
teresebsa da Zalismier struqturebs ukavSirdeba. radganac
(konceptualuri TvalsazrisiT SegviZlia post-marqsistebis
msgavsad vaRiaroT) seqsualobis sxvadasxva komponenetebi
siamovneba, ltolva, moTxovnileba, miznebi uxilavia, `seq
sis Sesaxeb sinamdvile~ gamqrali nivTis Zebnas emsgavseba.

275
 amgvar msjelobas fukos meore argumentamde mivyavarT:
me-18 saukunis meore naxevris progresis periodidan dawye
buli, mamakacebs Soris seqsualuri ltolvisa da praqtikis
statusi Seicvala. isini ukve ara sxeulis an fsiqologiur
aqtad (Tundac viRacis kavSiri codvasTan da danaSaulTan),
aramed identurobis mTavar maxasiaTeblad miiCneodnen. 1900-
ian wlebSi, Tuki qalebTan seqsualur urTierTobas mamakaci
sxva mamakacebTan amjobinebda kavSirs, es mamakacebi mas `ho
moseqsualistad~ aqcevdnen (seqsualuri urTierTobis six
Sires mniSvneloba ar aqvs). ase xdeboda nebismieri sferos
warmomadgeneli mamakacis mimarT ama Tu im erovnebis, kla
sis, adgilsamyofelis, profesiisa da a.S. misi identurobis
aRmniSvnel seqsualur orientaciasTan SedarebiT yovelive
meore xarisxovani. fuko mTlianobaSi identurobis seqsu
alizebis winaaRmdegi iyo: misTvis sazogadoebrivi aRiareba,
adamianis pirovnuli Tvisebebisa da survilebis oficialuri
mxardaWera mniSvnelovani ar yofila. ufro did mniSvnelo
bas igi, Cveulebrivi Tu zedamxedveluri dawolis pirobebSi,
seqsualuri stilebisa da survilebis gamomuSavebisa da eqs
perimentirebis unarianobas aniWebda. homoseqsualobis gamo
gonebam ki homofobia gaaZliera. homoseqsualistebis mimarT
siZulvili popularuli kulturis didi xnis Semadgeneli
nawili iyo (danaSaulisaTvis nasamarTlevi mamakacebi xSirad
meZavebis devnis obieqtebad iqceodnen xolme, gansakuTrebiT
Tuki maT konkurentad aRiqvamdnen), magram dResdReobiT ho
mofobiam axali socialuri funqciebi SeiZina. marTlac, me-19
saukunis bolo aTwleulebSi misi intensifikacia ukavSirdeba
msgavs cvlilebebs sqesobriv diskriminaciasa da rasizmSi.
amgvari msjelobis tipi zogierT adamians (qalebi, kanis sx
vadasxva feris mqoneni, homoseqsualistebi) rogorc arasru
lyofils warmoaCens. TiToeuli maTgani Tanamedrove yaid
aze, sazogadoebrivi ierarqiebis mxardamWeri demokratiis
pirobebSi, oficialurad Tanasworuflebianobis damcveli
polisebisa da doqtrinebis mniSvnelobis dakargvis SiSis
fonze warmoCindeba.
fukos Careva (Tavisi arsiT Rrmad dakavSirebuli homose
qsualistTa ganmaTavisuflebel moZraobasTan) homoseqsu
alistTa moZraobas `homoseqsualobis~, rogorc paradigmis

276
mocilebaSi daexmara. man `iZulebiTi heteroseqsualobis~ gan
viTareba gamoiwvia, ris mixedviTac aSkara gaxda, rom sazoga
doebrivi da kulturuli wyobis heteroseqsualobis domini
reba ara bunebrivi da biologiuri, aramed istoriuli da
pirobiTi faqti iyo. amis msgavsad fukos Careva `heteronor
matiulobis~ koncefciis safuZvelia. igi Cven sazogadoebaze
miuTiTebs, sadac Cveulebriobisa da heteroseqsualobis kon
cefciebis gancalkeveba TiTqmis SeuZlebelia. magram fuko
agreTve migvaniSnebda, Tu rogor uWerda heteroseqsualoba
TiTqmis SeumCnevlad mxars zogierT sxva normas es aris (an
raRac doneze yofila) sazogadoebrivi aRiarebis mTavari
gza da kvlavac ojaxuri faseulobebis dasayrdenia. het
eronormatiuloba, rogorc koncefcia, aSkarad avlens, rom
iZulebiTi heteroseqsualoba sazogadoebrivi TvalsazrisiT
uxilavia, radganac man Tavi Cveulebriv kulturul WrilSi
warmosaxa imdeni xelSekrulebisa da struqturis gavliT, rom
alternativebi ufro paTologiebs, vidre sicocxlisunarian
alternativebs mogvagoneben. igi gviCvenebs, Tu ra damokide
bulebaSia iZulebiTi heteroseqsualobis reJimi mis `gan
StoebebTan~: heteroseqsualobas normalizebaSi exmareba,
rac ar aris `normaluri~- sgan mudmivi gancalkeveba da gansx
vavebulis keTeba. magram es sxva azrsac gvatyobinebs: homose
qsualoba, an nebismieri seqsualuri praqtika, Tu orientacia,
ar SeiZleba amoRebul iqnes sistemidan, romlis SigniTac igi
arsebobs. arsebobs mniSvnelovani azri, romlis mixedviTac
heteronormatiulobis daknineba da kritika garkveulwilad
im gansazRvrul periodSi xdeba, romelsac igi ganekuTvneba.
amgvari saWiroeba SemzRudvel kritikad ki ar unda aRviqvaT,
aramed igi migvaniSnebs, rom radikaluri damoukideblobisa
da gansxvavebulobis maxasiaTeblebsa da maTTan dakavSirebul
nebismier politikas bundovani Tvisebebi gaaCnia.
rTul Teoriul gansjaze metad yuradReba zemoTqmul ar
gumentebze gavamaxviloT da SevajamoT: fukos Semdeg, seqsu
aloba bunebriv sferos ukve aRar ganekuTvneba da misi adgili
Tanamedrove istoriis, sazogadoebisa da politikis Suagul
Sia. igi warmoaCens axal kavSirebs seqss, sazogadoebasa da
politikas Soris gamWvirvaled da maTTan erTad, vinc seqsis
axal saxeobebs moiTxovs. fukos Semdeg, leo bersanis mier

277
wamoyenebul argumentebSi seqsi ukve aRar ganixileba siyva-
rulTan, sixarulTan, gamoxatulebasTan da Tqven warmoidgi
neT, siamovnebasTanac ki mTavar damakavSireblad (rogorc es
dominirebs post-represiul ideologiaSi). bersanis mixedviT
igi dakavSirebulia kontrolis dakargvasTan, mouwesrige
blobasTan, agresiasTan da sircxvilis grZnobasTan (bersani
1990) da aSkaraa, rom amis gamo aranakleb mimzidvelia. Tumca,
amgvar WrilSi msjeloba homoseqsualTa da lesboselTa gaT
avisuflebis moZraobebs Soris Sida ganxeTqilebas amzadebs.
Zireuli TvalsazrisiT man SeiZleba feminizmis SemTxveva
gaimeoros da am konteqstSi ibadeba kiTxva: awyobT homoseq
sualistebsa da lesboselebs maTi `normalurad~ Seracxva,
raTa hqondeT igive uflebebi da sargeblobdnen faseulobe
biTa da stilebiT, rac nebismier sxva moqalaqes gaaCnia? an
xom ar surT maT gansxvavebulobis specifikuri Tvalsazris
iTa da heteronormatiulobasTan TavianTi codviT aRsavse
damokidebulebis SenarCuneba? Sidsis epidemiis sapasuxod,
mas Semdeg, rac man konservatiuli xasiaTi SeiZina, sakuTari
Tavis oficialurad damkvidrebisaTvis, homoseqsualistTa
gaTavisuflebis moZraobas ukve SeeZlo samTavrobo saagen
toebTan dialogSi Sesvla. meore mxriv, kulturis kvlevaTa
iseTi inteleqtualebi, rogoric paula traihleri, sindi
patoni da jon erni gaxlavT, kritikulad Sexvdnen SidsTan
mimarTebaSi gakeTebul gancxadebebsa da politikas. ernim, ro
melic erT-erT mniSvnelovan statiaSi fukos meTodologiiT
sargeblobs, gviCvena `Sidsis mkurnalobis~ gzebi; samedicino
xasiaTis miuxedavad, es proeqti mniSvnelovani gancxadebebisa
da saWiro informaciis krebulad iqca, romelmac tradici
uli homofobia ganasaxiera (erni 1994). ufro metad utopi
uri TvalsazrisiT, Tuki iv sedvikis naSroms gavixsenebT da
saeWvoTa Teoriis mimarTulebiT waviweviT, sindi patoni
gangvimartavs, rom homoseqsualuri sxeuli `mecnierebis mi
eraa Seqmnili~ (patoni 1990, 129) da rom HIV virusis sapasuxod
mecnierulad dasabuTebuli homoseqsualuri sxeulis gamo
Cena kulminacia iyo. amJamad samedicino mecnierebam gaarkvia
homoseqsualobisa da avadmyofobis urTierTkavSiri, im
TvalsazrisiT, rom pirveli ubralod meores gamomxatveli
mizezia. rogoria qalbatonis pasuxi? mowinave samecniero

278
msjelobebSi sicarieleebis amosavsebad da aqamde sazogadoe
bis yuradRebisa da oficialuri seqsualuri identurobebis
miRma myof amoucnob sivrceebSi identurobis axali formebis
mosaZieblad saWiroa `saeWvoTa identurobebi~.
Semdgom debatebSi maikl uornerma ganmarta, rom konser
vatiul da radikalur moZraobebs saxelmwifosTan damokide
buleba ganasxvavebs. homoseqsualTa da lesboselTa moZraoba
sakuTar Tavs didi siamovnebiT warmoaCens, rogorc srulu
flebian moqalaqeTa saintereso jgufs, romelic saWiroebs
polisebiT lobirebas sruluflebianobis uzrunvelsayofad;
saeWvoTa moZraoba warmoCenis politikisa da saxelmwifo
uzrunvelyofis TvalsazrisiT, romelsac amgvari politika
gvTavazobs, eWvs iwvevs (uorneri 1999). marTlac, erTi mxriv,
fukosa da post-struqturalizmis aRmocenebis Semdeg, saeWvo
GLBT-Tan SedarebiT seqsualuri aqtebisa da identurobebis
ufro farTo speqtrs moicavs da identurobis politikas,
rogorc aseTs, uaryofs. isic ki SesaZlebelia, rom adamian
ebi mxolod sawinaaRmdego sqesis warmomadgenel xalxTan da
saeWvoebTan seqsiT iyvnen dainteresebulni, rac uCveuloa
homoseqsualistebsa da lesboselTaTvis.
saeWvoTa moZraobas didi winaaRmdegobiT Sexvdnen homo
seqsualistebisa da lesboselTa moZraobis wreebSi. ameri
kaSi anti-saeWvoTa momenti yvelaze kargad endriu salivanis
wignSia praqtikulad normaluri (1995, magram dawerilia 1993
wels New Republic-Si gamoqveynebuli masalis mixedviT) aRweri
li. rogorc mosalodneli iyo, salivani ganmartavs, rom nebi
smieri adamianis msgavsad, homoseqsualistebis umravlesobis
survili normaluri yofaa, xolo amgvari urTierTkavSiri se
qsualobasa da `kulturul daqveiTebas~ Soris aRiazianebs ara
marto farTo sazogadoebriobas, aramed homoseqsualistebis
umravlesobasac. marTlac, homoseqsualistTa sazogadoebis
metad momTxovn da konformistul wreebSi iseTi STabeWdileba
iqmneba, TiTqos Cven ukve `post-homoseqsualistTa~ momentSi
SeviWeriT, romelic acxadebs homoseqsualistTa gaerTiane
ba efeqturadaa depolitizirebuli (uorneri 1999, 62-64).
salivanis azriT, homoseqsualistTa moZraoba SeiZleba
nebismier doneze gansakuTrebul SexebaSi iyos or garkveul
sakiTxTan: homoseqsualistTa qorwinebebTan da samxedro sam

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saxuris uflebasTan. im faqtis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom igi nega
tiur damokidebulebas aRZravs (gulgrili damokidebuleba
ar arsebobs msoflios oficialur politikur wreebsa da
masmediaSi), gansakuTrebiT amerikaSi, msjelobis amgvari tipi
iwvevs sakmaod gavrcelebul damokidebulebas, rom homoseq
sualistTa moZraobas mxolod mcirericxovani miznebi gaaCnia
da amitomac maleve unda daiSalos. am varaudis sapirispirod,
bevri saeWvoTa pozicias ikavebs, romlis mixedviTac homose
qsualistTa da lesboselTa qorwinebebi kanoniT unda iqnes
aRiarebuli, radgan es mospobda gansxvavebebs daqorwinebul
da aradaqorwinebul wyvilebs Soris erTi da imave sqesis seq
sualur urTierTobaTa mqone sazogadoebebis SigniT. qorwine
ba seqsualuri urTierTobebis legalizacias axdens da imave
TvalsazrisiT delegalizacias ukeTebs eqstra-colqmrul
urTierTobebs. xolo erTi da imave sqesis warmomadgenelTa
qorwinebebi saeWvoTa mWidro kavSirs, romelic qorwinebis
mixedviT dawesebul siyvarulis saxeobas ar Seicavs, aramyars
gaxdida. undaT es saeWvoebs? es SekiTxva seriozuli liber
aluri winaaRmdegobis winaSe dgeba: Tuki qorwinebis survili
gagvaCnia, vin dagvidgeba gzaze? an ufro radikaluri winaaRm
degoba: erTi da imave sqesis warmomadgenelTa qorwineba xom ar
Secvlida an ufro farTo xasiaTs xom ar SesZenda qorwinebis
instituts, tradiciuli genderuli rolebisagan gancalkev
ebis gziT? am sakiTxTan dakavSirebul kaprizul politikas,
romelic saeWvoTa moZraobis momaval radikalizebaze imoq
medebda, amerikaSi faqtobrivad saeWvoTa sakiTxis dasaxmare
beli aqtiuri qmedeba ar ganuxorcielebia (ix. uorneri 1999).
am winapirobebis sawinaaRmdegod radikalur saeWvoTa
moZraoba utopiur politikaSi gadaizarda. amis erT-erT
gamoxatulebas zemoT naxseneb leo bersanis naSromSi vxe
davT (TavisTavad damokidebuli lakanianur fsiqoanalizze),
romelic seqss Seuracxyofisa da damcirebis saxiT ganixi
lavs. maikl uorneris citirebis mixedviT: `im wreebSi, sadac
saeWvooba didad kultivirebulia, mTavari wesi is aris, rom
viRacas seqsiT damcirebulze maRla mdgomis pretenzia ar
unda gaaCndes~ (uorneri 1999, 35, Original Emphasis). Semdeg ki
sajaro seqsis mowinaaRmdegeTa moZraobis gamoZaxili (por
no-maRaziebis, seqsiT dakavebuli klubebis, garyvnilTa bun

