Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Mathematics Eight
Mathematics Eight
MwYZ
Ag kwY
iPbv
mvjn& gwZb
W. Agj nvj`vi
W. Ag~j P` gj
kL KzZzeDwb
nvwg`v evby eMg
G.K.Gg. knx`yjvn&
gvt kvnRvnvb wmivR
mv`bv
W. gvt Ave`yj gwZb
W. Avym Qvgv`
KwDUvi KvR
cvidg Kvjvi Mvwd (cv:) wj:
cQ`
my`kb evQvi
myRvDj Ave`xb
wPvb
gvt Kwei nvmb
wWRvBb
RvZxq wkvg I cvVcyK evW
mg mU 103-109
Ag PZzfyR 110-125
`kg e 132-140
Digvjv 157-163
c_g Aavq
cvUvb
ewPgq cKwZ bvbv iKg cvUvb ficyi| cKwZi GB ewP Avgiv MYbv I msLvi mvnvh Dcjw
Kwi| cvUvb Avgv`i Rxebi m Ryo AvQ bvbv fve| wki jvj-bxj eK Avjv`v Kiv GKwU
cvUvb jvjjv Gw`K hve, bxjjv Hw`K hve| m MYbv KiZ kL msLv GKwU cvUvb|
Avevi 5-Gi wYZKjvi kl 0 ev 5 _vK, GwUI GKwU cvUvb| msLv cvUvb wPbZ cviv GwU
MvwYwZK mgmv mgvavb `Zv ARbi iyZc~Y Ask| Avevi Avgv`i cvkvK bvbv iKg evnvwi
bKkv, wewfb vcbvi Mvq KviyKvhgq bKkv BZvw`Z RvwgwZK cvUvb `LZ cvB| G Aavq msLv
I RvwgwZK cvUvb welq AvjvPbv Kiv ne|
Aavq kl wkv_xiv-
cvUvb Kx Zv evLv KiZ cvie|
iwLK cvUvb wjLZ I eYbv KiZ cvie|
wewfb aibi RvwgwZK cvUvb wjLZ I eYbv KiZ cvie|
AvivwcZ kZvbyhvqx mnR iwLK cvUvb wjLZ I eYbv KiZ cvie|
iwLK cvUvbK PjKi gvag exRMwYZxq ivwkgvjvq cKvk KiZ cvie|
iwLK cvUvbi wbw`Zg msLv ei KiZ cvie|
1.1 cvUvb
wbPi wPi UvBjm&&jv j Kwi| Gjv GKwU cvUvb mvRvbv nqQ| GLvb cwZwU AvovAvwo
UvBjmi cvki UvBjmwU j^vjw^fve mvRvbv| mvRvbvi GB wbqgwU GKwU cvUvb mw KiQ|
1 1
1 2 1
1 3 3 1
1 4 6 4 1
2 MwYZ
wZxq wP KZjv msLv wfzRvKvi mvRvbv nqQ| msLvjv GKwU wekl wbqg gb wbevPb
Kiv nqQ| wbqgwU njv: cwZ jvBbi iyZ I kl 1 _vKe Ges Ab msLvjv Dcii mvwii
`yBwU cvkvcvwk msLvi hvMdji mgvb| hvMdj mvRvbvi GB wbqg Ab GKwU cvUvb mw KiQ|
Avevi, 1, 4, 7, 10, 13, ............. msLvjvZ GKwU cvUvb we`gvb| msLvjv fvjvfve j
Ki `Lj GKwU wbqg LuyR cvIqv hve| wbqgwU njv, 1 _K iy Ki cwZevi 3 hvM KiZ ne|
Ab GKwU D`vniY : 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, ........ cwZevi wY nQ|
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70
71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80
81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90
91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100
KvR :
1|: 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, ......... msLvjvK wdevbvw msLv ejv nq|
msLvjvZ Kvbv cvUvb `LZ cvI Kx ?
j Ki : 2 cvIqv hvq Gi c~eeZx 2wU msLv hvM Ki (1+1)
3 2wU (1+2)
21 2wU (8+13)
cieZx `kwU wdevbvw msLv ei Ki|
KkjwU njv :
c` hvMdji mv_ msLvjv wecixZ g wjL hvM Ki cvB
K = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 7 + 8 + 9 + 10
K = 10 + 9 + 8 + 7 + 6 + 5 + 4 + 3 + 2 + 1
2K = (1+10) + (2+9) + ... .. + (9+2) + (10+1)
2K = (1+10) 5 = 55
(c_g msLv + kl msLv ) c` msLv
K =
2
Gfve c_g cvkwU weRvo msLvi hvMdj ei KiZ mnR ne bv| eis G aibi hvMdj
wbYqi Rb KvhKi MvwYwZK m~ Zwi Kwi| 1 _K 19 ch weRvo msLvjv j Kij `Lv
hvq, 1 + 19 = 20, 3 + 17 = 20, 5 + 15 = 20 BZvw` | GiKg 5 Rvov msLv cvIqv hvq
hv`i hvMdj 20| myZivs, msLv jvi hvMdj 5 20 = 100|
1 3 4 5 9 7 16
MwYZ 5
`Lv hvQ h, 3wU weRvo msLv hvMi ejvq cZKi cvk 3wU QvU eM emvbv nqQ| myZivs,
10wU wgK weRvo msLv hvM Kij wPi cwZ cvk 10wU QvU eM _vKe| A_vr, 10 X 10 ev
100wU eMi cqvRb ne| mvaviYfve ejv hvq h, K msLK wgK ^vfvweK weRvo msLvi
hvMdj (K)2 |
KvR
1| hvMdj ei Ki: 1 + 4 + 7 + 10 + 13 + 16 + 19 + 22 + 25 + 28 + 31
KvR
1| 130, 170, 185 K `yBfve `yBwU eMi mgwic cKvk Ki|
2| 325 msLvwU wZbwU wfb Dcvq `yBwU eMi mgwic cKvk Ki|
Kvbv ^vfvweK msLvK wZbwU wewfb Dcvq `yBwU eMi mgwic cKvk Kiv hvq wK ?
6 MwYZ
2 4 2 9 4 2 9 4
5 5 5 7 5 3
6 8 6 1 8 6 1 8
(L) 4 gi gvwRK eM
GKwU eMK `N I c eivei Pvi fvM fvM Ki lvjwU QvU eM Kiv njv| cwZwU z`
eM 1 _K 16 ch wgK ^vfvweK msLvjv Ggb fve mvRvZ ne hvZ cvkvcvwk, Dci-
wbP, KvbvKzwb hvM Kij hvMdj GKB nq| G hvMdj ne 34 Ges 34 njv 4 gi
gvwRK msLv| msLvjv mvRvbvi wewfb Kkj iqQ| GKwU Kkj njv msLvjv hKvbv
KvY _K Avi Ki gv^q cvkvcvwk, Dci-wbP wjLZ ne| KYi msLvjv ev` w`q evwK
msLvjv wbevPb KiZ ne| Gevi KYi msLvjv wecixZ KvY _K wjwL| cvkvcvwk, Dci-wbP,
KvbvKzwb hvM Ki `Lv hvq, hvMdj 34 nQ|
1 2 3 4
5 6 7 8
9 10 11 12
13 14 15 16
2 3 16 13 16 2 3 13
5 8 11 10 5 11 10 8
7 6 9 7 6 12
14 15 4 1 4 14 15 1
MwYZ 7
KvR :
1| wfb Kkj 4 gi gvwRK eM Zwi Ki|
2| `jMZfve 5 gi gvwRK eM wbgvYi Pv Ki|
3| wZb Ai h Kvbv msLv bvI| msLvi AjvK wecixZ g wjL| Gevi eo msLvwU
_K QvU msLvwU weqvM Ki| weqvMdj 99 viv fvM Ki| fvMkl 0 Kb evLv Ki|
4 7 10 13 3K+1
6 11 16 21 5K+1
7 12 17 22 5K+2
wPjv Zwi KiZ KZjv iLvsk cqvRb Zvi cvUvb j Kwi| K msLK A Zwii Rb
iLvski msLv cwZ cvUvbi kl exRMwYZxq ivwki mvnvh `Lvbv nqQ|
8 MwYZ
Abykxjbx 1
1| cwZwU ZvwjKvi cieZx PviwU msLv wbYq Ki :
(K) 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, ... (L) 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, ...
(M) 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, ... (N) 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, ...
(O) 8, 16, 24, 32, 40, ... (P) 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, ...
2| cwZwU ZvwjKvi cvkvcvwk `yBwU c`i cv_K ei Ki Ges cieZx `yBwU msLv wbYq Ki :
(K) 7, 12, 17, 22, 27, ... (L) 6, 17, 28, 39, 50, ...
(M) 24, 20, 16, 12, 8, ... (N) 11, 8, 5, 2, 1, ...
(O) 5, 8, 11, 14, ... (P) 14, 9, 4, 1, 6, ...
4| wbPi msLv cvUvbjvi ga Kvbv wgj iqQ wK ? cwZwU ZvwjKvi cieZx msLvwU wbYq Ki|
(K) 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13 ... (L) 4, 4, 5, 6, 8, 11, ...
(M) 1, 1, 0, 1, 3, 6, 11, ...
G msLvjvi GKwU msLv cwieZb Kiv nj msLvjv GKwU cvUvb Zwi Ki| msLvwU wPwZ
Ki Dchy msLv emvI|
wgK ivwk c`
bs 1g 2q 3q 4_ 5g 10g 100Zg
1 2K1 1 3 5 7 9 19
2 3K+2 5 8 11 14
3 4K+1 5
4 K 2+1 2 5 10001
1 2 3
(K) PZz_ cvUvb `kjvBqi KvwVi msLv ei Ki|
(L) ZvwjKvi cieZx msLvwU Kxfve ei Kie Zv evLv Ki|
(M) kZZg cvUvb ZwiZ KZjv `kjvBqi KvwVi cqvRb ?
wZxq Aavq
gybvdv
`bw`b Rxeb mevB ePvKbv I jb`bi mv_ RwoZ| KD wk cwZvb A_ wewbqvM Ki
cY Drcv`b Kib I Drcvw`Z cY evRvi cvBKvi`i wbKU weq Kib| Avevi cvBKviMY
Zv`i qKZ cY evRvi LyPiv eemvqx`i wbKU weq Kib| cwikl LyPiv eemvqxMY
Zv`i qKZ cY mvaviY Zv`i wbKU weq Kib| cZK i mevB gybvdv ev jvf KiZ
Pvb| Ze wewfb KviY jvKmvb ev wZI nZ cvi| hgb, kqvievRvi jvf hgb AvQ,
Zgb `icZbi KviY wZI AvQ| Avevi Avgiv wbivcvi ^v_ UvKv evsK AvgvbZ ivwL|
evsK mB UvKv wewfb LvZ wewbqvM Ki jvf ev gybvdv cvq Ges evsKI AvgvbZKvix`i
gybvdv `q| ZvB mKjiB wewbqvM I gybvdv mK aviYv _vKv `iKvi| G Aavq jvf-wZ
Ges weklfve gybvdv mK AvjvPbv Kiv nqQ|
Aavq kl wkv_xiv
gybvdv Kx Zv ejZ cvie|
mij gybvdvi nvi evLv KiZ cvie Ges G msv mgmv mgvavb KiZ cvie|
Pew gybvdvi nvi evLv KiZ cvie Ges G msv mgmv mgvavb KiZ cvie|
evsKi wnmve weeiYx eySZ I evLv KiZ cvie|
2.1 jvf-wZ
GKRb eemvqx `vKvb fvov, cwienb LiP I Abvb AvbylwK LiP cYi qg~ji mv_ hvM
Ki cKZ LiP wbaviY Kib| GB cKZ LiPK wewbqvM ej| GB wewbqvMKB jvf ev wZ
wbYqi Rb qg~j wnme aiv nq| Avi h g~j H cY weq Kiv nq Zv weqg~j| qg~ji
Pq weqg~j ewk nj jvf ev gybvdv nq| Avi qg~ji Pq weqg~j Kg nj jvKmvb ev
wZ nq| Avevi qg~j I weqg~j mgvb nj jvf ev wZ KvbvwUB nq bv| jvf ev wZ
qg~ji Ici wnmve Kiv nq|
D`vniY 1| GKRb `vKvb`vi cwZ nvwj wWg 25 UvKv `i q Ki cwZ 2 nvwj 56 UvKv `i weq
Kij Zuvi kZKiv KZ jvf ne ?
mgvavb : 1 nvwj wWgi qg~j 25UvKv
2 nvwj 25 2 UvKv ev 50 UvKv|
= 12 UvKv|
jvf 12%
D`vniY 2| GKwU QvMj 8% wZZ weq Kiv njv| QvMjwU AviI 800 UvKv ewk g~j weq
Kij 8% jvf nZv| QvMjwUi qg~j KZ ?
mgvavb : QvMjwUi qg~j 100 UvKv nj, 8% wZZ weqg~j (100 8) UvKv ev 92 UvKv|
Avevi, 8% jvf weqg~j (100 + 8) UvKv ev 108 UvKv|
weqg~j ewk nq (108 92) UvKv ev 16 UvKv|
weqg~j 16 UvKv ewk nj qg~j 100 UvKv
100
1
16
100 80050
800
16
1
= 5000 UvKv
2.2 gybvdv
dwi`v eMg Zuvi wKQz Rgvbv UvKv evwoZ ivLv wbivc` bq fe evsK ivLvi wmv wbjb| wZwb
10,000 UvKv evsK AvgvbZ ivLjb| GK eQi ci evsKi wnmve wbZ wMq `Ljb, Zuvi Rgv
UvKvi cwigvY 700 UvKv ew cq 10,700 UvKv nqQ| GK eQi ci dwi`v eMgi UvKv Kxfve
700 UvKv ew cj ?
evsK UvKv Rgv ivLj evsK mB UvKv eemv, MnwbgvY BZvw` wewfb LvZ FY w`q mLvb _K
gybvdv Ki| evsK mLvb _K AvgvbZKvixK wKQz UvKv `q| G UvKvB nQ AvgvbZKvixi cv
gybvdv ev jfvsk| Avi h UvKv c_g evsK Rgv ivLv nqwQj Zv Zvi g~jab ev Avmj| Kviv KvQ
UvKv Rgv ivLv ev FY `Iqv Ges Kviv KvQ _K UvKv avi ev FY wnme bIqv GKwU cwqvi
gvag mb nq| GB cwqv g~jab, gybvdvi nvi, mgq I gybvdvi mv_ mwKZ|
j Kwi :
gybvdvi nvi : 100 UvKvi 1 eQii gybvdvK gybvdvi nvi ev kZKiv evwlK gybvdv ejv nq|
mgqKvj : h mgqi Rb gybvdv wnmve Kiv nq Zv G mgqKvj|
mij gybvdv : cwZ eQi ay cviwK g~jabi Ici h gybvdv wnmve Kiv nq, ZvK mij gybvdv
(Simple Profit) ej| ay gybvdv ejZ mij gybvdv evSvq|
G Aavq Avgiv wbPi exRMwYZxq cZxKjv eenvi Kie|
D`vniY 3| iwgR mvne evsK 5000 UvKv Rgv ivLjb Ges wVK Kijb h, AvMvgx 6 eQi wZwb
evsK _K UvKv DVveb bv| evsKi evwlK gybvdv 10% nj, 6 eQi ci wZwb gybvdv KZ cveb ?
gybvdv-Avmj KZ ne ?
mgvavb : 100 UvKvi 1 eQii gybvdv 10 UvKv
10
1 1
100
10 5000
5000 1
100
10 500050 6
5000 6
100
= 3000 UvKv
gbyvdv-Avmj = Avmj + gbyvdv
= (5000 + 3000) UvKv
= 8000 UvKv|
gybvdv 3000 UvKv Ges gybvdv-Avmj 8000 UvKv|
10
j Kwi : 5000 UvKvi 6 eQii gybvdv 5000 6 UvKv
100
3
D`vniY 6| Kvbv Avmj 3 eQi gybvdv-Avmj 5500 UvKv nq| gybvdv, Avmji Ask nj,
8
Avmj I gybvdvi nvi KZ ?
mgvavb : Avgiv Rvwb, Avmj + gybvdv = gybvdvAvmj
3
ev, Avmj + Avmji = 5500
8
3
ev, 1 + Avmj = 5500
8
11
ev, Avmj = 5500
8
500 5500 8
ev, Avmj = UvKv
111
= 4000 UvKv|
gybvdv = gybvdv-Avmj Avmj
= (5500 4000) UvKv, ev 1500 UvKv
Avevi, Avgiv Rvwb, I = prn
ev, r = I
pn
gybvdv
A_vr, gybvdvi nvi =
Avmj mgq
1500
=
4000 3
25 500 1
1500 100 25 1
= % ev % ev 12 %
400040 31 2 2
2
1
Avmj 4000 UvKv I evwlK gybvdv 12 %
2
D`vniY 7| evwlK 12% gybvdvq KZ eQi 10000 UvKvi gybvdv 4800 UvKv ne ?
mgvavb : Avgiv Rvwb, I = prn
ev, n = I
pr
16 MwYZ
Abykxjbx 2.1
1| GKwU cY`e weq Ki cvBKvwi weZvi 20% Ges LyPiv weZvi 20% jvf nq| hw`
`ewUi LyPiv weqg~j 576 UvKv nq, Ze cvBKvwi weZvi qg~j KZ ?
