Chapter 8

DetailingofReinforcmentinConcreteStructures

8.1 Scope
Provisions of Sec. 8.1 and 8.2 of Chapter 8 shall apply for detailing of reinforcement in reinforced concrete
members, in general. For reinforced concrete structures, subject to earthquake loadings in seismic design
categoriesB,CandD,specialprovisionscontainedinSec.8.3ofthischaptershallapply.FornotationsusedinSec.
8.1and8.2andnotexplainedtherein,see6.1.1.1.

8.1.1 StandardHooks
Theterm"standardhook"asusedinthisCodeshallmeanoneofthefollowing:
(a) 180obendplusanextensionofatleast4bardiameters,butnotlessthan65mmatthefreeendof
thebar.
(b) 90obendplusanextensionofatleast12bardiametersatthefreeendofthebar.
(c) Forstirrupandtieanchorage
i. For16mm barandsmaller,a90obendplusanextensionofatleast6bardiametersatthefree
endofthebar,
ii. For19mmto25mmbars,a90obendplusanextensionofatleast12bardiametersatthefree
endofthebar,
iii. For25mm barandsmaller,a135obendplusanextensionofatleast6bardiametersatthe
freeendofthebar,
iv. Forclosedtiesandcontinuouslywoundties,a135obendplusanextensionofatleast6bar
diameters,butnotlessthan75mm.
(d) Seismichooksasdefinedin2.2.

8.1.2 MinimumBendDiameters

8.1.2.1 Theminimumdiameterofbendmeasuredontheinsideofthebar,forstandardhooksotherthanfor
stirrupsandtiesinsizes10mm through16mm ,shallnotbelessthanthevaluesshowninTable
8.1.1.

Table8.1.1MinimumDiametersofBend

BarSize MinimumDiameterofBend
10mmdb25mm 6db
25mm<db40mm 8db
40mm<db57mm 10db

8.1.2.2 Forstirrupsandtiehooks,insidediameterofbendshallnotbelessthan4bardiametersfor16mm
barandsmaller.Forbarslargerthan16mm,diameterofbendshallbeinaccordancewithTable8.1.1.

8.1.2.3 Insidediameterofbendinweldedwirereinforcementforstirrupsandtiesshallnotbelessthan4bar
diameters for deformed wire larger than MD40 and 2 bar diameters for all other wires. Bends with
insidediameteroflessthan8bardiametersshallnotbelessthan4bardiametersfromnearestwelded
intersection.

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8.1.3 Bending

8.1.3.1 Unlessotherwisepermittedbytheengineer,allreinforcementshallbebentcold.

8.1.3.2 Reinforcement partiallyembeddedinconcrete shall notbebent in place, except aspermitted by the

engineerorasshowninthedesigndrawings.

8.1.4 SurfaceConditionsofReinforcement

8.1.4.1 Whenconcreteisplaced,metalreinforcementshallbefreefrommud,oil,orothernonmetalliccoatings
thatdecreasebond.Epoxycoatingofsteelreinforcementinaccordancewithstandardsreferencedin
thiscodeshallbepermitted.

8.1.4.2 Metal reinforcement with rust, mill scale, or a combination of both, shall be considered satisfactory,
provided the minimum dimensions (including height of deformations) and weight of a handwire
brushedtestspecimenarenotlessthanapplicableASTMspecificationrequirements.

8.1.5 PlacingofReinforcement

8.1.5.1 Reinforcementshallbeaccuratelyplacedandadequatelysupportedbeforeconcreteisplaced,andshall
besecuredagainstdisplacementwithintolerancespermittedin8.1.5.2below.

8.1.5.2 Reinforcement shall be placed within the following tolerances unless otherwise specified by the
engineer:
(a) Tolerances for depth d, and minimum concrete cover in flexural members, walls and compression
membersshallbeassetforthinTable8.1.2.
Table8.1.2TolerancesforPlacingReinforcement

Toleranceford ToleranceforMinimum
ConcreteCover
d200mm 10mm 10mm
d>200mm 13mm 13mm

(b) Notwithstandingtheprovisionof(a)above,toleranceforthecleardistancetoformedsoffitsshallbe
minus 6 mm and tolerance for cover shall not exceed minus 1/3 the minimum concrete cover
specifiedinthedesigndrawingsorspecifications.
(c) Toleranceforlongitudinallocationofbendsandendsofreinforcementshallbe50mm,exceptat
discontinuousendsofbracketsandcorbels,wheretoleranceshallbe13mmandatdiscontinuous
ends of other members, where tolerance shall be 25 mm. The tolerance for concrete cover of
8.1.5.2ashallalsoapplyatdiscontinuousendsofmembers.

8.1.5.3 Welded wire reinforcement (with wire size not greater than MW30 or MD30) used in slabs not
exceeding 3 m in span shall be permitted to be curved from a point near the top of slab over the
support to a point near the bottom of slab at midspan, provided such reinforcement is either
continuousover,orsecurelyanchoredatsupport.

8.1.5.4 Weldingofcrossingbarsshallnotbepermittedforassemblyofreinforcementunlessauthorizedbythe
engineer.

8.1.6 SpacingofReinforcement

8.1.6.1 Theminimumclearspacingbetweenparallelbarsinalayershallbeequaltoonebardiameter,butnot
lessthan25mm,or4/3themaximumnominalsizeofcoarseaggregate,whicheverislarger.

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8.1.6.2 Whereparallelreinforcementisplacedintwoormorelayers,barsintheupperlayersshallbeplaced
directlyabovethoseinthebottomlayerwithcleardistancebetweenlayersnotlessthan25mm.

8.1.6.3 Forcompressionmembers,thecleardistancebetweenlongitudinalbarsshallbenotlessthan1.5bar
diametersnor40mmnor4/3themaximumnominalsizeofcoarseaggregate.

8.1.6.4 Clear distance limitation between bars shall apply also to the clear distance between a contact lap
spliceandadjacentsplicesorbars.

8.1.6.5 Inwallsandonewayslabsthemaximumbarspacingshallnotbemorethanthreetimesthewallorslab
thicknesshnor450mm.

8.1.6.6 Fortwowayslabs,maximumspacingofbarsshallnotexceedtwotimestheslabthicknesshnor450
mm.

8.1.6.7 Fortemperaturesteelonly,maximumspacingshallnotexceedfivetimestheslabthicknesshnor450
mm.

8.1.6.8 BundledBars
(a) Groupsofparallelreinforcingbarsbundledincontacttoactasaunitshallbelimitedtofourinany
onebundle.
(b) Bundledbarsshallbeenclosedwithinstirrupsorties.
(c) Barslargerthan32mmshallnotbebundledinbeams.
(d) Individualbarswithinabundleterminatedwithinthespanofflexuralmembersshallterminateat
differentpointswithatleast40dbstagger.
(e) Wherespacinglimitationsandminimumconcretecoverarebasedonbardiameterdb,aunitof
bundledbarsshallbetreatedasasinglebarofadiameterderivedfromtheequivalenttotalarea.

8.1.7 ExposureConditionandCovertoReinforcement

8.1.7.1 The nominal concrete cover to all reinforcement (including links), maximum free watercement ratio
and minimum cement content required for various minimum concrete strengths used in different
exposureconditionsshallbeasspecifiedinTable8.1.3.However,formildenvironment,theminimum
concretecoverspecifiedin8.1.7.2and8.1.7.3forvariousstructuralelementsmaybeused.

8.1.7.2 CastinplaceConcrete:
(a)Minimumconcretecoverforconcretecastagainstandpermanentlyexposedtoearthshallbe75mm.
(b)Concreteexposedtoearthorweather:
Minimumcover,mm
19mmthrough57mm 50
16mmbarandsmaller 40
(c)Thefollowingminimumconcretecovermaybeprovidedforreinforcementforconcretesurfacesnotexposed
toweatherorincontactwithground:
Minimumcover,mm
Slabs,Walls:
40mm to57mm 40
36mm barandsmaller 20

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Minimumcover,mm
Beams,Columns:
Primaryreinforcement, Ties, 40
stirrups,spirals
Shells,foldedplatemembers:
19mmbarandlarger 20
16mm barandsmaller 16

Table8.1.3*ConcreteCoverandotherRequirementsforVariousExposureConditions

Environment ExposureConditions MinimumfcN/mm2

20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Mild Concretesurfacesprotectedagainst 30 25 20 20 20** 20** 20**
weatheroraggressiveconditions
Moderate Concretesurfaceawayfromsevererain 40 35 30 25 20 20 20
Concretesubjecttocondensation
Concretesurfacescontinuouslyunder
Nominalcover(mm)

water
Concreteincontactwithnonaggressive
soil
Severe Concretesurfacesexposedtosevere 45 40 30 25 25 20
rain,alternatewettinganddryingor
severecondensation
Verysevere Concretesurfacesexposedtoseawater 50 40 30 30 25
spray,corrosivefumes
Extreme Concretesurfacesexposedtoabrasive 60 50 40 30
action,e.g.seawatercarryingsolidsor
flowingwaterwithpH<4.5ormachinery
orvehicles
Maximumwater/cementratio 0.65 0.65 0.60 0.55 0.50 0.45 0.42
3
Minimumcementcontent,(kg/m ) 315 325 350 375 400 410 420
*Thistablerelatestoaggregateof20mmnominalmaximumsize.
**Maybereducedto15mmprovidedthenominalmaximumaggregatesizedoesnotexceed15mm.

8.1.7.3 PrecastConcrete(manufacturedunderplantcontrolconditions):
(a)Concreteexposedtoearthorweather:
Minimumcover,mm
WallPanels:
40mmto57mm 40
36mmbarandsmaller 20
OtherMembers:
40mmto57mm 50
19mm through36mm 40
16mmbarandsmaller 30

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(b)Concretenotexposedtoweatherorincontactwithground:
Minimumcover,mm
Slabs,Walls:
4ommto57mm 30
36mmbarandsmaller 16
Beams,columns:
Primaryreinforcement 20 40
Ties,stirrups,spiral 15
Shells,foldedplatemembers:
19mmbarandlarger 16
16mmbarandsmaller 10

8.1.7.4 For concrete cast against and permanently exposed to earth, minimum cover shall be 75 mm. If,
concretecoverspecifiedin8.1.7.1(Table8.1.3)conflictswiththosespecifiedin8.1.7.2or8.1.7.3,the
largervalueshallbetaken.

8.1.7.5 BundledBars:Minimumconcretecovershallbeequaltotheequivalentdiameterofthebundle,but
neednotbegreaterthan50mm.

8.1.7.6 Future Extension : Exposed reinforcement, inserts, and plates intended for bonding with future
extensionsshallbeprotectedfromcorrosion.