280
agebis alagmva da sxv.), rasac zogierTi mxars uWers homoseq
sualistTa moZraobis normalizebis TvalsazrisiT, yovelive
sazogadoebrivi/piradulis gadasinjvaze migviTiTebs. rode
sac amas vakeTebT, Tvalwin dasavleTis xangrZlivi istoria
warmogvidgeba, romelSic seqsualuri aqtebi gamorCeulad
piradul xasiaTs atarebs. marTlac SegviZlia vimsjeloT, sad
aris saidumloebis arsi? maikl uorneris mixedviT:

saeWvoobis aRqma rogorc aseTi, ukanasknel aTwleulebSi

matulobs, rac miesadageba dRevandel realobas: kultura
ise viTardeba, rom intimuri urTierTobebi da seqsualuri
sxeuli gamorCeulTa Soris transformaciisaTvis SeiZleba
proeqtebis saxiT, gagebiT iqnes miRebuli. (amavdroulad les
boselTa da homoseqsualistTa publikam forma icvala da imis
unaric gaaCnia, rom maTi istoriis Semqmnel sazogadoebis azrs
ignorireba gauwios). asevea mozardTa kulturaSic simSvide
gamtaria sazogadoebis umetesobis mimarT gansxvavebulobas
Tan da amave dros qmnis am gansxvavebulobas, rogorc metad
ucnauri sajaroobis subieqtur formas.
(uorneri 2002, 122)

es aris politikur safuZvelze erTmaneTisTvis ucxo ada

mianebs Soris Tavisufali seqsis aRiarebis mcdeloba (het
eroseqsualebze metad aseT SemTxvevebi xSiria erTi da imave
sqesis warmomadgenelTa Soris) mZafr stilebs Soris misi
dayenebis gziT (aq `mSvidi~), sadac ucxoebi aTvicnobiere
ben sakuTar Tavs identuri da aqedan gamomdinare kontaqtis
TvalsazrisiT. uorneri imedovnebs amgvari stilebis garSemo
Seqmnili sajaroobis saxeobebsa da saeWvoTa moZraobas Soris
kontaqtis damyarebas. magram ra dones unda miaRwios `ucxoTa
sajaroobam~, raTa efeqturi organizeba gauwios `dominan
turi publikisagan~ gancalkevebas? yovel SemTxvevaSi (Tuki
vinmes am tipis utopiur politikur gaTvlebTan dakavSirebis
survili gaaCnia) xom ar aris meamboxuri suliskveTebis
gamoxatuleba amrevis rolSi yofna, maSinac ki, rodesac am
revi raime tipis sazogadoebrivi gaerTianebis Seqmnaze ar
fiqrobs. mokled: saeWvoTa Teoria gvaswavlis, rom seqsisa
da seqsualobis Sesaxeb garkveviT verafers vityviT da rom

281
sazogadoebrivi organizaciebi, romlebic Cven unda SevqmnaT,
gamoviyenoT da vmarToT, pirobiTia (isini gansxvavebulni
arian da mudmivad Camoyalibebis procesSi imyofebian).
pirovnebebisa da maTi sxeulebis mixedviT, maTi siamovnebi
sa da sxva Zlieri mxareebis aRmosaCenad Cven seqss mivmarTavT,
miuxedavad imisa, rom maT SeiZleba seqsis socialur kate
goriebSi gamtarad yofna SemogvTavazon. pirovnebebi da maTi
sxeulebi aseve mzadaa gaerTianebis axali tipebis misaRebad
da axleburi gamoxatvisaTvis (an warmodgenisaTvis) rogorc
genderis, aseve seqsualuri moTxovnilebis TvalsazrisiT.
analizis amgvari forma romelic yuradRebas amaxvilebs
genderis rolebis SemTxveviTobasa da performatiulobaze,
rac judi batleris dawyebulia post-struqturalizmTan
damokidebulebaSi mravlis momcvelia da xSirad metad mo
wodebis Teoriul modelTan aris dakavSirebuli, vidre ana
lizisaTvis an aqtualuri, sicocxlisunariani kulturebisa
da politikis kanonebis misaRebad gamosadegi (batleri 1989).
es niSnavs, rom rogorc Cven adre vfiqrobdiT, saeWvoTa Teo
ria sakmarisad ar aris atacebuli kulturis kvlevebis mier.
literaturul swavlebebSi saeWvoTa Teoria sazogadod uka
vSirdeba memkvidreobis gadasinjvas, TiTqos aqamde idum
alebiT moculi erTi da imave sqesobrivi moTxovnilebebis
momentebis axsnas, unda iTqvas, zogjer sakmaod usafuZvlod.
warsulisamebr es kanonis farglebs gareT gadis. zogierTi
kulturis kvleva erTi da imave gziT xelmZRvanelobs: Ses
abamisad dedofalTa kulturis erT-erT fragmentSi riCard
daieri yuradRebas amaxvilebs Cvens gaurkvevlobaze `megob
rul~ urTierTobebTan dakavSirebiT, rac bevr amerikul
nawarmoebSi (kinofilmi, moTxroba, piesa) am megobrebs Soris
erotiul kavSirs SeiZleba warmoaCendes, SeiZleba ara. igi
varaudobs, rom TavisTavad amgvari gaurkvevloba sazogado
xasiaTs atarebs da es erT-erTi gzaa, romlis meSveobiTac igi
status quos arRvevs (daieri 2002).
magram teqstualuri interpretaciisa da Teoriuli
produqciis miRma saWiroa winsvla saeWvoTa kulturis kv
levebis TvalsazrisiT iseTi avtorebis umniSvnelovanesi
namuSevrebis miuxedavad, rogoricaa loran berlani, maikl
uorneri da sxvebi. igi kvlav rCeba kulturis kvlevaTa momav

282
lis amocanad; magram viRacam bevri iSroma, radganac aSkaraa,
rom SemecnebiTi modis `miqcevisa~ da `moqcevis~ dros dineba
saeWvoTa fiqrebs da moqmedebas scdeba, TumcaRa bevri poli
tikuri samuSao Casatarebeli rCeba.

damatebiTi literatura: Abelove, Barale and Halperin 1993; But-

ler 1990; DEmilio 1998; Dyer 2002; Halperin 2002; Jagose 1996; Pat-
ton and Sanchez-Eppler 2000; Sedgwick 1990.

283
284
 nawili 7

faseuloba

7.1 maRali da dabali donis kultura

ratom SeviswavliT popularul kulturas? radganac es

ganpirobebulia Cveni drois umTavresi kulturuli gamoxa
tulebiT? kvlavac pirdapiri mediumis rolSi myofi televi
ziis msgavsad, mas yvelgan vxvdebiT. vinc ganviTarebul qvey
nebSi vcxovrobT (TiTqmis yvela) sakuTar cxovrebas masTan
SexebaSi viwyobT. igi siamovnebisa da azrebis kidobans war
moadgens. es aris sarke, romelSic kultura sakuTar Tavs Seic
nobs. es xalxia, es samyaroa: bevrisTvis cnobili adamianebi da
beletristuli personaJebi didi xnis nacnobobis grZnobis
aRmZvrelia. es warmoadgens erovnul da internacionalur
sazogadoebebs erTad, romelTa TiToeul warmomadgenels ratom
kargad amaxsovrdeba piraduli da sazogado sakiTxebis ir
gvliv saubrebi. zogierTisTvis (da sxvadasxva dros TiTqmis
yvelasTvis) popularuli kulturis elementebi akviatebisa
da daxmarebis saSualebad iqceva xolme identurobis Camoya
libebaSi. rogori iqneboda sazogadoeba televiziis, sporti
sa da pop musikis gareSe? igi gansxvavebuli verc warmogvid
genia da ra Tqma unda, is didi biznesicaa. bolo moTxovnebis
mixedviT popularuli kultura, radganac igi arsebobs (li
uisi 2001), saWiroebs Seswavlasa da kvlevas.
swavliT disciplinebsa da popularul kulturas Soris
urTierTkavSiri jer kidev msjelobis sagania. daviwyoT da
aRvniSnoT, rom popularuli kulturis Sesaxeb akademiuri
weris stili riskavs rom iyos gadaWarbebuli, gansakuTrebiT,
rodesac igi pretenzias acxadebs popularobis progresul
samizneze an, ase vTqvaT, `kulturul populistebze~. vin
ar SeucdeniaT kulturis Teoretikosebis mamamTavrebs,
vTqvaT, hip hopis an Dr.Who-s Taobaze? amis mizezi ra Tqma unda
akademiuri naSromis simkacre da siRrme ar gaxlavT, xolo
popularuli kultura ki zedmetad banaluria. SeiZleba popu

285
laruli kultura imdenad xelmisawvdomia, rom mis Sesaxeb
akademiuri komentari zedmetia. metic, Tavad popularuli
kulturis SigniT, inteleqtualuri egoizmi sistematurad
dacinvis obieqtia. mas Semdeg, rac ZiriTadi gamoxatulebebis
mixedviT popularuli kultura uSualod garTobas emsax
ureba, igi TiTqos malavs sakuTar seriozulobas sanaxaobiT
RonisZiebebSi. rogori Zlieri da SorsmWvretelic ar unda
iyos, misi pirveli moTxovna aris zogadad laparaki dRes
iyos gamoyenebis obieqti.
popularuli kultura aseve SemecnebiT simZimis centrs
mudmivi gadaadgilebisken mouwodebs, radganac misi muSaoba
da stili aqtualuri drois Zalian mcire monakveTisTvisaa.
Secnoba, struqturuli TvalsazrisiT, awyobilia droSi ga
mocdil sferoebze da es TavisTavad mTavaria kulturis
SenaxvisTvis. Secnobis garegnuli gamoxatulebebis mixedviT,
romlebic gansazRvrulia ZiriTadi sakiTxebidan winsvlis,
progresuli da politikuri mesijebis miRebisTvis, TiTqos
popularuli kulturis deficitis STabeWdileba iqmneba.
Sesrulebuli samuSaos xarisxi, ganaTleba miRebul adamian
ebs ver exmareba saSualo klasis warmomadgenlebTan da av
toritetebTan kontaqtis damyarebaSi, rodesac popularuli
kulturis didi nawili Cndeba da mimarTulia maTken, visac
aucilebeli samomavlo ganaTleba ar miuRia. marTlac, xSiria
zedapiruli TvalsazrisiT mainc, gansakuTrebiT hip hopisa
da pankis JanrSi anti-avtoritaroba. yovelive imis maniSne
belia, rom popularuli kulturis Sors mimaval ganWvretil
namuSevarTa umravlesoba ufro axlos Tavad kulturasTan
aris, vidre romelime SemecnebiT TeoretikosTan. iseTi Jur
nalistebi, rogoricaa grail markusi, enn pauersi an lester
bengsi amis Sesaxeb SemecnebiT TeoretikosebTan SedarebiT
ukeT weren. SemecnebiT ganxilvaTa umravlesoba cdilobs pop
ularobis ferxulSi SeRwevas, magram ase xSirad ar xdeba. (ix.
Sesavali jenkinsi, makfersoni da Statuci 2002 SemecnebiTi
popizmis uaxlesi manifestis gasacnobad; kargi diskusiisTvis
Teoretikosebisa da fanebis struqturuli dayofis Tvalsaz
risiT, ix. hilsi 2002, 20.)

286
popularuli kultura warsulSi

popularul kulturas kulturis kvlevebis msgavsad isto

riuli mniSvneloba gaaCnia, ase rom, maRali da dabali donis
kulturebs Soris kavSiris mikro istoria ganvixiloT. stu
dentebs xSirad ukvirT imis gageba, rom dayofa (rogorc vic
iT) sakmaod Tanamedrove istoriuli movlenaa. igi ar arsebob
da, rodesac klasikur ganaTlebaze, patronaJze da klasikur
kanonze (anu berZnuli da laTinuri) koncentrirebuli aris
tokratuli elitis kultura sapirispirod Secvala metwilad
gaunaTlebelma da arakomerciuli karnavalis, komunaluri
sportis saxeobebis, dResaswaulebisa da ritualebis irgvliv
Tavmoyrili xalxis kulturam (Staliybrasi da uaiTi 1986).
me-18 saukunis Sua periodidan dawyebuli, es struqtura ise
Seicvala, rom ori ganmanaTlebeli kultura daarsda erTi
elituri, meore ki _ ara. orive maTgani mzardad komerci
ul da saxalxo xasiaTs atarebda (anu ufro cocxali, vidre
mkvdari enebi). amgvar situaciaSi elituri kultura gamor
Ceuli moralis irgvliv Camoyalibda esTeturi principebi,
romlebic kulturis mudmivobis niSniT gamoirCeoda; kul
tura pasuxismgeblobas kisrulobda moraluri gzamkvlevis
rolis Sesrulebaze, misi SesaZleblobebi sakuTari Tavis har
monizebaSi da ganxorcielebaSi, samuSaos individualobaSi
(xelovneba an literatura) da udidesi prodiuserebis saocar
niWSi gamoixateboda (gilori 1993).
meore mxriv, popularuli kultura, cenzuris gamo saku
Tari mcire uflebebiTa da produqciaze zewolis fonze, mar
ketis irgvliv iqmneboda. igi garTobasa da mxiarulebas uz
runvelyofda im doneze, rom, rogorc vnaxeT, inertulobisa
da moraluri vakuumis Sesavsebad igi feminizmSi gadaizarda
(uiseni 1986). Tumca, me-20 saukunis pirveli naxevrisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli kulturuli ierarqiebi da dayofa kvlavac
ar iyo dadgenili: magaliTad, me-19 saukunis Sua periodSi
Seqspiris piesebidan fragmentebi kvlav iyo warmodgenili
popularul TeatrebSi (levini 1988). dayofam realurad Tavi
amowura, rodesac me-19 saukunis bolos, rodesac reformis
tuli da opoziciuri TvalsazrisiT maRali donis kultura
profesionalebis gavlenis qveS aRmoCnda. uolter pateris