2| GKRb `vKvb`vi wKQz Wvj 2375.00 UvKvq weq Kivq Zvi 5% wZ njv| H Wvj KZ
UvKvq weq Kij Zvi 6% jvf nZv ?
3| 30 UvKvq 10wU `i I 15wU `i mgvb msLK Kjv q Ki mejv Kjv 30 UvKvq 12wU
`i weq Kij kZKiv KZ jvf ev wZ ne ?
4| evwlK kZKiv gybvdvi nvi 10.50 UvKv nj, 2000 UvKvi 5 eQii gybvdv KZ ne ?
5| evwlK gybvdv kZKiv 10 UvKv _K Kg 8 UvKv nj, 3000 UvKvi 3 eQii gybvdv KZ Kg
ne ?
6| evwlK kZKiv gybvdv KZ nj, 13000 UvKv 5 eQi gybvdv-Avmj 18850 UvKv ne ?
7| evwlK kZKiv KZ gybvdvq Kvbv Avmj 8 eQi gybvdv-Avmj wY ne ?
8| 6500 UvKv h nvi gybvdvq 4 eQi gybvdv-Avmj 8840 UvKv nq, H GKB nvi gybvdvq KZ
UvKv 4 eQi gybvdv-Avmj 10200 UvKv ne ?
MwYZ 17
9| wiqvR mvne wKQz UvKv evsK Rgv iL 4 eQi ci 4760 UvKv gybvdv cvb| evsKi evwlK
gybvdvi nvi 8.50 UvKv nj, wZwb evsK KZ UvKv Rgv iLwQjb ?
10| kZKiv evwlK h nvi Kvbv g~jab 6 eQi gybvdv-g~jab wY nq, mB nvi KZ UvKv 4
eQi gybvdv-g~jab 2050 UvKv ne ?
11| evwlK kZKiv 6 UvKv gybvdvq 500 UvKvi 4 eQii gybvdv hZ nq, evwlK kZKiv 5 UvKv
gybvdvq KZ UvKvi 2 eQi 6 gvmi gybvdv ZZ ne ?
12| evwlK gybvdv 8% _K eo 10% nIqvq wZkv gvigvi Avq 4 eQi 128 UvKv eo Mj|
Zuvi g~jab KZ wQj ?
13| Kvbv Avmj 3 eQi gybvdv-Avmj 1578 UvKv Ges 5 eQi gybvdv-Avmj 1830 UvKv nq|
Avmj I gybvdvi nvi wbYq Ki|
14| evwlK 10% gybvdvq 3000 UvKv Ges 8% gybvdvq 2000 UvKv wewbqvM Kij gvU g~jabi
Ici Mo kZKiv KZ UvKv nvi gybvdv cvIqv hve ?
15| iwWK MvgR 3 eQii Rb 10000 UvKv Ges 4 eQii Rb 15000 UvKv evsK _K FY
wbq evsKK gvU 9900 UvKv gybvdv `b| Dfq gybvdvi nvi mgvb nj, gybvdvi nvi
wbYq Ki|
16| GKB nvi gybvdvq Kvbv Avmj 6 eQi gybvdv-Avmj wY nj, KZ eQi Zv gybvdv-Avmj
wZbY ne ?
17| Kvbv wbw` mgqi gybvdv-Avmj 5600 UvKv Ges gybvdv, Avmji Ask| gybvdv evwlK
kZKiv 8 UvKv nj, mgq wbYq Ki|
18| Rvwgj mvne cbkbi UvKv cq 10 jvL UvKvi wZb gvm Ai gybvdv wfwK wZb eQi gqvw`
cbkb mqc wKbjb| evwlK gybvdv 12% nj, wZwb 1g wKwZ, A_vr c_g wZb gvm ci
KZ gybvdv cveb ?
ZLb, 2q eQii Rb Zvi g~jab ne (1000 + 120) UvKv, ev 1120 UvKv, hv Zuvi Pew g~jab|
2q eQiv 1120 UvKvi Ici 12% gybvdv `Iqv ne|
224 12
1120 UvKvi 12% = 1120 100 UvKv
25
672 5
= 5 UvKv
= 134.40 UvKv
3q eQii Rb AvgvbZKvixi Pew g~jab ne (1120 + 134.40) UvKv
= 1254.40 UvKv|
Gfve cwZ eQiv evsK AvgvbZKvixi g~jab evoZ _vKe| GB ewcv g~jabK ejv nq
Pew g~jab ev Pew g~j| Avi cwZ eQi ewcv g~jabi Ici h gybvdv wnmve Kiv nq, ZvK
ej Pew gybvdv| Ze G gybvdv wbYq wZb gvm, Qq gvm ev Gi Pq Kg mgqi RbI nZ cvi|
GLb, Pew gybvdv mK AvjvPbvi iyZ h g~jab 1000 UvKv Ges gybvdv 12% aiv nqwQj,
mLvb Pew g~jabi m~ cqvM Kwi :
1g eQiv Pew g~jab = P(1+ r)
12
= 1000 1 + 100 UvKv
D`vniY 1| evwlK kZKiv 8 UvKv gybvdvq 62500 UvKvi 3 eQii Pew g~jab wbYq Ki|
mgvavb : Avgiv Rvwb, C = p (1+ r)n
`Iqv AvQ, cviwK g~jab p = 62500 UvKv
evwlK gybvdvi nvi, r = 8%
Ges mgq n = 3 eQi
2
8 3 27 3
C = 62500 1 + 100 UvKv, ev 62500 UvKv
25
25
= 62500 (1.08)3 UvKv
= 62500 1.259712 UvKv
= 78732 UvKv
Pew g~jab 78732 UvKv|
D`vniY 2| evwlK 10.50% gybvdvq 5000 UvKvi 2 eQii Pew gybvdv wbYq Ki|
mgvavb : Pew gybvdv wbYqi Rb c_g Pew g~jab wbYq Kwi|
Avgiv Rvwb, Pew g~jab C = P(1+ r)n, hLvb g~jab P = 5000 UvKv,
21
gybvdvi nvi r = 10.50% =
200
mgq n = 2 eQi
C = P(1+ r)2
21 2
= 5000 1 + 200 UvKv
2
221
= 5000 100 UvKv
1
25 221 221
= 5000 200 200 UvKv
1 8
48841
= 8 UvKv ev 6105.13 UvKv (cvq)
MwYZ 21
D`vniY 3| GKwU dvU gvwjK KjvY mwgwZ Av`vqKZ mvwfm PvR _K D 200000 UvKv evsK
Qq gvm Ai Pew gybvdvwfwK vqx AvgvbZ ivLjb| gybvdvi nvi evwlK 12 UvKv nj, Qq gvm
ci H mwgwZi wnmve KZ UvKv gybvdv Rgv ne ? GK eQi ci Pew g~jab KZ ne ?
D`vniY 4| Kvbv knii eZgvb RbmsLv 80 j| H knii RbmsLv ewi nvi cwZ nvRvi 30
nj, 3 eQi ci H knii RbmsLv KZ ne?
mgvavb : kniwUi eZgvb RbmsLv P = 8000000
30
RbmsLv ewi nvi = 100% = 3%
1000
mgq n = 3 eQi|
22 MwYZ
Abykxjbx 2.2
3| wbPi Z_jv j Ki :
i. gybvdv = gybvdv-Avmj Avmj
Avmj gybvdv mgq
ii. gybvdv =
2
iii. jvf ev wZ weqg~ji Ici wnmve Kiv nq|
Dcii Z_i AvjvK wbPi KvbwU mwVK ?
K. i I ii L. ii I iii M. i I iii N. i, ii I iii
4| Rvwgj mvne evwlK 10% gybvdvq evsK 2000 UvKv Rgv ivLjb|
wbPi ckjvi Di `vI :
(1) 1g eQiv gybvdv-Avmj KZ ne ?
K. 2050 UvKv L. 2100 UvKv M. 2200 UvKv N. 2250 UvKv
MwYZ 23
12| wkcv eoqv Kvbv evsK 3000 UvKv Rgv iL 2 eQi ci gybvdvmn 3600 UvKv cqQb|
K. mij gybvdvi nvi wbYq Ki|
L. AviI 3 eQi ci gybvdv-Avmj KZ ne ?
M. 3000 UvKv GKB nvi Pew gybvdvq Rgv ivLj 2 eQi ci Pew g~jab KZ nZv ?
ZZxq Aavq
cwigvc
cvZwnK Rxeb eeZ wewfb cKvi fvMcY I Abvb `evw`i AvKvi, AvKwZ I aibi Ici G
cwigvc cwZ wbfi Ki| `N gvcvi Rb, IRb cwigvc Kivi Rb I Zij c`v_i AvqZb ei
Kivi Rb wfb wfb cwigvc cwZ iqQ| dj I Nbdj wbYqi Rb `N cwigvc viv Zwi
cwigvc cwZ eeZ nq| Avevi RbmsLv, ccvwL, MvQcvjv, b`xbvjv, Nievwo, hvbevnb BZvw`i
msLvI Avgv`i Rvbvi cqvRb nq| MYbv Ki Gjv cwigvc Kiv nq|
Aavq kl wkv_xiv
`kxq, wewUk I AvRvwZK cwigvc cwZ evLv KiZ cvie Ges mswk cwZi mvnvh
`N, dj, IRb I Zij c`v_i AvqZb wbYq msewjZ mgmvi mgvavb KiZ cvie|
`kxq, wewUk I AvRvwZK cwZZ `bw`b Rxeb cPwjZ cwigvcKi mvnvh cwigvc KiZ
cvie|
`N cwigvci GKK wgUvi| cw_exi Di giy _K dvi ivRavbx cvwimi `vwNgv iLv eivei
welyeiLv ch `Ni KvwU fvMi GK fvMK GK wgUvi wnme MY Kiv nq| cieZxZ cvwim
wgDwRqvg iwZ GK L cvwUbvgi iW-Gi `N GK wgUvi wnme ^xKZ nqQ| G `NKB
GKK wnme ai iwLK cwigvc Kiv nq| `Ni cwigvc QvU nj mwUwgUvi Ges eo nj
wKjvwgUvi cKvk Kiv nq| `Ni GKK wgUvi _K gwUK cwZ bvgKiY Kiv nqQ|
IRb cwigvci GKK Mvg| GwU gwUK cwZi GKK| Kg IRbi eK Mvg Ges ewk IRbi
eK wKjvMvg (K.wR.)-G cKvk Kiv nq|
Zij c`v_i AvqZb cwigvci GKK wjUvi | GwU gwUK cwZi GKK| A AvqZbi Zij
c`v_i cwigvc wjUvi I ewk cwigvci Rb wKjvwjUvi eenvi Kiv nq|
gwUK cwZZ Kvbv `NK wbgZi _K DPZi A_ev DPZi _K wbgZi GKK cwiewZZ
KiZ nj, Ajv cvkvcvwk wjL `kwgK we`ywU cqvRbgZv evg ev Wvb mivZ ne|
hgb, 5 wK. wg. 4 n. wg. 7 WKv.wg. 6 wg. 9 Wwm.wg. 2 m. wg. 3 wg. wg.
= (5000000+400000+70000+6000+900+20+3) wg.wg.
= 5476923 wg. wg. = 547692.3 m. wg. = 54769.23 Wwm.wg. = 5476.923 wg.
= 547.6923 WKv.wg. = 54.76923 n. wg. = 5.476923 wK. wg. |
Avgiv Rvwb, Kvbv `kwgK msLvi Kvbv Ai vbxq gvb G AeewnZ Wvb Ai vbxq gvbi `k
Y Ges G AeewnZ evg Ai vbxq gvbi `k fvMi GK fvM| gwUK cwZZ `N, IRb ev
AvqZb gvcvi wgK GKKjvi gaI Gic mK we`gvb AvQ| myZivs, gwUK cwZZ wbi~wcZ
Kvbv `N, IRb ev AvqZbi gvcK `kwgKi mvnvh mnRB hKvbv GKK cKvk Kiv hvq|
wbP wMK I jvwUb fvlv nZ MnxZ vbxq gvbi GKwU QK `Iqv njv :
wMK fvlv _K wYZKevaK Ges jvwUb fvlv _K AskevaK k GKKi bvgi c~e DcmM
wnme hy Kiv nqQ|
26 MwYZ
wMK fvlvq WKv A_ 10 Y, nv A_ 100 Y Ges wKjv A_ 1000 Y| jvwUb fvlvq Wwm A_
`kgvsk, mwU A_ kZvsk Ges wgwj A_ mnmvsk|
gwUK I wewUk cwigvci mK mwVKfve wbYq Kiv me bq| ZvB G mK Avmbgvb wnme
KqK `kwgK vb ch gvb wbq cKvk Kiv nq|
QvU `N cwigvci Rb j eeZ nq| eo `N cwigvci Rb wdZv eenvi Kiv nq| wdZv 30
wgUvi ev 100 dzU j^v nq _vK|
KvR :
1| j w`q Zvgvi ewUi `N Bw I mwUwgUvi gvc| G nZ 1 wgUvi mgvb KZ Bw Zv
wbYq Ki|
2| Dcii mK nZ 1 gvBj mgvb KZ wKjvwgUvi Zv-I wbYq Ki|
MwYZ 27
D`vniY 1| GKRb `owe` 400 wgUvi wewk MvjvKvi UvK 24 Pi `ovj, m KZ `~iZ `ovj ?
gwUK cwZZ IRb cwigvci Rb eeZ AviI `yBwU GKK AvQ| AwaK cwigvY ei IRb
cwigvci Rb KzBUvj I gwUK Ub GKK `yBwU eenvi Kiv nq|
KvR :
1| `vMKvUv evj viv Zvgiv Zvgv`i 5wU eBqi IRb ei Ki|
2| wWwRUvj evji mvnvh Zvgv`i IRb wbYq Ki|
28 MwYZ
D`vniY 2| 1 gwUK Ub Pvj 64 Rb kwgKi ga mgvbfve fvM Ki w`j cZK Kx cwigvY Pvj cve ?
gwUK GKKvewjZ hKvbv GKwU cwigvci GKKvewj Rvbv _vKj Acijv mnR gb ivLv hvq|
`Ni GKKvewj Rvbv _vKj IRb I Zij c`v_i AvqZb cwigvci GKKjv ay wgUvii
RvqMvq Mvg ev wjUvi emvjB cvIqv hvq|
KvR
1| Zvgvi cvbxqRji cvi aviYgZv KZ wm. wm. cwigvc Ki Ges Zv NbBwZ cKvk Ki|
2| wkK KZK wbavwiZ ARvbv AvqZbi GKwU cvi AvqZb Abygvb Ki| Zvici Gi mwVK
AvqZb ei Ki fzji cwigvY wbYq Ki|
3.7 dj cwigvc
AvqZvKvi i dji cwigvc = `Ni cwigvc ci cwigvc
eMvKvi i dji cwigvc = (evi cwigvc)2
1
wfyRvKvi i dji cwigvc = f~wgi cwigvc DPZvi cwigvc
2
30 MwYZ
KvR :
1| j w`q Zvgvi GKwU eBqi I covi Uweji `N Bw I mwUwgUvi gc Dfq GKK
G`i dj wbYq Ki| Bnv nZ 1 eMBw I 1 eMmwUwgUvii mK ei Ki|
2| `jMZfve Zvgiv e, Uwej, `iRv, Rvbvjv BZvw`i `N I c ji mvnvh Bw I
mwUwgUvi gc Gjvi dj ei Ki|
3.8 AvqZb
Nbei NbdjB AvqZb
KvR
1| Zvgvi mePq gvUv eBwUi `N, c I DPZv gc Zvi Nbdj wbYq Ki|
2| kwYwkK KZK wbavwiZ ARvbv AvqZbi GKwU evi AvqZb Abygvb Ki| Zvici Gi
mwVK AvqZb ei Ki fzji cwigvY wbYq Ki|
D`vniY 7| GKwU evi `N 2 wgUvi, c 1 wgUvi 50 m. wg. Ges DPZv 1 wgUvi| evwUi
AvqZb KZ ?
= 2 3 1 NbwgUvi
2
= 3 NbwgUvi
D`vniY 8| GKwU PevPvq 8000 wjUvi cvwb ai| PevPvwUi `N 2.56 wgUvi Ges c 1.25
wgUvi nj, MfxiZv KZ ?