8.1.7.7 FireProtection:Ifathicknessofcoverforfireprotectiongreaterthantheconcretecoversspecifiedin
8.1.7.1through8.1.7.6isrequired,suchgreaterthicknessesshallbespecified.

8.1.7.8 Corrosive Environments: If a thickness of cover for corrosive environment or other severe exposure
conditionsgreaterthantheconcretecoversspecifiedin8.1.7.1through8.1.7.6isrequired,suchgreater
thicknesses shall be specified. For corrosion protection, a specified concrete cover for reinforcement
notlessthan50mmforwallsandslabsandnotlessthan65mmforothermembersmaybeused.For
precastconcretemembersaspecifiedconcretecovernotlessthan40mmforwallsandslabsandnot
lessthan50mmforothermembersmaybeused.

8.1.8 ReinforcementDetailsforColumns

8.1.8.1 OffsetBars:Offsetbentlongitudinalbarsshallconformtothefollowing:
(a) Themaximumslopeofinclinedportionofanoffsetbarwithaxisofcolumnshallnotexceed1in6.
(b) Portionsofbaraboveandbelowanoffsetshallbeparalleltotheaxisofcolumn.
(c) Horizontalsupportatoffsetbendsshallbeprovidedbylateralties,spirals,orpartsofthefloor
construction.Horizontalsupportprovidedshallbedesignedtoresist1.5timesthehorizontal
componentofthecomputedforceintheinclinedportionoftheoffsetbars.Lateraltiesorspirals,if
used,shallbeplacednotmorethan150mmawayfrompointsofbend.
(d) Offsetbarsshallbebentbeforeplacementintheforms(see8.1.3).
(e) Wherethefaceofthecolumnaboveisoffset75mmormorefromthefaceofthecolumnbelow,
longitudinalbarsshallnotbepermittedtobeoffsetbent.Thelongitudinalbarsadjacenttotheoffset
columnfacesshallbelapsplicedusingseparatedowels.Lapsplicesshallconformto8.2.14.

8.1.8.2 Steel Cores: Load transfer in structural steel cores of composite compression members shall be
providedbythefollowing:
(a) Endsofstructuralsteelcoresshallbeaccuratelyfinishedtobearatendbearingsplices,withpositive
provisionforalignmentofonecoreabovetheotherinconcentriccontact.

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(b) Atendbearingsplices,bearingshallbeconsideredeffectivetotransfernotmorethan50percentof
thetotalcompressivestressinthesteelcore.
(c) Transferofstressbetweencolumnbaseandfootingshallbedesignedinaccordancewith6.8.8.
(d) Baseofstructuralsteelsectionshallbedesignedtotransferthetotalloadfromtheentirecomposite
membertothefooting;or,thebaseshallbedesignedtotransfertheloadfromthesteelcoreonly,
providedampleconcretesectionisavailablefortransferoftheportionofthetotalloadcarriedby
thereinforcedconcretesectiontothefootingbycompressionintheconcreteandbyreinforcement.

8.1.9 LateralReinforcementforColumns

8.1.9.1 Lateralreinforcementforcompressionmembersshallconformtotheprovisionsof8.1.9.3and8.1.9.4
belowandwhereshearortorsionreinforcementisrequired,shallalsoconformtoprovisionsofSec6.4.

8.1.9.2 Lateralreinforcementrequirementsforcompositecolumnsshallconformto6.3.13.7and6.3.13.8.

8.1.9.3 Spirals:Spiralreinforcementforcolumnsshallconformto6.3.9.3andtothefollowing:
(a) Spiralsshallconsistofevenlyspacedcontinuousbarorwireofsuchsizeandsoassembledasto
permithandlingandplacingwithoutdistortionfromdesigneddimensions.
(b) Sizeofspiralsshallnotbelessthan10mmdiameterforcastinplaceconstruction.
(c) Theminimumandmaximumclearspacingbetweenspiralsshallbe25mmand75mmrespectively.
(d) Anchorageofspiralreinforcementshallbeprovidedby1.5extraturnsofspiralbarorwireateach
endofaspiralunit.
(e) Splicesinspiralreinforcementshallbelapsplicesof48spiraldiameterfordeformeduncoatedbaror
wireand72spiraldiameterforothercases,butnotlessthan300mm.
(f) Spiralsshallextendfromthetopoffootingorslabinanystoreytothelevelofthelowesthorizontal
reinforcementinmemberssupportedabove.
(g) Spiralsshallextendaboveterminationofspiraltobottomofslabordroppanel,wherebeamsor
bracketsdonotframeintoallsidesofacolumn.
(h) Spiralsshallextendtoalevelatwhichthediameterorwidthofcapitalis2timesthatofthecolumn,
incaseofcolumnswithcapitals.
(i) Spiralsshallbeheldfirmlyinplaceandtruetoline.

8.1.9.4 Ties:Tiereinforcementforcompressionmembersshallconformtothefollowing:
(a) Allbarsshallbeenclosedbylateralties,atleast10mminsizeforlongitudinalbars32mmor
smaller,andatleast12mminsizefor36mmto57mmandbundledlongitudinalbars.
(b) Verticalspacingoftiesshallnotexceed16longitudinalbardiametersor48tiediameters,ortheleast
dimensionofthecompressionmembers.
(c) Tiesshallbearrangedsuchthateverycornerandalternatelongitudinalbarshallhavelateralsupport
providedbythecornerofatiewithanincludedanglenotmorethan135deg.Noverticalbarshallbe
fartherthan150mmclearoneachsidealongthetiefromsuchalaterallysupportedbar.Where
longitudinalbarsarelocatedaroundtheperimeterofacircle,acompletecirculartieisallowed.
(d) Thelowesttieinanystoreyshallbeplacedwithinonehalftherequiredtiespacingfromthetop
mosthorizontalreinforcementintheslaborfootingbelow.Theuppermosttieinanystoreyshallbe
withinonehalftherequiredtiespacingfromthelowesthorizontalreinforcementintheslabordrop
panelabove.
(e) Wherebeamsorbracketsprovideconcreteconfinementatthetopofthecolumnonall(four)sides,
thetoptieshallbewithin75mmofthelowesthorizontalreinforcementintheshallowestofsuch
beamsorbrackets.
(f) Whereanchorboltsareplacedinthetopofcolumnsorpedestals,theboltsshallbeenclosedby
lateralreinforcementthatalsosurroundsatleastfourverticalbarsofthecolumnorpedestal.The
lateralreinforcementshallbedistributedwithin125mmofthetopofthecolumnorpedestal,and
shallconsistofatleasttwo12mm barsorthree10mmbars.
(g) Wherelongitudinalbarsarearrangedinacircularpattern,individualcirculartiesperspecified
spacingmaybeused.

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8.1.10 LateralReinforcementforBeams

8.1.10.1 Compressionreinforcementinbeamsshallbeenclosedbytiesorstirrupssatisfyingthesizeandspacing
limitations in 8.1.9.4 above. Such ties or stirrups shall be provided throughout the distance where
compressionreinforcementisrequired.

8.1.10.2 Lateralreinforcementforflexuralframingmemberssubjecttostressreversalsortotorsionatsupports
shallconsistofclosedties,closedstirrups,orspiralsextendingaroundtheflexuralreinforcement.

8.1.10.3 Closed ties or stirrups shall be formed in one piece by overlapping standard stirrup or tie end hooks
aroundalongitudinalbar,orformedinoneortwopieceslapsplicedwithaClassBsplice(lapof 1. 3 l d )
oranchoredinaccordancewith8.2.10.

8.1.11 ShrinkageandTemperatureReinforcement

8.1.11.1 Where the flexural reinforcement extends in one direction only, reinforcement for shrinkage and
temperature stresses shall be provided perpendicular to flexural reinforcement in structural slabs.
Shrinkageandtemperaturereinforcementshallbeprovidedinaccordancewith8.1.11.2below.

8.1.11.2 Deformedreinforcementconformingto5.3.2shallbeprovidedinaccordancewiththefollowing:
a) Areaofshrinkageandtemperaturereinforcementshallprovideatleastthefollowingratiosof
reinforcementareatogrossconcretearea:
0.0020 forslabswherereinforcementwith =275N/mm2or350N/mm2areused,
0.0018 forslabswherereinforcementwith =420N/mm2areused,
420
0.0018 orslabswherereinforcementwith exceeding420N/mm2areused.

Inanycase,thereinforcementratioshallnotbelessthan0.0014.
b) Areaofshrinkageandtemperaturereinforcementforbrickaggregateconcreteshallbeatleast1.5times
thatprovidedin(a)above.
c) Shrinkageandtemperaturereinforcementshallbespacednotfartherapartthan5timestheslab
thickness,nor450mm.
d) Atallsectionswhererequired,reinforcementforshrinkageandtemperaturestressesshalldevelopthe
specifiedyieldstrength intensioninaccordancewithSec8.2.

8.1.12 RequirementsforStructuralIntegrity

8.1.12.1 In the detailing of reinforcement and connections, members of a structure shall be effectively tied
togethertoimproveintegrityoftheoverallstructure.

8.1.12.2 Theminimumrequirementsforcastinplaceconstructionshallbe:
(a) Inonewayslabconstruction,atleastonebottombarshallbecontinuousorshallbesplicedoverthe
supportwithaClassAtensionsplice.Atnoncontinuoussupports,thebarsmaybeterminatedwitha
standardhook.
(b) Beams at the perimeter of the structure shall have at least onesixth of the tension reinforcement
required for negative moment at the support, but not less than two bars and onequarter of the
positive moment reinforcement required at midspan, but not less than two bars made continuous
overthespanlengthpassingthroughtheregionboundedbythelongitudinalreinforcementofthe
column around the perimeter and tied with closed stirrups. Closed stirrups need not be extended
throughanyjoints.Therequiredcontinuitymaybeprovidedwithtopreinforcementsplicedatmid
spanandbottomreinforcementsplicedatornearthesupportwithClassBtensionsplices.
(c) Whenclosedstirrupsarenotprovided,inotherthanperimeterbeams,atleastonequarterofthe
positivemomentreinforcementrequiredatmidspan,butnotlessthantwobarsshallpassthrough
theregionboundedbythelongitudinalreinforcementofthecolumnandshallbecontinuousorshall

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besplicedoverthesupportwithaClassBtensionsplice.Atnoncontinuoussupportsthebarsshall
beanchoredtodevelop atthefaceofthesupportusingastandardhook.

8.1.12.3 Toeffectivelytieelementstogether,tensiontiesshallbeprovidedinthetransverse,longitudinal,and
verticaldirectionsandaroundtheperimeterofthestructureforprecastconcreteconstruction.