287
msgavsi esTetebi xelovnebas socialur moTxovnebTan yovel
gvari kavSiris gareSe ganixilavdnen. `xelovneba xelovnebis
Tvis~ wodebul moZraobasTan Sesisxlxorcebuli xelovneba
Tayvanismcemlebs daZabuli da mZime cxovrebisaken etaneboda.
igi amzadebda radikaluri sensaciis formas (pateri da fil
ipsi 1986 [1873]). SedarebiT tradiciuli e.w. `kulturis mimde
vari~ meTiu arnoldi kulturis Sesaxeb fiqrobda ara mxolod
`saukeTesoa is, rac cnobili da gaazrebulia~ TvalsazrisiT,
aramed rogorc analizis formaze, romelic puritanizmis,
komercializmis, aristokratiis sisastikisa da qedmaRlobis
winaaRmdeg, aseve nebismieri formis vulgarobis winaaRmdeg
ibrZoda. mas SeeZlo agreTve adamianebisTvis `sakiTxis arsi~
eCvenebina (arnoldi da kolinzi 1993 [1869]). male, ganaTlebis
sistemam kulturis am TvalsazrisiT propagandas sul ufro me
tad mihyo xeli (Tavad arnoldi skolis inspeqtori gaxldaT).
es damokidebulia kulturis maRal doneze, yovel SemTx
vevaSi muSaTa klasis warmomadgenel mamakacebisa da qalebi
sgan amis gaZlierebul oficialur moTxovnaze (rouzi 2001).
ra Tqma unda, im azrs, rom elitur da popularul kulturas
Soris dayofa TavisTavad socialuri dominirebis forma
iyo, didi safuZveli ar gaaCnia. es saxelmwifoebma da filan
tropebma maRali donis kulturuli institutebis dafinan
sebis Semdeg, farTomasStabiani mxardaWeris mosapoveblad
(skolebi, biblioTekebi, sakoncerto darbazebi, xelovnebis
galereebi da muzeumebi), agreTve civilizaciis mmarTveli
formebis saWiroebisamebr gasavrceleblad da sazogadoe
briv kulturaSi kapitaldabandebis gasazrdelad dauSves.
TumcaRa, amgvarma Carevam kulturul dayofaze konsolida
ciis efeqti iqonia da maRali donis kultura saSualo kla
sis respeqtabelobasTan mWidrod daakavSira. es aris Cveni
istoriis Semobrunebis kidev erTi momenti: eqsperimentuli
da (zogjer) ZirgamomTxreli avangardi damkvidrebul maRali
donis kulturas gaemijna, ise, rom xSirad popularobis el
ementebs miesadageboda. magaliTad, SegviZlia me-19 saukunis
frangi romantikosebis moyvana Tojinebis dResaswaulisa da
pieros msgavsi popularul-Teatraluri personaJebis mixed
viT (storei 1985).
1970 wlisaTvis (rodesac arealze kulturis kvlevebi

288
gamoCnda) mTelma am sistemam farTod gavrcelebuli au
dio-vizualuri kulturis zewolis (radio, filmi, tele
vizia), agreTve saSualo da post-savaldebulo ganaTlebis
gavrcelebis pirobebSi seriozuli rRveva daiwyo. am Tval
sazrisiT, sakiTxis jer kidev aqtualobis miuxedavad, maRali
donis kulturis momxreebi ukve alyaSemortymuli umcireso
bis msgavsad gamoiyurebodnen, romlebic sul ufro metad
saWiroebdnen gamudmebul mxardaWeras. meore mxriv, rasac
Cven popularuli kulturis mcodneobas vuwodebT (faruli
siaxlove SemsruleblebTan, tradiciebTan, saxelmZRvaneloe
bTan) popularuli kulturis ufro metad miRebisa da warmoe
bis safuZveli gaxda. igi mzad iyo mravalferovani da TviT
Seqcevadi popularuli kulturis misaRebad. imavdroulad
saxelmZRvaneloebi, romlebic maRali da dabali donis kul
turebis elementebs aerTianebdnen, kvlavac banalurad iqc
nen. aSkarad binaruli gansxvavebebi maRali donisa da popu
larul kulturebs Soris, rRvevis procesSi aRmoCndnen. axal
kanons arafrad miaCnda, rom iseT gamomcemlobas, rogoric
Oxford University Press gaxlavT, zen greis nawarmoebebis xe
laxali gamocemis Semdeg, SeeZlo isini `klasikad~ Seeracxa,
miuxedavad imisa, rom Tavis droze es nawarmoebebi masobriv
kulturas ganekuTvnebodnen. aseve muzeumebmac, regularu
lad warsulisa (da zogjer im drois) masobrivi da komerci
uli kulturis amsaxveli da ara-kanonikuri mxatvrebis na
muSevarTa gamofenebis warmodgena daiwyes.
ufro rTulia daaxloeba `dabalTan~, romelic maRal kul
turul motivebsa da Sexebebs moicavs, magram, rogorc vxe
davT, dResdReobiT kulturis mniSvnelovani figura maRal
da dabal doneebs Soris arsebul zonaSi unda imyofebodes
(am azrobrivad datvirTuli terminebiT sargeblobisaTvis).
nebismier doneze, 60-ian wlebSi maRali kulturis kanons ukve
dakarguli hqonda misi ganmsazRvreli funqciebi. igi aRar iyo
saWiro sazogadoebrivi ierarqiebis mxardasaWerad (sazoga
doebas ufro seriozuli saSualebebi gamouCnda amis gansax
orcieleblad) da Tanamedrove kulturul produqciaSi gas
arkvevad, romelmac adrindeli morCilebisgan gansxvavebiT,
kvlav daiwyo kanonTan `misadageba~ da morgeba. popularuli/
maRali kulturis dayofaSi efeqturi roli Seasrula, erTi

289
mxriv, Zvel, warsul (kulturuli tradiciebi) da Tanamedrove
kulturebs Soris, xolo meore mxriv, warsulis xelovnebis
(saxeldobr literatura da amaRlebuli xelovneba) da audio-
vizualur mediebs Soris gansxvavebam.
aseTma axalma da Sereulma kulturulma warmodgenebma
calkeuli adamianebisa da maTi jgufebis kulturul war
modgenasTan mimarTebaSi cvlilebebi gamoiwvia. jim kolinzi
`gemovnebis, faseulobebisa da donis miRwevis sxvadasxva kon
figuraciebTan SexebaSi myofi arsebuli gadamwyveti gzebis
gansxvavebis~ aRsawerad termin `gemovnebis kartografiebs~
iyenebs (kolinzi 1995, 188). es koncefcia Cven imis danaxvis
saSualebas gvaZlevs, rom Tanamedrove kulturaSi zogadad
gemovnebebi ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre gemovnebebi raime
mizeziT gamowveuli. isini mouwodeben da gulisxmoben adami
anebs, romelTac isini gaaCnia, maSinac, Tuki bevri (magram ar
niSnavs, rom yvela) gemovnebis jgufebi kvlavac klasTan, seq
sualobasTan, eTnikurobasa Tu genderTan iqnebian dakavSire
buli. rodesac gemovnebebi garkveulwilad ukve naklebadaa
dakavSirebuli klasTan, maT mier gamxnevebuli sajarooba, ro
gorc identurobis maniSnebeli da cxovrebiseuli gamocdile
ba, did mniSvnelobas iZens yvelaze metad umciresobebTan
mimarTebaSi, romelTa sakuTari Tavis aRqma maTTvis miwode
buli stilisa da gemovnebis irgvliv aris Camoyalibebuli.
ra Tqma unda, es movlenebi dasavleTisTvis aris damaxa
siaTebeli, magram miaxloebuli (Tu ara identuri) logika
dasavleTTan erTad, amJamad gansakuTrebiT aziaSic muS
aobs. konservatiuli ideologebi, rogorc iaponiasa da Ci
neTSi, tradiciul xelovnebebs mouwodeben treningebsa da
swavlebebisken, kulturis amerikanizaciisagan Tavdacvis
moTxovniT. moviyvanoT amis magaliTi. 70-iani wlebidan dawye
buli, komercializebuli iaponuri kulturis sawinaaRmdegod
korea sakuTari kulturisaken mouwodebda (animacia, karaoke,
kompiuteruli TamaSebi, popularuli musika, melodramebi).
amave dros garkveulwilad komerciuli kulturis sxvadasxva
plastiT gajerebuli gemovnebebis irgvliv Camoyalibebuli
mozardTa sajarooba, romelic mudmivad moiazrebs Semosul
formebTan morgebas, winaaRmdegobaSia winaparTa mier Semo
Tavazebul faseulobebTan.

290
masobrivi kultura

tradiciulad mecnierebi popularul da masobriv kul

turebs ansxvaveben. popularuli kultura xalxisTvis maT
mierve Seqmnils (Tu ara martivad folk-kulturas), xolo
masobivi kultura ki masebze gaangariSebiT industriuli
TvalsazrisiT Seqmnil kulturas niSnavda. magram amgvar
ma dayofam azri dakarga. kulturis kvlevebSi termini
`masobrivi kultura~ amovardnilia, radganac igi zogadad
Seuracxmyofel terminad iqca (ix. deningi 2004, 97-120). igi
eqspluatatorul, meqanikur, carieli kulturis da ganuxor
cielebeli survilebis iaffasian inspiratorad SeiZleba aR
viqvaT. Teoriis mocemuli saxeobis mimarT yuradRebas aRar
amaxvileben im niuansebis, gansxvavebebisa da maxasiaTeblebis
gamo, romelTa qveSac igi moiazreba. mas pretenziac ar gaaCnia
imis Taobaze, rom masobrivma kulturam SesTavaza ki siamovne
ba da sargebeli sakuTar publikas?
`masobrivi kulturis~ Tanmdevi negatiurobis wamowevis
mniSvnelovani momenti (iseT doneze, rom igi ganixileboda
popularulobis TvalsazrisiT) iyo frederik jeisonis war
modgena (germanel Teoretikosebze ernst bloksa da herbert
markusze dayrdnobiT), rom bevri industrializeburi kul
tura `utopiuri~ muxtis matarebelia. man SeiZleba sakuTar
auditorias sulieri sakvebi SesTavaza, magram moTafvlis
politikiTa da SegulianebiT, `avxorculi investiciebic~ da
agreTve kargi cxovrebisaTvis Sesaferisi gamonaTebebi da
gemovnebebi gaiTvaliswina. am gamonaTebebma da gemovnebebma
politikuri energiebis motivirebac ki SeiZleba gamoiwvios.
am sakiTxebze daiwyo diskusia (ix. jeimsoni 1992).
masobrivi kulturis koncefciis Tavidan acilebis prob
lema is aris, rom popularul-kulturuli produqtebi ar
arian erTnairad popularulni samudamod. zogierTi maTgani
gacilebiT farTomasStaburad aris atacebuli sxvebTan Se
darebiT. skeitbordingi popularuli kulturis formaa, ma
gram masTan SedarebiT gacilebiT met adamians safexburTo
matCis yureba siamovnebs. hevi metali popularuli kul
turaa, magram is popularobiT hip hopTan axlosac ver midis
(romlis zogierTi Janri gacilebiT farToa romelime sxva

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stilTan SedarebiT). ase rom upriania raimeze fiqri, rogorc
masobriv kulturaze kulturaze, romelsac xeli miuwvdeba
sxvadasxva kulturuli seqtoris audienciebSi da romelic
garkveul sazogadoebaSi TiTqmis yoveli adamianis kulturu
li ganaTlebis nawils warmoadgens. es aris popularuli kul
turis sub-seqcia, sadac Cven mxolod popularul kulturaze
vfiqrobT, rogorc yvela kulturaze, romlebic ar ganixile
ba elitur kulturaSi an sakuTar Tavs elitur kulturad ar
aRiqvams. (da Rirebulia, rom gvaxsovdes elitur da popu
larul kulturebs esaWiroebaT erTmaneTi, raTa am termi
nebiT ganisazRvrebodnen.)

kulturuli populizmi da kanoni

kulturis kvlevebis mier popularuli kulturis warmo

Cenas garkveuli xasiaTis politikuri mniSvneloba gaaCnia,
Tumca mas Semdeg, rac ganviTarebuli kulturuli populizmi
saocrad farTovdeba, rogorc vnaxeT, popularuli kultur
is akademizacia Tanamedrove kapitalizmis logikas ufro mi
hyveba, vidre ewinaaRmdegeba. kulturis kvlevebis mier popu
larobis mtkicebis politikuri Zala axlo kavSirSia `kanonis
kritikis~ argumentTan, romelic amis msgavsia: kanoni ewodeba
saxelmZRvaneloebis, xelovnebis nawarmoebTa da sxv. nakrebs,
romelic tradiciulad kulturis umaRles miRwevebs warmo
aCens. mis Sesaxeb xSirad msjeloben da avrceleben umaRlesi
statusis saganmanaTleblo kulturul institutebSi. magram
Zalian maRal doneze SerCeuli kanonebis mixedviT organize
bul kulturas ar ZaluZs miTviseba im sruli faseulobebisa,
romelTac ganekuTvneba es kanoni. ara kanonikurTan Sedar
ebiT kulturuls meti absoluturi Rirebuleba ar gaaCnia
garkveuli kriteriumebi, ganwyobebi da treningebi, romlebic
amas gulisxmoben, mmarTveli klasebis kulturas qmnian.
isini, vinc Zalian gatacebulni arian mxatvruli Sedevre
biT, visac Zlieri piradi Sexeduleba gaaCnia zogierTi kanoni
kuri namuSevrebis sxvebTan SedarebiT upiratesobis Taobaze
da visac maTi siRrmiseuli Seswavla da sakuTari aRmoCenebi
sa da azrebis gaziareba surs, didad ar cdebian (am konte