34 MwYZ
= 2.5 wgUvi|
A_ev,
PevPvwUi Zjvi dj = 2.56 wgUvi 1.25 wgUvi
= 3.2 eM wg.
PevPvq 8000 wjUvi ev 8000 1000 Nb m. wg.cvwb ai|
8000 1000
PevPvwUi AvqZb = Nb wg. = 8 Nb wgUvi [ 1 Nb wg. = 1000000 Nb m. wg.]
3200
8
PevPvwUi MfxiZv = wgUvi
3.2
= 2.5 wgUvi|
D`vniY 9| GKwU Nii `N ci 3 Y| cwZ eMwgUvi 7.50 UvKv `i NiwU KvcU w`q XvKZ
gvU 1102.50 UvKv eq nq| NiwUi `N I c wbYq Ki|
1 ,, ,, ,, 1 eMwgUvi
7.50
1102.50 ,, ,, ,, 1 1102.5 eMwgUvi
7.50
= 147 eMwgUvi
A_vr, Nii dj 147 eMwgUvi|
gb Kwi, c = K wgUvi
`N = 3K wgUvi
MwYZ 35
dj = (`N c ) eM GKK
= (3K K) eMwgUvi = 3K2 eMwgUvi
kZvbymvi
3K2 = 147
147
ev, K2 =
3
ev, K2 = 49
K = 49 = 7
AZGe, c = 7 wgUvi,
Ges `N = (3 7) wgUvi ev 21 wgUvi|
D`vniY 10| evqy cvwbi Zzjbvq 0.00129 Y fvix| h Nii `N, c I DPZv h_vg 16 wgUvi,
12 wgUvi I 4 wgUvi, ZvZ KZ wKjvMvg evqy AvQ?
D`vniY 11| 21 wgUvi `xN Ges 15 wgUvi c GKwU evMvbi evBi Pviw`K 2 wgUvi ck GKwU
c_ AvQ| cwZ eMwgUvi 2.75 UvKv `i c_wUZ Nvm jvMvZ gvU KZ LiP ne?
36 MwYZ
mgvavb : 21 wgUvi
15 wgUvi
ivvmn evMvbi `N = 21 wg. + (2 + 2) wg. = 25 wgUvi
,, ,, c = 15 wg. + (2 + 2) wg. = 19 wgUvi
ivvmn evMvbi dj = (25 19) eMwgUvi 2 wgUvi
= 475 eMwgUvi
ivvev` evMvbi dj = (21 15) eMwgUvi
= 315 eMwgUvi
ivvi dj = (475 315) eMwgUvi
= 160 eMwgUvi
Nvm jvMvbvi gvU LiP = (160 2.75) UvKv
= 440.00 UvKv
AZGe, Nvm jvMvbvi gvU LiP 440 UvKv|
D`vniY 12| 40 wgUvi `N Ges 30 wgUvi cwewk GKwU gvVi wVK gvS AvovAvwofve 1.5
wgUvi ck `yBwU ivv AvQ| ivv `yBwUi dj KZ ?
40 wgUvi
mgvavb : `N eivei ivvwUi dj = 40 1.5 eMwgUvi
= 60 eMwgUvi
30 wgUvi
c eivei ivvwUi dj = (30 1.5) 1.5 eMwgUvi
= 28.5 1.5 eMwgUvi
= 42.75 eMwgUvi
AZGe, ivvqi dj = (60 + 42.75) eMwgUvi
= 102.75 eMwgUvi
ivvqi gvU dj 102.75 eMwgUvi|
D`vniY 13| 20 wgUvi `xN GKwU Kvgiv KvcU w`q XvKZ 7500.00 UvKv LiP nq| hw` H
KvgivwUi c 4 wgUvi Kg nZv, Ze 6000.00 UvKv LiP nZv| KvgivwUi c KZ ?
= 20 wgUvi
KvgivwUi c 20 wgUvi|
D`vniY 14| GKwU Nii gSi `N 4 wgUvi Ges c 3.5 wgUvi | NiwUi DPZv 3 wgUvi Ges
Gi `Iqvjjv 15 m. wg. cyiy nj, Pvi `Iqvji AvqZb KZ ?
15 m. wg.
15 4 wgUvi 3.5 wgUvi
mgvavb : `Iqvji cyiyZ 15 m.wg. = = 0.15 wgUvi
100
wPvbymvi, `Ni w`K 2wU `Iqvji Nbdj =
(4 + 2 0.15) 3 0.15 2 NbwgUvi = 3.87 NbwgUvi
Ges ci w`K 2wU `Iqvji Nbdj = 3.5 3 0.15 2 NbwgUvi
= 3.15 NbwgUvi
`Iqvjjvi gvU Nbdj = (3.87 + 3.15) NbwgUvi
= 7.02 NbwgUvi
wbYq Nbdj 7.02 NbwgUvi|
D`vniY 15| GKwU Nii wZbwU `iRv Ges 6wU Rvbvjv AvQ| cZKwU `iRv 2 wgUvi j^v Ges
1.25 wgUvi PIov, cZK Rvbvjv 1.25 wgUvi j^v Ges 1 wgUvi PIov| H Nii `iRv Rvbvjv Zwi
KiZ 5 wgUvi j^v I 0.60 wgUvi PIov KqwU Zvi cqvRb ?
38 MwYZ
Abykxjbx 3
1| GKwU knii RbmsLv 150000| cwZw`b 10 Rbi gZz nq Ges cwZw`b 17 Rb wk
RbMnY Ki | GK eQi ci H knii RbmsLv KZ ne ?
2| 20 wU K gvQi `vg 350 UvKv nj, 1 wU K gvQi `vg KZ ?
3| GKwU Mvwoi PvKvi cwiwa 5.25 wgUvi| 42 wKjvwgUvi c_ hZ PvKvwU KZ evi Nyie ?
4| `o cwZhvwMZvi Rb UvKi cwiwa KZ nj 10000 wgUvi `o 16 Pi w`Z ne ?
5| GKwU wmgU dvwiZ cwZw`b 5000 evM wmgU Drcb nq| cwZ evM wmgUi IRb hw`
45 wKjvMvg 500 Mvg nq, Ze `wbK wmgUi Drcv`b KZ ?
6| GKwU wj wgj evwlK 150000 gwUK Ub iW Zwi nq| `wbK Kx cwigvY iW Zwi nq ?
7| GK eemvqxi `vg 500 gwUK Ub Pvj AvQ| wZwb `wbK 2 gwUK Ub 500 K.wR. Ki
Pvj `vg _K `vKvb Avbb| wZwb KZ w`b My`vg _K me Pvj AvbZ cvieb ?
8| GKwU gvUiMvwo hw` 9 wjUvi cUvj 128 wKjvwgUvi hvq, Ze cwZ wKjvwgUvi hZ Kx
cwigvY cU&vji cqvRb ne ?
9| GKwU AvqZvKvi evMvbi `N 32 wgUvi Ges c 24 wgUvi| Gi wfZi Pviw`K 2 wgUvi
PIov GKwU ivv AvQ| ivvwUi dj wbYq Ki|
10| GKwU cyKzii `N 60 wgUvi Ges c 40 wgUvi| cyKzii cvoi wevi 3 wgUvi nj, cvoi
dj wbYq Ki |
11| AvqZvKvi GKwU i dj 10 GKi Ges Zvi `N ci 4 Y| wUi `N KZ
wgUvi ?
12| GKwU AvqZvKvi Nii `N ci `o Y| G dj 216 eMwgUvi nj, cwimxgv KZ ?
MwYZ 39
13| GKwU wfyRvKwZ i f~wg 24 wgUvi Ges DPZv 15 wgUvi 50 mwUwgUvi nj, Gi dj
wbYq Ki|
14| GKwU AvqZvKvi i `N 48 wgUvi Ges c 32 wgUvi 80 m. wg.| wUi evBi
Pviw`K 3 wgUvi weZ GKwU ivv AvQ| ivvwUi dj KZ ?
15| GKwU eMvKvi i GK evi `N 300 wgUvi Ges evBi Pviw`K 4 wgUvi PIov GKwU
ivv AvQ| ivvwUi dj KZ ?
16| GKwU wfyRvKwZ Rwgi dj 264 eMwgUvi| Gi f~wg 22 wgUvi nj, DPZv wbYq Ki|
17| GKwU PevPvq 19200 wjUvi cvwb ai| Gi MfxiZv 2.56 wgUvi Ges c 2.5 wgUvi nj,
`N KZ ?
18| mvbv, cvwbi Zzjbvq 19.3 Y fvix| AvqZvKvi GKwU mvbvi evii `N 7.8 mwUwgUvi, c
6.4 mwUwgUvi Ges DPZv 2.5 mwUwgUvi| mvbvi eviwUi IRb KZ ?
19| GKwU QvU evi `N 15 m. wg. 2.4 wg. wg., c 7 m. wg. 6.2 wg. wg. Ges DPZv 5 m.
wg. 8 wg. wg.| evwUi AvqZb KZ Nb mwUwgUvi ?
20| GKwU AvqZvKvi PevPvi `N 5.5 wgUvi, c 4 wgUvi Ges DPZv 2 wgUvi| D PevPvwU
cvwbfwZ _vKj cvwbi AvqZb KZ wjUvi Ges IRb KZ wKjvMvg ne ?
21| AvqZvKvi GKwU i `N ci 1.5 Y| cwZ eMwgUvi 1.90 UvKv `i Nvm jvMvZ
10260.00 UvKv eq nq| cwZ wgUvi 2.50 UvKv `i H gvVi Pviw`K eov w`Z gvU KZ
eq ne?
22| GKwU Nii gS KvcU w`q XvKZ gvU 7200 UvKv LiP nq| NiwUi c 3 wgUvi Kg
nj 576 UvKv Kg LiP nZv| NiwUi c KZ ?
23| 80 wgUvi `N I 60 wgUvi c_wewk GKwU AvqZvKvi evMvbi wfZi Pviw`K 4 wgUvi
ck GKwU c_ AvQ| cwZ eMwgUvi 7.25 UvKv `i H c_ euvavbvi LiP KZ ?
24| 2.5 wgUvi Mfxi GKwU eMvKwZ Lvjv PevPvq 28,900 wjUvi cvwb ai| Gi wfZii w`K
mxmvi cvZ jvMvZ cwZ eMwgUvi 12.50 UvKv wnmve gvU KZ LiP ne ?
25| GKwU Nii gS 26 wg. j^v I 20 wg. PIov | 4 wg. j^v I 2.5 wg. PIov KqwU gv`yi w`q
gSwU m~Y XvKv hve ? cwZwU gv`yii `vg 27.50 UvKv nj, gvU LiP KZ ne ?
26| GKwU eBqi `N 25 m. wg. I c 18 m. wg.| eBwUi cvmsLv 200 Ges cwZ cvZv
KvMRi cyiyZ 0.1 wg. wg. nj, eBwUi AvqZb wbYq Ki |
27| GKwU cyKzii `N 32 wgUvi, c_ 20 wgUvi Ges cyKzii cvwbi MfxiZv 3 wgUvi | GKwU
gwkb viv cyKziwU cvwbk~b Kiv nQ hv cwZ mK 0.1 NbwgUvi cvwb mPZ cvi |
cyKziwU cvwbk~b KiZ KZ mgq jvMe ?
28| 3 wgUvi `N, 2 wgUvi c I 1 wgUvi DPZvwewk GKwU Lvwj PevPvq 50 m.wg. evwewk
GKwU wbiU avZe NbK ivLv AvQ| PevPvwU cvwb viv c~Y Kivi ci NbKwU Zzj Avbv nj,
cvwbi MfxiZv KZ ne ?
PZy_ Aavq
exRMwYZxq m~vewj I cqvM
`bw`b Rxebi wewfb MvwYwZK mgmv mgvavb exRMwYZi cqvM I eenvi evcKfve nq _vK|
exRMwYZxq cZxK viv cKvwkZ hKvbv mvaviY wbqg ev wmvK exRMwYZxq m~ ev msc m~
ejv nq| bvbvwea MvwYwZK mgmv exRMwYZxq m~i mvnvh mgvavb Kiv hvq| mg kwYZ c_g
PviwU m~ I G`i mv_ m Abywmvjv m^ wevwiZ AvjvPbv Kiv nqQ| G Aavq
mjv cybijL Kiv njv Ges G`i cqvM `Lvbvi Rb wKQz D`vniY `Iqv njv hb wkv_xiv
cqvM mK h_ vb ARb KiZ cvi| G Aavq exRMwYZxq m~ cqvM Ki wc`x I wc`x
ivwki eM I Nb wbYq, gac` weklY, Drcv`K Ges G`i mvnvh Kxfve exRMwYZxq ivwki
M.mv.. I j.mv.. wbYq Kiv hvq Zv wevwiZfve AvjvPbv Kiv nqQ|
Aavq kl wkv_xiv
exRMwYZxq m~ cqvM Ki wc`x I wc`x ivwki eM wbicY, mijxKiY I gvb wbYq KiZ
cvie|
exRMwYZxq m~ cqvM Ki wc`x I wc`x ivwki Nb wbYq, mijxKiY I gvb wbYq KiZ
cvie|
gac` weklYi mvnvh ivwkgvjvi Drcv`K weklY KiZ cvie|
exRMwYZxq ivwki M.mv.. I j.mv.. wbYq KiZ cvie|
(a + b)2 = a (a + b) + b (a + b) a a2 ab a
= a + ab + ab + b
2 2
a+b
Avevi, eMwUi Askjvi dji mgw
b ab b2 b
aa+ab+ba+bb
= a2 + ab + ab + b2 a
= a2 + 2ab + b2
MwYZ 41
m~ 1| (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2
K_vq, `yBwU ivwki hvMdji eM = 1g ivwki eM + 2 1g ivwk 2q ivwk + 2q ivwki eM|
m~ 2| (a b)2 = a2 2ab + b2
K_vq, `yBwU ivwki weqvMdji eM = 1g ivwki eM 2 1g ivwk 2q ivwk + 2q ivwki eM|
m~ 3| a2 b2 = (a + b)(a b)
K_vq, `yBwU ivwki eMi weqvMdj = ivwk `yBwUi hvMdj ivwk `yBwUi weqvMdj
m~ 4| (x + a)(x + b) = x2 + (a + b)x + ab
K_vq, `yBwU wc`x ivwki c_g c` GKB nj, Zv`i Ydj ne c_g c`i eM, ^-^ wPhy wZxq
c`qi mgwi mv_ c_g c`i Ydj I ^-^ wPhy wZxq c`qi Ydji mgwi mgvb|
A_vr, (x + a)(x + b) = x2 + (a Ges b Gi exRMwYZxq hvMdj) x + (a Ges b Gi Ydj)
2
D`vniY 8| x = 5 nj, x + Gi gvb wbYq Ki|
1 1
x x
2 2
mgvavb : x + = x + 4 x
1 1 1
x x x
= (5) 2 + 4
= 25 + 4
= 29
KvR :
1| 2a + 5b Gi eM wbYq Ki|
2| 4x 7 Gi eM wbYq Ki|
3| a + b = 7 Ges ab = 9 nj, a2 + b2 Gi gvb wbYq Ki|
4| x y = 5 Ges xy = 6 nj, (x + y)2 Gi gvb wbYq Ki|
D`vniY 11| mij Ki (5a 7b)2 + 2(5a 7b)(9b 4a) + (9b 4a)2 viv Y Ki|
c` ivwk = x2 + 2xy + y2
= (x + y)2
= (5a 7b + 9b 4a)2 [x Ges y Gi gvb ewmq ]
= (a + 2b)2
= a2 + 4ab + 4b2
D`vniY 13| mij Ki x = 4, y = 8 Ges z = 5 nj, 25(x + y)2 20(x + y)(y + z) + 4(y + z)2
Gi gvb KZ ?