8.1.13 Connections

8.1.13.1 Enclosure shall be provided for splices of continuing reinforcement and for anchorage of terminating
reinforcementatconnectionsofprincipalframingelements(suchasbeamsandcolumns),

8.1.13.2 Externalconcreteorinternalclosedties,spirals,orstirrupsshallbeusedasenclosuresatconnections.

8.2 DEVELOPMENTANDSPLICESOFREINFORCEMENT

8.2.1 DevelopmentofReinforcementGeneral
Calculatedtensionorcompressionstressinreinforcementateachsectionofreinforcedconcretemembersshall
bedevelopedoneachsideofthatsectionbyembedmentlength,hookormechanicaldevice,oracombination
thereof.Hooksmaybeusedindevelopingbarsintensiononly.

8.2.2 ScopeandLimitation
Thevaluesof usedinSec8.2shallnotexceed8.3MPa.Inadditiontorequirementsstatedherethataffect
detailingofreinforcement,structuralintegrityrequirementsof8.1.12shallbesatisfied.

8.2.3 DevelopmentofDeformedBarsandDeformedWiresinTension

8.2.3.1 Development length for deformed bars and deformed wire in tension, shall be determined from
either8.2.3.2or8.2.3.3andapplicablemodificationfactorsof8.2.3.4and8.2.3.5,but shallnotbe
lessthan300mm.

8.2.3.2 Fordeformedbarsordeformedwire, shallbeasfollows:

Spacingandcover 19mm andsmallerbars 20mmandlargerbars
anddeformedwires
Clear spacing of bars or wires being
developed or spliced not less than . .
,clearcovernotlessthan ,and
stirrupsortiesthroughout notless
thantheCodeminimum
or
Clear spacing of bars or wires being
developed or spliced not less than
2 andclearcovernotlessthan
Othercases
. .

8.2.3.3 Fordeformedbarsordeformedwire, shallbe

8.2.1
.

inwhichtheconfinementterm shallnotbetakengreaterthan2.5,and
8.2.2

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where is the number of bars or wires being spliced or developed along the plane of splitting. It shall be
permittedtouse 0asadesignsimplificationeveniftransversereinforcementispresent.

8.2.3.4 Thefactorsusedintheexpressionsfordevelopmentofdeformedbarsanddeformedwiresintensionin
8.2.3areasfollows:
(a) Wherehorizontalreinforcementisplacedsuchthatmorethan300mmoffreshconcreteiscast
belowthedevelopmentlengthorsplice, 1.3.Forothersituations, 1.0.
(b) Forepoxycoatedbarsorwireswithcoverlessthan3 ,orclearspacinglessthan6 , 1.5.For
allotherepoxycoatedbarsorwires, 1.2.Foruncoatedandzinccoated(galvanized)
reinforcement, 1.0.However,theproduct neednotbegreaterthan1.7.
(c) For19mm andsmallerbarsanddeformedwires, =0.8.For20mm andlargerbars, 1.0.
(d) Wherelightweightconcreteisused, shallnotexceed0.75unless isspecified(see6.1.8.1).
Wherenormalweightconcreteisused, 1.0.

,
8.2.3.5 Excess Reinforcement : Development length may be reduced by the factor where
,
reinforcementinaflexuralmemberisinexcessofthatrequiredbyanalysisexceptwhereanchorageor
developmentfor isspecificallyrequiredorthereinforcementisdesignedundertheprovisionsof
8.3.3.1(c).

8.2.4 DevelopmentofDeformedBarsandDeformedWiresinCompression

8.2.4.1 Development length for deformed bars and deformed wire in compression, , shall be determined
from8.2.4.2andapplicablemodificationfactorsof8.2.4.3,but shallnotbelessthan200mm.

8.2.4.2 For deformed bars and deformed wire, shall be taken as the larger of 0.24 and
2
. ,with asgivenin8.2.3.4(d)andtheconstant0.043carriestheunitofmm /N.

8.2.4.3 Length in8.2.4.2shallbepermittedtobemultipliedbytheapplicablefactorsfor:

,
(a) Reinforcementinexcessofthatrequiredbyanalysis ..
,
(b) Reinforcementenclosedwithinspiralreinforcementnotlessthan6mmdiameterandnotmorethan100
mmpitchorwithin12mm tiesinconformancewith8.1.9.4andspacedatnotmorethan100mmon
center ...0.75

8.2.5 DevelopmentofBundledBars

8.2.5.1 Developmentlengthofindividualbarswithinabundle,intensionorcompression,shallbethatforthe
individualbar,increased20percentfor3barbundlesand33percentfor4barbundles.

8.2.5.2 Fordeterminingtheappropriatespacingandcovervaluesin8.2.3.2,theconfinementtermin8.2.3.3,
and the factor in 8.2.3.4(b), a unit of bundled bars shall be treated as a single bar of a diameter
derived fromthe equivalent total area and having a centroid that coincides with that of the bundled
bars.

8.2.6 DevelopmentofStandardHooksinTension

8.2.6.1 Developmentlength fordeformedbarsintensionterminatinginastandardhookshallbecomputed

as the product of the basic development length for deformed bars, of 8.2.6.2 below and the
applicablemodificationfactororfactorsof8.2.6.3,but shallbenotlessthan8 norlessthan150
mm.

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8.2.6.2 For deformed bars, shall be 0.24 with taken as 1.2 for epoxycoated
reinforcement,and takenas0.75forlightweightconcrete.Forothercases, and shallbetakenas
1.0.

8.2.6.3 Length in8.2.6.2shallbepermittedtobemultipliedbythefollowingapplicablefactors:

(a) For36mm barandsmallerhookswithsidecover(normaltoplaneofhook)not
less than 65 mm, and for 90degree hook with cover on bar extension beyond
hooknotlessthan50mm 0.7
(b) For 90degree hooks of 36 mm bar and smaller bars that are either enclosed
within ties or stirrups perpendicular to the bar being developed, spaced not
greaterthan3 along ;orenclosedwithintiesorstirrupsparalleltothebar
being developed, spaced not greater than 3 along the length of the tail
extensionofthehookplusbend 0.8
(c) For180degreehooksof36mm barandsmallerbarsthatareenclosedwithin
tiesorstirrupsperpendiculartothebarbeingdeveloped,spacednotgreaterthan
3 along 0.8
(d) Whereanchorageordevelopmentfor isnotspecificallyrequired,reinforcement ,

inexcessofthatrequiredbyanalysis ,

In 8.2.6.3(b) and 8.2.6.3(c), is the diameter of the hooked bar, and the first tie or stirrup shall
enclosethebentportionofthehook,within2 oftheoutsideofthebend.

8.2.6.4 Forbarsbeingdevelopedbyastandardhookatdiscontinuousendsofmemberswithbothsidecover
andtop(orbottom)coveroverhooklessthan65mm,thehookedbarshallbeenclosedwithintiesor
stirrupsperpendiculartothebarbeingdeveloped,spacednotgreaterthan3 along .Thefirsttie
orstirrupshallenclosethebentportionofthehook,within2 oftheoutsideofthebend,where is
thediameterofthehookedbar.Forthiscase,thefactorsof8.2.6.3(b)and(c)shallnotapply.

8.2.6.5 Hooksshallnotbeconsideredeffectiveindevelopingbarsincompression.

8.2.7 DevelopmentofFlexuralReinforcementGeneral

8.2.7.1 Tension reinforcement may be developed by bending across the web to be anchored or made
continuouswithreinforcementontheoppositefaceofmember.

8.2.7.2 Criticalsectionsfordevelopmentofreinforcementinflexuralmembersareatpointsofmaximumstress
and at points within the span where adjacent reinforcement terminates, or is bent. In addition, the
provisionsof8.2.8.3shallalsobesatisfied.

8.2.7.3 Reinforcement shall extend beyond the point at which it is no longer required to resist flexure for a
distance not less than nor less than 12 , except at supports of simple spans and at free end of
cantilevers.

8.2.7.4 Continuing reinforcement shall have an embedment length not less than the development length
beyond the point where the bent or terminated tension reinforcement is no longer needed to resist
bending.

8.2.7.5 Noflexuralbarshallbeterminatedinatensionzoneunlessoneofthefollowingconditionsissatisfied:
(a) atthelocationofterminationisnotovertwothirdsof .
(b) Stirrupareainexcessofthatnormallyrequiredforshearandtorsionisprovidedoveradistance
alongeachterminatedbarorwireequalto0.75dfromthepointofcutoff.ExcessstirrupareaAv
.
shallbenotlessthan .Spacingsshallnotexceed ,where istheratioofareaof
reinforcementcutofftototalareaoftensionreinforcementatthesection.

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(c) For36mm barandsmaller,thecontinuingbarsprovidetwicethearearequiredforflexureatthe

cutoffpointandtheshear doesnotexceedthreequarterof .

8.2.7.6 Wherethereinforcementstressisnotdirectlyproportionaltomoment,suchasinsloped,stepped,or
taperedfootings,brackets,deepflexuralmembers,ormembersinwhichtensionreinforcementisnot
paralleltothecompressionface,adequateanchorageshallbeprovidedforthetensionreinforcement.
See8.2.8.4and8.2.9.4fordeepflexuralmembers.

8.2.8 DevelopmentofPositiveMomentReinforcement

8.2.8.1 At least onethird of the positive moment reinforcement in simple members and onefourth of the
positivemomentreinforcementincontinuousmembersshallextendalongthe samefaceofmember
intothesupport.Inbeams,suchreinforcementshallextendintothesupportatleast150mm.

8.2.8.2 When the flexural member is a part of the primary lateral load resisting system, positive moment
reinforcementextendedintothesupportby8.2.8.1aboveshallbeanchoredtodevelopthespecified
yieldstrength intensionatthefaceofsupport.

8.2.8.3 Atsimplesupportsandatpointsofinflection,positivemomenttensionreinforcementshallbelimited
toadiametersuchthat computedfor by8.2.3satisfiesEq(8.2.3),exceptthatEq(8.2.3)neednot
besatisfiedforreinforcementterminatingbeyondthecentrelineofsimplesupportsbyastandardhook
oramechanicalanchorageatleastequivalenttoastandardhook.
(8.2.3)
where

= nominalmomentstrengthassumingallreinforcementatsectiontobestressedto .
= factoredshearforceatsection
= atasupport,embeddedlengthofbarbeyondcentreofsupport;atpointofzeromoment,shall
belimitedtodor12 ,whicheverisgreater.
The value of may be increased 30 per cent when the ends of reinforcement are confined by a
compressivereaction.

8.2.8.4 At simple supports of deep beams, positive moment tension reinforcement shall be anchored to
develop intensionatthefaceofthesupportexceptthatifdesigniscarriedoutusingAppendixA,
the positive moment tension reinforcement shall be anchored in accordance with A.4.3. At interior
supportsofdeepbeams,positivemomenttensionreinforcementshallbecontinuousorbesplicedwith
thatoftheadjacentspans.