292
qstSi marTalisa da mcdaris garCevas azri ar aqvs) rodesac
Secdebian ufro did da bolos da bolos metad mniSvnelovan
naxatTan mimarTebaSi. isini ugulebelyofen ormxriv dine
bas erTi mxriv klassa da eTnoss, meore mriv ki kulturas So
ris; is gza, romliTac kanonis prestiJi gadaecema ganaTle
bul da/an mdidar (gansakuTrebiT ganaTlebul da mdidar
TeTrkanian adamians), rodesac imavdroulad ganaTlebuli
da/an mdidari adamianis prestiJi gadaecema kanons. metic,
is gza, romliTac kanonisadmi mowodeba kvlavac asazrdoebs
kulturuli konservatizmis formebs, romelTac uflebebi
iTvaliswineben, imgvarad damkvidrebuls, TiTqos es ierarq
iebis Seqmnis biznesi yofiliyos da aucileblad missave wreSi
Caketils, mowodebiT, rom yvelaferi mxolod ori ganaTlebu
li TayvanismcemlisaTvis keTdeba, popularulTan SedarebiT
kanonikur kulturas bevrad naklebi sicocxlisunarianoba
da WeSmariti Zala gaaCnia. popularuli kulturis Semosv
liTa da misi calkeuli formebis miRebis Semdeg, kulturis
kvlevebi politikuri CarevebiT sazogadoebrivi ierarqiebis
erTdroulad fulisa da kulturis garSemo Semqmneli struq
turebis winaaRmdeg ilaSqreben.
es bevrad kompleqsuri argumentia, romelic vrceldeba
ramdenime gansxvavebuli mimarTulebiT da romelsac sapasuxo
dartymebis mogerieba uwevs. am dartymebidan yvelaze aSkara
da mniSvnelovani is gaxlavT, rom kanonis sawinaaRmdego ar
gumenti popularuli kulturis mTavar problemas ar iT
valiswinebs, rac imaSi gamoixateba, rom igi sazogadoebasTan
erTad Seqmnili kultura ar gaxlavT, aramed komerciuli ini
ciativebis produqtia, romlis warmatebis WeSmariti sazomi
sargebelia da ara xarisxi. amgvarad cxadia, rom Tanamedrove
popularuli kultura struqturulad zedapiruli da yal
bia: marTlac, igi iwvevs sazogadoebriv azrTa sxvadasxvao
bebs, gansxvavebebsa da usamarTlobebs, aseve win eRobeba im
sazogadoebis kritikasa da racionalur garkvevas, romelsac
misi auditoria ganekuTvneba. amgvarad kritikosebisTvis Ses
aZlebelia im mizezis varaudi, Tu ratom aris warmoudgeneli
amerikaSi revolucia radganac misi gamayuCebeli popularu
li kultura ase Zlieria (brenani 1997, 257). amis axsnis odnav
naklebad tradiciuli gza imaSi mdgomareobs, rom popularu

293
li kultura maTTan mimarTebaSia, visac zogadad kulturaSi
seriozulad araferi esaqmeba: es aris im adamianebis kultura,
vinc eZebs gantvirTvas, iviwyebs samuSaos da Tavisufal dros
kargad erToba. isini ar iTxoven kvleviT, SemecnebiT, Rrmaaz
rovan kulturas; mas Semdeg, rac kulturuli interesebis
sferos Zalebis aRdgenasa da yuradRebis modunebaSi aRiq
vamen, isini uars amboben esTetur gamoZaxilebze, romlebic
awyobilia `uintereso~ da ybadaRebul urTierTobebze samuS
aosTan dakavSirebiT. (masobrivi kulturis minimaluri doziT
Semwynarebluri kritika Teodor odornom da maqs horkaimer
ma ganaxorcieles. maTTvis, rogorc es televiziebis Sesaxeb
seqcia 4.1-Si vixileT, popularuli kultura ufro metad ada
mianebis yuradRebis gafantvazea gadarTuli, vidre winaaRm
degobas uwevs im saSualebebs, romlebic adamianebis WeSmarit
pirovnulobas, dakmayofilebisa da Tavisuflebis SegrZnebas
asustebs [ix. odorno da horkhaimeri 1999].)
am kritikosebis winaaRmdeg erT-erTi populisturi gamo
Zaxili im periodebis zeimiT aRniSvnaa, romlebSic popularu
li kultura imsxvreva seriozulobisa da ambiciurobis didi
deficitis gamo; magaliTad, imis aRsaniSnavad, rasac lein
Cembersma `SegrZnebis, gemovnebisa da survilis cvalebadi
marTva~ uwoda, romelic fokusirebulia `SexebiT SegrZneba
ze, meorexarisxovanze, droebiTze, erTjeradze, Sinaganze~.
isini yuradRebis gafantvis kulturas hqmnian sasaciloa,
magram Cvens siaSi am magaliTis Seyvanac SegviZlia (Cembersi
1986, 13). meore gamoZaxilisTvis davubrundeT arguments,
rom kulturul formebSi anti-populistebis winaaRmdeg Cven
SegveZlo ar gvebrZola politikuri gadawyvetilebebisa da
pasuxismgeblobebis mosapoveblad. aris ki popularuli kul
tura saukeTeso sfero kritikis unarebis kvlevisTvis? Tu
ara, maSin ratom ar vanebebT mas Tavs? sxva mxriv kvlav saka
maTo sakiTxs mivadeqiT, rom popularul kulturas sazoga
doebrivi faseuloba gaaCnia, ris mixedviTac misi gamoyeneba
TavisTavad sazogadoebriv sferoSi monawileobis miRebaSi
gamoixateba Cveni koleqtiuri identurobebi ki popularo
bis prizmaSi gavlis Sedegad aris Camoyalibebuli.
magram yvelaze xSiri argumenti kvlavac imis aRniSvnaa,
rom sakiTxis poziciasa da kulturul stilebs Soris kavSiri

294
da am stilebis kanonis TvalsazrisiT damkvidreba calkeuli
identifikaciebis gamoxatulebebzea agebuli, rac klasTan da
eTnikur ganlagebasTan axlo kavSirSia.
faqtobrivad, SemecnebiTi kulturuli populizmis
garSemo debatebi TiTqos garkveul zRvrebSi mimdinareobs da
erTferovan STabeWdilebas tovebs, radganac maT sakmarisad
mkafiod gamoxatuli realuri daniSnulebebi, romlebic pop
ularuli kulturis transformacias axdenen, ar gaaCniaT. es
daniSnulebebi sxvadasxva niSniT aris ganxiluli am wignSi, ma
gram sasurvelia, rom maTi perefrazireba erTi konkretuli
niSniT movaxdinoT.

popularuli kultura

popularuli kultura aTiaTasobiT formis, Janris, au

ditoriis, gamoxatvis maneris, stilisa da miznebis segmen
tad iqca. misi masStabebi imdenad didia, rom interpretaciis
TvalsazrisiT SeuZlebelia misi monoliTis saxiT ganxilva.
rogorc vnaxeT, zogierTi e.w. `popularuli kultura~ Seq
mnilia erToblivad (da me-20 saukunis Sua periodis maso
brivi kulturis garkveuli tipis maxasiaTeblebis matarebe
lia, romelTa mimarTac im periodis kulturuli kritikosebi
sayvedurs gamoTqvamdnen xolme), didi nawili Seqmnilia ada
mianTa SedarebiT mcire dajgufebebisTvis, romlebic axlo
kavSirSia da met-nakleb mxurvale interess gamoxataven moce
muli Janrebis mimarT. popularuli kulturis didi nawili ki
rogoric magaliTad, hip hopia geografiuli TvalsazrisiT
inarCunebs kavSirs sazogadoebebTan. imavdroulad, sul
ufro da ufro mWidro kavSiri myardeba seqtorebsa da bazris
gzebs Soris produqciis erTi tendencia meores Tvalsaz
risiT. formatebis mixedviT brendingi umniSvnelovanesia Ti
neijerebs Soris: komiqsebi, kompiuteruli TamaSebi, wignebi,
filmebi, musikaluri kompaqtdiskebi da video, satelevizio
Souebi SeiZleba `brendis~ saxiT iqnes warmoCenili. indus
triuli perspeqtiviT, konsolidaciis stimulirebisaTvis um
niSvnelovanesia, rodesac msxvili media konglomeratebi `er
Toblivad moqmedeben~ biznesis terminebis mixedviT odesRac

295
warumateblad navaraudevi obieqtebis ZebnaSi. aRsaniSnavia,
rom orive es daniSnuleba segmentaciis da konsolidaciis
erTdroulad Tanaarseboben da erTi meoresTan winaaRmde
gobaSi ar moiazrebian.
cxadia, rom popularuli kultura uxvadaa gajerebu
li xelovnebis niSSi im TvalsazrisiT, rom igi awarmoebs
produqcias, romelic bariers uqmnis uSualo siamovnebasa
da dakmayofilebas; rac misi saSualebebis TvalsazrisiT
eqsperimentulia; rac ambiciuria da gamoxatavs ucnaur da
damafiqrebel Rrmaazrovan SegrZnebebsa da Setyobinebebs;
rac xSirad misi calkeuli Janrebis istoriis mcodnea; da rac
iTxovs garkveul siaxloves ufro farTo arealTan, vidre
Tavad Sesrulebul samuSaosTan. am TvalsazrisiT vimeoreb
arsebobs aTasobiT kinofilmi (David Lynch), simRerebi (Ra-
diohead an The Magnetic Fields), komiqsebis wigni (Chris Ware),
satelevizio Souebic ki (The Sopranos), romlebic maRali da da
bali kulturuli formebis hibridizacias akeTebs. marTlac,
xelovnebis faseulobebi ara mxolod demokratizirebulia,
aramed axal sferoebSia SeWrili, mas Semdeg, rac daipyres is
eTi sferoebi, rogoricaa sakvebi, avtomobilebis kultura,
Rvino da moda (amave dros xelovnebam esTeturoba dakarga).
unda iTqvas, rom es faseulobebi SeiZleba klasis maCveneble
bi da is produqtebi iyvnen, romlebic maT ZiriTadad privi
legirebuli TvalsazrisiT gamoxatavs, magram ara calke
mdgomad: esTeturi praqtikis magaliTisTvis moviyvanoT es
Tetizirebuli an `tradiciuli~ saavtomobilo kultura, ro
melic (cota xnis win mainc) pirdapir gadaiRes da burJuebma
Zalian isiamovnes. meore mxriv, seqtorebma da warsulis maRa
li donis kulturam gamoavlina popularuli kulturis in
strumentebi, romlebic ndobis faqtors inarCunebdnen. mag
aliTad, xelovnebis skolis damTavrebulTa da xelovnebis
samyarosken mimarTul adamianTa mier Seqmnilma xelovnebis
nimuSebma gaiTavises komercializmi da situaciurad gar
damavali safexuri. (faqtobrivad, `xelovnebis samyarosT
vis~, rogorc institutisTvis, romelic amas xels ar uSlis,
es didi Rirsebaa.) es didwilad endi uorholis memkvidreobaa,
romelic didi polemikis sagani iyo 90-iani wlebis britanel
xelovnebis moRvaweTa Soris. iseTi artistebis, rogoricaa

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damien hersti da treisi emini, popularobisaken mimavali gze
bi didad ar gansxvavdeboda rok varskvlavisa, Tu moduri re
stornis mflobelis karieris Seqmnis gzebisgan. faqtobrivad,
britanuli artis mTeli fenomeni isaa, rom igi sxvadasxva sti
lebsa da auditoriebs Soris kompleqsuri kavSiris (romelic
SeuZlebelia, rom maRal da dabal safexurebad daiyos), Sesa
niSnav magaliTs warmoadgens (betertoni 2001).
Tanamedrove popularulma kulturam (nawilobriv radgan
misma momxmareblebma ician, rom es aris sargebelze orien
tirebuli biznesi da raRac doneze maT iyeneben) agreTve ga
naviTara misTvis uCveulo gamoxatvis manera da ganwyobebi,
magram zogadad nu inerviulebT! musikis, modis, kinofilmisa
Tu CanaweriT miRebuli siamovneba da datvirTva gvacocx
lebs ara komercializaciis miuxedavad, aramed amis gamo. sia
movnebis misaRebad kidev ra unda arsebobdes, Tu ara awmyoTi
cxovreba. amitomac zogierTi popularuli kultura amgvari
suliskveTebiT sazrdoobs `es sisulelea, magram me momwons~
da es ganwyoba solidarulia prodiuserebsa da momxmareb
lebs Soris, radganac saxumaro situaciebs isini erTad qmnian.
tipuri magaliTi: britanuli Jurnali Loaded-is slogani: `mamak
acebisTvis, romelTac SeeZloT ukeT scodnodaT~. zogjer amas
ironias uwodeben, magram es mTlad swori ar aris. es ganwyobaa,
romelic kulturuli wesebis SesaZleblobebis aRwerisTvis
ganviTarebul Zvel kategoriebs, romlebic kvlavac klasikisa
da esTetizmis aliansis mixedviT sazrdoobs, ar Seesabameba.
arsebobs mWidro kavSirSi myofi movlena, romlis mixed
viTac gogod Tu biWad yofnis tradiciuli warmodgenebi,
etyoba ra dacinvis kvali, rogorc es holivudis Tineijerul
film uvicSia, didad ar gansxvavdeba. zogjer es politikuri
niadagis Semzadebis TvalsazrisiT ganixileba, romelSic
identurobis axali sfero SeiZleba damkvidrdes (makrobi
1999, 127). Tumca, es sakamaToa. amgvari interpretacia asazr
doebs Cven mier progresul TviT-referentulobisa da TviT-
ironizaciis garegnul siyalbes. vTqvaT, roca viciT, rom
vinme qalurobis stereotipebis poziciaSi moiazreba da sxar
tad xumrobs am stereotipebze xazgasmiT. savaraudod mas am
poziciidan mxardaWera ar eqneba, xolo Tuki iqneba raime saxis
mxardaWera, es poziciaSi myofis moTminebaa.