KvR : 1| m~i mvnvh (5x + 7y) I (5x 7y) Gi Ydj wbYq Ki|
2| m~i mvnvh (x + 10) I (x 14) Gi Ydj wbYq Ki|
3| (4x 3y) I (6x + 5y) K `yBwU ivwki eMi Ai ic cKvk Ki|
(a + b + c)2 a+b+c b ab b2 bc b
= a (a + b + c) + b (a + b + c) + c (a + b + c)
c ac bc c2 c
= a + ab + ac + ab + b + bc + ca + bc + c
2 2 2
a b c
= a2 + 2ab + 2ac + b2 + 2bc + c2
(a + b + c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ac
weK mgvavb :
Abykxjbx 4.1
1| m~i mvnvh wbPi ivwkjvi eM wbYq Ki :
(K) 5a + 7b (L) 6x + 3 (M) 7p 2q
(N) ax by (O) x3 + xy (P) 11a 12b
(Q) 6x2y 5xy2 (R) x y (S) xyz abc
(T) a2x3 b2y4 (U) 108 (V) 606
(W) 597 (X) a b + c (Y) ax + b + 2
(Z) xy + yz zx (_) 3p + 2q 5r (`) x2 y2 z2
(a) 7a2 + 8b2 5c2
MwYZ 47
2| mij Ki :
(K) (x + y)2 + 2(x + y)(x y) + (x y)2
(L) (2a + 3b)2 2(2a + 3b)(3b a) + (3b a)2
(M) (3x2 + 7y2)2 + 2(3x2 + 7y2)(3x2 7y2) + (3x2 7y2)2
(N) (8x + y)2 (16x + 2y)(5x + y) + (5x + y)2
(O) (5x2 3x 2)2 + (2 + 5x2 3x)2 2(5x2 3x + 2)(2 + 5x2 3x)
1 1
8| a = m nj, `LvI h, a4 + 4 = m4 + 4m2 + 2
a a
1 1
9| x = 4 nj, cgvY Ki h, x2 + = 18
x x
mgvavb : x3 + y3 + 12xy = x3 + y3 + 3 4 xy
= x3 + y3 + 3(x + y) xy
= x3 + y3 + 3xy(x + y)
= (x + y)3
= (4)3
= (64)
1 1
D`vniY 26| a + = 7 nj, a 3 + 3 Gi gvb wbYq Ki|
a a
3
= a 3 +
1 1
mgvavb : a 3 +
a 3
a
52 MwYZ
3
= a + 3 a a +
1 1 1
a a a
= (7) 3 7
3
= 343 21
= 322
m~ 8| a3 b3 = (a b)(a2 + ab + b2 )
cgvY : a3 b3 = (a b)3 + 3ab(a b)
= (a b){(a b)2 + 3ab}
= (a b)(a 2 2ab + b2 + 3ab)
= (a b)(a 2 + ab + b2 )
wecixZfve, (a b)(a2 + ab + b2 )
= a(a 2 + ab + b2 ) b(a 2 + ab + b2 )
= a3 + a 2b + ab2 a 2b ab2 b3
= a3 b3
(a b)(a2 + ab + b2 ) = a3 b3
D`vniY 31| m~i mvnvh ( 4a 5b) I (16a 2 + 20ab + 25b 2 ) Gi Ydj wbYq Ki|
mgvavb : ( 4a 5b)(16a 2 + 20ab + 25b 2 )
= ( 4a 5b){( 4a ) 2 + 4a 5b + (5b) 2}
= ( 4a ) 3 (5b) 3
= 64a 3 125b 3
KvR : 1| m~i mvnvh (2a + 3b) I (4a2 6ab + 9b2 ) Gi Ydj wbYq Ki|
Abykxjbx 4.2
1| m~i mvnvh wbPi ivwkjvi Nb wbYq Ki :
(K) 3x + y (L) x2 + y (M) 5 p + 2q (N) a2b + c2d (O) 6 p 7 (P) ax by
2| mij Ki :
(K) (3 x + y )3 + 3(3 x + y ) 2 (3 x y ) + 3(3 x + y )(3 x y ) 2 + (3 x y )3
(L) ( 2 p + 5q ) 2 + 3( 2 p + 5q ) 2 (5q 2 p ) + 3( 2 p + 5q )(5q 2 p ) 2 + (5q 2 p )3
Drcv`K weklY : hLb Kvbv exRMwYZxq ivwkK mve `yB ev ZZvwaK mij ivwki Ydjic
cKvk Kiv nq, ZLb G Drcv`K weklY Kiv ej Ges H mij ivwkjvi cZKwUK c_gv
ivwki Drcv`K ejv nq| hgb, x2 + 2x = x(x + 2) [GLvb x I (x + 2 ) Drcv`K]
a 2 + 2ab 2b 1
= a 2 + 2ab + b2 b2 2b 1 [GLvb b2 GKevi hvM Ges GKevi weqvM Kiv nqQ| GZ ivwki
gvbi Kvbv cwieZb nq bv]
= (a 2 + 2ab + b 2 ) (b 2 + 2b + 1)
= (a + b) 2 (b + 1) 2
= (a + b + b + 1)(a + b b 1)
= (a + 2b + 1)(a 1)
weK wbqg :
a 2 + 2ab 2b 1
= (a 2 1) + (2ab 2b)
= (a + 1)(a 1) + 2b(a 1)
= (a 1)(a + 1 + 2b)
= (a 1)(a + 2b + 1)
MwYZ 57
mgvavb : Ggb `yBwU abvZK msLv wbYq KiZ ne, hv`i mgw 5 Ges Ydj 6|
6 Gi mve Drcv`K Rvovjv nQ (1, 6) I (2, 3)|
Abykxjbx 4.3
Drcv`K weklY Ki :
1| 3x 75x3 2| 4x2 y 2 3| 3ay 2 48a
4| a2 2ab + b2 p2 5| 16 y 2 a2 6a 9 6| 8a + ap3
mvaviY YbxqK : h ivwk `yB ev ZZvwaK ivwki cZKwUi YbxqK, GK D ivwkjvi mvaviY YbxqK
(Common factor) ejv nq| hgb, x2y, xy, xy2, 5x ivwkjvi mvaviY YbxqK njv x|
Avevi, (a2 b2), (a + b)2, (a3+ b3) ivwkjvi mvaviY YbxqK (a + b).
ivwkjvi Mwi mvaviY YbxqK (Highest Common Factor) ev msc M.mv.. (H.C.F.) ejv nq|
hgb, a3b2c3, a5b3c4 I a4b3c2 GB ivwk wZbwUi M.mv.. ne a3b2c2 |
Avevi, (x + y)2, (x + y)3, (x2 y2) GB wZbwU ivwki M.mv.. (x + y)|
D`vniY 3| x2y(x3 y3), x2y2(x4 + x2y2 + y4) Ges x3y2 + x2y3 + xy4 Gi M.mv.. wbYq Ki|
mgvavb : GLvb, c_g ivwk = x2y(x3 y3)
= x2y(x y)(x2 + xy + y2)
wZxq ivwk = x2 y 2 ( x4 + x2 y 2 + y 4 )
= x 2 y 2 {( x 2 ) 2 + 2 x 2 y 2 + ( y 2 ) 2 x 2 y 2}
= x 2 y 2 {( x 2 + y 2 ) 2 ( xy ) 2}
= x 2 y 2 {( x 2 + y 2 + xy )( x 2 + y 2 xy )}
= x 2 y 2 ( x 2 + xy + y 2 )( x 2 xy + y 2 )
MwYZ 63
ZZxq ivwk = x 3 y 2 + x 2 y 3 + xy 4 = xy 2 ( x 2 + xy + y 2 )
GLvb, c_g, wZxq I ZZxq ivwki mvaviY Drcv`K xy ( x2 + xy + y 2 )
M.mv..= xy ( x2 + xy + y 2 )
mvaviY wYZK : Kvbv GKwU ivwk Aci `yB ev ZZvwaK ivwk viv wbtkl wefvR nj, fvRK fvRKq
ev fvRKjvi mvaviY wYZK (Common Multiple) ej| hgb, a2b2c ivwkwU a, b, c ab, ac, a2b,
ab2, a2c, b2c ivwkjvi cZKwU viv wefvR| myZivs, a2b2c ivwkwU a, b, c ab, bc, a2b, a2c, b2c
ivwkjvi mvaviY wYZK| Avevi, (a + b)2(a b) ivwkwU (a + b), (a + b)2 I (a2 b2) ivwk wZbwUi
mvaviY wYZK|
D`vniY 6| 4(x2 + ax)2, 6(x3 a2x) Ges 14x3(x3 a3) Gi j.mv.. wbYq Ki|
Abykxjbx 4.4
1 1
1| a+ = 2 nj, a 2 + 2 Gi gvb wbPi KvbwU ?
a a
(K) 2 (L) 4 (M) 6 (N) 8
2| 52 -Gi eM wbPi KvbwU?
(K) 2704 (L) 2504 (M) 2496 (N) 2284
3| a 2 + 2a 15 Gi Drcv`K weklY wbPi KvbwU?
(K) (a + 5)(a 3) (L) (a + 3)(a + 5) (M) (a 3)(a 5) (N) (a + 3)(a + 5)
MwYZ 65
8| (i) x 3 y 3 = ( x y )( x 2 + xy + y 2 )
2 2
a +b a b
(ii) ab =
2 2
(iii) x 3 + y 3 = x 3 + y 3 + 3 xy ( x + y )
2 2
a+b ab
9| (i ) ab =
2 2
2 2
a+b ab
(ii) ab = +
2 2
( a + b) 2 ( a b) 2
(iii) ab =
4 4
(2) xy Gi gvb KZ ?
1
11| x + = 2 nj,
x
2
x 1 Gi gvb KZ ?
(1)
x
(K) 0 (L) 1 (M) 2 (N) 4
1
(2) x3 + Gi gvb KZ ?
x3
(K) 1 (L) 2 (M) 3 (N) 4
1
(3) x4 + Gi gvb KZ ?
x4
(K) 8 (L) 6 (M) 4 (N) 2
13| 20 x 3 y 2 a 3b 4 , 15 x 4 y 3 a 4 b 3 Ges 35 x 2 y 4 a 3b 2
14| 15 x 2 y 3 z 4 a 3 , 12 x 3 y 2 z 3 a 4 Ges 27 x 3 y 4 z 5 a 7
18| a2b(a3 b3), a2b2(a4 + a2b2 + b4) Ges a3b2 + a2b3 + ab4
1
28| x2 + = 3 nj,
x2
2
1
(K) x + Gi gvb wbYq Ki|
x
x6 + 1
(L) Gi gvb KZ ?
x3
1
(M) x 2 + Gi Nb wbYq Ki gvb jL|
x2
29| a b + c GKwU exRMwYZxq ivwk nj,
(K) c` ivwki Nb wbYq Ki|
(L) cgvY Ki h, ( a b + c )3 ( a b)3 + c 3
Aavq kl wkv_xiv
exRMwYZxq fMvski hvM, weqvM, Y I fvM KiZ cvie Ges GZ`msv mij I mgmvi mgvavb
KiZ cvie|
a 3b 2 a 2 b 3 a 2 b 2 ( a b )
hgb, =
a 3b ab 3 ab( a 2 b 2 )
a 2b 2 ( a b)
=
ab (a + b)( a b)
ab
=
a+b
GLvb je I nii M.mv.. ab (a + b) viv je I niK fvM Ki jwNKiY Kiv nqQ|
a a yn ayn
= = .
b b yn ybn
m
3q fMvsk Gi ni n, n viv j.mv.. ybn K fvM Kij fvMdj yb|
n
m m yb myb
= = .
n n yb ybn
x a m xbn ayn myb
AZGe, , I Gi mvaviY niwewk fMvsk h_vg , I
y b n ybn ybn ybn
16a 2 b 3c 4 y
mgvavb : (K) c` fMvsk
8a 3b 2 c 5 x
yI x 1
je I nii M.mv.. = ( a + b) 2 ( a b)
2 a( a 2 + ab + b 2 )
c` fMvskwUi je I niK (a + b) (a b) viv fvM Ki cvIqv hvq
b( a 2 + b 2 )( a 2 ab + b 2 )
a( a 2 + ab + b 2 )
fMvskwUi jwN i~c
b( a 2 + b 2 )( a 2 ab + b 2 )
x a m
D`vniY 2| , , 3 K mvaviY niwewk fMvsk cwiYZ Ki|
x y xy xy( a b ) m n mn 3
3 3 2 2
x a m
mgvavb : GLvb c` fMvskjv , , 3
x y xy xy( a b ) m n mn 3
3 3 2 2
GLvb, 1g fMvski ni = x 3 y xy 3
= xy ( x 2 y 2 )
2q fMvski ni = xy ( a 2 b 2 )
3q fMvski ni = m 3 n mn 3
= mn( m 2 n 2 )
nijvi j.mv.. = xy ( x 2 y 2 )(a 2 b 2 )(m 2 n 2 )mn
MwYZ 71
x x( a 2 b 2 )( m 2 n 2 )mn
AZGe, =
x 3 y xy 3 xy( x 2 y 2 )( a 2 b 2 )( m 2 n 2 )mn
a a( x 2 y 2 )( m 2 n 2 )mn
=
xy ( a 2 b 2 ) xy ( x 2 y 2 )( a 2 b 2 )( m 2 n 2 )mn
m xym( x 2 y 2 )( a 2 b 2 )
Ges =
m 3 n mn 3 xy ( x 2 y 2 )( a 2 b 2 )( m 2 n 2 )mn
x( a 2 b 2 )( m 2 n 2 )mn a( x 2 y 2 )( m 2 n 2 )mn
wbYq fMvskjv ,
xy ( x 2 y 2 )( a 2 b 2 )( m 2 n 2 )mn xy( x 2 y 2 )( a 2 b 2 )( m 2 n 2 )mn
xym( x 2 y 2 )(a 2 b 2 )
I
xy ( x 2 y 2 )(a 2 b 2 )(m 2 n 2 )mn
y2 y2
3q fMvsk = =
x 3 y 3 ( x y )( x 2 + xy + y 2 )
nijvi j.mv.. = ( x y )( x 2 + xy + y 2 ) = ( x 3 y 3 )
72 MwYZ
1 x y2
myZivs, , 2 , Gi hvMdj
x y x + xy + y 2 x 3 y 3
1 x y2
= + 2 +
x y x + xy + y 2 x 3 y 3
x 2 + xy + y 2 x( x y) y2
= + +
( x y )( x 2 + xy + y 2 ) ( x y )( x 2 + xy + y 2 ) x3 y3
x 2 + xy + y 2 x 2 xy y2
= + +
x3 y3 x3 y3 x3 y3
x 2 + xy + y 2 + x 2 xy + y 2
=
x3 y3
2( x 2 + y 2 )
=
x3 y3
2( x 2 + y 2 )
wbYq hvMdj .
x3 y3
3a 2a a
D`vniY 4| hvM Ki : + 2 + 2
a + 3a 4 a 1 a + 5a + 4
2
3a 2a a
mgvavb : c` ivwk + 2 + 2
a + 3a 4 a 1 a + 5a + 4
2
3a 2a a
= + + 2
a + 4a a 4 ( a + 1)( a 1) a + a + 4a + 4
2
3a 2a a
= + +
( a + 4)( a 1) ( a + 1)( a 1) ( a + 1)( a + 4)
3a( a + 1) + 2a( a + 4) + a( a 1)
=
( a + 4)( a + 1)( a 1)
3a 2 + 3a + 2a 2 + 8a + a 2 a
=
( a + 4)( a + 1)( a 1)
6a 2 + 10a
=
( a + 4)( a + 1)( a 1)
2a(3a + 5)
=
( a + 4)( a 2 + 1)
MwYZ 73
ab bc ca
mgvavb : (K) + +
bc ca ab
a 2 ab + b 2 bc + c 2 ca
=
abc
a 2 + b 2 + c 2 ab bc ca
=
abc
1 1 1
(L) + 2 + 2
a 5a + 6 a 9 a + 4 a + 3
2
1 1 1
= + + 2
a 2a 3a + 6 ( a + 3)( a 3) a + 3a + a + 3
2
1 1 1
= + +
a( a 2) 3( a 2) ( a + 3)( a 3) a( a + 3) + 1( a + 3)
1 1 1
= + +
( a 2)( a 3) ( a + 3)( a 3) ( a + 3)( a + 1)
a 2 + 4 a + 3 + a 2 a 2 + a 2 5a + 6
=
( a + 1)( a 2)( a + 3)( a 3)
3a 2 2a + 7
=
( a + 1)( a 2)( a 2 9)
1 a+2
(M) + 2
a 2 a + 2a + 4
a 2 + 2a + 4 + ( a 2)( a + 2)
=
( a 2)( a 2 + 2a + 4)
74 MwYZ
a 2 + 2a + 4 + a 2 4
=
( a 3 8)
2a 2 + 2a
=
( a 3 8)
2a( a + 1)
=
( a 3 8)
KvR : hvM Ki :
2a 3b a + b 2 3 1
1| , , 2| , , 2
3 x y 2 xy 2
2
xy x y xy
2 2
xy ( x y ) x y 2
2 2
x x+ y
(L) 2
( x y) 2
x y2
GLvb ni ( x y ) 2 I x 2 y 2 Gi j.mv.. ( x y ) 2 ( x + y )
x x+ y
2
( x y) 2
x y2
x( x + y ) ( x + y )( x y )
=
( x y)2 ( x + y)
x 2 + xy x 2 + y 2
=
( x y)2 ( x + y)
xy + y 2
=
( x y)2 ( x + y)
y( x + y )
=
( x y)2 ( x + y)
y
=
( x y)2
a 2 + 9 y 2 a 3by
(M)
a2 9 y2 a + 3y
GLvb ni a 2 9 y 2 I a + 3 y Gi j.mv.. a 2 9 y 2
a2 + 9 y2 a 3y
a2 9 y2 a + 3y
a 2 + 9 y 2 ( a 3 y )( a 3 y )
=
a2 9 y2
a 2 + 9 y 2 ( a 2 6ay + 9 y 2 )
=
a2 9 y2
a 2 + 9 y 2 a 2 + 6ay 9 y 2
=
a2 9 y2
6ay
= 2
a 9 y2
KvR : weqvM Ki :
x xy 1 2a
1| _K 3 2| _K
x + xy + y
2 2
x y3 1+ a + a 2
1 + a2 + a4
76 MwYZ
jYxq : exRMwYZxq fMvski hvM I weqvM Kivi mgq cqvRb nj c` fMvskjvK jwN AvKvi
cKvk Ki wbZ ne|
a 2 bc ab 2 c abc 2
hgb, + +
ab 2 c abc 2 a 2 bc
a b c
= + +
b c a
a ca b ab c bc
= + + [ni b, c, a Gi j.mv.. abc]
b ca c ab a bc
ca 2 ab 2 bc 2
= + +
abc abc abc
ca 2 + ab 2 + bc 2
= .
abc
D`vniY 7| mij Ki :
x y yz zx
(K) + +
( y + z )( z + x ) ( x + y )( z + x ) ( x + y )( y + z )
1 1 4
(L) 2
x2 x+2 x +4
1 1 2a
(M)
1 a + a 2
1+ a + a 2
1 + a2 + a4
x y yz zx
mgvavb : (K) + +
( y + z )( z + x ) ( x + y )( z + x ) ( x + y )( y + z )
GLvb, ( y + z )( z + x ), ( x + y )( z + x ) I ( x + y )( y + z ) Gi j.mv.. ( x + y )( y + z )( z + x )
x y yz zx
+ +
( y + z )( z + x ) ( x + y )( z + x ) ( x + y )( y + z )
( x y )( x + y ) + ( y z )( y + z ) + ( z x )( z + x )
=
( x + y )( y + z )( z + x )
x2 y2 + y2 z2 + z2 x2
=
( x + y )( y + z )( z + x )
0
=
( x + y )( y + z )( z + x )
= 0.