8.2.9 DevelopmentofNegativeMomentReinforcement

8.2.9.1 Negativemomentreinforcementinacontinuous,restrained,orcantilevermember,orinanymember
ofarigidframe,shallbeanchoredinorthroughthesupportingmemberbyembedmentlength,hooks
ormechanicalanchorage.

8.2.9.2 Negativemomentreinforcementshallhaveanembedmentlengthintothespanasrequiredby8.2.1,
8.2.2.and8.2.7.3.

8.2.9.3 Atleastonethirdofthetotaltensionreinforcementprovidedfornegativemomentatthesupportshall
be extended beyond the point of inflection a distance not less than , 16, or 12 , whichever is
greater.

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8.2.9.4 At interior supports of deep flexural members, negative moment tension reinforcement shall be
continuouswiththatoftheadjacentspans.

8.2.10 DevelopmentofShearReinforcement

8.2.10.1 Shearreinforcementshallbecarriedasclosetocompressionandtensionsurfacesofmemberascover
requirementsandproximityofotherreinforcementpermits.

8.2.10.2 The ends of single leg, simple U, or multiple Ustirrups shall be anchored by one of the following
means:
(a) ByastandardhookaroundlongitudinalreinforcementforMD200wires,and16mmbarsand
smallerandfor19mm through25mm barswith 280 N/mm2.

(b) For19mm through25mm stirrupswith greaterthan280N/mm2,astandardstirruphook
aroundalongitudinalbarplusanembedmentbetweenmidheightofthememberandtheoutside
.
endofthehookequaltoorgreaterthan .
(c) ForeachlegofweldedplainwirereinforcementformingsimpleUstirrups,either:(i)Two
longitudinalwiresspacedata50mmspacingalongthememberatthetopoftheU;or(ii)One
longitudinalwirelocatednotmorethan /4fromthecompressionfaceandasecondwirecloserto
thecompressionfaceandspacednotlessthan50mmfromthefirstwire.Thesecondwireshallbe
permittedtobelocatedonthestirruplegbeyondabend,oronabendwithaninsidediameterof
bendnotlessthan8 .
(d) Foreachendofasinglelegstirrupofweldedwirereinforcement,twolongitudinalwiresata
minimumspacingof50mmandwiththeinnerwireatleastthegreaterof /4or50mmfrom /2.
Outerlongitudinalwireattensionfaceshallnotbefartherfromthefacethantheportionofprimary
flexuralreinforcementclosesttotheface.
(e) Injoistconstruction,for13mmbarandMD130wireandsmaller,astandardhook.

8.2.10.3 Each bend in the continuous portion of a simple Ustirrup or multiple Ustirrup shall enclose a
longitudinalbarbetweenanchoredends.

8.2.10.4 If extended into the region of tension, longitudinal bars bent to act as shear reinforcement shall be
continuous with longitudinal reinforcement and, if extended into a region of compression, shall be
anchored beyond middepth /2 as specified for development length in 8.2.3 for that part of
requiredtosatisfyEq(6.4.12).

8.2.10.5 PairsofUstirrupsortiessoplacedastoformaclosedunitshallbeconsideredproperlysplicedwhen
lengthoflapsare1.3 .Inmembersatleast450mmdeep,suchspliceswith notmorethan40
kNperlegshallbeconsideredadequateifstirruplegsextendthefullavailabledepthofmember.

8.2.11 DevelopmentofPlainBars
Forplainbars,theminimumdevelopmentlengthshallbetwicethatofdeformedbarsspecifiedin8.2.1through
8.2.10above.

8.2.12 SplicesofReinforcementGeneral

8.2.12.1 Splices of reinforcement shall be made only as required or permitted on design drawings, or in
specifications,orasauthorizedbytheengineer.

8.2.12.2 LapSplices
(a) Lapsplicesshallnotbeusedfor36mm barsandlarger,exceptasprovidedin8.2.14.2&6.8.8.2.3.
(b) Lapsplicesofbundledbarsshallbebasedonthelapsplicelengthrequiredforindividualbarswithin
thebundle,increasedinaccordancewith8.2.5.Individualbarspliceswithinabundleshallnot
overlap.Entirebundlesshallnotbelapspliced.

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(c) Barssplicedbynoncontactlapsplicesinflexuralmembersshallnotbespacedtransverselyfarther
apartthanonefifththerequiredlapsplicelength,nor150mm.

8.2.12.3 WeldedSplicesandMechanicalConnections
(a) Weldedsplicesandothermechanicalconnectionsareallowed.
(b) ExceptasprovidedinthisCode,allweldingshallconformto"StructuralWeldingCodeReinforcing
Steel"(AWSD1.4).
(c) Weldedsplicesshallbebuttedandweldedtodevelopintensionatleast125percentofspecified
yieldstrength ofthebar.
(d) Afullmechanicalconnectionshalldevelopintensionorcompression,asrequired,atleast125per
centofspecifiedyieldstrength ofthebar.
(e) Weldedsplicesandmechanicalconnectionsnotmeetingtherequirementsof(c)or(d)aboveare
allowedonlyfor16mm barsorsmallerandinaccordancewith8.2.13.4.

8.2.13 SplicesofDeformedBarsandDeformedWireinTension

8.2.13.1 TheminimumlengthoflapfortensionsplicesshallbeasrequiredforClassAorBsplice,butnotless
than300mm,wheretheclassificationshallbeasfollows:
ClassAsplice1.0
ClassBsplice1.3
Where iscalculatedinaccordancewith8.2.3todevelop ,butwithoutthe300mmminimumof
8.2.3.1andwithoutthemodificationfactorof8.2.3.5.

8.2.13.2 LapsplicesofdeformedbarsanddeformedwireintensionshallbeclassBsplicesexceptthatClassA
splicesareallowedwhentheareaofreinforcementprovidedisatleasttwicethatrequiredbyanalysis
overtheentirelengthofthesplice,andonehalforlessofthetotalreinforcementissplicedwithinthe
requiredlaplength.

8.2.13.3 Where area of reinforcement provided is less than twice that required by analysis, welded splices or
mechanicalconnectionsusedshallmeettherequirementsof8.2.12.3(c)or8.2.12.3(d)above.

8.2.13.4 Welded splices or mechanical connections not meeting the requirements of 8.2.12.3(c) or8.2.12.3(d)
shallbepermittedfor16mm barsorsmallerifthefollowingrequirementsaremet:
(a) Splicesshallbestaggeredatleast600mmandinsuchmannerastodevelopateverysectionatleast
twicethecalculatedtensileforceatthesectionbutnotlessthan140N/mm2fortotalareaof
reinforcementprovided.
(b) Splicedreinforcementstressshallbetakenasthespecifiedsplicestrength,incomputingtensileforce
developedateachsection,butnottoexceed .Unsplicedreinforcementstressshallbetakenasa
fractionof definedbytheratiooftheshortestactualdevelopmentlengthprovidedbeyondthe
sectionto butnottobetakengreaterthan .

8.2.13.5 Whenbarsofdifferentsizearelapsplicedintension,splicelengthshallbethelargerof oflargerbar

andtensionlapsplicelengthofsmallerbar.

8.2.13.6 Splicesintensiontiemembersshallbemadewithafullweldedspliceorfullmechanicalconnectionin
accordance with 8.2.12.3(c) or8.2.12.3(d)andsplices in adjacentbarsshallbestaggeredat least750
mm.

8.2.14 SplicesofDeformedBarsinCompression

8.2.14.1 Theminimumlengthoflapforcompressionspliceshallbe0.071 for equalto420N/mm2orless

or 0.13 24 for greater than 420 N/mm2, but not less than 300 mm. For less than 21
2
N/mm ,lengthoflapshallbeincreasedbyonethird.

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8.2.14.2 Whenbarsofdifferentdiametersarelapsplicedincompression,thesplicelengthshallbethelargerof
thedevelopmentlength, ofthelargerbar,andthecompressionsplicelengthofthesmallerbar.Lap
splices of 40 mm , 43 mm , 50 mm and 57 mm bars to 36 mm and smaller bars shall be
permitted.

8.2.14.3 Welded splices or mechanical connections used in compression shall satisfy the requirements of
8.2.12.3(c)or8.2.12.3(d).

8.2.14.4 EndBearingSplices
(a) Compressionsplicesforbarsrequiredtotransmitcompressivestressonlymayconsistofendbearing
ofsquarecutendsheldinconcentriccontactbyasuitabledevice.
(b) Barendsshallterminateinflatsurfaceswithin1.5degreesofarightangletotheaxisofthebars,and
shallbefittedwithin3degreesoffullbearingafterassembly.
(c) Endbearingsplicesshallbeusedonlyinmemberscontainingclosedties,closedstirrupsorspirals.

8.2.15 SpecialSpliceRequirementsforColumns

8.2.15.1 Lapsplices,buttweldedsplices,mechanicalconnections,orendbearingsplicesshallbeusedwiththe
limitations of 8.2.15.2 through 8.2.15.4 below. A splice shall satisfy the requirements for all load
combinationsforthecolumn.

8.2.15.2 LapSplicesinColumns
(a) Lapsplicesshallconformto8.2.14.1,8.2.14.2,andwhereapplicableto8.2.15.2(d)or8.2.15.2(e)
below,wherethebarstressduetofactoredloadsiscompressive.
(b) Wherethebarstressduetofactoredloadsistensileanddoesnotexceed0.5 intension,lap
splicesshallbeClassBtensionlapsplicesifmorethanonehalfofthebarsaresplicedatanysection,
orClassAtensionlapsplicesifhalforfewerofthebarsaresplicedatanysectionandalternatelap
splicesarestaggeredby .
(c) Wherethebarstressduetofactoredloadsisgreaterthan0.5 intension,lapsplicesshallbeClass
Btensionlapsplices.
(d) Intiedreinforcedcompressionmembers,ifthroughoutlapsplicelengthtieshaveaneffectivearea
ofatleast0.0015 inbothdirections,lapsplicelengthispermittedtobemultipliedby0.83,but
laplengthshallnotbelessthan300mm.Tielegsperpendiculartodimension shallbeusedin
determiningeffectivearea.
(e) Forspirallyreinforcedcompressionmembers,lapsplicelengthofbarswithinaspiralispermittedto
bemultipliedby0.75,butlaplengthshallnotbelessthan300mm.

8.2.15.3 Welded Splices or Mechanical Connectors in Columns: Welded splices or mechanical connectors in
columnsshallmeettherequirementsof8.2.12.3(c)or8.2.12.3(d).

8.2.15.4 EndBearingSplicesinColumns:Endbearingsplicescomplyingwith8.2.14.4maybeusedforcolumn
barsstressedincompressionprovidedthesplicesarestaggeredoradditionalbarsareprovidedatsplice
locations.Thecontinuingbarsineachfaceofthecolumnshallhaveatensilestrengthatleast0.25
timestheareaoftheverticalreinforcementinthatface.