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 popularuli kultura sakuTar inteleqts xSirad warmo
aCens im mimarTulebiT, romelic aviTarebs axal stilebs axali
auditoriebis mosazidad. xSirad isini azrovnebis Zvel kat
egoriebs moicaven. magaliTisTvis pol gilroi moviSvelioT
es Seexeba 90-iani wlebis dasawyisis kaliforniel reper snup
dogi dogs. snupi repis popularizaciis proeqtSi aRmoCnda,
aqcia ra igi pop Janris ZiriTad ganxrad. ratom ganvlo man es
gza ZaRlis saxiT? radganac ZaRlebi devnian katebs. radganac
samyaroSi ZaRli ZaRlis tyavs ar daxevs. radganac ZaRlebi
jogurad nadiroben. radganac `Dogfather~-is pirveli asoebis
gadadgilebiT `Godfather~ miiReba. radganac ZaRli Tvinieri
arsebaa da ZaRluri stilis Seqmna, zogierTis azriT, uxeSia
da qalebis damamcirebeli, miuxedavad imisa (win wasuli dro
Si), rom es agreTve wiaRsvlaa seqsualuri cekvis stilSi, ro
melic didi aJiotaJis mizezad iqca san xuanSi, Searyia ra mTe
li amerikis kontinenti (es aRniSnulia 2004 wlis dasawyisSi).
meore mxriv, ZaRli mamakacis saukeTeso megobaria da holivu
dis filmebSi, sadac ojaxi ZaRlis gareSe ojaxad ar aRiqmeba,
TeTrkanian ojaxTa favorits warmoadgens. Tan ZaRlebi (snu
pis msgavsad) Zalian jiutebi da Seupuvarni arian da ZaRlis
mimbaZveli kaci bevrad komikuria (Tu ara odnav gasakvirveli),
vidre adamianebis mimarT muqariT ganwyobili (gilroi 2000,
204ff). snupma gadmoitana tropi quCebidan, romlis damamci
rebeli mxare sakuTar Tavs daukavSira, ise, rom miizida did
Zali SesaZlebeli auditoria. rogorc mrwams Secvlili iamai
keli regeis ostati Elephant-i an axal simReraSi `cudi kaci~
ambobs: `yoveli TqvenganisTvis ZaRlebi umTavresia!~
popularuli kultura aseve tradiciebis mogonil niSneb
sa da inovaciebs met-naklebi regularobiT qmnis: esenia neo-
moderni, neo-klasika da retro stilebis siWarbe (aTwleu
lebs Tu mimovixilavT, TiToeuli maTganisTvis Taviseburi
gemovnebaa damaxasiaTebeli ocdaaTianebi, ormocianebi, or
mocdaaTianebi, samocianebi, samocdaaTianebi, oTxmocianebis
stilebi, Tqven daasaxeleT). ra Tqma unda, araferia axali
warsulis stilebis struqturis gadamRerebaSi: neo-klas
icizmi. igi Taobebs gadascems sakuTar mniSvnelobasa da Si
naarss renesansis Semdgomi periodidan me-20 saukunis 50-ian
wlebamde da SesaZloa Tanamedrove dasavluri kulturis um

298
Tavresi gemovneba/stilis struqturaa, romelic yovelTvis
moicavs `mogonili tradiciebis~ elementebs. zogadad neo-
klasicizmSi nagulisxmevia wesrigi da harmonia SfoTian peri
odSi. kapitalizmis pirobebSi ki yoveli periodi SfoTiania.
amgvarad, istoriuli TvalsazrisiT, gemovnebisa da stilis
erTi funqcia abstraqtul simSvides da stabilurobas ukav
Sirdeba. magram popularuli kulturis sapirispirod, ret
ro arc wesrigis elementia, arc nostalgiisa: igi qmnis mim
dinareobebs, romlebic sakuTar Tavs xalxTan urTierTobis
momTxovn kompleqsuri formebis saxiT aRiqvamen, romlebic
moicaven mexsierebas, ironias, sinanulsa da stilizacias.
Tumca, popularuli kulturisTvis inovatoruli tonalo
bis miniWebis TvalsazrisiT ver vityviT, rom mas realuri
zRvrebi da problemebi ar gaaCnia. magram umetes SemTxvevaSi
isini Caketilni arian specifikur movlenebsa an JanrebSi da
SeuZlebelia maTi gamoyeneba moqmedebis arealis srulad aR
sawerad. popularuli kulturis erT-erTi xSiri sistemuri
SezRudva misi daZvelebaa. am TvalsazrisiT individualur
namuSevrebsa Tu xelovnebis nimuSebs yovelTvis ar eniWebaT
prestiJi da dadebiTi aura, radganac isini uCveuloni arian
da TavianTi Semfaseblebisgan distanciaSi imyofebian. magram
cnobili gvarebi da teqstebi, piriqiT, yvelgan moipoveba da
maT kulturuli TvalsazrisiT aRsavse aRiareba gaaCniaT. si
marTlea, rom specifikurma da gansazRvruli stilebis obi
eqtebma (lu ridi, samxreTis parki) SeiZleba garkveul mo
mentSi ukidures Tayvanismcemlebze gaTvliT didi prestiJi
moipovon, magram udidesi aRiarebis periodSic ki, es ver Seed
reba madonas an simpsonebis Tav-TavianT mwvervalze yofnis
dros masobriv popularobas (an gavrcelebas nebismier done
ze). sruli prestiJi da aRiareba miiRweva mxolod procesSi,
romelic amowuravs kidevac mas: garkveuli niSniT gameoreba
doba da popularoba gadadis mowyenilobasa da zedmetobaSi
da sabolood Cavardnis saSiSroebis winaSe mdgomi moZvelebu
li obieqte imis molodinSi arian, rom maT istoriis sanagveze
miuCenen adgils saidanac isini (SeiZleba) retrosa da nos
talgiuri TvalsazrisiT dabrundnen. mxolod udroo gar
dacvaleba Tu SeaCerebs am process: elvisi, merlini, lenoni,
jeims dini. mozRvavebuli popularuli kulturis medroveo

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ba ukavSirdeba mis Sesabamis Taobas: masirebuli popularuli
kultura, udidesi `TviTmyofadobisa~ da aucilebeli sazoga
doebrivi damakavSirebelis statusis mopovebis Semdeg, gan
sakuTrebiT axalgazrdobisakenaa mimarTuli. igi yovelives
gacilebiT arTulebs, mas Semdeg, rac Zveli popularuli kul
turebi Taobebis aRmzrdelis TvalsazrisiT axalgazrdebis
mexsierebaSia gamjdari. Tanamedrove kulturaSi Sesvlas ki
Tan moaqvs moTxovna im ganwyobis daZlevisa, rom masirebuli
popularuli kulturisTvis raRac `friad moZvelebulia~.
popularuli kultura SeiZleba eqspluatatorulic iyos
amis or mniSvnelovan gamoxatulebas `plagiati~ da `gage
bineba~ davarqvaT. plagiats adgili aqvs, rodesac market
inguli mcdelobebi dabal doneze muSaobis mospobis gziT
mimarTulia auditoriis gadabirebaze. varskvlavuri omebis
trilogiis sevdiani ambavi amis kargi nimuSia: axali filmebis
umravlesobas arc axali (kargi) ideebi, arc TavianT win
amorbedTa energia gaaCnia. maTi mTavari mamoZravebeli Zala
fulis SovnaSi gamoixateboda da sanaZleosac davdebdi, rom
am filmebis mnaxvel adamianTa umetesoba cotaTi mainc ga
briyvdeboda. TiTqmis yoveli trilogia (da gansakuTrebiT
satelevizio serialebi) moicavs garkveuli tipis plagiats,
mas Semdeg, rac isini im drois, rodesac maT xarisxis SenarCu
neba SeeZloT, odnav ukan dasabruneblad struqturuli ze
wolis qveS moeqcnen.
gagebineba crurwmenebisa da kulturuli dayofis gaZliere
bas gamoxatavs: warmoidgineT, rom daaxloebiT 1980 wlamde,
holivudis TiTqmis mTeli produqcia afroamerikelebis
gagebinebas eZRvneba. es ar niSnavs, rom yoveli filmi, ro
melic erTgvari Suamavlis rols asrulebda Savkanian adami
anebze uaryofiTi warmodgenebis gaRvivebaze, mxolod aqedan
gamomdinarea dasawuni (TiTqos filmebs, romlebic amxneve
ben saSinel crurwmenebs, ar SeiZleba rom sxva Semacdeneli
atributi gaaCndeT Tu ara sakmarisad `momTafvleli~ de
talebi), magram es niSnavs, rom filmebi TeTrkaniani rasizmis
eqspluatatorobas gamoxatavda. Toq-Sous sxartad mosaubre
wamyvanebma, yalbi informaciis mowodebiT, sxvadasxva Sexed
ulebebis mospobis gziT, daSinebiTa da yviriliT, gagebineba
konkretul formad aqcies. am tipis eqspluataciis mospobis

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mcdeloba, cxadia kulturis kvlevebis yvelaze mniSvnelovani
da mxardasaWeri amocanaa.
radgan kapitalizmis pirobebSi popularuli kultura
safuZvlian komercializacias ganicdis, komerciuli fa
seulobebisTvis da ideologiisTvis, romelic mxars uWers
momxmareblur kapitalizms, es Cveulebrivi dasayrdenia. es
niSnavs, rom mas kulturis da garkveulwilad, tele-radio
mauwyeblobis sajaro dafinansebasTan konfliqtis msgavsi
urTierToba gaaCnia. kulturis sajaro dafinansebis mxarda
saWerad, marTlac, seriozuli ideebi SeiZleba arsebobdnen.
magram rogorc viciT, amgvari ideebi saerTo jamSi calmxriv
ia da mxars uWers axali ambebis servisebs, romlebic reiting
is mixedviT ar lideroben da sazogadoebaSi gadaWarbebuli
media servisebisgan yvelaze RaribTa damcvelebad ar moiaz
rebian. meore mxriv saSualo klasis gemovnebebis dasakmayo
fileblad sajaro dotacia advili dasacavi ar aris. amgvarad,
garkveul konteqstSi, komerciuli popularuli kultura,
rogorc saxalxo kulturis mteri da nebismier xarisxSi al
ternativa, SeiZleba sazogadoebis saukeTeso interesebis
sawinaaRmdegod moRvaweobdes.
mniSvnelovania, rom kulturul populistebs popularu
li kulturis TviTmyofadi saxiT arsebobis SezRudvebisa da
problemebis gaTvicnobiereba esaWiroebaT (romelTa nawilic
Riaa kulturuli polisis CarevisTvis), radgan kulturuli
elitis warmomadgenlebma unda aRiaron, rom es SezRudvebi
da problemebi popularul kulturas TviTmyofadi saxiT ver
SeinarCuneben.

kulturuli faseuloba da gemovneba

yvelaferi imaze migvaniSnebs, rom SemecnebiTi Tvalsaz

risiT, Tavis mxriv uamravi gaurkvevlobiT aRsavse faseulobis
sakiTxis gareSe, kvlavac Znelia popularuli kulturis Sesaxeb
msjeloba. dasawyisSi gasarkvevad sasargeblo iqneboda erT
maneTisgan gamijvna faseulobis, xarisxisa da gemovnebis kat
egoriebisa, romelTac xSirad mouwesrigeblad moiazrebian (vi
naidan isini gancalkevebuli, Tu xelaxla SeerTebulni arian).

301
 faseuloba kulturuli obieqtis, Janris sxva obieqtebTan,
JanrebTan Tu mediasTan damakavSirebeli mediumis (savaraudo)
abstraqtuli safasuria. igi Zireuli TvalsazrisiT ekonomi
kuri koncefciaa, xolo klasikurad ki igi or nawilad aris
gayofili. obieqtebi iyeneben faseulobebs (maTi faseuloba
izomeba sargeblianobiT) da isini cvlian faseulobebs (maTi
faseuloba izomeba imiT, Tu visTan aqvT saqme da ras cvlian,
Cveulebriv fulis meSveobiT). am perspeqtividan gamomdinare,
`kulturuli faseuloba~ sinamdvileSi metaforis saxeobaa,
radgan, Zireulad, kultura ise iyenebs da cvlis faseulo
bebs, rogorc Tqven winaSe arsebuli namuSevari _ ekonomikas.
im farglebSi, romelSic faseuloba kulturas SeiZleba mie
kuTvnos, mas Semdeg, rac ukve aRar arsebobs azri, rom maRali
donis kultura popularul kulturaze gamoyenebadi da sa
sargebloa, magram, rom man SeiZleba Secvalos igi, misi obi
eqtebis xelTaa faseulobis ufro metad Secvla, vidre misi
gamoyeneba. cxadia, rom kulturuli faseulobis gasazomi
obieqturi standartebi ar arsebobs. kulturas fuladi fa
seulobebis sawinaaRmdegod obieqtebTan kavSirSi resursebi
sa da moTxovnebis meqanizmis mixedviT raodenobriv gansaz
Rvraze damokidebuli kulturis bazris gamokvlevis msgavsi
meqanizmic ar gaaCnia.
meore mxriv, xarisxi im institutebis mier Sefasebuli
kulturuli obieqtis Rirebulebaa, romelTa meSveobiTac
iwarmoeba an nadgureba igi, rac kavSirSia misi mediumis da
moukidebel funqciebTan. yoveli kulturuli zona sxvadasxva
xarisxis namuSevrebs Seicavs; marTlac, mas Semdeg, rac prodi
userebi raime saxis produqciis SeqmnaSi monawileobaze gamud
mebiT uars amboben, yoveli kulturuli produqti TiTqos
xarisxis Sefasebas Seicavs. kulturul zonebsa da JanrebSi
gansakuTrebiT TvalSisacemia, rom aranairad ar xdeba sruli
SeTanxmeba xarisxis Taobaze. zonasa Tu JanrSi nebismieri obi
eqti SeiZleba gansxvavebuli da Seudarebeli iyos, magram is
bolomde gansxvavebuli da Seudarebeli ver iqneba, amgvarad
xarisxis Sefaseba SesaZlebelia. Tuki vinme amas ar eTanxmeba,
davuSvaT, rom britni spirsi, venila aisi da boi jorji ukeTe
sebi iyvnen, vidre alisia keisi, fablik enemi da devid boui. am
SemTxvevaSi maT zogadad Seafasebdnen, rogorc gamomwvevebs,
garyvnilebs, ironiulebsa, Tu Tavxedebs.