MwYZ 77
1 1 4
(L) 2
x2 x+2 x +4
x+2 x+2 4
= 2
( x 2)( x + 2) x + 4
4 4
= 2 2
x 4 x +4
= 4 2
1 1
2
x 4 x + 4
x2 + 4 x2 + 4
= 4 2
( x 4)( x + 4)
2
48
= 2
( x 4)( x 2 + 4)
32
= 4
x 16
1 1 2a
(M)
1 a + a 2
1+ a + a 2
1 + a2 + a4
GLvb, 1 + a 2 + a 4 = 1 + 2a 2 + a 4 a 2
= (1 + a 2 ) 2 a 2
= (1 + a 2 + a )(1 + a 2 a )
ni 1 a + a 2 , 1 + a + a 2 , 1 + a 2 + a 4 Gi j.mv.. = (1 + a + a 2 )(1 a + a 2 )
= 1 + a2 + a4
1 1 2a
1 a + a 2
1+ a + a 2
1 + a2 + a4
1 + a + a 2 1 + a a 2 2a
=
1 + a2 + a4
0
=
1 + a + a4
2
=0
78 MwYZ
Abykxjbx 5.1
1| jwN AvKvi cKvk Ki:
4x2 y3z5 16( 2 x ) 4 (3 y )5
(K) (L)
9 x5 y 2 z 3 (3 x )3 .( 2 y ) 6
x 3 y + xy 3 ( a b)( a + b)
(M) (N)
x 2 y 3 + x3 y 2 a 3 b3
x2 6x + 5 x 2 7 x + 12
(O) (P)
x 2 25 x 2 9 x + 20
( x 3 y 3 )( x 2 xy + y 2 ) a 2 b 2 2bc c 2
(Q) (R)
( x 2 y 2 )( x 3 + y 3 ) a 2 + 2ab + b 2 c 2
a b c
(O) , 2 , 3
a + b ( a + ab + b ) a b 3
3 3 2
1 1 1
(P) , 2 , 2
x 5 x + 6 x 7 x + 12 x 9 x + 20
2
ab bc ca x y yz zx
(Q) , , (R) , ,
a 2b 2 b 2 c 2 c 2 a 2 x+ y y+z z+x
3| hvM Ki :
ab a+b a b c
(K) + (L) + +
a b bc ca ab
x y yz zx x+ y x y
(M) + + (N) +
x y z x y x+ y
1 1 1
(O) + 2 + 2
x 3x + 2 x 4 x + 3 x 5 x + 4
2
MwYZ 79
1 1 1
(P) + 2 + 2
a b
2 2
a + ab + b 2
a ab + b 2
1 1 4 1 1 4
(Q) + 2 (R) + 4 + 8
x2 x+2 x 4 x 1 x 1 x 1
2
4| weqvM Ki :
a a2 1 1
(K) 2 (L)
x3 x 9 y ( x y ) x( x + y )
x +1 x 1 a 2 + 16b 2 a 4b
(M) (N)
1+ x + x 2
1 x + x2 a 2 16b 2 a + 4b
1 x 2 xy + y 2
(O)
x y x3 + y3
5| mij Ki :
x y yz zx
(K) + +
xy yz zx
x y yz zx
(L) + +
( x + y )( y + z ) ( y + z )( z + x) ( z + x)( x + y )
y x z
(M) + +
( x y )( y z ) ( z x )( x y ) ( y z )( x z )
1 1 2x 1 2 1 2
(N) + 2 (O) +
x + 3y x 3y x 9 y2 x y 2x + y x + y 2x y
1 x2 6x 1 1 2 4
(P) 2 + 3 (Q) 2 + 4
x 2 x + 2x + 4 x + 8 x 1 x +1 x +1 x +1
x y yz zx
(R) + +
( y z )( z x ) ( z x )( x y ) ( x y )( x z )
1 1 a
(S) + + 2
a b c a b + c a + b c 2 2ab
2
1 1 1
(T) 2 + 2 + 2
a + b c + 2ab b + c a + 2bc c + a b 2 + 2ca
2 2 2 2 2
5.6 fMvski Y
`yB ev ZZvwaK fMvsk Y KiI GKwU fMvsk cvIqv hvq| hvi je njv `yB ev ZZvwaK fMvski jejvi
Ydji mgvb Ges ni njv nijvi Ydji mgvb| Gic fMvskK jwN AvKvi cKvk Kiv nj je I
ni cwiewZZ nq|
80 MwYZ
x a
hgb, I `yBwU fMvsk|
y b
GB `yBwU fMvski Ydj njv
x a
y b
xa
=
yb
xa
=
yb
GLvb xa njv fMvskwUi je hv c` fMvsk `yBwUi jei Ydj Ges ni njv yb hv c` fMvsk `yBwUi nii Ydj|
x ya z
Avevi, , I wZbwU fMvski Ydj njv
by z x
x ya z
by z x
xyza
=
xyzb
a
= [jwNKiY Ki]
b
GLvb Ydj jwNKiY Kivi dj je I ni cwiewZZ njv|
D`vniY 8| Y Ki :
a 2b 2 ab
(K) K 2 2 viv
cd c d
x2 y3 x 3b
(L) 2
K 3 viv
xy ay
10 x 5b 4 z 3 15 y 5b 2 z 2
(M) K viv
3 x 2b 2 z 2 y 2a 2 x
x2 y2 x 2 xy + y 2
(N) K viv
x3 + y 3 x3 y3
x2 5x + 6 x5
(O) K viv
x 9 x + 20
2
x3
mgvavb :
a 2b 2 ab
(K) wbYq Ydj = 2 2
cd c d
a b ab
2 2
=
cd c 2 d 2
a 3b 3
= 3 3
c d
MwYZ 81
3
x2 y3 xb
(L) wbYq Ydj = 2
xy ay 3
x 2 y 3 x 3b
=
xy 2 ay 3
x 5 y 3b
=
xy 5 a
x 4b
=
y 2a
10 x 5b 4 z 3 15 y 5b 2 z 2
(M)
3 x 2b 2 z 2 y 2a 2 x
10 x 5b 4 z 3 15 y 5b 2 z 2
=
3 x 2b 2 z 2 y 2 a 2 x
25 x 5 y 5b 6
=
x 3 y 2 z 3 a 2b 2
25b 4 x 2 y 3 z 4
=
a2
x2 y2 x 2 xy + y 2
(N)
x3 + y3 x3 y3
( x + y )( x y ) ( x 2 xy + y 2 )
=
( x + y )( x 2 xy + y 2 )( x y )( x 2 + xy + y 2 )
1
= 2
x + xy + y 2
x2 5x + 6 x5
(O)
x 9 x + 20
2
x3
x 2 2 x 3x + 6 x 5
=
x 2 4 x 5 x + 20 x 3
x( x 2) 3( x 2) x 5
=
x( x 4) 5( x 4) x 3
( x 2)( x 3) x 5
=
( x 4)( x 5) x 3
( x 2)( x 3)( x 5)
=
( x 4)( x 5)( x 3)
x2
= .
x4
82 MwYZ
KvR : Y Ki :
7a 2b 24ab 2 x 2 + 3x 4 x2 9
1| K viv 2| K viv
36a 3b 2 35a 4 b 5 x 2 7 x + 12 x 2 16
Zvnj x z [GLvb
y
njv
z
Gi YvZK wecixZ fMvsk]
y y z y
x y
=
y z
x
=
z
D`vniY 9| fvM Ki :
a 3b 2 a 2b 3
(K) K viv
c2d cd 3
12a 4 x 3 y 2 6 a 3b 2 c
(L) K viv
10 x 4 y 3 z 2 5x2 y 2 z 2
a2 b2 a+b
(M) K 3 3 viv
a + ab + b
2 2
a b
x 3 27 x2 9
(N) K viv
x2 7x + 6 x 2 36
x3 y3 x2 y2
(O) K viv
x3 + y3 ( x + y)2
mgvavb :
a 3b 2
(K) 1g fMvsk = .
c2d
a 2b 3
2q =
cd 3
cd 3
2q fMvski YvZK wecixZ njv
a 2b 3
MwYZ 83
a 3b 2 a 2b 3
wbYq fvMdj =
c2d cd 3
a 3b 2 cd 3
=
c 2 d a 2b 3
a 3b 2 cd 3 ad 2
= =
a 2b 3c 2 d bc
12a 4 x 3 y 2 6 a 3b 2 c
(L) wbYq fvMdj =
10 x 4 y 3 z 2 5x 2 y 2 z 2
12 a 4 x 3 y 2 5 x 2 y 2 z 2
=
10 x 4 y 3 z 2 6 a 3b 2 c
axy
= 2
b c
a2 b2 a+b
(M) wbYq fvMdj = 3 3
a + ab + b
2 2
a b
( a + b)( a b) ( a b)( a 2 + ab + b 2 )
= 2
( a + ab + b 2 ) a+b
= ( a b)( a b)
= ( a b) 2
x 3 27 x2 9
(N) wbYq fvMdj =
x2 7 x + 6 x 2 36
x 3 33 x 2 62
=
x 2 6 x x + 6 x 2 32
( x 3)( x 2 + 3x + 3 2 ) ( x + 6)( x 6)
=
( x 6)( x 1) ( x + 3)( x 3)
( x 2 + 3 x + 9)( x + 6)
=
( x 1)( x + 3)
x3 y3 x2 y2
(O) wbYq fvMdj =
x 3 + y 3 ( x + y)2
( x y )( x 2 + xy + y 2 ) ( x + y)2
=
( x + y )( x 2 xy + y 2 ) ( x + y )( x y )
x 2 + xy + y 2
= .
x 2 xy + y 2
84 MwYZ
KvR : fvM Ki :
16a 2 b 2 28ab 4 x4 y4 x3 + y3
1| K viv 2| K viv
21z 2 35 xyz x 2 2 xy + y 2 x y
(K) 1 + 1 2
1 1
x x
x y x y
(L) +
x+ y x y x y x+ y
a 3 + b3 ( a + b) 2 3ab a + b
(M)
( a b) 2 + 3ab a 3 b3 ab
x 2 + 3 x 4 x 2 16 ( x 4) 2
(N)
x 2 7 x + 12 x 2 9 ( x 1) 2
x 3 + y 3 + 3 xy ( x + y ) ( x y ) 2 + 4 xy
(O)
( x + y ) 2 4 xy x 3 y 3 3 xy ( x y )
mgvavb : (K) 1 + 1 2
1 1
x x
( x + 1) x 12
= 2
x x
( x + 1) x2
=
x ( x + 1)( x 1)
x
= .
x 1
x y x y
(L) +
x+ y x y x y x+ y
x 2 xy + xy + y 2 x 2 + xy xy + y 2
=
( x + y )( x y ) ( x y )( x + y )
x2 + y2 x2 + y2
=
x2 y2 x2 y2
x2 + y2 x2 y2
=
x2 y2 x2 + y2
=1
MwYZ 85
a 3 + b3 ( a + b) 2 3ab a + b
(M)
( a b) 2 + 3ab a 3 b3 ab
( a + b)( a 2 ab + b 2 ) a 2 + 2ab + b 2 3ab a + b
=
a 2 2ab + b 2 + 3ab ( a b)( a 2 + ab + b 2 ) a b
( a + b)(a 2 ab + b 2 ) ( a b)(a 2 + ab + b 2 ) a + b
=
( a 2 + ab + b 2 ) ( a 2 ab + b 2 ) ab
= ( a + b)(a + b)
= (a + b) 2
x 2 + 3 x 4 x 2 16 ( x 4) 2
(N)
x 2 7 x + 12 x 2 9 ( x 1) 2
x2 + 4x x 4 x 2 3 2 ( x 4) 2
=
x 2 3 x 4 x + 12 x 2 4 2 ( x 1) 2
( x + 4)( x 1) ( x + 3)( x 3) ( x 4) 2
=
( x 3)( x 4) ( x + 4)( x 4) ( x 1) 2
x+3
=
x 1
x 3 + y 3 + 3 xy( x + y ) ( x y ) 2 + 4 xy
(O)
( x + y ) 2 4 xy x 3 y 3 3 xy( x y )
( x + y )3 ( x + y ) 2
=
( x y ) 2 ( x y )3
( x + y )3 ( x y )3
=
( x y)2 ( x + y)2
= ( x + y )( x y )
= x2 y2
Abykxjbx 5.2
a b c p
1| , , , K mvaviY niwewk Kij wbPi KvbwU mwVK ?
x y z q
x2 y2 c 3d 2
2| I 5 3 Gi Ydj KZ ne ?
ab x y
x 2 y 2c 3d 2 c 3d 2 x 2 y 2c3 xyd 2
K. L. M. N.
abx 3 y 2 abx 3 y x3 y ab
x2 2x + 1 x 1
3| K viv fvM Kij fvMdj KZ ne ?
a 2a + 1
2
a 1
x +1 x 1 x 1 a 1
K. L. M. N.
a 1 a 1 a +1 x 1
a 2 b 2 ( a + b) 2 4ab a+b
4| 2 Gi mijKZ gvb KZ ne ?