8.2.16 SplicesofPlainBars
Forplainbars,theminimumlengthoflapshallbetwicethatofdeformedbarsspecifiedin8.2.12through8.2.15
above.

8.2.17 Developmentofheadedandmechanicallyanchoreddeformedbarsintension

8.2.17.1 Developmentlengthforheadeddeformedbarsintension, l,shallbedeterminedfrom8.2.17.2.Use

ofheadstodevelopdeformedbarsintensionshallbelimitedtoconditionssatisfying(a)through(f):
(a) Bar shallnotexceed420MPa;

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(b) Barsizeshallnotexceed36mm;
(c) Concreteshallbenormalweight;
(d) Netbearingareaofhead shallnotbelessthan4 ;
(e) Clearcoverforbarshallnotbelessthan2 ;and
(f) Clearspacingbetweenbarsshallnotbelessthan4 .

8.2.17.2 Forheadeddeformedbars,developmentlengthintension shallbe 0.19 / ,wherethe

valueof usedtocalculate shallnotexceed40MPa,andfactor shallbetakenas1.2forepoxy
coated reinforcement and 1.0 for other cases. Where reinforcement provided is in excess of that
requiredbyanalysis,exceptwheredevelopmentof isspecificallyrequired,afactorof , /
, maybeappliedtotheexpressionfor .Length shallnotbelessthanthelargerof8
and150mm.

8.2.17.3 Headsshallnotbeconsideredeffectiveindevelopingbarsincompression.

8.2.17.4 Any mechanical attachmentor devicecapableofdeveloping ofreinforcement is allowed, provided

that test results showing the adequacy of such attachment or device are approved by the Engineer.
Developmentofreinforcementshallbepermittedtoconsistofacombinationofmechanicalanchorage
plus additional embedment length of reinforcement between the critical section and the mechanical
attachmentordevice.

8.2.18 Developmentofweldeddeformedwirereinforcementintension

8.2.18.1 Developmentlengthforweldeddeformedwirereinforcementintension, ,measuredfromthepoint

ofcriticalsectiontotheendofwireshallbecomputedastheproductof ld,from8.2.3.2or8.2.3.3,
timesweldeddeformedwirereinforcementfactor, ,from8.2.18.2or8.2.18.3.Itshallbepermitted
toreduce inaccordancewith8.2.3.5whenapplicable,but shallnotbelessthan200mmexceptin
computation of lap splices by 8.2.20. When using from 8.2.18.2, it shall be permitted to use an
epoxycoating factor of 1.0 for epoxycoated welded deformed wire reinforcement in 8.2.3.2 and
8.2.3.3.

8.2.18.2 Forweldeddeformedwirereinforcementwithatleastonecrosswirewithin andnotlessthan50mm

fromthepointofthecriticalsection, shallbethegreaterof

And

butnotgreaterthan1.0,wheresisthespacingbetweenthewirestobedeveloped.

8.2.18.3 Forweldeddeformedwirereinforcementwithnocrosswireswithin orwithasinglecrosswireless

than50mmfromthepointofthecriticalsection, shallbetakenas1.0,and shallbedetermined
asfordeformedwire.

8.2.18.4 Whereanyplainwires,ordeformedwireslargerthanD31,arepresentintheweldeddeformedwire
reinforcement in the direction of the development length, the reinforcement shall be developed in
accordancewith8.2.19.

8.2.19 Developmentofweldedplainwirereinforcementintension
Yield strength of welded plain wire reinforcement shall be considered developed by embedment of two cross
wireswiththeclosercrosswirenotlessthan50mmfromthepointofthecriticalsection.However, lshallnot
belessthan

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. 8.2.4
where ismeasuredfromthepointofthecriticalsectiontotheoutermostcrosswire, isthespacingbetween
the wires to be developed, and as given in 8.2.3.4(d). Where reinforcement provided is in excess of that
required, may be reduced in accordance with 8.2.3.5. Length, , shall not be less than 150 mm except in
computationoflapsplicesby8.2.21.

8.2.20 Splicesofweldeddeformedwirereinforcementintension

8.2.20.1 Minimum lap splice length of welded deformed wire reinforcement measured between the ends of
each reinforcement sheet shall be not less than the larger of 1.3 and 200 mm, and the overlap
measuredbetweenoutermostcrosswiresofeachreinforcementsheetshallbenotlessthan50mm,
where iscalculatedinaccordancewith8.2.18todevelop .

8.2.20.2 Lap splices of welded deformed wire reinforcement, with no cross wires within the lap splice length,
shallbedeterminedasfordeformedwire.

8.2.20.3 Whereanyplainwires,ordeformedwireslargerthanMD200,arepresentintheweldeddeformedwire
reinforcement in the direction of the lap splice or where welded deformed wire reinforcement is lap
splicedtoweldedplainwirereinforcement,thereinforcementshallbelapsplicedinaccordancewith
8.2.21.

8.2.21 Splicesofweldedplainwirereinforcementintension
Minimumlengthoflapforlapsplicesofweldedplainwirereinforcementshallbeinaccordancewith8.2.21.1and
8.2.21.2.

8.2.21.1 Where provided is less than twice that required by analysis at splice location, length of overlap
measuredbetweenoutermostcrosswiresofeachreinforcementsheetshallbenotlessthanthelargest
ofonespacingofcrosswiresplus50mm,1.5 ,and150mm,where iscalculatedinaccordancewith
8.2.19todevelop .

8.2.21.2 Where provided is at least twice that required by analysis at splice location, length of overlap
measuredbetweenoutermostcrosswiresofeachreinforcementsheetshallnotbelessthanthelarger
of1.5 ,and50mm,where iscalculatedinaccordancewith8.2.19todevelop .

8.3 EARTHQUAKERESISTANTDESIGNPROVISIONS

8.3.1 Notation
= crosssectionalareaofastructuralmembermeasuredouttooutoftransversereinforcement,mm2
= areaofconcretesectionresistingshearofanindividualpierorhorizontalwallsegment,mm2
= net area of concrete section bounded by web thickness and length of section in the direction of
shearforceconsidered,mm2
= grossareaofsection,mm2
= effectivecrosssectionalareawithinajoint,see8.3.7.3,inaplaneparalleltoplaneofreinforcement
generating shear in the joint. The joint depth shall be the overall depth of the column. Where a
beam frames into a support of larger width, the effective width of the joint shall not exceed the
smallerof:
a) Beamwidthplusthejointdepth
b) twice the smaller perpendicular distance from the longitudinal axis of the
beamtothecolumnside(See8.3.7.3)

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= total crosssectional area of transverse reinforcement (including cross ties) within spacing and
perpendiculartodimension
= effectivecompressiveflangewidthofastructuralmember,mm
= webwidthordiameterofcircularsection,mm
= bardiameter,mm
= loadeffectsofearthquakeorrelatedinternalmomentsandforces
= specifiedcompressivestrengthofconcrete
= specifiedyieldstrengthofreinforcement
= specifiedyieldstrengthoftransversereinforcement
= crosssectionaldimensionofcolumncoremeasuredcentretocentreofconfiningreinforcement
= heightofentirewall(diaphragm)orofthesegmentofwall(diaphragm)considered
= developmentlengthforastraightbar
= developmentlengthforabarwithastandardhook
= minimumlength,measuredfromjointfacealongaxisofstructuralmember,overwhichtransverse
reinforcementmustbeprovided,mm
= lengthofentirewall(diaphragm)orofsegmentofwall(diaphragm)consideredinthedirectionof
shearforce
= probableflexuralmoment strength of members, with orwithout axialload,determinedusing the
propertiesofthememberatthejointfacesassumingatensilestrengthinthelongitudinalbarsofat
least1.25 andastrengthreductionfactor of1.0
= portionofslabmomentbalancedbysupportmoment
= spacingoftransversereinforcementmeasuredalongthelongitudinalaxisofthestructuralmember,
mm
= maximumspacingoftransversereinforcement,mm
= nominalshearstrengthprovidedbyconcrete
= designshearforce
= nominalshearstrength
= factoredshearforceatsection
= coefficientdefiningtherelativecontributionofconcretestrengthtowallstrength
= ratiooftensionreinforcement= /
= ratiooftotalreinforcementareatocrosssectionalareaofcolumn
= ratioofdistributedshearreinforcementonaplaneperpendiculartoplaneof
= ratio of volume of spiral reinforcement to the core volume confined by the spiral reinforcement
(measuredouttoout)
= ;where istheprojectionon ofareaofdistributedshearreinforcementcrossingthe
planeof
= strengthreductionfactor.

8.3.2 Definitions
BASEOFSTRUCTURE:Thelevelatwhichearthquakemotionsareassumedtobeimpartedtoastructure.This
leveldoesnotnecessarilycoincidewiththegroundlevel.

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BOUNDARYMEMBERS:Membersalongwallanddiaphragmedgesstrengthenedbylongitudinalandtransverse
reinforcement.Thesemembersdonotnecessarilyrequireanincreaseinthethicknessofthewallordiaphragm.If
required,edgesofopeningswithinwallsanddiaphragmsshallbeprovidedwithboundarymembers.
COLLECTORELEMENTS:Elementsthatareusedtotransmittheinertialforceswithinthediaphragmstomembers
ofthelateralforceresistingsystems.
CROSSTIE:Acontinuousbarhavingahooknotlessthan135degwithatleastasixdiameterextensionatone
endbutnotlessthan75mm,andahooknotlessthan90degwithatleastasixdiameterextensionattheother
end.Thehooksshallengageperipherallongitudinalbars.The90deghooksoftwosuccessivecrosstiesengaging
thesamelongitudinalbarsshallbealternatedendforend.
DEVELOPMENTLENGTHFORABARWITHASTANDARDHOOK:Theshortestdistancebetweenthecriticalsection
andatangenttotheouteredgeofthe90deghook.
HOOP : A hoop is a closed tie or continuously round tie. A closed tie can be made up of several reinforcing
elements with 135 deg hooks having a six diameter extension at each end (but not less than 75 mm). A
continuously round tie shall have at each end a 135 deg hook with a six diameter extension that engages the
longitudinalreinforcementbutnotlessthan75mm.
LATERAL FORCE RESISTING SYSTEM : That portion of the structure composed of members designed to resist
forcesrelatedtoearthquakeeffects.
SHELLCONCRETE:Concreteoutsidethetransversereinforcementconfiningtheconcrete
STRUCTURALDIAPHRAGMS:Structuralmembers,suchasfloorandroofslabs,whichtransmitinertialforcesto
lateralforceresistingmembers.
STRUCTURAL WALLS : Walls designed to resist combinations of shears, moments, and axial forces induced by
earthquakemotions.Ashearwallisastructuralwall.
STRUT:Anelementofastructuraldiaphragmusedtoprovidecontinuityaroundanopeninginthediaphragm.
TIEELEMENTS:Elementsusedtotransmitinertialforcesandpreventseparationofbuildingcomponents.