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 TiToeul medias `xarisxis~ gansxvavebuli kriteriumi gaaC
nia. Tavad termini ZiriTadad industrializebul kulturaSi
(kulturisaTvis misi gamoyeneba TavisTavad industriidan
gamomdinareobs, rac `xarisxis kontrolSi~ gamoixateba), ro
goricaa musika da TiTqmis mTel satelevizio biznesSi gamoiy
eneba. magaliTisaTvis, jef mulganma satelevizio industriaSi
gamoyenebuli termin `xarisxis~ Svidi gansxvavebuli daniS
nuleba daTvala (mulgani 1994, 88-115; ix. agreTve makgigani
1996, 45-47), romelTa ricxvic Cven SegviZlia oTxamde Sevam
ciroT: 1) xarisxi profesionaluri produqciis donis gamoxat
ulebis TvalsazrisiT, koncefcia, romelic uxsnis areals
prodiuserebis SemoqmedebiT Tavisuflebas; 2) xarisxi, ro
melic momxmareblis mier, programirebis Sesabamisad izomeba;
3) xarisxi, Sefasebuli televiziisaTvis specifikuri esTeti
kis TvalsazrisiT; 4) xarisxi, Sefasebuli televiziis SesaZle
blobebis mixedviT moralur funqciebTan damokidebulebaSi,
gansakuTrebiT simarTlis Tqma da kulturuli sxvadasxvaoba.
imave kriteriumis Seqmna naklebad industrializebul seq
torebSic SeiZleba: magaliTad, literaturuli nawarmoebi.
Tumca, esTeturi TvalsazrisiT, sadac xarisxi specifikuri
amocanis Sesasruleblad obieqtis SesaZleblobebis mixed
viT ver gaizomeba, xarisxis Sefasebis kriteriumebis Sesaxeb
kvlavac struqturuli gaurkvevlobaa rogorc es zemoT
CamonaTvalSi naxseneb me-(3) SemTxvevaSi iqneboda.
bolos ki gemovnebaa. igi pirovnebis personaluri kul
turuli warmodgenebis gamoxatulebaa. radgan gemovneba Zalian
mWidro kavSirSia Tanamedrove karCaketilobisa da Tavisu
flebis mimdinareobasTan, mas didi istoria gaaCnia. kidev erTx
el gadavavloT Tvali am istorias, raTa ufro Rrmad gaviazroT
maRali da dabali donis kulturebs Soris damokidebuleba.
dasavleTSi da gansakuTrebiT, safrangeTSi, gemovneba
da `pewiani~ kultura saxelmwifo da samoqalaqo sferoSi
sazogadoebis Rrmad SeWrasTan erTad, mniSvnelobas iZens.
rodesac qveyanaSi modis mTavroba, romelic eklesiuria da
zrunavs `sulebze~, upirveles yovlisa, policiisa da armiis
marTvis sadaveebis sakuTar xelSi aRebiT, samoqalaqo sazoga
doeba sajaro institutebis sferod iqceva: gazeTebi, wignebi
da Jurnalebi, iseve, rogorc Teatrebi, klubebi, tavernebi,

303
yavis saxlebi, biblioTekebi, azartuli TamaSebis holebi, xe
lovnebis galereebi, sportuli moednebi, maRaziebi, miusik
holebi da a.S. `piradulis~ Zveli maxasiaTebeli, gankuTvnili
maTTvis, vinc ar iyo nebadarTuli sajaro sferoSi Sesvlaze
(rogorc armiaSi `piraduli~), radgan sajaro cxovrebis axa
li formebi (saxelmwifo da samoqalaqo) Teoriuli Tvalsaz
risiT mainc yvelasTan kavSirSia, gaqrobas iwyebs.
am procesSi piraduli `azris~ damcav zonad iqceva (amis
Sesaxeb Teoria Camoayalibes filosofosebma jon lokma da
mogvianebiT emanuil kantma), gansakuTrebiT gemovnebis saku
Tari interesebis TvalsazrisiT. imavdroulad, qonebasTan,
kerZo SromasTan da kapitalTan dakavSirebul kerZo eko
nomikur da kanonier uflebebze liberaluri Sexedulebebi
produqciis saxeobebis Seqmnas ganapirobebs (anu kapitaliz
mi). `liberalurobaSi~ Semdegs vgulisxmobT: 1) pirovnebebi
ganixilebian TavianT qonebasTan damokidebulebaSi, sakuTari
sxeulis flobasTan da misi muSaobis SesaZleblobebTan da
kavSirebiT mainc da 2) sazogadoeba ganixileba oficialurad
dadgenili Tanasworuflebiani pirovnebebis TvalsazrisiT,
romelTa Tavisuflebis uflebebi umTavresia. mxolod me-19
saukunis dasawyisSi Seiqmna piradulis koncefcia Zireulad
asocirebuli genderul ojaxur cxovrebasTan im Tvalsaz
risiT, rom samuSao adgili da saxli erTmaneTs gaemijna da
`pirad cxovrebaze~ Sexeduleba ukve samuSaosTan damokide
bulebaSi ganixileboda (uorneri 2002). magram me-19 saukunis
kapitalizmis liberalur individualizms, miuxedavad imisa,
rom momavalSi sazogadoebriv erTsulovnebas ziani miayena,
Zveli aristokratuli sistemis msgavsad, ierarqiuli meTo
debis danergviT ar uxelmZRvanelia.
Sexedulebaze metad gemovneba gamoexmaura ierarqiis
moTxovnilebebs: kargi gemovnebis kanonebi liberaluri kul
turis damkvidrebas xels uwyobda. rogorc vnaxeT, igi aseve
avrcelebda samoqalaqo amTviseblobas. Tanamedrove kapital
izmis pirobebSi pirovnebebis ufleba sakuTar gemovnebaze (da
amis Tavisufali gamoxatva) momavalSi Rrmad aris gamjdari
liberalur TeoriaSi. es imitom, rom kargi gemovneba saukeTe
so gamtaria sazogadoebriv da ekonomikur uTanasworobebs
Soris, romelTac kapitalizmi badebs. demokratiisa da Tanas

304
woruflianiobis damcvelTa Tezisebi ki amyareben am Teor
ias. gemovnebis, (rogorc ierarqiis maxasiaTeblis) daRmasvla
da misgan sazogadoebrivi funqciis Camocileba, nawilobriv
ierarqiis axali formebis Seqmnis ZiebaSi myofi kapital
izmis (safuZvelSi uCveulod faqizad safexurebad dayo
fili samomxmareblo bazris gafarToebis pirobebSi), xolo
nawilobriv ki Tanasworuflebianobis momxreTa moZraobis
gamo, oficialur politikaSi kulturuli interesebis sfer
os warmatebis Semdeg, misi kolonizaciis Sedegia. odesRac
kargi gemovnebis periodi rom mTavrdeba, es imas ki ar niSnavs,
rom met obieqtebs meti adamianebis mizidva SeuZliaT, aramed
imas, rom gemovnebis kriteriumebi gafarTovda. dResdReobiT
zogjer iqmneba STabeWdileba, TiTqos nebismieri maniSnebeli
SeiZleba gemovnebasTan kavSirSi aRmoCndes: ra uxeSi da mou
ridebelia? ra mSvidia? ra ironiulia? rogori samarTliania?
ra Tbilia? ra magaria? rogori teqnoa? ra bunebrivia? ra
Sokismomgvrelia? rogori udrekia? ra xmauriania? ra mSvid
ia? ra Seucnobelia? rogor brwyinavs? esTeturi gemovnebis
Zvel maniSneblebs silamaze, harmonia, wesrigi dakarguli
aqvT mniSvneloba, magram, ra Tqma unda, ar gamqralan. arsebobs
ufro farTo arCevani gemovnebis kriteriumsa da obieqtebs
Soris da naklebi SesaZlebloba, rom calkeuli kriteriumisa
Tu obieqtis arCeva xels SeuSlis romelime sxvaSi SeRwevas.
amitomac, yvelaze advilad SesaZlebeli gemovnebis liber
alizaciaa. Tuki SemiZlia gaviTaviso orive henri jeimsi da
samxreTis parki, ratom moviSoro erT-erTi?
kulturuli faseulobebis Sesaxeb bevri fiqrisas prob
lema is aris, rom igi faseulobas xarisxSi aRrevs, an gemovnebas
orive daniSnulebas aniWebs, TiTqos truizmi `yvelas gaaCnia
sakuTari gemovneba~ faseulobisa Tu xarisxis sawinaaRmdego
argumentad iqceva. ra Tqma unda, gemovnebis praqtikaSi xarisxi
da faseuloba mWidro kavSirSi arian, magram arsebuli sami
koncefciidan dRemde faseuloba yvelaze metad droebiTi
movlenaa. kulturasTan mimarTebaSi mas mxolod metaforuli
funqcia Tu gaaCnia. da bolos, kidev erTxel gavimeoroT, rom
moxmarebis sagnebs gaaCniaT faseuloba, kulturebs ki ara.
gemovneba jabnis faseulobas, magram gamorCeuli xarisxi kv
lavac Seudarebelia.

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bordie

amgvarad, TeoretikosTa Soris kulturuli faseulobebis

sakiTxebSi yvelaze xSirad citirebuli da didad gamocdili
pier bordie, marTlac rom gemovnebis Teoretikosia. umTavres
naSromSi `gamorCeva~ (1984) misi ZiriTadi argumenti CvenT
vis sakmaod kargadaa cnobili farTo gagebiT: Tanamedrove
sazogadoeba dayofilia dajgufebebad gansxvavebuli da ier
arqiuli gemovnebiT (bordie amgvar gansxvavebebs sam nawilad
hyofs: `WeSmariti~, `saSualo-azrobrivi~ da `popularuli~),
romelTa garkveuli gemovnebebi, interesebi, codna da unarebi
SemTxveviT ar miiRebian. amgvari kulturuli gansxvavebebi da
gradaciebi arc imitom arseboben, rom maRali donis kultura
`ukeTesia~ (SedarebiT civiluria, Rrmaazrovania, daxvewilia,
Camoyalibebulia da sxv.) dabali donis kulturasTan Sedare
biT. metad savaraudoa (es argumenti viciT), rom TandaTanobiT
cvladi gemovnebis gansxvavebulobebs garkveulwilad sazoga
doebrivi funqcia gaaCniaT: isini gvexmarebian im klasebis xe
laxal dayofaSi, romliskenac arian mimarTulni. bordiesTvis
gemovnebebi kulturuli kapitalis mTavari komponentebia da
metnaklebad yvelas gaaCnia kulturuli kapitali. isini Signi
Tac arseboben da bordies TqmiT, `habituss~ qmnian, rac, Tavis
mxriv, Tanmimdevrulobis, upiratesobis miniWebis da klasifi
kaciebis nusxaa. adamianebma maT Sesaxeb yovelTvis ar ician da
isini xSirad `bunebrivad~ aRiqmebian, magram gamudmebiT raime
SesabamisobaSi an farulad moqmedeben. magaliTisTvis, Tun
dac, sakuTari sxeuli moviyvanoT rogor vzrunavT masze da
rogor gviyvars igi. habitusi is saSualebaa, romliTac kul
turuli kapitali regulirdeba da arsebobs; igi akavSirebs
qmedebis materialur kondiciebs (klasobrivi gansxvavebu
lobebi samuSaosa da fulis TvalsazrisiT) da niSnebsa da ga
mocdilebas, romelTa saSualebiTac sxvadasxva dajgufeba
sazogadoebriv ierarqiaSi imkvidrebs adgils.
mmarTveli klasebis warmomadgenel pirovnebebs, maT wi
namorbedebTan SedarebiT, memkvidreobiT meti kulturuli
kapitali gadaecemaT, Tuki isini ekonomikurad mizanSewonil
kapitaldabandebas ewevian. isini swavloben maRali kulturis
Sefasebasa da konteqstualizebas. isini Seiswavlian wesebsa

306
da racionalobas, romlebic aregulireben da akanoneben mas.
garkveulwilad isini iZenen esTeturi sferos, rogorc ase
Tis, vidre ubralod garTobisa Tu teqnikuri keTilmowyobis,
Secnobis unars. isini Seiswavlian xelovnebisTvis uintereso
da Sualeduri garemos Seqmnas: amis dasaxvas saboloo miznad.
amgvari kulturuli kapitali SeiZleba sxvadasxva gziT eko
nomikur kapitalSi gadaizardos (da piriqiT), magram es gansa
kuTrebiT mniSvnelovania, bordies TqmiT, mmarTveli klasis
`yofili mmarTveli fraqciis~ warmomadgenelTaTvis, vinc in
azRaureben sakuTari fulisa da statusis SedarebiT ukmari
sobas, SedarebiT meti kulturuli kapitalis SeZeniT.
bordies argumentTan dakavSirebuli ara erTi problema
arsebobs, yvelaze meti diskusiebi ki kulturis kvlevebsa
da sociologiaSia (ix. kolinzi 1995, 194ff.; Jon holi 1992;
yvelaze ukeTesia, frou 1995). yvelaze aSkarad bordies Teo
ria klassa da gemovnebas Soris mWidro morgebas eyrdnoba.
rogorc vnaxeT, Tanamedrove kulturas axasiaTebs ge
movnebiTi dajgufebebis ganvrcoba sazogadoebrivi gamorCe
vis gansxvavebulobis (genderi, eTnikuroba, adgilsamyofeli,
Taoba da sxv.), xolo zog SemTxvevaSi ki saerTod arafris
mixedviT: msgavsad, moazrovne fanebis dajgufebebi SeiZleba
Camoyalibdnen SedarebiT farTo sazogadoebriv gansxvave
bulobebs Soris (magaliTad, Tevzaobisa da samejliso cekvis
stili). es niSnavs, rom maRali donis kulturasa da klasobriv
dominirebas Soris kavSiri moTxovnasTan SedarebiT sustia.
gemovnebasa da klass Soris kavSirs yvela qveyanaSi Tanabari
Zala ar gaaCnia: bordies Tezisze Sedgenili testis mixedviT,
avstraliaSi Catarebulma farTomasStabianma gamokiTxvam
damajereblad cxadyo, rom, rodesac garkveuli kulturuli
favoritebi Zlier klas-specifikuria (magaliTad, bavSvebi
sTvis pianinos gakveTilebi) klassa da kulturas naklebi
urTierTkavSiri aqvT, vidre amas bordie varaudobda (ix. be
neti, emisoni da frou 1999). amis erT-erTi mizezi isaa, rom
TiTqos avstraliaSi kultura klasobrivi gansxvavebulobis
naklebad Zlieri niSania, vidre es iyo omis Semdgom safran
geTSi (bordies kvlevaTa umravlesoba 60-iani wlebis mixedvi
Taa Catarebuli) da am TvalsazrisiT, evropasa da CrdiloeT
amerikaSi da TiTqmis yvelgan. Tumca sakiTxavia, imuSavebs ki