( a + b) 2
a +b
3 3
a ab + b 2
ab a+b
K. L. M. ( a b) N. ( a + b)
a+b ab
6| Y Ki :
9 x 2 y 2 5b 2 c 2 7c 2 a 2 16a 2 b 2 28 z 4 3y7 z
(K) , Ges (L) , Ges
7 y 2 z 2 3z 2 x 2 x2 y2 21z 2 9 x3 y 4 10 x
yz zx xy x 1 ( x 1) 2 x2
(M) , 2 Ges 2 (N) , 2 Ges 2
x 2
y z x +1 x + x x 4x + 5
x4 y4 x y x+ y
(O) , 3 Ges 3
x 2 xy + y
2 2
x +y 3
x + y3
MwYZ 87
1 b2 1 x2 1 x
(P) , Ges 1 +
1+ x b + b 2
x
x 2 3x + 2 x 2 5 x + 6 x 2 16
(Q) , Ges
x 2 4 x + 3 x 2 7 x + 12 x2 9
x3 + y 3 a 3 b3 ab
(R) , Ges
a b + ab + b
2 2 3
x xy + y
2 2
x+ y
1 + 2x 1 1
(L)
1 + x 1 x2 x x2
1 c a
a
(M)
a+ba+b+c a+bc
1 + a 1 1
(N) 2
1 + a 1 a 1+ a 2
1+ a + a
x x 3y2
(O) + 4 + 2
2x y 2x + y x y 2
88
2x + y y
(P) 1 1
x+ y x + y
a + b a b
(Q)
a+b ab ab a+b
a2 + b2 a3 b3
(R) 1 3ab
2ab ab
( x + y ) 2 4 xy x 3 y 3 3 xy( x y )
(S)
( a + b) 2 4ab a 3 b 3 3ab( a b)
a a 2
(T) + + 1 2 + + 1
a b
b a b b
9 | mij Ki|
x 2 + 2 x 15 x 2 25 x2
(K) 2
x + x 12 x x 20 x 5 x + 6
2 2
x x y y x+ y x y x+ y x y
(L) + +
x y x+ y x y x+ y x y x + y x y x + y
x2 + 2x 3 x2 + x 6
(M)
x2 + x 2 x2 4
a4 b4 ( a + b) 2 4ab a+b
(N) 2
a + b 2ab
2 2
a b
3 3
a + ab + b 2
MwYZ 89
l Aavq
mij mnmgxKiY
MvwYwZK mgmv mgvavb mgxKiYi f~wgKv iZc~Y| Avgiv l I mg kwYZ GK PjKwewk mij
mgxKiY I G-msv eve mgmvi mgxKiY MVb Ki Zv mgvavb KiZ wkLwQ| mg kwYZ mgxKiYi
cvi wewa, eRb wewa, AvoYb wewa I cwZmvg wewa mK RbwQ| G QvovI jLwPi mvnvh
Kxfve mgxKiYi mgvavb KiZ nq Zv RbwQ| G Aavq `yB PjKwewk mij mnmgxKiYi wewfb
cwZZ mgvavb I jLwPi mvnvh mgvavb mK wevwiZ AvjvPbv Kiv nqQ|
Aavq kl wkv_xiv
mgxKiYi cwZvcb cwZ I Acbqb cwZ evLv KiZ cvie|
`yB PjKwewk mij mnmgxKiYi mgvavb KiZ cvie|
MvwYwZK mgmvi mij mnmgxKiY MVb Ki mgvavb KiZ cvie|
mij mnmgxKiYi mgvavb jLwP `LvZ cvie|
jLwPi mvnvh mij mnmgxKiYi mgvavb KiZ cvie|
PjKi gvb viv GKvwaK mgxKiY wm nj, mgxKiYmg~nK GK mnmgxKiY ejv nq Ges PjK GKNvZ-
wewk nj mnmgxKiYK mij mnmgxKiY ej|
90 MwYZ
PjKqi h gvb viv mnmgxKiY hyMcr wm nq, G`iK mnmgxKiYi g~j ev mgvavb ejv nq| GLvb
x + y = 5 Ges x y = 3 mgxKiY `yBwU mnmgxKiY| G`i GKgv mgvavb x = 4, y = 1 hv
( x, y ) = ( 4, 1) viv cKvk Kiv hvq|
D`vniY 1| mgvavb Ki :
x+ y =7
x y =3
mgvavb : c` mgxKiY
x + y = 7..............(1)
x y = 3............( 2)
mgxKiY (2) nZ cvi Ki cvB,
x = y + 3...........(3)
D`vniY 2| mgvavb Ki :
x + 2y = 9
2x y = 3
mgvavb : c` mgxKiY
x + 2y = 9
2x y = 3
D`vniY 3| mgvavb Ki :
2 y + 5 z = 16
y 2 z = 1
mgvavb : c` mgxKiY
2 y + 5 z = 16..............(1)
y 2 z = 1............( 2)
D`vniY 4| mgvavb Ki :
5x 4 y = 6
x + 2y = 4
mgvavb : c` mgxKiY
5 x 4 y = 6..............(1)
x + 2 y = 4...............( 2)
D`vniY 5| mgvavb Ki :
x + 4 y = 14
7x 3y = 5
mgvavb : c` mgxKiY
x + 4 y = 14...............(1)
7 x 3 y = 5...............( 2)
D`vniY 6| mgvavb Ki :
5x 3 y = 9
3 x 5 y = 1
mgvavb : c` mgxKiY
5 x 3 y = 9..................(1)
3 x 5 y = 1...............( 2)
x 2 1 0 1 2 3 4
y 9 8 7 6 5 4 3
x 2 1 0 1 2 3 4
y 3 2 1 0 1 2 3
(-2,9)
(-1,8) (0,7)
(1,6)
(2,5)
(3,4)
(4,3)
(3,2)
(1,0) (2,1)
X' X
O
(0,-1)
(-1,-2)
(-2,-3)
Y'
jLwP
96
Avevi, ( 2, 3), ( 1, 2), (0, 1), (1, 0), ( 2, 1), (3, 2) I ( 4, 3) we`yMyjv QK KvMR vcb Kwi|
GB we`yjv hvM Ki (ii ) bs mgxKiY viv wb`wkZ mijiLvwUi jL cvB| GB mijiLvwU c~ev
mijiLvK A we`yZ Q` Ki| A we`y Dfq mijiLvi mvaviY we`y| Gi vbv Dfq mgxKiYK wm
Ki| jL _K `Lv hvq| A we`yi fyR 4 Ges KvwU 3 |
wbYq mgvavb ( x, y ) = ( 4, 3)
x 2 0 2 4 6
y 4 5 1 1 2
2 2
x 2 0 2 4 6
y 3 1 1 3 5
(6,5)
(-2,4) (4,3)
(0,5/2)
(2,1)
X' X
O
(0,-1) (4,1/2)
(6,-2)
(-2,-3)
Y'
jLwP
GB mijiLvwU c~ev mijiLvK A we`yZ Q` Ki| A we`y Dfq mijiLvi mvaviY we`y| Gi vbv
Dfq mgxKiYK wm Ki| jL _K `Lv hvq h, A we`yi fyR 2 Ges KvwU 1 |
wbYq mgvavb ( x, y ) = ( 2, 1)
Abykxjbx 6.1
(K) cwZvcb cwZZ mgvavb Ki (112) :
1| x+ y=4 2| 2 x + y = 5 3| 3 x + 2 y = 10
x y=2 x y =1 x y=0
x y 1 1 5| 3 x 2 y = 0 6| x y = 2a
4| + = +
a b a b
17 x 7 y = 13 ax + by = a 2 + b 2
x y 1 1
=
a b a b
7| ax + by = ab 8| ax by = ab 9| ax by = a b
bx + ay = ab bx ay = ab ax + by = a + b
1 1 5 x y 2 1 a b a b
10| + = 11| + = + 12| + = +
x y 6 a b a b x y 2 3
1 1 1 x y 2 1
= x y = 1
=
x y 6 b a b a
(L) Acbqb cwZZ mgvavb Ki (13-26) :
13| x y = 4 14| 2 x + 3 y = 7 15| 4 x + 3 y = 15
x+ y=6 6x 7 y = 5 5 x + 4 y = 19
98 MwYZ
x 2 26| x + y = a b
25| + =2
6 y ax by = a 2 + b 2
x 1
=1
4 y
D`vniY 1| `yBwU msLvi hvMdj 60 Ges weqvMdj 20 nj, msLv `yBwU wbYq Ki|
mgvavb : gb Kwi, msLv `yBwU h_vg x I y |
1g kZvbymvi, x + y = 60...............(1)
2q kZvbymvi, x y = 20...........( 2)
mgxKiY (1) I ( 2) hvM Ki cvB,
2 x = 80
80
ev x = = 40
2
Avevi, mgxKiY (1) nZ mgxKiY (2) weqvM Ki cvB,
2 y = 40
40
y = = 20
2
wbYq msLv `yBwU 40 I 20 |
MwYZ 99
D`vniY 2| dvBqvR I AvqvRi KZKjv Avcj Kzj wQj| dvBqvRi Avcj Kzj _K AvqvRK 10 wU
Avcj Kzj w`j AvqvRi Avcj Kzji msLv dvBqvRi Avcj Kzji msLvi wZbY nZv| Avi AvqvRi
Avcj Kzj _K dvBqvRK 20 wU w`j dvBqvRi Avcj Kzji msLv AvqvRi msLvi wY nZv| Kvi
KZjv Avcj Kzj wQj ?
mgvavb : gb Kwi, dvBqvRi Avcj Kzj msLv x wU
Ges AvqvRi Avcj Kzj msLv y wU
1g kZvbymvi, y + 10 = 3( x 10)
ev, y + 10 = 3 x 30
ev, 3 x y = 10 + 30
ev, 3 x y = 40.................(1)
2q kZvbymvi, x + 20 = 2( y 20)
ev, x + 20 = 2 y 40
ev, x 2 y = 40 20
ev, x 2 y = 60.................( 2)
D`vniY 3| 10 eQi c~e wcZv I cyi eqmi AbycvZ wQj 4 : 1 | 10 eQi ci wcZv I cyi eqmi
AbycvZ ne 2 : 1 | wcZv I cyi eZgvb eqm wbYq Ki|
mgvavb : gb Kwi, eZgvb wcZvi eqm x eQi
Ges cyi eqm y eQi
1g kZvbymvi, ( x 10) : ( y 10) = 4 : 1
100 MwYZ
x 10 4
ev, =
y 10 1
ev, x 10 = 4 y 40
ev x 4 y = 10 40
x 4 y = 30........(1 )
2q kZvbymvi, ( x + 10) : ( y + 10) = 2 : 1
x + 10 2
ev, =
y + 10 1
ev, x + 10 = 2 y + 20
ev x 2 y = 20 10
x 2 y = 10........(2 )
mgxKiY (1) I (2 ) nZ cvB,
x 4 y = 30
x 2 y = 10
+
2 y = 40 [ weqvM Ki ]
40
y = = 20
2
y -Gi gvb mgxKiY (2 ) -G ewmq cvB,
x 2 20 = 10
ev x = 10 + 40
x = 50
eZgvb wcZvi eqm 50 eQi Ges cyi eqm 20 eQi|
D`vniY 4| `yB Awewk Kvbv msLvi Aqi mgwi mv_ 7 hvM Kij hvMdj `kK vbxq AwUi
wZbY nq| wK msLvwU _K 18 ev` w`j Aq vb cwieZb Ki| msLvwU wbYq Ki|
mgvavb : gb Kwi, `yB Awewk msLvwUi GKK vbxq AwU x Ges `kK vbxq AwU y |
msLvwU = x + 10 y.
1g kZvbymvi, x + y + 7 = 3 y
ev, x + y 3 y = 7
ev, x 2 y = 7..........(1)
2q kZvbymvi, x + 10 y 18 = y + 10 x
ev, x + 10 y y 10 x = 18
MwYZ 101
ev, 9 y 9 x = 18
ev, 9( y x ) = 18
18
ev, y x = =2
9
y x = 2.............(2 )
(1 ) I (2 ) bs hvM Ki cvB, y = 5
y=5
y -Gi gvb (1) bs-G ewmq cvB,
x 2 5 = 7
x=3
wbYq msLvwU = 3 + 10 5 = 3 + 50 = 53
D`vniY 5| Kvbv fMvski jei mv_ 7 hvM Kij fMvskwUi gvb 2 nq Ges ni _K 2 ev` w`j
fMvskwUi gvb 1 nq| fMvskwU wbYq Ki|
x
mgvavb : gb Kwi, fMvskwU , y 0.
y
x+7
1g kZvbymvi, =2
y
x + 7 = 2y
x 2 y = 7.........(1)
x
2q kZvbymvi, =1
y2
x= y2
x y = 2..........(2 )
mgxKiY (1) I (2 ) nZ cvB,
x 2 y = 7
x y = 2
+ +
y = 5 [ weqvM Ki ]
y =5
Abykxjbx 6.2
1| `yBwU msLvi hvMdj 100 Ges weqvMdj 20 nj, msLv `yBwU wbYq Ki|
2| `yBwU msLvi hvMdj 160 Ges GKwU AciwUi wZbY nj, msLv `yBwU wbYq Ki|
3| `yBwU msLvi c_gwUi wZbYi mv_ wZxqwUi `yBY hvM Kij 59 nq| Avevi, c_gwUi `yBY
_K wZxqwU weqvM Kij 9 nq| msLvq wbYq Ki|
4| 5 eQi c~e wcZv I cyi eqmi AbycvZ wQj 3 : 1 Ges 15 eQi ci wcZv-cyi eqmi AbycvZ
ne 2 : 1 | wcZv I cyi eZgvb eqm wbYq Ki|
5| Kvbv fMvski jei mv_ 5 hvM Kij Gi gvb 2 nq| Avevi, ni _K 1 weqvM Kij Gi gvb
1 nq| fMvskwU wbYq Ki|
6| Kvbv cKZ fMvski je I nii hvMdj 14 Ges weqvMdj 8 nj, fMvskwU wbYq Ki|
7| `yB Awewk Kvbv msLvi Aqi hvMdj 10 Ges weqvMdj 4 nj, msLvwU wbYq Ki|
8| GKwU AvqZvKvi i `N c Acv 25 wgUvi ewk| AvqZvKvi wUi cwimxgv 150 wgUvi
nj, wUi `N I c wbYq Ki|
9| GKRb evjK `vKvb _K 15 wU LvZv I 10 wU cwj 300 UvKv w`q q Kijv| Avevi Ab
GKRb evjK GKB `vKvb _K 10 wU LvZv I 15 wU cwj 250 UvKvq q Kijv| LvZv I
cwji g~j wbYq Ki|
10| GKRb jvKi wbKU 5000 UvKv AvQ| wZwb D UvKv `yB Rbi ga Ggbfve fvM Ki w`jb,
hb, c_g Rbi UvKv wZxq Rbi 4 Y nq| Avevi c_g Rb _K 1500 UvKv wZxq RbK w`j
Dfqi UvKvi cwigvY mgvb nq| cZKi UvKvi cwigvY wbYq Ki|
11| jLi mvnvh mgvavb Ki :
K. x + y = 6 L. x + 4 y = 11
x y =2 4 x y = 10
M. 3 x + 2 y = 21 N. x + 2y =1
2x 3y = 1 x y =7
O. x y =0 P. 4 x 3 y = 11
x + 2 y = 15 3 x 4 y = 2
Aavq kl wkv_xiv
mU I mU MVb cwqv evLv KiZ cvie|
mmxg mU, mvweK mU, c~iK mU, duvKv mU, wb` mU eYbv KiZ cvie Ges G`i MVb cZxKi
mvnvh cKvk KiZ cvie|
GKvwaK mUi mshvM mU, Q` mU MVb I evLv KiZ cvie|
fbwP I D`vniYi mvnvh mU cwqvi mnR agvewj hvPvB I cgvY KiZ cvie|
mUi agvewj cqvM Ki mgmv mgvavb KiZ cvie|
7.1 mU (Set)
eve ev wPvRMZi my-msvwqZ ei mgvek ev msMnK mU ej| BsiwR eYgvjvi c_g cuvPwU eY,
Gwkqv gnv`ki `kmg~n, ^vfvweK msLv BZvw`i mU my-msvwqZ mUi D`vniY| Kvb m`m weePbvaxb
mUi Afy Avi KvbwU bq Zv mywbw`fve wbavwiZ nZ ne| mUi m`m`i Kvbv cybivew I
g bB|
mUi cZK m`mK mUi Dcv`vb (element ) ejv nq| mUK mvaviYZ BsiwR eYgvjvi eo nvZi
Ai A, B, C ,........ X , Y , Z viv Ges Dcv`vbK QvU nvZi Ai a, b, c,......... x, y, z viv cKvk Kiv
nq|
mUi m`mjvK { } GB cZxKi ga Afy Ki mU wnme eenvi Kiv nq| hgb: a, b, c -Gi
mU {a, b, c} wZv, gNbv, hgybv I ecy b`-b`xi mU {wZv, gNbv, hgybv, ecy}, c_g `yBwU Rvo
^vfvweK msLvi mU {2, 4} ; 6 -Gi YbxqKmg~ni mU {1, 2, 3, 6} BZvw`|
gb Kwi, mU A Gi GKwU Dcv`vb x | GK MvwYwZKfve x A cZxK viv cKvk Kiv nq | x A
K coZ nq, x , A mUi Dcv`vb (x belongs to A)| hgb, B = {m, n} nj, m B Ges n B .
