ORE DEPOSIT GEOLOGY

CONTENTS : WEEK 2
a) ORE STRUCTURES / TEXTURES
Ore Textures (megascopic)
Ore Textures (megascopic)
Replacement textures
Exolution textures
Void-filling textures
Others
b) ORE FORMING MELTS / SOLUTIONS
Magma and Magmatic fluids
Occurences related to crystallisation of magma
Hydrothermal fluids
ORE DEPOSIT GEOLOGY
LEARNING OUTCOMES
(What You will have obtained after the
class hour)
You will be able to
recognise and identify different types of
textures , and relate them to ore minerals
infer types of mineral deposits and mineral
paragenesis based on textures
 ORE TEXTURES

Megascopic and three dimentional

appearance of ore and gangue
minerals making up an ore
Definiton of megascopic view of an
ore. i.e. How it looks, howw we
describe the sample
 ORE TEXTURES
1) Massive texture
Ores in which samples have
rather homogene character
& fearure, and usually
made up of one ore few
minerals
Characteristic of mineral
deposits formed usually at
high temperatures
Sample:
a) Cr, Fe, Ni-Cu deposits
b) Skarn-type deposits
c) VMS deposits Sudbury Ni-Cu deposit
 ORE TEXTURES
1) Massive texture
Ores in which samples have
rather homogene character
& fearure, and usually
made up of one ore few
minerals
Characteristic of mineral
deposits formed usually at
high temperatures
Sample:
a) Cr, Fe, Ni-Cu deposits
b) Skarn-type deposits
c) VMS deposits Sudbury Ni-Cu yata
 ORE TEXTURES
1) Massive texture
Ores in which samples have
rather homogene character Pyrotite;
Dereli skarn deposit
& fearure, and usually
made up of one ore few
minerals
Characteristic of mineral
deposits formed usually at
high temperatures
Sample:
a) Cr, Fe, Ni-Cu deposits
b) Skarn-type deposits
c) VMS deposits
 ORE TEXTURES
1) Massive texture
Ores in which samples have ayeli VMS deposit
rather homogene character
& fearure, and usually
made up of one ore few
minerals
Characteristic of mineral
deposits formed usually at
high temperatures
Sample:
a) Cr, Fe, Ni-Cu deposits
b) Skarn-type deposits
c) VMS deposits
 ORE TEXTURES

2) Disseminated texture

Textures in which
disseminations of
minerals
accumulate
throughout the
sample, giving the
rock usually
homogenous view
Characteristic in chromite; Kop
podiform cromite podiform chromite
deposits deposit
 ORE TEXTURES

2) Disseminated texture

Textures in which
disseminations of
minerals
accumulate
throughout the
sample, giving the
rock usually
homogenous view
Characteristic in
podiform cromite Chromite; Kop podiform
deposits chromite deposit
 ORE TEXTURES

3) Ring texture
Ore samples in
which ore minerals
are in the form of
rings, bracelets, etc.
Characteristic for
podiform type
chromite deposits,
as well as deposits
formed by
weathering (bauxite
deposits
Chromite; Kop podiform chromite deposit
Rings are chromite
Slayt-10
 ORE TEXTURES

3) Ring texture
Ore samples in
which ore minerals
are in the form of
rings, bracelets, etc.
Characteristic for
podiform type
chromite deposits,
as well as deposits
formed by Bauxite: Al ore
weathering (bauxite
deposits

Slayt-11
 ORE TEXTURES

4) Banded or laminated texture

Ores in which ore Chromite bands in

minerals or harzburgite
disseminations of
ore minerals
accumulate as
bands of mm to
cm in thickness.

Characteristic in
podiform chromite
deposits
Slayt-12
 ORE TEXTURES

4) Banded or laminated texture

Ores in which ore Chromite bands in

minerals or harzburgite
disseminations of
ore minerals
accumulate as
bands of mm to
cm in thickness.

Characteristic in
podiform chromite
deposits
Slayt-13
 ORE TEXTURES

5) Nodular texture
Ores in which minerals Carbonate nodules
are formed at the
surface and have the
kidney-like shape
When nodules are in
cm scale, it is called
oolitic texture, when in
mm scale, then
pisolitic texture.
Sedimentary Fe-Mn
deposits, travertine
depoits
Slayt-14
 ORE TEXTURES

5) Nodular texture
Ores in which minerals Oolitik yumrular
are formed at the
surface and have the
kidney-like shape
When nodules are in
cm scale, it is called
oolitic texture, when in
mm scale, then
pisolitic texture.
Sedimentary Fe-Mn
deposits, travertine
depoits
Slayt-15
 ORE TEXTURES

asal kuvars ve pirit

6) Stockwork
texture

Ore minerals are

along veinlets
cross-cutting each
other
 ORE TEXTURES

7) Brecciated
texture

Ores which have

undergone deformation
following its formation,
giving rise to
brecciation of rock as
well as minerals.
Brecciation takes place
after the mineralisation.