307
bordies Teoria dasavleTs miRma: CineTSi albaT; omanSi,
vTqvaT bevrad naklebad.
bordies Teoria aseve varaudobs, rom sazogadoebis war
momadgenelTa umravlesoba aRiarebs warsulis kulturul
standartebs; rom maT gaaCniaT Sereuli grZnoba, Tu rogor
flobs TiToeuli did an patara kulturul kapitals. es eWvs
iwvevs: cxadia, rom TiTqmis yvelas sjera, rom mersedes-ben
cis floba ufro prestiJulia, vidre toiotasi, an rom dRe
vandeli kvercxi sjobia xvalindel qaTams, magram yvela ar
fiqrobs, rom klasikur musikasa Tu inglisur literaturaSi
garkveva statusis maniSnebelia. bevrisTvis (da ara `yofil
mmarTvelTa~ klasebSi) es briyvobisa da idiotobis maniSnebe
lia. kulturuli kapitali brunavs Semofarglul wreSi.
meore mxriv, bordie jerovnad ar afasebs xarisxs, rom
lis mimarTulebiTac gemovnebebma SeiZleba gansxvavebuli
dajgufebebis gavliT gadainacvlon. zogierTi tipis gemovne
ba iwyebs patara da elituri jgufebiT, Semdeg ki SedarebiT
masobriv xasiaTs iZens (yovelwliurad klasikuri musika gada
dis pop CartebSi, xolo impresionistuli da post-impresion
istuli gemovnebebi didi xania farTovdeba). sxvebi ki sapir
ispiro mimarTulebiT moZraoben (magaliTad, elvisis stilSi
xalxuri simReris rokSi Sesrulebis kulturuli energetika
Tavdapirvelad amerikis samxreT dasavleTis Savkanian Tine
ijerTa gemovnebebma ganapirobes).
marTlac, dro yvelafris mkurnalia masobrivi kulturu
li obieqtebis CaTvliT. aRfrTovandiT koleqcionerTa da/an
esTeturad ganwyobilTa gansakuTrebuli tendenciebiT. sx
vadasxva dajgufeba (da pirovnebebi) SeiZleba afasebdnen erT
sa da imave moRvaweobasa da obieqtebs, magram gansxvavebuli
midgomiT: magaliTad, ABBA-s Tayvanismcemlebs uyvarT jgu
fi yovel mizezgareSe iumoris didad gansxvavebuli xarisxis
mixedviT nulovaniT dawyebuli, didi iumoriT damTavrebu
li da bevri maTgani ar aris ganxiluli bordies TeoriaSi.
da bolos, miuxedavad imisa, rom bordies Teoria kul
turul gemovnebebTan socialuri dominirebis struqturis
damakavSirebel ukidures qmedebas warmoadgens, mas didi
gamoxmaureba ar mohyolia. albaT, yvelaze metad gaurkvevelia
ras etyvis bordie im adamianebs, visac uyvars: Dr.Who, keit

308
buSi, franc kafka da Dr.Dre? SeiZleba maTi warsulis Sefaseba
mxolod (TviTSegnebis armqone) strategiis TvalsazrisiT
kulturuli kapitalis SesaZenad Tu es amis ukmarisobasTan
Seguebaa? (gemovnebebis farTo speqtri aris kulturuli
kapitalis maniSnebeli?) ras ityviT siamovnebis Sesaxeb? sa
myaros Secnobis Sesaxeb? politikuri Sexvedrebis Sesaxeb?
ar ZaluZT gemovnebebs, rom maTi matarebelnic iyvnen? ras
ityviT yvelanair sargeblobaze, saqmian qaossa da sazogadoe
briv urTierTobebze, rac Tan sdevs kulturul moRvaweobasa
da samomxmareblo sferos da rac ar SeiZleba rom aRiarebis
mopovebis mcdelobis TvalsazrisiT zero-sam TamaSis stilSi
moiazrebodes, sadac mogebulisa da wagebulis Tanxebis jami
nulis tolia? mavanma SeiZleba Tqvas, rom kulturis kvlevebi
iwyeba iq, sadac bordie Cerdeba.

damatebiTi literatura: Bourdieu 1984; Brantlinger 1983; Fiske

1989; Frow 1995; Hartley 1996; Jenkins et al. 2002; McGuigan 1992.

309
7.2 kulturis buneba

rogorc reimond uiliamsma aRniSna mis konstruqciul

teqstSi `naturis ideebi~, naturis koncefciis erT-erTi
yvelaze mravalaspeqtiani ganxilva dasavluria, romlis
mixedviTac `kultura~ susti metoqea (uiliamsi 1980). marT
lac, orma sityvam gaaerTiana istoria: procesebi da azri.
sanam es iyo institutebTan mimarTebaSi, romelTa mixedvi
Tac Cven arsebobas SevigrZnobT, `kultura~ erTgvar kulti
vaciasaviT aRiqmeboda, rac adamianis bunebaSi produqtiuli
Carevis Sedegi iyo. nebismier doneze buneba arsebobs sferoSi,
rasac anTropologistma merlin streternma `kontrastebis
matrica~ uwoda rac imas niSnavs, rom igi ganisazRvreba sa
pirispirod an Sesabamis damokidebulebaSi ramdenime Zlier
gansxvavebul kategoriebTan mimarTebaSi.
upirveles yovlisa, buneba ganisazRvreba arabunebrivobisa
da teqnologiebis sapirispirod. am TvalsazrisiT igi iqceva
sferod, romelic adamianTa kontrolis qveS ar imyofeba maSin
ac ki, rodesac raRac Seqmnilia adamianebis mier an raimes maTi
xeli atyvia. amgvari formulirebis aSkara sirTule isaa, rom
dResdReobiT rac `bunebis~ saxiT arsebobs, TiTqmis mTlianad
adamianis pirdapiri an iribi Carevis Sedegia, ase rom, dedami
waze TiTqmis aRar darCa buneba pirveladi saxiT.
bunebas aseve SeuZlia itvirTos sicocxlis sinonimis funq
cia, radgan igi dayvanilia ufro biologiis garkveuli sferos
Semadgenel nawilamde, vidre fizikisa Tu qimiisa. igi arsebobs
sulieri arsebebis krebulis saxiT, vidre saerTod yoveli
sagnisa an romelTac TiTqmis igive, magram `organulisTvis~
arasakamarisi SegrZneba gaaCniaT, rogorc es `araorganulis~
SemTxvevaSia. (organuli sakvebis zrdam `organulis~ mniSvn
eloba Secvala, romelic winaT gamoiyeneboda xolme ubralod
sulieris aRsaniSnad, magram amJamad, garkveulwilad, ukve
aRniSnavs raime saxis produqcias, romelic agraruli te
qnologiebis mier ar aris Seqmnili.) es imas niSnavs, rom gare
momcveli samyaros `bunebis~ TvalsazrisiT dasaxasiaTeblad
saWiroa msoflios cxovrebiseuli mamoZravebeli Zalis sxva
dasxva xerxiT samyaroSi gadatana, TiTqos Tavad samyaro ga
cocxlebulao. gacocxlebuli samyaros amgvari damaxinjeba
bevr kulturaSi gvxvdeba.

310
 Zlier gansxvavebulad, buneba aseve zebunebrivobis Tval
sazrisiT ganixileba. am SemTxvevaSi RmerTebisa da sulebis
mflobelobaSi myofi samyaros sapirispirod, igi yovelives
mepatroned iqceva, rac ki samyaros kuTvnilebaa. TavisTavad,
igi metad moicavs, vidre gamoricxavs xelovnursa Tu damza
debuls. ra Tqma unda, Tanamedrove mtkice Sexedulebis mixed
viT zebunebrivoba mxolod adamianis fantaziis Sedegia da
aqedan gamomdinare, garkvelwilad bunebisa. am TvalsazrisiT
es sabolood araferia, Tu ara buneba.
buneba rom zebunebrivobisgan gansxvavdeba, odesRac sa
myaros anarqiis, qaosisa da sikvdilis mizezad iqca. es iyo Sem
Txveva, rodesac, magaliTad, tradiciuli qristianobisTvis,
adamianTa modgmiT dacemuli samyaro, umaRles samsjavroze
gankiTxvis molodinSi iyo. es agreTve SemTxveva iyo TiToeu
li politikuri TeoretikosisTvis (rogoric Tomas hobsia),
romelTac miaCndaT, rom metad daaxloebuli adamianebi Tavi
anT bunebriv mdgomareobasTan mimarTebaSi meti sisastikiT
gamoirCeodnen da SeiZleboda areulobac moexdinaT. gansx
vavebuli formulirebis mixedviT, horkhaimeri da odorno
TavianT klasikur naSromSi ganviTarebis dialeqtika, amt
kicebdnen, rom Tanamedrove sazogadoebriv Zalauflebas (gan
sakuTrebiT mdidrebis mier RaribTa Seviwroveba) esaWiroeba,
rom aRiqmebodes, rogorc Sedegi da saboloo wertili maT
mier Seviwrovebuli da daSinebuli adamianebis mier da ba
tonobis wyurvili bunebaze, romelic mudmivad warmarTavs
teqnologiisa da racionalobis produqcias (horkhaimeri da
odorno 1988 [1947]). magram me-17 saukunidan dawyebuli, sul
ufro da ufro, aTeistebisTvis mainc, buneba ganixileboda
rogorc racionaluri kanonebisa da procesebis wesi, aseve
(romantizmis gavlenis qveS) sisufTavisa da gajansaRebis adg
ilsamyofel poziciad. buneba samoTxis TvalsazrisiT.
racionaluri da bunebrivi kanonebi SeiZleba metnakleb
harmoniulobiT gamoirCeodnen. magram cocxali bunebis uax
lesi versiebi darvinizmi da neo-darvinizmi ganixilavs
principebs, romlebic organul bunebas marTaven wesis mixed
viT, magram ara keTili ganwyobiT. maTi buneba ganixileba auC
qarebeli, sastiki istoriis TvalsazrisiT, romelSic agresi
uli Sejibris pirobebSi gadarCenisTvis brZola gansazRvravs

311
Sedegebs. darvinizmi biologias aqcevs istoriis formad da
istoriis biologiur formad qcevis unariTac sargeblobs
(rogorc maTTvis, visac miaCnia, rom sazogadoebrivi kavSirebi
evoluciuri Zalebis Seqmnilia). bolo dros, agreTve norbert
vaineris kibernetikis gavlenis qveS, buneba ganixileboda ara
rogorc racionaluri kanonebis mier mowesrigebuli Tu ukana
planze myofi, aramed `avtopoeturi~ an TviTregulirebadi
sistemis TvalsazrisiT (ix. heilsi 1999).
buneba aseve universalur normatiul koncefciad iqca.
Cven vsaubrobT `bunebis uflebebze~; Cven vgmobT `arabune
brivi~ tipis qmedebebs (mSvenieria, homoseqsualistTa gaTavi
suflebis moZraobamde, erTi da imave sqesis warmomadgenelTa
Soris aqtebi). Cveulebriv saubarSi, iseTi frazebi, rogoricaa
`bunebrivad~ da `es mxolod bunebrivia~ TiTqmis yovelTvis
daufiqreblad gamoiyeneba raimes axsnis, damcavi saSualebi
sa, Tu Seqebis TvalsazrisiT. `bunebrivisa~ da `xelovnuris~
garCevisas TiTqmis yovelTvis zaraldeba xolme meore. buneba
normis TvalsazrisiT ar warmoadgens rogorc aseTs, bunebas
sicocxlis TvalsazrisiT, magram es gansxvaveba, rogorc wesi,
ugulebelyofilia. Tanamedrove garemos dacvis moZraoba
nawilobriv uerTdeba maT, TiTqos bunebis dacva ganixilebodes
bunebisa da sicocxlis (rogorc universaluri normis), arabu
nebriobisa da teqnologiebis sawinaaRmdego TvalsazrisiT.
ufro specifikuri midgomiT, ekologiuri msjeloba bu
nebis ramdenime versias ganixilavs. maTi `kvazi-esTeturi~ da
`eTikuri~ (rogorc SegviZlia vuwodoT) versia, albaT, yvelaze
metad miRebulia, nawilobriv radganac moaxlovebuli glo
baluri katastrofis SegrZneba, romelic iTrevs masStabur
eko-politikas Zalian damTrgunveli da antihumanuria (lato
ri 2004). kvazi-esTeturi garemos dacvis moZraobis mizania
biologiuri saxeobebis SenarCuneba, rasac safuZvlad esTe
turi mizezebi udevs, maTi silamazis, biomravalferovnebisa
Tu absoluturi xelSeuxeblobis da sxv. gamo.
eTnikuri environmentalizmi anti-anTropocentrizmis
magaliTs iRebs. is cdilobs bunebaze kacobriobis batonobis
limitirebas an, sxva sityviT, misi naklebi siZlieriT warmoCe
nas adamianTa modgmis Rvawlis dakninebis mizniT, raTa ar Seiqm
nas STabeWdileba, TiTqos adamiani bunebis centria da buneba

312
arsebobs misi survilebis dasakmayofileblad. kvazi-esTe
turi eko-politika, marTlac, esTeturia, sanam igi saboloo
keTildReobis TvalsazrisiT garemos dacvis moiTxovnamde
miva: magaliTad, amisaTvis, sxva alternativebTan SedarebiT,
Citebis saxeobebis SenarCuneba ver iqneba kargad gaTvlili
alternativa, Rirebuleba-sargebelis mixedviT. Tavisi arsiT
es mizania, iseve rogorc samxatvro moRvaweoba TavisTavad
mizania tradiciuli kanturi esTetikisa (miuxedavad imisa,
rom environmentalizmi regularulad araprognozirebado
baze migvaniSnebs, rodesac igi askvnis, rom Cven ar viciT, risi
danakargi gveqneba, Tu zogierTi saxeobebi gaqrebian).
esTetikur environmentalizms SeiZleba swrafad saqon
lis saxe mieces an gafetiSdes, rogorc es Body Shop-is mar
ketinguli nimuSis SemTxvevaSia `bunebrivad sufTa xsnarebi
kanisa da Tmis mosavlelad~ gamyidveli firmis produqciis
aRweras eweva. davubrundeT frazas (`bunebrivad sufTa~), ro
melic mizanmimarTulad Zlevs winaaRmdegobebs, inarCunebs
ra bunebriobas da sazRvravs, Tu sinamdvileSi ra aris `bune
brivi~. sinamdvileSi Body Shop-is marketingi bunebis gamox
maurebas ar warmoadgens da Tavisi arsiT igi simarTles ar
gamoxatavs, magram igi farTod exmaureba bunebis qveteqstebs.
aseTma reklamam SeiZleba imuSavos maskaradze politikuri
programis TvalsazrisiT. sakuTar Web-gverdze kompanias
CamonaTvalSi Seyavs sakuTari `faseulobebi~: `cxovele
bze cdebis Catarebis winaaRmdeg~, `Temis tradiciebis mx
ardaWera~, `TviTSefasebis gamxneveba~, `adamianTa uflebebis
dacva~ da `davicvaT planeta~ saxiT. savaraudod, misi mTavari
mizani sargeblobis miRebaa, magram farisevlobis gaTval
iswinebiT, am SemTxvevaSi buneba im normis saxiT ganixileba,
romelsac iyeneben xolme Tanamedrove ideologiis erT-erTi
mniSvnelovani berketis SesanarCuneblad: rom TviTSefaseba
(da vinmes ndoba gamorCeuli Rirsebaa) aucilebelia amis
bunebrivad keTeba kargi.
rogorc ukve davinaxeT, buneba aseve SeiZleba ganixile
bodes moralTan da civilizaciasTan ganyenebuli Tvalsaz
risiT. buneba am SemTxvevaSi instinqtebis, impulsebisa da
winsvlis sferoa, romelTa gaazrebasa da moralur wesrigs
kontroli esaWiroeba. albaT, amisi yvelaze gamoxatuli Sem