KvR :
1. mvKf
z `kjvi bvgi mU jL|
2. 1 _K 20 ch gwjK msLvmg~ni mU jL|
3. 300 I 400 -Gi ga AewZ 3 viv wefvR hKvbv PviwU msLvi mU jL|
(1) ZvwjKv cwZ : G cwZZ mUi mKj Dcv`vb mywbw`fve DjL Ki wZxq ebx { } Gi ga
Ave Kiv nq Ges GKvwaK Dcv`vb _vKj Kgv eenvi Ki Dcv`vbjvK c_K Kiv nq| hgb : A
= {1, 2, 3), B = {x, y, z}, C = {100}, D = {Mvjvc, iRbxMv}, E = {iwng, mygb, , PvscvB}
BZvw`|
(2) mU MVb cwZ : G cwZZ mUi mKj Dcv`vb mywbw`fve DjL bv Ki Dcv`vb wbaviYi Rb
kZ `Iqv _vK| hgb : 10 -Gi Pq QvU ^vfvweK Rvo msLvi mU A nj, A = {x : x ^vfvweK
Rvo msLv, x < 10}
GLvb , : viv Gic hb ev msc hb evSvq|
mU MVb cwZZ { } Gi fZi : wPi AvM GKwU ARvbv ivwk ev PjK ai wbZ nq Ges ci
PjKi Ici cqvRbxq kZ Avivc KiZ nq| hgb: {3, 6, 9, 12} mUwUK mU MVb cwZZ cKvk
KiZ PvB| j Kwi, 3, 6, 9, 12 , msLvjv ^vfvweK msLv, 3 viv wefvR Ges 12 -Gi eo bq| G
mUi Dcv`vbK ' y ' PjK weePbv Kij ' y ' -Gi Ici kZ ne y ^vfvweK msLv, 3 -Gi wYZK Ges
12 -Gi Pq eo bq ( y 12)|
myZivs mU MVb cwZZ ne { y : y ^vfvweK msLv, 3 -Gi wYZK Ges y 12 }|
D`vniY 2| P = {4, 8, 12, 16, 20} mUwUK mU MVb cwZZ cKvk Ki|
mgvavb : P mUi Dcv`vbmg~n 4, 8, 12, 16, 20 |
GLvb, cZKwU Dcv`vb Rvo msLv, 4 -Gi wYZK Ges 20 -Gi eo bq|
P = {x : x Rvo msLv, 4 Gi wYZK Ges x 20 }
KvR :
1| A = {3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18} mUwUK mU MVb cwZZ cKvk Ki|
2| B = {x : x, 24 -Gi YbxqK} mUwUK ZvwjKv cwZZ cKvk Ki|
U A B A B
A B A /B
fbwP eenvi Ki AwZ mnR mU I mU cwqvi wewfb ewk hvPvB Kiv hvq|
7.5 DcmU (Subset )
gb Kwi, A = {a, b} GKwU mU| A mUi Dcv`vb wbq Avgiv {a, b}, {a}, {b} mUjv MVb KiZ cvwi|
MwVZ {a, b}, {a}, {b} mUjv A mUi DcmU|
Kvbv mUi Dcv`vb _K hZjv mU MVb Kiv hvq G`i cZKwU c` mUi DcmU|
duvKv mU hKvbv mUi DcmU|
hgb : P = {2, 3, 4, 5} Ges Q = {3, 5} nj, Q mUwU P mUi DcmU| A_vr Q P. KviY Q
mUi 3 Ges 5 Dcv`vbmg~n P mU we`gvb| cZxK viv DcmUK m~wPZ Kiv nq|
106 MwYZ
D`vniY 5| A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}, B = {1, 3, 5}, C = {3, 4, 5, 6} nj, mvweK mU wbYq Ki|
mgvavb : `Iqv AvQ, A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}, B = {1, 3, 5}, C = {3, 4, 5, 6}
GLvb, B mUi Dcv`vb 1, 3, 5 Ges C mUi Dcv`vb 3, 4, 5 hv A mU we`gvb|
B Ges C mUi mvc mvweK mU A .
U
c~iK mU (Complement of a set)
hw` U mvweK mU Ges A mUwU U -Gi DcmU nq Ze, A
mUi ewnf~Z mKj Dcv`vb wbq h mU MVb Kiv nq, GK A A
Ac
mUi c~iK mU ej| A -Gi c~iK mUK Ac ev A viv cKvk
Kiv nq|
KvR :
A = {a, b, c} nj, A -Gi DcmUmg~n wbYq Ki Ges hKvbv wZbwU DcmU wjL G`i c~iK mU wbYq Ki|
7.6 mU cwqv Q
P
mshvM mU (Union of sets) 2
5
gb Kwi, P = {2, 3, 4} Ges Q = {4, 5, 6}. GLvb P Ges Q mUi 4
3 6
Afy Dcv`vbmg~n 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. P I Q mUi mKj Dcv`vb wbq
MwVZ mU {2, 3, 4, 5, 6} hv P I Q mUqi mshvM mU| PQ
`yB ev ZZvwaK mUi mKj Dcv`vb wbq MwVZ mUK mshvM mU ejv nq|
awi, A I B `yBwU mU| A I B -Gi mshvM mUK A B viv cKvk Kiv nq Ges cov nq A mshvM B
A_ev ' A union B'.
mU MVb cwZZ A B = {x : x A A_ev x B }
D`vniY 7| C = {ivvK, mvwKe, AjvK} Ges D = {AjvK, gykwdK} nj, C D wbYq Ki|
mgvavb : `Iqv AvQ, C = {ivvK, mvwKe, AjvK} Ges D = {AjvK, gykwdK}
C D = {ivvK, mvwKe, AjvK} {AjvK, gykwdK}
= {ivvK, mvwKe, AjvK, gykwdK}
Q` mU (Intersection of sets)
gb Kwi, wibv evsjv I Aviwe fvlv coZ I wjLZ cvi Ges Rqv evsjv I wnw` fvlv coZ I wjLZ
cvi| wibv h fvlv coZ I wjLZ cvi G`i mU {evsjv, Aviwe} Ges Rqv h fvlv coZ I wjLZ
cvi G`i mU {evsjv, wnw`}| j Kwi, wibv I Rqv cZK h fvlv coZ I wjLZ cvi Zv nQ
evsjv Ges Gi mU {evsjv}| GLvb {evsjv} mUwU Q` mU|
108 MwYZ
`yB ev ZZvwaK mUi mvaviY (Common) Dcv`vb wbq MwVZ mUK Q` mU ejv nq|
awi, A I B `yBwU mU| A I B -Gi Q` mUK A B viv cKvk Kiv nq Ges cov nq A Q` B .
mU MVb cwZZ A B = {x : x A Ges x B}
A B
D`vniY 9| A = {1, 3, 5} Ges B = {5, 7} nj, A B wbYq Ki| 1
5
mgvavb : `Iqv AvQ, A = {1, 3, 5} Ges B = {5, 7} 3 7
A B = {1, 3, 5} {5, 7} = {5}
AB
D`vniY 10| P = {x : x, 2 -Gi wYZK Ges x 8} Ges Q = {x : x, 4-Gi wYZK Ges x 12} nj,
P Q wbYq Ki|
mgvavb : `Iqv AvQ, P = {x : x, 2 -Gi wYZK Ges x 8}
= {2, 4, 6, 8}
Ges Q = {x : x, 4 -Gi wYZK x 12}
= {4, 8, 12}
P Q = {2, 4, 6, 8} {4, 8, 12} = {4, 8}
wb` mU (Disjointsets)
hw` `yBwU mUi Dcv`vbjvi ga Kvbv mvaviY Dcv`vb bv _vK, Ze mU `yBwU cii wb` mU|
awi, A I B `yBwU mU| A I B cii wb` mU ne hw` A B = nq|
KvR :
P = {2, 3, 4, 5, 6,7} Ges Q = {4, 6, 8} nj,
1. P Q Ges P Q wbYq Ki|
2. P Q Ges P Q K mU MVb cwZZ cKvk Ki|
D`vniY 13| E = {x : x, gwjK msLv Ges x < 30} mUwU ZvwjKv cwZZ cKvk Ki|
mgvavb : wbYq mUwU ne 30 Acv QvU gwjK msLvmg~ni mU|
GLvb, 30 Acv QvU gwjK msLvmg~n 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29
wbYq mU = {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29}
Abykxjbx 8
1| wbPi mUjvK ZvwjKv cwZZ cKvk Ki
(K) {x : x, weRvo msLv Ges 3 < x < 15}
(L) {x : x, 48-Gi gwjK YbxqKmg~n}
(M) {x : x, 3-Gi wYZK Ges x < 36}
(N) {x : x, c~Y msLv Ges x2 < 10}
2| wbPi mUjvK mU MVb cwZZ cKvk Ki :
(K) {3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8} (L) {4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24} (M) {7, 11, 13, 17}
3| wbPi mU `yBwUi DcmU I DcmUi msLv wbYq Ki :
(K) C = {m, n} (L) D = {5, 10, 15}
4| A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {2, a} Ges C = {a, b} nj, wbPi mUjv wbYq Ki:
(K) A B (L) B C
(M) A ( B C ) (N) ( A B ) C
(O) ( A B ) ( B C ) mUjv wbYq Ki|
5| hw` U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}, A = {1, 2, 5}, B = {2, 4, 7} Ges
C = {4, 5, 6} nq, Ze wbg wjwLZ mKjvi mZZv hvPvB Ki:
(K) A B = B A
(L) ( A B ) = A B
(M) ( A C ) = A C
6| P Ges Q h_vg 21 I 35 -Gi mKj YbxqKi mU nj, P Q wbYq Ki|
7| h mKj ^vfvweK msLv viv 171 Ges 396 K fvM Kij cwZ 21 Aewk _vK Zv`i mU
wbYq Ki|
8| Kvbv Qvvevmi 65% Qv gvQ cQ` Ki, 55% Qv gvsm cQ` Ki Ges 40% Qv DfqwU cQ`
Ki|
(K) msw weeiYmn Dcii Z_jv fbwP cKvk Ki|
(L) Dfq Lv` cQ` Ki bv Zv`i msLv wbYq Ki|
(M) hviv ay GKwU Lv` cQ` Ki Zv`i msLvi YbxqK mUi Q` mU wbYq Ki|
9| A = {x : x , Rvo msLv Ges 4 < x < 6} Gi ZvwjKv cwZ KvbwU?
(K) {5} (L) {4, 6} (M) {4, 5, 6} (N)
MwYZ 111
Aavq kl wkv_xiv
PZzfyRi agvewj hvPvB I hywg~jK cgvY KiZ cvie|
c` Dcv nZ PZzfyR AuvKZ cvie|
AvqZvKvi Nbei wP AuvKZ cvie|
wfzR m~i mvnvh PZzfyR i dj cwigvc KiZ cvie|
AvqZvKvi Nbe I NbKi cZji dj cwigvc KiZ cvie|
8.1 PZzfyR
A D
PviwU iLvsk viv Ave wP GKwU PZzfyR| wP viv Ave
wU GKwU PZzfyR|
PZyfyRi PviwU ev AvQ| h PviwU iLvsk viv wU Ave
B C
nq, G PviwU iLvskB PZzfyRi ev|
A, B, C I D we`y PviwUi hKvbv wZbwU mgiLv bq| AB, BC , CD I DA iLvsk PviwU mshvM
ABCD PZzfyR MwVZ nqQ| AB, BC , CD I DA PZzfyRwUi PviwU ev| A, B, C I D PviwU
KwYK we`y ev kxlwe`y| ABC , BCD, CDA I DAB PZyfyRi PviwU KvY| A I B kxlwe`y
h_vg C I D kxli wecixZ kxlwe`y| AB I CD ev cii wecixZ ev Ges AD I BC ev
cii wecixZ ev| GK kxlwe`yZ h `yBwU ev wgwjZ nq, Giv mwbwnZ ev| hgb, AB I BC ev
`yBwU mwbwnZ ev| AC I BD iLvskq ABCD PZyfyRi `yBwU KY| PZzfyRi evjvi `Ni
mgwK Gi cwimxgv ej| ABCD PZzfyRi cwimxgv ( AB + BC + CD + DA) Gi `Ni mgvb|
PZzfyRK AbK mgq cZxK viv wb`k Kiv nq|
AvqZ : h mvgvwiKi GKwU KvY mgKvY, ZvB AvqZ| AvqZi PviwU KvY mgKvY| AvqZi mxgve
K AvqZ ej|
mvgvwiK AvqZ
i^m : i^m Ggb GKwU mvgvwiK hvi mwbwnZ evjvi `N mgvb| A_vr, i^mi wecixZ evjv
mgvivj Ges PviwU ev mgvb| i^mi mxgve K i^m ej|
eM : eM Ggb GKwU AvqZ hvi mwbwnZ evjv mgvb| A_vr, eM Ggb GKwU mvgvwiK hvi cZKwU
KvY mgKvY Ges evjv mgvb| eMi mxgve K eM ej|
i^m eM
UvwcwRqvg
Nywo
KvR
1| Zvgvi Avkcvki wewfb ei aviK mijiLv ai mvgvwiK, AvqZ, eM I i^m wPwZ Ki|
2| Dwjv mwVK wKbv hvPvB Ki:
(K) eM GKwU AvqZ, Avevi eM GKwU i^mI|
(L) UvwcwRqvg GKwU mvgvwiK|
(M) mvgvwiK GKwU UvwcwRqvg|
(N) AvqZ ev i^m eM bq|
3| eMi msvq ejv nqQ eM Ggb GKwU AvqZ hvi evjv mgvb| i^mi gvag eMi msv
`Iqv hvq wK ?
114 MwYZ
Dccv` 1 D C
PZzfyRi PviwU KvYi mgw Pvi mgKvY|
wekl wbePb : gb Kwi, ABCD GKwU PZzfyR Ges AC Gi
GKwU KY| B
A
cgvY KiZ ne h, A + B + C + D = 4 mgKvY|
cgvY:
avc h_v_Zv
(1) ABC G [ wfzRi wZb KvYi mgw 2 mgKvY ]
BAC + ACB + B = 2 mgKvY|
~ fve, DAC G
(2) Abyic [ wfzRi wZb KvYi mgw 2 mgKvY ]
DAC + ACD + D = 2 mgKvY|
Dccv` 2
mvgvwiKi wecixZ ev I KvYjv cii mgvb|
wekl wbePb : gb Kwi, ABCD GKwU mvgvwiK Ges A D
AC I BD Zvi `yBwU KY| cgvY KiZ ne h,
(K) AB ev = CD ev, AD ev = BC ev
B C
(L) BAD = BCD , ABC = ADC .
MwYZ 115
cgvY :
avc h_v_Zv
(1) AB ll DC Ges AC Zv`i Q`K,
myZivs BAC = ACD . [GKvi KvY mgvb ]
(2) Avevi, BC ll AD Ges AC Zv`i Q`K,
[GKvi KvY mgvb ]
myZivs ACB = DAC .
(3) GLb ABC I ADC G BAC = ACD ,
ACB = DAC Ges AC ev mvaviY| [ wfzRi KvY-ev -KvY Dccv` ]
ABC ADC .
AZGe, AB = CD, BC = AD I ABC = ADC .
Abyi~cfve, cgvY Kiv hvq h, BAD BCD .
myZivs, BAD = BCD . [cgvwYZ]
KvR
1| cgvY Ki h, PZzfy Ri GK Rvov wecixZ ev cii mgvb I mgvivj nj, Zv GKwU mvgvwiK|
2| `Iqv AvQ, ABCD PZzfyR AB = CD Ges ABD = BDC . A B
Dccv` 3
A D
mvgvwiKi KYq ciiK mgwLwZ Ki|
wekl wbePb : gb Kwi, ABCD mvgvwiKi O
AC I BD KYq ciiK O we`yZ Q` Ki| B C
cgvY KiZ ne h, AO = CO, BO = DO .
cgvY :
avc h_v_Zv
(1) AB I DC iLvq mgvivj Ges AC Zv`i Q`K| [GKvi KvY mgvb]
AZGe, BAC = GKvi ACD .
(2) AB I DC iLv mgvivj Ges BD Zv`i Q`K|
[GKvi KvY mgvb]
myZivs, BDC = GKvi ABD .
(3) GLb, AOB I COD G
OAB = OCD , OBA = ODC Ges
[ wfzRi KvY-ev-KvY Dccv`]
AB = DC .
myZivs, AOB COD.
AZGe, AO = CO Ges BO = DO. (cgvwYZ)
Dccv` 4
AvqZi KYq mgvb I ciiK mgwLwZ Ki| D C
wekl wbePb : gb Kwi, ABCD AvqZi AC I BD
KYq ciiK O we`yZ Q` Ki| cgvY KiZ ne h,
(i) AC = BD O
(ii) AO = CO, BO = DO .
A B
cgvY :
avc h_v_Zv
(1) AvqZ GKwU mvgvwiK| myZivs, [mvgvwiKi KYq ciiK mgwLwZ
AO = CO, BO = DO . Ki]
(2) GLb ABD I ACD G
DAB = ADC [ cZK mgKvY ]
AB = DC [ mvgvwiKi wecixZ ev cii mgvb ]
Ges AD = AD. [ mvaviY ev ]
myZivs, ABD ACD. [ wfzRi KvY-ev-KvY Dccv` ]
AZGe, AC = BD , (cgvwYZ)
KvR
1| cgvY Ki h, AvqZi cZKwU KvY mgKvY|
Dccv` 5
i^mi KYq ciiK mgKvY mgwLwZ Ki|
D C
wekl wbePb : gb Kwi, ABCD i^mi
AC I BD KYq ciiK O we`yZ Q` Ki|
O
cgvY KiZ ne h,
(i) AOB = BOC = COD = DOA = 1 mgKvY A B
(ii) AO = CO, BO = DO .
cgvY :
avcmg~n h_v_Zv
(1) i^m GKwU mvgvwiK| myZivs, [ mvgvwiKi KYq ciiK mgwLwZ Ki ]
AO = CO, BO = DO .