ayeli (Rize) bakr madeninde brelemi cevher ktlesi

(pirit, kalkopirit, sfalerit ve gang mineralleri)
 ORE TEXTURES

brelemi damar ierisindeki

8) Breccia-fill texture
boluklarn galen tarafndan
The ores in which ore doldurulmas.
minerals fill in the gaps
formed due to
brecciation of rock
i.e. The brecciation is
before the mineral
occurrence
Found usually in
htrothermal deposits
 ORE TEXTURES

9) Cellular texture
The ore or rock in
which ore and gangue
minerals leave voids
due mainly to escape
of gas during cooling
of fuids.
Occurs mainly in
replacement type
deposits.
Characteristic in
epithermal Au
deposits
Cerattepe (Kafkasr, Artvin) Au deposit
 ORE TEXTURES

9) Cellular texture
The ore or rock in
which ore and gangue
minerals leave voids
due mainly to escape
of gas during cooling
of fuids.
Occurs mainly in
replacement type
deposits.
Characteristic in
epithermal Au
deposits
Emirli (demi, zmir) antimony deposit
 CEVHER YAPILARI

10) Dendiritic texture

The ore or any rock in
which ore and gangue
minerals are deposited
or crystallised in the
form of branching
tree.

Occurs under surficial

conditions.
Characteristic for
Manganese dendirites (Abdulaliler Mn
Mn occurences
occurrence, Maka, Trabzon
 CEVHER YAPILARI
11) Sferulitic texture
Any rock or ore
specimen in which
minerals are
crystallised in the form
of spherulites
Occurs mainly during
low temperature
crystallisation under
near-surface
conditions
Characteristic for
zeolite, chlorite
Stibnite sferlites (Emirli Sb deposit, demi)
occurences
 CEVHER YAPILARI

12) Colloidal Texture

Any rock that is
formed as a result of
colloidal (in the form
of a gel) transport of
particles.
Occurs as concentric
layers around a
microscopic particle
 ORE TEXTURES

13) Void-filling textures

Characteristic in low
temperature, silica enriched
(epithermal type Au)
deposits.
a) Banded texture,
b) Comb texture,
c) Cokard texture
d) colloform texture
 ORE TEXTURES

A geod (piece of rock which has a large void in it)

 ORE TEXTURES

Sample opened up a little

 ORE TEXTURES

Sample opened completely.

 ORE TEXTURES

13) Void-filling textures

a) Banded texture,

Minerals are crystallised

along certain zones or
bands which may or may Direction of
not repeat symmetrically crystallisation

Usually occurs in
Carbonate
epithermal deposits
Quartz

Slayt-28
 ORE TEXTURES

13) Void-filling textures

a) Banded texture,
1) Symmetricly
banded texture
Usually a piece of
vein in which
crystallisation of
minerals takes place
symmetrically from
the wall to the
center of the vein,
such as a-b-c-b-a

Gmky Ag deposit (Ktahya).

 ORE TEXTURES

13) Void-filling textures

a) Banded texture,
1) Asymmetricly
banded texture
Usually a piece of
vein in which
crystallisation of
minerals takes place
in the form of
asymmetrical zones
or bands, such as a-
b-c
Murgul (Artvin) Cu deposit (wall rock-quartz- ametist-
quartz-chalcopyrite zones)
 ORE TEXTURES

13) Void-filling textures

b) Comb texture

A piece of vein in
which crystallisation
of minerals (usually
quartz) takes place
as single euhedral
crystals growing
towards the center
of the vein.

Characteristic in
Olucak (Gmhane) Au occurrence
epithermal systems
 ORE TEXTURES

13) Void-filling textures

c) Cocard Texture
A colloidal-like texture
in which mineral
precipitation takes
place around a
megascopic particle or
piece of rock.

Characterisitic in low T
systems
 ORE TEXTURES

13) Void-filling textures

d) Colloform Texture
A colloidal-like texture in
which mineral precipitation
takes place in te form of
symmetric or asymmetric
circular or elliptical zones
around a microscocopic
particle.

Characterisitic in low T
systems

ataltepe (Tonya) vein type Pb-Zn deposit

 ORE TEXTURES

13) Void-filling textures

d) Colloform Texture
A colloidal-like texture in
which mineral precipitation
takes place in te form of
symmetric or asymmetric
circular or elliptical zones
around a microscocopic
particle.

Characterisitic in low T
systems
MICROSCOPIC TEXTURES
Microscopic Texture refers to the physical appearance or
character of a rock, such as grain size, shape, arrangement,
and pattern microscopic level. This includes the geometric
aspects and relations amongst the minerals. Instead of
texture, the term microstructure is preferred by some
petrographers

How they are formed? What they tell us ?

1) Features of hyrothermal fluid

2) Physical characteristic of country rock
3) Physical characteristic of country rock
4) Changes in T and P during crystallisation of minerals
 MICROSCOPIC TEXTURES

What they tell us?