8.3.3 GeneralRequirements

8.3.3.1 Scope
(a) Thissectioncontainsspecialrequirementsfordesignandconstructionofreinforcedconcrete
membersofastructureforwhichthedesignforces,relatedtoearthquakemotions,havebeen
determinedonthebasisofenergydissipationinthenonlinearrangeofresponse.
(b) TheprovisionsofChapter6,shallapplyexceptasmodifiedbytheprovisionsofthissection.
(c) StructuresassignedtoseismicdesigncategorySDCD(seeChapter2),allreinforcedconcrete
structuresshallsatisfytherequirementsofspecialmomentframesasgivenin8.3.3through8.3.8in
additiontotherequirementsofChapter6.
(d) StructuresassignedtoSDCC(seeChapter2),allreinforcedconcretestructuresshallbebuiltto
satisfytherequirementsofintermediatemomentframesasgivenin8.3.10inadditiontothe
requirementsofChapter6.
(e) StructuresassignedtoSDCB(seeChapter2),allreinforcedconcretestructuresshallbebuiltto
satisfytherequirementsofordinarymomentframesasgivenin8.3.9inadditiontotherequirements
ofChapter6.
(f) StructuresinlowerSDCsarepermittedtodesignwithdetailingprovisionsofhigherSDCstotake
advantageoflowerdesignforcelevels.

8.3.3.2 AnalysisandProportioningofStructuralMembers
(a) Theinteractionofallstructuralandnonstructuralmembersshallbeconsideredintheanalysis.
(b) Rigidmemberswhicharenotapartofthelateralforceresistingsystemareallowedprovidedtheir
effectontheresponseofthesystemisconsideredandaccommodatedinthestructuraldesign.
Consequencesoffailureofstructuralandnonstructuralmemberswhicharenotapartofthelateral
forceresistingsystemshallalsobeconsidered.
(c) Structuralmembersbelowbaseofstructurerequiredtotransmitforcesresultingfromearthquake
effectstothefoundationshallalsocomplywiththerequirementsofthissection.
(d) Allstructuralmemberswhicharenotapartofthelateralforceresistingsystemshallconformto
8.3.9.

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8.3.3.3 StrengthReductionFactors
Strengthreductionfactorsshallbeinaccordancewith6.2.3.2to6.2.3.4.

8.3.3.4 ConcreteinSpecialMomentFramesandSpecialStructuralWalls
Compressivestrength oftheconcreteshallbenotlessthan21N/mm2.Specifiedcompressivestrengthoflight
weightconcrete, ,shallnotexceed35MPaunlessdemonstratedbyexperimentalevidence.Modificationfactor
forlightweightconcreteinSec8.3shallbeinaccordancewith6.1.8unlessnotedotherwise.

8.3.3.5 ReinforcementinSpecialMomentFramesandSpecialStructuralWalls
Reinforcementresistingearthquakeinducedflexuralandaxialforcesinframesandwallboundarymembersshall
complywithASTMA706M,ASTMA615MandBDSISO69352:2007(E).Reinforcementwith =275N/mm2and
=420N/mm2areallowedinthesemembersif(a)theactualyieldstrengthbasedonmilltestsdoesnotexceed
the specified yield strength by more than 125 N/mm2 (retests shall not exceed this value by more than an
additional20N/mm2),and(b)theratiooftheactualultimatetensilestrengthtotheactualtensileyieldstrength
is not less than 1.25. The value of used to compute the amount of confinement reinforcement shall not
exceed700MPa.Thevalueof or usedinthedesignofshearreinforcementshallconformto6.4.3.2.

8.3.3.6 Welding
Reinforcement required by factored load combinations which include earthquake effect shall not be welded
except as specified in 8.3.4.2(d) and 8.3.5.3(b). In addition, welding shall not be permitted on stirrups, ties,
inserts,orothersimilarelementstolongitudinalreinforcementrequiredbydesign.

8.3.4 FlexuralMembersofSpecialMomentFrames

8.3.4.1 Scope
Requirements of this section shall apply to special moment frame members; (i) resisting earthquake induced
forces, and (ii) proportioned primarily to resist flexure. These frame members shall also satisfy the following
conditions:
(a) Factoredaxialcompressiveforceonframemembershallnotexceed0.1 .
(b) Clearspanforthemember, shallnotbelessthanfourtimesitseffectivedepth.
(c) Thewidthtodepthratioshallbeatleast0.3.
(d) Thewidthshallnotbe(i)lessthan250mmand(ii)morethanthewidthofthesupportingmember
(measuredonaplaneperpendiculartothelongitudinalaxisoftheflexuralmember)plusdistances
oneachsideofthesupportingmembernotexceedingthreefourthsofthedepthoftheflexural
member.
TheserequirementsareshowninFig.8.3.1.

8.3.4.2 LongitudinalReinforcement
(a) Atanysectionofaflexuralmemberandforthetopaswellasforthebottomreinforcement,the
amountofreinforcementshallbenotlessthan1.4 andthereinforcementratio, shallnot
exceed0.025(Fig.8.3.2).Atleasttwobarsshallbeprovidedcontinuouslybothtopandbottom.
(b) Thepositivemomentstrengthatthefaceofthejointshallbenotlessthanonehalfofthenegative
momentstrengthprovidedatthatfaceasshowninFig.8.3.2.Neitherthenegativenorthepositive
momentstrengthatanysectionalongthememberlengthshallbelessthanonefourththemaximum
momentstrengthprovidedatthefaceofeitherjoint.
(c) Lapsplicesofflexuralreinforcementshallbepermittedonlyifhooporspiralreinforcementis
providedoverthelaplength.Maximumspacingofthetransversereinforcementenclosingthelapped
barsshallnotexceed /4nor100mm.Lapsplicesshallnotbeused(i)withinthejoints,(ii)withina
distanceoftwicethememberdepthfromthefaceofthejoint,and(iii)atlocationswhereanalysis
indicatesflexuralyieldingcausedbyinelasticlateraldisplacementsoftheframe.Theserequirements
areshowninFig.8.3.3.
(d) Weldedsplicesandmechanicalconnectionsconformingto8.2.12.3(a)through8.2.12.3(d)are
allowedforsplicingprovidednotmorethanalternatebarsineachlayeroflongitudinal
reinforcementaresplicedatasectionandthecentretocentredistancebetweensplicesofadjacent
barsis600mmormoremeasuredalongthelongitudinalaxisoftheframemember.Weldedsplices

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andmechanicalconnections(Type1)shallnotbeusedwithinadistanceequaltotwicethemember
depthfromthecolumnorbeamfacesforspecialmomentframesorfromsectionswhereyieldingof
thereinforcementislikelytooccurasaresultofinelasticlateraldisplacement.

8.3.4.3 TransverseReinforcement
(a) Hoopsshallbeprovidedinthefollowingregionsofframemembers:
i. Atbothendsoftheflexuralmember,overalengthequaltotwicethememberdepth
measuredfromthefaceofthesupportingmembertowardmidspan(Fig.8.3.4).
ii. Overlengthsequaltotwicethememberdepth(Fig.8.3.4),onbothsidesofasectionwhere
flexuralyieldingislikelytooccurinconnectionwithinelasticlateraldisplacementsofthe
frame.
(b) Thefirsthoopshallbelocatednotmorethan50mmfromthefaceofthesupportingmember(Fig.
8.3.4).Maximumspacingofthehoopsshallnotexceed(i) /4,(ii)eighttimesthediameterofthe
smallestlongitudinalbars,(iii)24timesthediameterofthehoopbars,and(iv)300mm.
(c) Wherehoopsarerequired,longitudinalbarsontheperimetershallhavelateralsupportconforming
to8.1.9.4(c),andwherehoopsarenotrequired,stirrupswithseismichooksshallbespacednot
morethan /2throughoutthelengthofthemember(Fig.8.3.4).
(d) Hoopsinflexuralmembersareallowedtobemadeupoftwopiecesofreinforcementconsistingofa
Ustirruphavinghooksnotlessthan135degwith6diameterbutnotlessthan75mmextension
anchoredintheconfinedcoreandacrosstietomakeaclosedhoop(Fig.8.3.5).Consecutivecross
tiesengagingthesamelongitudinalbarshallhavetheir90deghooksatoppositesidesoftheflexural
member.Ifthelongitudinalreinforcingbarssecuredbythecrosstiesareconfinedbyaslabonlyon
onesideoftheflexuralframemember,the90deghooksofthecrosstiesshallallbeplacedonthat
side.

Fig.8.3.1.GeneralrequirementforFlexuralMembersofSpecialMomentFrames

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8.3.5 SpecialMomentFrameMembersSubjectedtoBendingandAxialLoad

8.3.5.1 Scope
Therequirementsofthissectionshallapplytocolumnsandotherframemembersservingtoresistearthquake
forcesandhavingafactoredaxialforceexceeding0.1 .Theseframemembersshallalsosatisfythefollowing
conditions:
(a) Theshortestcrosssectionaldimensionshallnotbelessthan300mm.
(b) Theratiooftheshortestcrosssectionaldimensiontotheperpendiculardimensionshallnotbeless
than0.4.
TheserequirementsareshowninFig.8.3.6.

Fig.8.3.2FlexuralRequirementsforFlexuralMembersofSpecialMomentFrames

Fig.8.3.3LapSpliceRequirementsforFlexuralMembersofSpecialMomentFrames

8.3.5.2 MinimumFlexuralStrengthofColumns

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(a) Flexuralstrengthofanycolumndesignedtoresistafactoredaxialcompressiveforceexceeding
0.1 shallsatisfy(b)or(c)below.Lateralstrengthandstiffnessofcolumnsnotsatisfying(b)
belowshallbeignoredincalculatingthestrengthandstiffnessofthestructurebutshallconformto
8.3.9.
(b) Theflexuralstrengthofthecolumnsshallsatisfythefollowingrelation:
1.2 (8.3.1)
where
= sum of moments, at the centre of the joint, corresponding to the design flexural
strength of the columns framing into that joint. The lowest flexural strength of the columns,
calculated for the factored axial force, consistent with the direction of the lateral forces
considered,shallbeused.
= sum of moments, at the centre of the joint, corresponding to the design flexural
strengthsofthegirdersframingintothatjoint.
Flexuralstrengthsshallbesummedsuchthatthecolumnmomentsopposethebeammoments.
Eq(8.3.1)shallbesatisfiedforbeammomentsactinginbothdirectionsintheverticalplaneof
theframeconsidered.
(c) Iftherequirementsof(b)aboveisnotsatisfiedatajoint,columnssupportingreactionsfromthat
jointshallbeprovidedwithtransversereinforcementasspecifiedin8.3.5.4overtheirentireheight.