313
Txveva fsiqoanalitikur `qvecnobiersa~ (romelic froidis
azriT, iqaa, sadac siamovnebis misaRebad Cveni ZiriTadi seq
sualuri da bunebrivi zraxvebia Tavmoyrili da mTliani ga
nadgureba gardauvalia) da `superegosa~ an sindisis grZno
bas, romelic iRviZebs damSvidebisa da TavSekavebis procesSi,
Soris kavSiria. froidi TiTqos zogjer fiqrobda, rom qalebi
mamakacebTan SedarebiT naklebad arian midrekilni sazoga
doebisken, TiTqos isini bunebis struqturasTan metad arian
daaxloebulni. feministebi ki amtkicebdnen, rom patriarqa
tuli ideologiis mixedviT, mamakacebisTvis qalebi warmoad
gendnen igives, rasac buneba warmoadgenda kulturisTvis (da
pasivi iyo aqtivisTvis) es fraza momdinareobs Seri ort
neris cnobili publikaciis saTauridan (ix. grifini 1978; ro
saldo da sxvebi 1974).
bunebis Sesaxeb sxva saxis msjeloba, romelic germanel
idealist filosofos hegelisgan momdinareobs, ganasxvavebs
`pirvelad~ da `meorad~ bunebas. pirveladi buneba arsebobs
adamianTa sazogadoebisgan da teqnologiebisgan gamijnulad;
meoradi buneba ki arsebobs adamianTa sazogadoebisTvis da
mis SigniT. es niSnavs, rom meorad bunebas, Tavis mxriv, gaaC
nia ori forma: erTi mxriv, es aris buneba, romelmac saxe icv
ala da Camoyalibda masSi 120 aTasi (uxeSad) adamianis Carevis
Sedegad, magram igi aseve warmoadgens `bunebas~ koncefciisa
da adamianebisTvis normis TvalsazrisiT. amgvari hegeliseu
li gamijvna gvafiqrebinebs istoriis mzadyofnaze, meoradi
bunebis mier pirvelis STanTqmasTan dakavSirebiT. hegelisT
vis es aSkara progresis maniSnebeli iyo. meorad bunebas sxva
daniSnulebac gaaCnia: mas SeuZlia socialur da politikur
struqturebze bunebrivi saxis micemiT, sazogadoebisa da
politikis naturalizacia ganasaxieros. albaT, amis yvelaze
naTeli gamoxatuleba ojaxia, romelic, upirveles yovlisa,
bunebrivi movlenaa, Semdeg ukve sazogadoebrivi modeli, ro
melic mTliani ojaxis TvalsazrisiT SegviZlia ganvixiloT.
TavisTavad sityva `kulturas~ `kultivaciis~ istoriuli
daniSnulebiTurT, radikalurad naturalizebis unari Sesw
evs: TiTqos koleqtivebisa da pirovnebebis Camoyalibeba saso
flo-sameurneo kulturebis kultivaciis msgavsad xdeboda.
maSin buneba aris is, rasac struqturalistebi `cvalebad

314
maniSnebels~ uwodebdnen: igi warmoadgens sxvadasxva konte
qstebSi semantikuri naSromis gansxvavebul saxeobebs. sxva
sityvebiT igi raRac garegnulis maniSnebelia socialurTan
da kulturulTan mimarTebaSi, romelmac am mizeziT unda
moaqcios CarCoSi da SezRudos isini. magram veranairi gare
gnuli ver iqneba uproblemod socialurTan da kulturul
Tan damokidebulebaSi im doneze mainc, rom Cveni azriT, rac
ganekuTvneba azris miniWebis process, es kulturaa. amgvarad
buneba kulturis Tanmdevia, xolo sazogadoeba, rogorc maTi
Tanmxlebi, Signidan warmoCindeba kulturisa da sazogado
ebis saxiT.
kulturis kvlevebis damokidebuleba bunebis koncefciebis
mniSvnelobasTan da kulturul namuSevrebTan mimarTebaSi
sakmaod gansxvavebulia, magram disciplina struqturulad
ewinaaRmdegeba im moTxovnebs, rom buneba marTlac arsebobs
faseulobis garedan momdinare wyaros saxiT, Tuki moTxovne
bi iReben esTetizebuli, ekologiuri azrovnebis an im anal
izis formas, romelic sazogadoebasa da kulturas bunebriv
obas aniWebs. am TvalsazrisiT kulturis kvlevebis erT-erT
mniSvnelovan da gadamwyvet svlas mivyavarT daskvnamde, rom
konservatiuli azrovneba sistematurad mxars uWers midgo
mas, rom, rac sazogadoebrivia da Sesabamisad politikuri
(birTvuli sistema, dedebi upirveles yovlisa bavSvebis mom
vlelebis TvalsazrisiT) agreTve bunebrivia.
bunebrivobasTan mimarTebaSi amgvari skeptikuri damokide
buleba imas ar niSnavs, rom kulturis kvlevebis analizs ar
Seswevs unari SeuerTdes environmentalizms. ekologiuri
programis romeli saxeoba gauZlebs bunebis koncefciis
kritikas? albaT, am SekiTxvaze yvelaze amomwurav pasuxs
aleqsander uilsonis bunebis kultura: Crdilo amerikuli
landSafti disneidan eqson valdesamde gagvcems. aq uilso
ni gvTavazobs `ekologiis aRdgenas~, romelsac igi ganixilavs
ara bunebis pirveladi saxiT SenarCunebis procesis, aramed
adamiani-buneba urTierTobis istoriis Zlier SegrZnebas
Tan dakavSirebul bunebriv sistemebze adamianTa gamoZaxi
lis TvalsazrisiT (uilsoni 1992). msjelobis amgvari mimar
Tuleba TavisTavad badebs kiTxvas, romelic kvlavac mWidro
kavSirSia romantiul anti-kapitalizmTan (ratom SevqmnaT

315
sakuTari Tavi bunebis koncefciebis mixedviT?) (nil smiti
1996), magram radgan uilsonis buneba ufro mibaZvisaTvis war
mosaxviT idealad, vidre qmedebis an SenarCunebis safuZvlad
Camoyalibda, Znelia, rom igi mTlianobaSi naturalizmTan
mimarTebaSi davadanaSauloT. buneba, romelic misi azriT
garkveuli koleqtiuri idealizmis organizebis SesaZleblo
bebs itovebs, uilsonisTvis mTlianobaSi kulturisa da isto
riis nawiladaa qceuli.
faqtobrivad kulturis kvlevebs environmentalizmis
kulturuli da socialuri efeqtebis gamosakvlevad myari
pozicia ukaviaT. Sesabamisad endriu rosma ramdenime naSrom
Si aRniSna, rom gaurkvevelia, Tu ekologiuri ukmarisobisa
da urTierTkavSiris gamoyeneba ra niSnebis mixedviT warmoebs
(rosi 1994, 16-17). mas surs gaakritikos argumenti, rom bune
brivi resursebi ukve amowurulia da erT adgilas raime umniS
vnelo gamovlinebas (kum fexi gamoyoo), SeuZlia ufro didi
movlena gamoiwvios (gvalva) naxevar dedamiwaze argumente
bi, romlebic eko-politikis zogierTi ganStoebis centrSia.
rosis TqmiT, amgvari moTxovnebi xSirad pirovnul eTikas
asketizmis, environmentaluri mosazrebebisa da globaluri
moqalaqeobis gaurkveveli SegrZnebisken ubiZgebs, vidre na
Teli gonebiT analizze, Tu vin aris sinamdvileSi pasuxismge
beli globalur Warb-momxmareblobaze. mas miaCnia, rom damna
Saveebi ganviTarebuli msoflios msxvili korporaciebi arian
gadawyvetileba, romelic momxmareblebTan TanamSromlo
bas problemas uqmnis. rosi aseve environmentalizmis msxvil
biznesTan aliansis winaaRmdeg ilaSqrebs. marTlac, Seiara
Rebuli Zalebi dedamiwaze safrTxisa da dazianebis saSiSroe
bas qmnian. `ekologiurad racionaluri ganviTareba~ xSirad
is rubrikaa, romlis saxeliTac aseT aliansebs aqvT adgili.
mas advilad gamosdis biznesisa da SeiaraRebuli Zalebis
resursebisken mobilizeba da sazogadoebrivi azris gadafar
va (rosi 1996). ross eSinia, rom sabolood environmentalizmma
SeiZleba dauSvas mecnierebisa da eqpertizis avtoritarizmi.
gansakuTrebiT es sul ufro meti sazogadoebrivi da kul
turuli RonisZiebebis samarTavad, mravalnacionaluri kor
poraciebis mier fondirebas ukavSirdeba.
magram kulturis kvlevebis mier bunebis analizSi Setanili

316
umniSvnelovanesi Rvawli adamianis Semdgomi kategoriaa. ada
mianis Semdgomi Teoria adasturebs adamianis yofas bunebis
gareSe da amis sawinaaRmdegod anTavsebs mas teqnologiebisa
da aRmoCenebis samyaroSi. cnobil narkvevSi `kiborgis mani
festi~, dona hereveim kritikis qarcecxlSi moaqcia gafetiSe
bul bunebasa da bunebrivobis Sesaxeb yovelgvari msjeloba
(ix. herevei 2003). igi gvTavazobs msjelobis meTods, romelic
bunebas faseulobad an raime saxis transcendentalur gamov
linebad ar aRiarebs gare sistemis saerTo maniSnebeli.
garkveulwilad igi ewinaaRmdegeba sazogadoebriv kavSirebs
biologiuri terminologiis TvalsazrisiT `geneologias~.
herevei uaryofs seqsualuri urTierTobebis, upirveles yov
lisa, sqesobriv CarCoebSi moqcevas, aRiarebs ra gamravlebis
teqnologias, romelic spobs kavSirs seqssa da gamravlebas
Soris, rogorcGerTgvari gamyofi (herevei 1999 wlis ganmav
lobaSi). genetikuri implantaciebisa da kodirebis Taname
drove teqnologiebi rom yofiliyo im periodSi, rodesac es
narkvevi Seiqmna, aucileblad damtkicdeboda, rogorc ada
mianebisTvis da sazogadoebrivi organizaciebisTvis da iden
turobis bunebrivad qceuli koncefciebisTvis SesaZleblo
bebis xelSemwyobi.
magram herevei mxolod teqnofili ar aris. mas miaCnia,
rom adamianebsa da teqnologiebs Soris mzardi kompleqsuri
urTierTkavSirebi frTxil gamokvlevasa da kontrolis sa
jaro struqturebs saWiroebs, raTa ar moxdes klasobrivi da
genderuli uTanasworobis gaRviveba. im pirobebSi, rodesac
teqnologia sul ufro metad awesrigebs samuSao da Tavisu
fal dros da maT Soris kavSirs, gansxvaveba maT Soris bevr
isTvis sul ufro mcirdeba rac pirdapir rom vTqvaT, Sei
Zleba kargic iyos da cudic, gaaCnia ra SemTxvevaSi emsgavseba
Sroma dasvenebas (privilegirebulTa damaxasiaTebeli) da ra
SemTxvevaSi piriqiT (CagrulTa damaxasiaTebeli). rogorc
hereveisTvis, aseve rosisTvis, romlebic socialisturi su
liskveTebiT msjeloben, amosavali wertili Sromaa. herevei
restruqturirebuli SromiTi procesebis danergvis momxrea
adamianis Semdgom da bunebis Semdgom samyaroSi Cagvris isto
riuli formebis dagrovebis Tavidan acilebis mizniT.
tradiciulad da gansakuTrebiT marqsizmSi, Sroma moiaz

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reba bunebasa da sazogadoebas Soris damakavSireblad,
TiTqos buneba kidev sxva ramed gardaiqmneba sazogadoeba ki
mxolod muSaobis TvalsazrisiT. xolo warmoebisTvis saWiro
Sromis raodenoba misi faseulobis yvelaze utyuar sazomad
moiazreboda. ra Tqma unda, mas Semdeg, rac teqnologia da in
formacia marTavs warmoebis process da qveynis ekonomikaSi
momsaxurebisa da kulturuli saqoneli sul ufro aqtualuri
xdeba, am tipis Sromam ukana planze gadaiwia.
radgan Sroma gamudmebiT sazogadoebrivsa da bunebrivs
aregulirebs, SemTxveviTobas ukve aRar warmoadgens, rom
mTavari kategoria bunebasTan kulturuli da sazogadoebri
vi kavSiris Taobaze msjelobis TvalsazrisiT, Sromas eniWeba.
marTlac, rosisa da hereveis naSromebis mixedviT SegviZlia vi
fiqroT, rom rodesac kulturis kvlevebi ikvleven maT pirda
pir obieqts, kulturas muSaobis kulturis, yoveldRiuri
kulturisa Tu cxovrebis mniSvnelobis winaaRmdeg brZolis
TvalsazrisiT Sroma analitikuri kategoriidan amovardnis
didi albaTobis winaSe dgeba. es Cven kulturis kvlevebis (da
am wignis) erT-erT mniSvnelovan sakiTxze migvaniSnebs: imsa
xurebs disciplina seriozul ganxilvas, Tuki igi Sromis
myari analitikuri marTvis deficits ganicdis sazogado
ebrivi cxovrebis `bunebrivi~ safuZveli rodesac igi daner
gilia kulturaSi? Tu Cven mier bunebis martiv mamravlebad
daSla imas niSnavs, rom Sromis kategoriac xelaxla unda
ganvixiloT? Tuki buneba iSleba `kontrastebis matricad~
(rogorc vvaraudobdiT), SeiZleba igi TanxmobaSi modiodes
yvela koncefciasTan, romelic muSaobas, pirvelad, bunebriv
kondiciasTan akavSirebs?

damatebiTi literatura: Franklin and others 2000; Haraway

2003; Hayles 1999; Ross 1991, 1994 and 1996; Wilson 1992.

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