1) Temporal relations between gangue and ore minerals

When a mineral was formed and how it was formed?
2) Mineral paragenesis and succession of mineralisation
3) Formational temperatures of ore and gangue minerals
4) Briefly, conditions under which the ore was formed

Types of microscopic ore textures

1) Ornatm dokular,
2) Eksolsyon dokular
3) Boluk dolgusu dokular
 MICROSCOPIC TEXTURES

a) Infilling of a fracture by a mineral

1) Replacement textures

Forms as a result of
the interaction of a
fluid while it goes
through already-
formed minerals
due to cooling and
exchange of ions
between the fluids
and the minerals

Zerbanos Yayla Cu-Pb-Zn vein, Maka, Trabzon)

 MICROSCOPIC TEXTURES
1) Replacement textures
b) Occurrence of a mineral as island or discrete pieces of mineral within
another minerl

Zerbanos Yayla Cu-Pb-Zn

vein, Maka, Trabzon)
 MICROSCOPIC TEXTURES
1) Replacement textures
c) Occurrence of a mineral as island or discrete pieces of mineral within
another minerl

Zerbanos Yayla Cu-Pb-Zn

vein, Maka, Trabzon)
 MICROSCOPIC TEXTURES
1) Ornatm Dokular:
c) Intrusion of a mineral through another mineral

Replaement of bornite
by chalcopyrite
 MICROSCOPIC TEXTURES
1) Replacement textures:
d) Irregularly surrounding of a mineral around / along another mineral

Tetrahedrite and galena

around chalcopyrite
 MICROSCOPIC TEXTURES
1) Replacement textures:
e) Encompassing a mineral

A silver mineral around

another silver mineral from
Gmky, Ktahya
 MICROSCOPIC TEXTURES
1) Replacement textures:
f) Irregularly intrusion of a mineral within a mineral

Replacement od sphalerite
by tehtahedrite. Bakacak,
Ordu
 MICROSCOPIC TEXTURES
2) Exolution textures:
Kat ergiyik ierisinde bulunan bileenlerin zellikle scakln
dmesine bal olarak birbirinden ayrlmas ve ergiyik ierisinde az
olarak bulunan fazn ana faz ierisinde ayr olarak kristallemesiyle
oluan doku trdr. Bu doku tr oluum scaklnn
belirlenmesinde son derece faydaldr.
Some Exolution textures
Pirotin iinde pendlantit
Kalkopirit iinde kbanit
Sfalerit iinde kalkopirit: 400oC
Stannit iinde sfalerit: 325 oC
Manyetit iinde ilmenit
lmenit iinde hematit
Hematit iinde ilmenit
Sfalerit iinde kalkopirit:
 MICROSCOPIC TEXTURES
2) Exolution textures:
c

Sv (Ergiyik)
Homojen

a
X1
T2 T2

T4 T4

T3 T3
Karabilirlik aral

T1 T1
X2 X3
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
A SixOy Molekler % B SixOy
 MICROSCOPIC TEXTURES
2) Exolution textures:
a) Inclusions:

Chalcopyrite inclusions
within sphalerite.
Zerbanos Yayla Cu-Pb-
Zn vein, Maka,
Trabzon)
 MICROSCOPIC TEXTURES
2) Exolution textures:
b) Lattice texture :

Chalcopyrite lattice in
bornite
 MICROSCOPIC TEXTURES
2) Exolution textures:
a) Lattice texture:
 MICROSCOPIC TEXTURES
3) Boluk Dolgusu Dokular:

Same as megascopic void-filling textures

 MICROSCOPIC TEXTURES
3) Boluk Dolgusu Dokular:
1) Microveins of a mineral within another mineral

Tetrahedrite vein within

chalcopyrite
Zerbanos Yayla Cu-Pb-
Zn damar, Maka,
Trabzon)
 MICROSCOPIC TEXTURES
3) Void-filling texture
2) Veinlets

Tetrahedrite-veinlets in
chalcopyrite
Zerbanos Yayla Cu-Pb-Zn
vein, Maka, Trabzon)
 MICROSCOPIC TEXTURES
3) Boluk Dolgusu Dokular:
Breccia-infill texture
 CEVHER DOKULARI
3) Void-filling texture
4) Colloform texture
 CEVHER DOKULARI
4) Other Textures
a) Needle-like textures
 CEVHER DOKULARI
4) Other Textures c) Dissolution textures
b) Kink-banded textures

Stibnite kink-bands (Gmler, Nide). Dissolution of pyrite (Gmler, Nide).

 Pyrite
lst

Sphalerite+galena+fahlore

Pyrite Barite

lst

lst
 kt

kt

kt

Limestone kt
2 cm

kt
ORE: Mineral Paragenesis - 1
ORE: Mineral Paragenesis - 2
1

1 5

1 2
2

3 6

3
5
ORE: Mineral Paragenesis - 3

4
2
6
5
4

3 3
1

4 6 3
1
1 3

4
Mikroprob ORE: Mineral Paragenesis - 4

%45,941 Cu, %16,863 Te, % 9, 046 As, % 0,533 Zn, % 0,44 Ag, %0,276 Fe, % 25,58 S

0, 74 at. % Cu+Fe+Zn+Ag, 0,263 at. % Te+As+Sb, 0,768 at. % S

Cu12Te4S13 : Goldfieldit