Fig. 8.3.4 Transverse Reinforcement Requirements for Flexural Members of Special Moment
Frames

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Fig.8.3.5HoopReinforcementRequirementsforFlexuralMembersofSpecialMomentFrames

Fig.8.3.6GeneralRequirementsforframessubjectedtobendingandaxialload

8.3.5.3 LongitudinalReinforcement
(a) Thereinforcementratio, ,shallnotbelessthan0.01andshallnotexceed0.06.
(b) Lapsplicesarepermittedonlywithinthecentrehalfofthememberlengthandshallbedesignedas
tension splices. Welded splices and mechanical connections conforming to 8.2.12.3(a) through
8.2.12.3(d) are allowed for splicing the reinforcement at any section provided not more than
alternate longitudinal bars are spliced at a section and the distance between splices is 600 mm or
morealongthelongitudinalaxisofthereinforcement.
TheseprovisionsareshowninFig.8.3.7.

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8.3.5.4 TransverseReinforcement
(a) TransversereinforcementshallbeprovidedasspecifiedbelowandshowninFig.8.3.8andFig.8.3.9
unlessalargeramountisrequiredby8.3.8.
i) Thevolumetricratioofspiralorcircularhoopreinforcement, shallnotbelessthanthat
indicatedbythefollowingequation:
.
(8.3.2)

andshallnotbelessthanthatrequiredbyEq(6.3.6).
ii) Thetotalcrosssectionalareaofrectangularhoopreinforcementshallnotbelessthanthat
givenbythefollowingequations:
0.3 1 (8.3.3)
.
(8.3.4)

iii) Transversereinforcementshallbeprovidedbyeithersingleoroverlappinghoopsorcross
tiesofthesamebarsizeandspacing.Eachendofthecrosstiesshallengageaperipheral
longitudinal reinforcing bar. Consecutive cross ties shall be alternated end for end along
thelongitudinalreinforcement.
iv) Ifthedesignstrengthofmembercoresatisfiestherequirementsofthespecifiedloading
combinationsincludingearthquakeeffect,Eq(8.3.3)and(6.3.6)neednotbesatisfied.

Fig.8.3.7LongitudinalReinforcementRequirements

(b) Transverse reinforcement shall not be spaced more than onequarter of the minimum member
dimensionnor100mm.
(c) Spacingofcrosstiesorlegsofoverlappinghoopsshallnotbemorethan350mmoncentreinthe
directionperpendiculartothelongitudinalaxisofthemember.

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(d) The volume of transverse reinforcement in amount specified in (a) through (c) above shall be
provided over a length from each joint face and on both sides of any section where flexural
yieldingislikelytooccurinconnectionwithinelasticlateraldisplacementsoftheframe.Thelength
shallnotbelessthan(i)thedepthofthememberatthejointfaceoratthesectionwhereflexural
yieldingislikelytooccur,(ii)onesixthoftheclearspanofthemember,and(iii)450mm.
(e) Ifthefactoredaxialforceincolumnssupportingreactionsfromdiscontinuedstiffmembers,suchas
walls, exceeds 0.1 they shall be provided with transverse reinforcement as specified in (a)
through (c) above over their full height beneath the level at which the discontinuity occurs.
Transversereinforcement shall extend into the discontinued member for atleast the development
lengthofthelargestlongitudinalreinforcementinthecolumninaccordancewith8.3.7.4.Ifthelower
end of the column terminates on a wall, transverse reinforcement as specified above shall extend
into the wall for at least the development length of the largest longitudinal reinforcement in the
column at the point of termination. If the column terminates on a footing or mat, transverse
reinforcementasspecifiedinaboveshallextendatleast300mmintothefootingormat.
(f) Wheretransversereinforcementasspecifiedin(a)through(c)above,isnotprovidedthroughoutthe
full length of the column, the remainder of the column length shall contain spiral or hoop
reinforcementwithcentretocentrespacingnotexceedingthesmallerof6timesthediameterofthe
longitudinalcolumnbarsor150mm.

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Fig.8.3.8TransverseReinforcementRequirementsRectangularHoop

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Fig.8.3.9TransverseReinforcementRequirementsSpiralHoop

8.3.6 SpecialStructuralWallsandDiaphragms

8.3.6.1 Scope
The requirements of this section apply to structural walls serving as parts of the earthquake force resisting
systems as well as to diaphragms, struts, ties, chords and collector members which transmit forces induced by
earthquake.

8.3.6.2 Reinforcement
(a) Thereinforcementratio, forstructuralwallsshallnotbelessthan0.0025alongthelongitudinal
andtransversedirections.Reinforcementspacingeachwayshallnotexceed450mm.Reinforcement
providedforshearstrengthshallbecontinuousandshallbedistributedacrosstheshearplane.Ifthe
designshearforcedoesnotexceed0.083 ,theshearreinforcementmayconformto6.6.3.
(b) Atleasttwolayersofreinforcementshallbeusedinawalliftheinplanefactoredshearforce
assignedtothewallexceeds0.17 .
(c) Structuraltrussmembers,struts,ties,andcollectormemberswithcompressivestressesexceeding
0.2 shallhavespecialtransversereinforcement,asspecifiedin8.3.5.4overthetotallengthofthe
member.Thespecialtransversereinforcementisallowedtobediscontinuedatasectionwherethe
calculatedcompressivestressislessthan0.15 .Stressesshallbecalculatedforthefactoredforces
usingalinearelasticmodelandgrosssectionpropertiesofthemembersconsidered.
a) Allcontinuousreinforcementinstructuralwalls,diaphragms,trusses,struts,ties,chords,and
collectormembersshallbeanchoredorsplicedinaccordancewiththeprovisionsforreinforcement
intensionasspecifiedin8.3.7.4.

8.3.6.3 BoundaryMembersforStructuralWallsandDiaphragms
(a) Boundarymembersshallbeprovidedatboundariesandedgesaroundopeningsofstructuralwalls
anddiaphragmsforwhichthemaximumextremefibrestressexceeds0.2 unlesstheentirewallor
diaphragmmemberisreinforcedtosatisfy8.3.5.4(a)through8.3.5.4(c).Theboundarymembersmay
bediscontinuedwherethecalculatedcompressivestressislessthan0.15 .Stressesshallbe
calculatedforthefactoredforcesusingalinearlyelasticmodelandgrosssectionproperties.
(b) Whererequired,boundarymembersshallhavetransversereinforcementasspecifiedin8.3.5.4(a)
through8.3.5.4(c).
(c) Boundarymembersofstructuralwallsshallbedesignedtocarryallfactoredgravityloadsonthe
wall,includingtributaryloadsandselfweight,aswellastheverticalforcerequiredtoresist
overturningmomentcalculatedfromfactoredforcesrelatedtoearthquakeeffect.
(d) Boundarymembersofstructuraldiaphragmsshallbeproportionedtoresistthesumofthefactored
axialforceactingintheplaneofthediaphragmandtheforceobtainedfromdividingthefactored
momentatthesectionbythedistancebetweentheedgesofthediaphragmatthatsection.
(e) Transversereinforcementinwallswithboundarymembersshallbeanchoredwithintheconfined
coreoftheboundarymembertodevelopthetensileyieldstress.
(f) Transversereinforcementterminatingattheedgesofstructuralwallswithoutboundaryelements
shallhaveastandardhookengagingtheedgereinforcementortheedgereinforcementshallbe

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enclosedintheUstirrupshavingthesamesizeandspacingas,andsplicedto,thetransverse
reinforcement,exceptwhen Vuintheplaneofthewallislessthan0.083 .

8.3.6.4 ConstructionJoints
Allconstructionjointsinwallsanddiaphragmsshallconformto5.16.4andcontactsurfacesshallberoughenedas
specifiedin6.4.5.9.

8.3.6.5 DiscontinuousWalls
Columnssupportingdiscontinuouswallsshallbereinforcedinaccordancewith8.3.5.4(e).

8.3.7 JointsofSpecialMomentFrames

8.3.7.1 GeneralRequirements
(a) Forcesinlongitudinalbeamreinforcementatthefacesofjointsofreinforcedconcreteframesshall
bedeterminedforastressof1.25 inthereinforcement.
(b) Jointstrengthshallbecalculatedbytheappropriatestrengthreductionfactorsspecifiedin6.2.3.1.
(c) Beam longitudinal reinforcement terminated in a column shall be extended to the far face of the
confined column core and anchored in tension according to 8.3.7.4 below and in compression
accordingtoSec8.2.

8.3.7.2 TransverseReinforcement
(a) Asspecifiedin8.3.5.4,transversehoopreinforcementshallbeprovidedwithinthejoint,unlessthe
jointisconfinedbystructuralmembersasspecifiedin(b)below.
(b) Withinthedepthoftheshallowestframingmember,transversereinforcementequaltoatleastone
halftheamountrequiredby8.3.5.4(a)shallbeprovidedwheremembersframeintoallfoursidesof
the joint and where each member width is at least threefourths the column width. At these
locations,thespacingspecifiedin8.3.5.4(b)maybeincreasedto150mm.
(c) As required by 8.3.5.4, transverse reinforcement shall be provided through the joint to provide
confinementforlongitudinalbeamreinforcementoutsidethecolumncoreifsuchconfinementisnot
providedbyabeamframingintothejoint.
TheseprovisionsareshowninFig.8.3.10andFig.8.3.11.

Fig.8.3.10GeneralRequirementsandTransverseReinforcementRequirementsforJointsnotconfinedbyStructural
member

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Fig.8.3.11TransverseReinforcementRequirementsforJointsConfinedbyStructuralmember

8.3.7.3 ShearStrength
Thenominalshearstrengthforthejointshallbetakennotgreaterthantheforcesspecifiedbelow:
1.7 forjointsconfinedonallfourfaces
1.2 forjointsconfinedonthreefacesorontwooppositefaces
1.0 forothers
Amemberthatframesintoafaceisconsideredtoprovideconfinementtothejointifatleastthreequartersof
the face of the joint is covered by the framing member. A joint is considered to be confined if such confining
membersframeintoallfacesofthejoint.

8.3.7.4 DevelopmentLengthofBarsinTension
(a) Thedevelopmentlength, ,forabarwithastandard90ohookshallbenotlessthan(i)8 ,(ii)
150mm,and(iii)thelengthrequiredbyEq(8.3.5).
(8.3.5)
.
forbarsizes10mm through36mm.

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(b) Forbarsizes10mm through36mm,thedevelopmentlength, ,forastraightbarshallbenot

lessthan(i)2.5timesthelengthrequiredby(a)above,ifthedepthoftheconcretecastinonelift
beneaththebardoesnotexceed300mm,and(ii)3.5timesthelengthrequiredby(a)above,ifthe
depthoftheconcretecastinoneliftbeneaththebarexceeds300mm.
(c) Straightbarsterminatedatajointshallpassthroughtheconfinedcoreofacolumnorofaboundary
member.Anyportionofthestraightembedmentlengthnotwithintheconfinedcoreshallbe
increasedbyafactorof1.6.

8.3.8 ShearStrengthRequirements

8.3.8.1 DesignForces
(a) FrameMembersSubjectedPrimarilytoBending:Thedesignshearforce shallbedeterminedfrom
considerationofthestaticalforcesontheportionofthememberbetweenfacesofthejoints.Itshall
beassumedthatmomentsofoppositesigncorrespondingtoprobablestrength actatthejoint
faces,andthatthememberisloadedwiththefactoredtributarygravityloadalongitsspan.
(b) FrameMembersSubjectedtoCombinedBendingandAxialLoad:Thedesignshearforce shallbe
determinedfromconsiderationofthemaximumforcesthatcanbegeneratedatthefacesofthe
jointsateachendofthemember.Thesejointforcesshallbedeterminedusingthemaximum
probablemomentstrengths ofthememberassociatedwiththerangeoffactoredaxialloadson
themember.Themembershearsneednotexceedthosedeterminedfromjointstrengthsbasedon
theprobablemomentstrength ofthetransversemembersframingintothejoint.Innocase,
shallbelessthanthefactoredsheardeterminedbytheanalysisofthestructure.
(c) StructuralWallsandDiaphragms:Thedesignshearforce shallbeobtainedfromthelateralload
analysisinaccordancewiththefactoredloadsandcombinationsspecifiedinChapter2,loads.

8.3.8.2 TransverseReinforcementinFrameMembers
(a) Fordeterminingtherequiredtransversereinforcementinframemembers,thequantity shallbe
assumedtobezeroifthefactoredaxialcompressiveforceincludingearthquakeeffectsislessthan
0.05 whentheearthquakeinducedshearforces,calculatedinaccordancewith8.3.8.1(a),
representsonehalformoreoftotaldesignshear.
(b) Stirrupsortiesrequiredtoresistshearshallbeclosedhoopsoverlengthsofmembersasspecifiedin
8.3.4.3,8.3.5.4and8.3.7.2.

8.3.8.3 ShearStrengthofSpecialStructuralWallsandDiaphragms
(a) Nominalshearstrengthofstructuralwallsanddiaphragmsshallbedeterminedusingeither(b)or(c)
below.
(b) Nominalshearstrength, ofstructuralwallsanddiaphragmsshallbeassumednottoexceedthe
shearforcecalculatedfrom
0.17 (8.3.6)
(c) Forwallsandwallsegmentshavingaratioof lessthan2.0,nominalshearstrengthofwall
anddiaphragmshallbedeterminedfrom
(8.3.7)
wherethecoefficient varieslinearlyfrom0.25for 1.5to0.17for 2.0.
For 1.5, 0.25.
(d) Valueofratio usedin(c)abovefordetermining forsegmentsofawallordiaphragmshall
bethelargeroftheratiosfortheentirewall(diaphragm)andthesegmentofwall(diaphragm)
considered.
(e) Wallsanddiaphragmsshallhavedistributedshearreinforcementprovidingresistanceintwo
orthogonaldirectionsintheplaneofthewall.Iftheratio doesnotexceed2.0,
reinforcementratio, shallnotbelessthanreinforcementratio .
(f) Nominalshearstrengthofallwallpierssharingacommonlateralforceshallnotbeassumedto
exceed0.67 ,where isthetotalcrosssectionalarea,andthenominalshearstrengthof
anyoneoftheindividualwallpiersshallnotbeassumedtoexceed0.83 where
representsthecrosssectionalareaofthepierconsidered.

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(g) Nominalshearstrengthofhorizontalwallsegmentsshallbeassumednottoexceed0.83 ,
where representsthecrosssectionalareaofahorizontalwallsegment.

8.3.9 OrdinaryMomentFrameMembersnotProportionedtoResistForcesInducedby
EarthquakeMotion

8.3.9.1 Inducedmoments
Frame members assumed not to contribute to lateral resistance shall be detailed according to (a) or (b) below
depending on the magnitude of moments induced in those members when subjected to twice the lateral
displacementunderthefactoredlateralforces.
(a) Memberswithfactoredgravityaxialforcesnotexceeding0.1 shallsatisfy8.3.4.2(a)and
8.3.8.1(a)andmemberswithfactoredgravityaxialforcesexceeding0.1 shallsatisfy8.3.5.4,
8.3.7.2(a)and8.3.8.1(b)whentheinducedmomentexceedsthedesignmomentstrengthofthe
framemember.
(b) Themembershallsatisfy8.3.4.2(a)whentheinducedmomentdoesnotexceedthedesignmoment
strengthoftheframemembers.

8.3.9.2 Tierequirements
All frame members with factored axial compressive forces exceeding 0.1 shall satisfy the following special
requirementsunlesstheycomplywith8.3.5.4.
(a) Tiesshallhavehooksnotlessthan135owithextensionsnotlessthan6tiebardiameteror60mm.
Crosstiesasdefinedin8.3.2areallowed.
(b) Themaximumtiespacingshallbe overalength measuredfromthejointface.Thespacing
shallbenotmorethan(i)eightdiametersofthesmallestlongitudinalbarenclosed,(ii)24tiebar
diameters,and(iii)onehalftheleastcrosssectionaldimensionofthecolumn.Thelength shallnot
belessthan(i)onesixthoftheclearheightofthecolumn,(ii)themaximumcrosssectional
dimensionofthecolumn,and(iii)450mm.
(c) Thefirsttieshallbewithinadistanceequalto0.5 fromthefaceofthejoint.
(d) Thetiespacingshallnotexceed2 inanypartofthecolumn.

8.3.10 RequirementsforIntermediateMomentFrames

8.3.10.1 Scope
ForstructuresassignedtoSDCC,structuralframesproportionedtoresistforcesinducedbyearthquakemotions
shallsatisfytherequirementsof8.3.10inadditiontothoseofChapter6.

8.3.10.2 ReinforcementRequirements
Reinforcementdetailsinaframemembershallsatisfy8.3.10.4belowifthefactoredcompressiveaxialloadfor
the member does not exceed 0.1 . If the factored compressive axial load is larger, frame reinforcement
detailsshallsatisfy8.3.10.5belowunlessthememberhasspiralreinforcementaccordingtoEq(6.3.6).Ifatwo
wayslabsystemwithoutbeamsistreatedaspartofaframeresistingearthquakeeffect,reinforcementdetailsin
anyspanresistingmomentscausedbylateralforceshallsatisfy8.3.10.6below.

8.3.10.3 Shearrequirements
Design shear strength of beams, columns, and twoway slabs resisting earthquake effect shall not be less than
either (a) the sum of the shear associated with development of nominal moment strengths of the member at
each restrained end of the clear span and the shear calculated for factored gravity loads, or (b) the maximum
shearobtainedfromdesignloadcombinationswhichincludeearthquakeeffect.

8.3.10.4 Beams
(a) Thepositivemomentstrengthatthefaceofthejointshallnotbelessthanonethirdthenegative
momentstrengthprovidedatthatface(Fig.8.3.12).Neitherthenegativenorpositivemoment
strengthatanysectionalongthelengthofthemembershallbelessthanonefifthofthemaximum
momentstrengthprovidedatthefaceofeitherjoint.

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(b) Atbothendsofthemember,stirrupsshallbeprovidedoverlengthsequaltotwicethemember
depthmeasuredfromthefaceofthesupportingmembertowardmidspan(Fig.8.3.13).Thefirst
stirrupshallbelocatednotmorethan50mmfromthefaceofthesupportingmember.Maximum
stirrupspacingshallnotexceed(a) /4,(b)8timesthediameterofthesmallestlongitudinalbar
enclosed,(c)24timesthediameterofthestirrupbar,and(d)300mm.
(c) Stirrupsshallbeplacedatnotmorethan /2throughoutthelengthofthemember.

Fig.8.3.12FlexuralRequirementsforBeams

Fig.8.3.13TransversereinforcementRequirementsforBeams

8.3.10.5 Columns
(a) Maximumtiespacingshallnotexceed sooveralength measuredfromthejointface.The
spacing soshallnotexceed(i)8timesthediameterofthesmallestlongitudinalbarenclosed,(ii)24
timesthediameterofthetiebar,(iii)onehalfofthesmallestcrosssectionaldimensionoftheframe
member,and(iv)300mm.Thelength shallnotbelessthan(i)onesixthoftheclearspanofthe
member,(ii)maximumcrosssectionaldimensionofthemember,and(iii)450mm.
(b) Thefirsttieshallbelocatednotmorethan /2fromthejointface.
(c) Jointreinforcementshallconformto6.4.9.

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(d) Tiespacingshallnotexceed2 throughoutthelengthofthemember.

TheserequirementsareshowninFig.8.3.14.

Fig.8.3.14TransverseReinforcementRequirementsforColumns

8.3.10.6 TwowaySlabswithoutBeams
(a) Thefactoredslabmomentatthesupportsrelatingtoearthquakeeffectshallbedeterminedforload
combinationsspecifiedinChapter2,Loads.Allreinforcementprovidedtoresisttheportionofslab
momentbalancedbysupportmomentshallbeplacedwithinthecolumnstripdefinedin6.5.2.1
(Fig.8.3.15).
(b) Thefractionalpartofthecolumnstripmomentshallberesistedbyreinforcementplacedwithinthe
effectivewidth(Fig.8.3.15)specifiedin6.5.5.3.2.
(c) Notlessthanonehalfofthetotalreinforcementinthecolumnstripatthesupportshallbeplaced
withintheeffectiveslabwidth(Fig.8.3.15)specifiedin6.5.5.3.2.
(d) Notlessthanonequarterofthetopsteelatthesupportinthecolumnstripshallbecontinuous
throughoutthespan(Fig.8.3.16).
(e) Continuousbottomreinforcementinthecolumnstripshallbenotlessthanonethirdofthetop
reinforcementatthesupportinthecolumnstrip.
(f) Notlessthanonehalfofallbottomreinforcementatmidspanshallbecontinuousandshalldevelop
itsyieldstrengthatthefaceofsupport(Fig.8.3.17).

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(g) Atdiscontinuousedgesoftheslaballtopandbottomreinforcementatthesupportshallbe
developedatthefaceofthesupport(Fig.8.3.16andFig.8.3.17).

Fig.8.3.15ReinforcementDetailsatSupportofTwowaySlabswithoutbeams

Fig.8.3.16ReinforcementDetailsinTwowaySlabswithoutbeams:ColumnStrip

Fig.8.3.17ReinforcementDetailsinTwowaySlabswithoutbeams:MiddleStrip

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