(2) GLb AOB I BOC G
AB = BC [ i^mi evjv mgvb ]
AO = CO [ (1) _K ]
Ges OB = OB . [ mvaviY ev ]
AZGe, AOB BOC . [ wfzRi ev-ev-ev Dccv` ]
MwYZ 117
8.4 PZzfyRi dj
GKwU PZzfyRi KY viv PZzfyRwU `yBwU wfyR wef nq| AZGe, PZzfyRi dj
wfyRi djqi hvMdji mgvb| c~eeZx kwYZ Avgiv eM I AvqZi dj wbYq
KiZ wkLwQ| Avevi AvqZ I mvgvwiKi fwg I DPZv GKB njI DwjwLZ qi dj mgvb|
wbP i^m I UvwcwRqvgi dj wbYqKkj wbq AvjvPbv Kiv ne|
(K) UvwcwRqvg i dj
C we`y w`q DA|| CE AvuwK|
KvR :
1| weK cwZZ UvwcwRqvgi dj wbYq Ki|
(L) i^mi dj
i^mi KYq ciiK mgKvY mgwLwZ Ki| ZvB i^mi KYqi `N Rvbv _vKj mnRB
i^mi dj wbYq Kiv hvq|
gb Kwi, ABCD i^mi AC I BD KYq ciiK O we`yZ Q` Ki| KYqi `NK h_vg
a I b viv wb`k Kwi|
118 MwYZ
Abykxjbx 8.1
A B
14| `Iqv AvQ, ABCD mvgvwiKi AM I CN , N
DB Gi Dci j^| cgvY Ki h, ANCM GKwU M
mvgvwiK | D C
mv`
8.5 PZzfyR Ab
c~eeZx kwYZ Avgiv RbwQ, wfyRi wZbwU ev `Iqv _vKj wbw` wfyR AuvKv hvq| wKy PZzfyRi
PviwU ev `Iqv _vKj wbw` Kvbv PZzfyR AuvKv hvq bv| PZzfyR Abi Rb AviI Dcvi cqvRb|
PZzfyRi PviwU ev, PviwU KvY I `yBwU KY AvQ| GKwU PZzfyR AuvKZ cuvPwU Abb wbic Dcvi
cqvRb| hgb, Kvbv PZzfyRi PviwU ev I GKwU wbw` KvY `Iqv _vKj, PZyfyRwU AuvKv hve|
wbgv cuvPwU Dcv Rvbv _vKj, wbw` PZzfyRwU AuvKv hvq|
(K) PviwU ev I GKwU KvY
(L) PviwU ev I GKwU KY
(M) wZbwU ev I `yBwU KY
(N) wZbwU ev I Zv`i Afy `yBwU KvY
(O) `yBwU ev I wZbwU KvY|
AbK mgq Kg Dcv `Iqv _vKjI wekl PZzfyR AuvKv hvq| G hyw viv cuvPwU Dcv cvIqv hvq|
GKwU ev `Iqv _vKj, eM AuvKv hvq| GLvb PviwU evB mgvb Ges GKwU KvY mgKvY|
`yBwU mwbwnZ ev `Iqv _vKj, AvqZ AuvKv hvq| GLvb wecixZ ev `yBwU cii mgvb Ges
GKwU KvY mgKvY|
GKwU ev Ges GKwU KvY `Iqv _vKj, i^m AuvKv hvq| GLvb PviwU evB mgvb|
`yBwU mwbwnZ ev Ges G`i Afy KvY `Iqv _vKj, mvgvwiK AuvKv hvq| GLvb wecixZ
ev `yBwU cii mgvb I mgvivj|
mv` 1
Kvbv PZzfyRi PviwU evi `N I GKwU KvY `Iqv AvQ| PZzfyRwU AuvKZ ne|
a
gb Kwi, GKwU PZzfyRi Pvi evi `N a, b, c, d Ges a I b b
c x
evqi Afy KvY x `Iqv AvQ| PZzfyRwU AuvKZ ne| d
MwYZ 121
Abi weeiY : F
A
(1) h Kvbv iwk BE _K BC = a wbB| B we`yZ
b
EBF = x AuvwK|
x
(2) BF _K BA = b wbB| A I C K K` Ki h_vg B a C E
c I d Gi mgvb evmva wbq ABC Gi Afi `yBwU F
A
ePvc AuvwK| Giv cii D we`yZ Q` Ki|
b
(3) A I D Ges C I D hvM Kwi|
x
Zvnj, ABCD B Dw PZzfyR| B a C E
F
cgvY : Ab Abymvi, A c
AB = b, BC = a, AD = c, DC = d Ges ABC = x b
D
ABCD -B wbYq PZzfyR| d
x
B a C E
KvR
1| GKwU PZzfyR AuvKZ PviwU ev I GKwU KvYi cwigvci cqvRb| GB cuvPwU hKvbv cwigvci nj wK
PZzfyRwU AuvKv hve?
mv` 2
Kvbv PZzfyRi PviwU ev I GKwU KYi `N `Iqv AvQ| PZzfyRwU AuvKZ ne|
e
gb Kwi, GKwU PZzfyRi PviwU evi `N a, b, c, d Ges GKwU a
b
KYi `N e `Iqv AvQ, hLvb a + b > c Ges c + d > e . c
PZzfyRwU AuvKZ ne| d
A
Abi weeiY :
(1) hKvbv iwk BE _K BD = e wbB| B I D K K`
B e D E
Ki h_vg a I b Gi mgvb evmva wbq BD Gi GKB cvk A
a b
`yBwU ePvc AuvwK| ePvcq A we`yZ Q` Ki|
(2) Avevi, B I D K K` Ki h_vg d I c Gi mgvb B D E
KY BD = e . d C c
myZivs, ABCD -B wbYq PZzfyR|
122 MwYZ
KvR
1| GKwU PZzfyR AuvKZ PviwU ev I GKwU KYi `N cwigvci cqvRb| GB cuvPwU hKvbv cwigvci nj wK
PZzfyRwU AuvKv hve? Zvgvi Dii c hyw `vI|
2| GKRb wkv_x GKwU PZzfyR PLAY AuvKZ Pv Kij, hvi PL = 3 m.wg., LA = 4 m.wg., AY = 4.5
m.wg., PY = 2 m.wg., LY = 6 m.wg.| m PZzfyRwU AuvKZ cvijv bv| Kb?
mv` 3
Kvbv PZzfyRi wZbwU ev I `yBwU KYi `N `Iqv AvQ| PZzfyRwU AuvKZ ne|
e
gb Kwi, GKwU PZzfyRi wZbwU evi `N a, b, c Ges `yBwU a
b
KYi `N d, e `Iqv AvQ, hLvb a + b > c | PZzfyRwU c
AuvKZ ne| d
A
Abi weeiY :
(1) hKvbv iwk BE _K BD = e wbB| B I D K K`
Ki h_vg a I b Gi mgvb evmva wbq BD Gi GKB cvk B D E
`yBwU ePvc AuvwK| ePvcq A we`yZ Q` Ki| A
mv` 4
Kvbv PZzfyRi wZbwU evi `N I `yBwU Afy KvY `Iqv AvQ| PZzfyRwU AuvKZ ne|
a
gb Kwi, GKwU PZzfyRi wZbwU ev a, b, c Ges a I b b
evi Afy KvY x Ges a I c evi Afy KvY c
x y
mv` 5 B a C E
Kvbv PZzfyRi `yBwU mwbwnZ evi `N I wZbwU KvY `Iqv AvQ| PZzfyRwU AuvKZ ne|
gb Kwi, GKwU PZzfyRi `yBwU mwbwnZ ev a, b Ges a
b
wZbwU KvY x , y , z `Iqv AvQ| PZzfyRwU
AuvKZ ne| x y z
Abi weeiY : hKvbv iwk BE _K BC = a wbB|
F
B I C we`yZ x I y Gi mgvb Ki h_vg A G
mv` 6
Kvbv mvgvwiKi mwbwnZ `yBwU evi `N Ges evqi Afy KvY `Iqv AvQ| mvgvwiKwU
AuvKZ ne|
gb Kwi, GKwU mvgvwiKi `yBwU mwbwnZ ev a I b Ges a x
G`i Afy KvY x `Iqv AvQ| mvgvwiKwU AuvKZ ne| b
124 MwYZ
jKwi: aygv GKwU evi `N `Iqv _vKjB eM AuvKv me| eMi evjv mgvb Avi KvYjv
cZKwU mgKvY| ZvB eM Abi Rb cqvRbxq cuvPwU kZ mnRB c~iY Kiv hvq|
mv` 7
Kvbv eMi GKwU evi `N `Iqv AvQ, eMwU AuvKZ ne| a
gb Kwi, a Kvbv eMi GKwU evi `N| eMwU AuvKZ ne| F
A
Abi weeiY : hKvbv iwk BE _K BC = a wbB|
B we`yZ BF BC AuvwK| a
BF _K BA = a wbB| A I C K K` Ki a Gi
mgvb evmva wbq ABC Gi Afi `yBwU ePvc
B a C E
AuvwK| ePvcq ciiK D we`yZ Q` Ki| A I D
Ges C I D hvM Kwi| F
a D
Zvnj, ABCD -B Dw eM| A
Abykxjbx 8.2
1| GKwU PZzfyR AuvKZ KqwU Abb wbic Dcvi cqvRb?
K. 3 wU L. 4 wU M. 5 wU N. 6 wU
60
K. c` Z_jv wPi gvag cKvk Ki|
L. Abi weeiYmn mvgwiKwU AuvK|
M. Abi weeiYmn mvgwiKwUi eng KYi mgvb KYwewk GKwU eM AuvK|
beg Aavq
wc_vMvivmi Dccv`
wLc~e l kZvxi wMK `vkwbK wc_vMvivm mgKvYx wfyRi GKwU cqvRbxq ewk wbi~cY Kib|
mgKvYx wfzRi G ewk wc_vMvivmi ewk ej cwiwPZ| ejv nq wc_vMvivmi Rbi AvM wgmixq
I ewejbxq hyMI mgKvYx wfzRi G ewki eenvi wQj| G Aavq Avgiv mgKvYx wfzRi G ewk
wbq AvjvPbv Kie| mgKvYx wfzRi evjv wekl bvg cwiwPZ| mgKvYi wecixZ ev AwZfzR Ges
mgKvY msjM evq h_vg fwg I DbwZ| eZgvb Aavq G wZbwU evi `Ni ga h mK iqQ
m welq AvjvPbv Kiv ne|
Aavq kl wkv_xiv
wc_vMvivmi Dccv` hvPvB I cgvY KiZ cvie|
wfzRi wZbwU evi `N `Iqv _vKj wfzRwU mgKvYx wKbv hvPvB KiZ cvie|
wc_vMvivmi m~ eenvi Ki mgmv mgvavb KiZ cvie|
A
9.1 mgKvYx wfzR
wP, ABC GKwU mgKvYx wfzR, Gi ACB KvYwU mgKvY| b c
myZivs AB wfzRwUi AwZfzR| wP wfzRwUi evjv a, b, c
viv wb`k Kwi| C a B
KvR
1| GKwU mgKvY AuvK Ges Gi ev `yBwUi Dci h_vg 3 m.wg. I 4 m.wg. `~iZ `yBwU we`y wPwZ Ki| we`y
`yBwU hvM Ki GKwU mgKvYx wfzR AuvK| wfzRwUi AwZfzRi `N cwigvc Ki| `N 5 m.wg. nqQ wK ?
j Ki, 32 + 42 = 52 A_vr `yB evi `N cwigvci eMi hvMdj AwZfzRi cwigvci eMi mgvb|
myZivs a, b, c ev viv wb`wkZ wfzRi c 2 = a 2 + b2 ne| GUv wc_vMvivmi Dccv`i g~j
cwZcv`| GB Dccv`wU wewfbfve cgvY Kiv nqQ| GLvb KqKwU mnR cgvY `Iqv njv|
cgvY :
avc h_v_Zv
(1) ABC I CDE G AB = CD = c, BC = DE = a
Ges Afy ABC = Afy CDE [cZK [ ev-KvY-ev Dccv` ]
mgKvY]|
myZivs, ABC CDE .
AC = CE = b Ges BAC = ECD .
1 1 1 1
ev, BD( AB + DE ) = ac + ac + b 2 [ UvwcwRqvg i dj
2 2 2 2
1
1 1 = mgvivj evqi hvMdj dj
ev, ( BC + CD) ( AB + DE ) = [2ac + b2] 2
2 2 mgvivj evqi gaeZx `~iZ]
ev, (a + c)(a + c) = 2ac + b [2 viv Y Ki]
2
c 2 = a 2 + b 2.
cgvY :
avc h_v_Zv
(1) CBH I ABC m`k| [(i) Dfq wfzR mgKvYx
a e
= (1)
(ii) A KvY mvaviY ]
c a
(2) ACH I ABC m`k| [(i) Dfq wfzR mgKvYx
b d
= (2)
(ii) B KvY mvaviY ]
c b
(3) AbycvZ `yBwU _K cvB,
a 2 = c e , b2 = c d
2 2
AZGe, a + b = c e + c d
= c (e + d ) = c 2
c 2 = a 2 + b 2 [ cgvwYZ]
cgvY :
avc h_v_Zv
(1) AwZ eo wU eM| [evjvi cZKwUi `N a + b Ges KvYjv mgKvY ]
Gi dj (a + b )2
(2) QvU PZzfyR wU eM| [evjvi cZKwUi `N c ]
Gi dj c 2
(3) Abvbymvi, eo eMi dj PviwU
wfzR I QvU eMi dji mgvb|
1
A_vr, (a + b )2 = 4 a b + c 2
2
ev, a 2 + 2ab + b 2 = 2ab + c 2
ev, a 2 + b 2 = c 2 (cgvwYZ)
cgvY :
avc h_v_Zv
(1) DE 2 = EF 2 + DF 2 [KviY DEF -G F GK
= BC + AC = AB
2 2 2
mgKvY]
DE = AB
[Kbv]
GLb ABC I DEF G BC = EF , AC = DF Ges
AB = DE .
ABC DEF C = F
F = GK mgKvY C = GK mgKvY| [cgvwYZ] [ev-ev-ev memgZv]
130 MwYZ
Abykxjbx 9
2| cgvY Ki h, wfzRi hKvbv gagv wfzRwUK mgvb dj wewk `yBwU wfzR wef
Ki|
P
A B
12| ABCDE efzR AE ll BC , CF AE Ges
DQ CF . ED = 10 wg.wg. , EF = 2 wg.wg.
Q
BC = 8 wg.wg. AB = 12 wg.wg. F C
E
D
12
11
10 2
9 3
8 4
7 6
5
e msv Dccv` cqvM Ki mgmv mgvavb KiZ cvie Ges cwigvcK wdZv eenvi Ki evKvi i
cwimxgv I dj cwigvc KiZ cvie|
10.1 e
GK UvKvi GKwU evsjv`wk gy`v wbq mv`v KvMRi Dci iL gy`v wUi gvS eivei euv nvZi ZRwb w`q Pc
awi| GB Aevq Wvb nvZ mi cwj wbq gy`v wUi Muv Nl Pviw`K Nywiq Avwb| gy`vwU mwiq wbj KvMR
GKwU MvjvKvi Ave eiLv `Lv hve| GwU GKwU e|
KvR :
1| cwj Kvmi mvnvh O K`wewk 4 m.wg. evmvai GKwU e AuvK| ei Dci wewfb
RvqMvq KqKwU we`y A, B, C , D wbq K` _K we`yjv ch iLvskjv AuvK| iLvskjvi
`N cwigvc Ki| Kx j Ki?
10.2 ei Rv I Pvc
cvki wP, GKwU e `Lvbv nqQ, hvi K` O | ei Dci
hKvbv we`y P , Q wbq G`i mshvRK iLvsk PQ Uvwb| Z
PQ iLvsk ewUi GKwU Rv| Rv viv ewU `yBwU Ask wef
nqQ| RvwUi `yB cvki `yB Ask ewUi Dci `yBwU we`y Y , Z O
wbj H `yBwU Aski bvg PYQ I PZQ Ask| Rv viv wef
P Q
ei cZK AskK ePvc, ev msc Pvc ej| wP, PQ Rv
viv m Pvc `yBwU nQ PYQ I PZQ Pvc| Y
ei hKvbv `yBwU we`yi mshvRK iLvsk ewUi GKwU Rv|
cZK Rv eK `yBwU Pvc wef Ki|
Dccv` 1|
ei K` I evm wfb Kvbv Rv-Gi gawe`yi mshvRK iLvsk H Rv-Gi Dci j^|
avc h_v_Zv
(1) OAM Ges OBM G
AM = BM [ M , AB Gi gawe`y]
OA = OB [ Dfq GKB ei evmva]
Ges OM = OM [ mvaviY ev ]
myZivs OAM OBM [ ev-ev-ev Dccv` ]
OMA = OMB
(2) hnZz KvYq iwLK hyMj KvY Ges G`i cwigvc mgvb,
myZivs, OMA = OMB = 1 mgKvY|
AZGe, OM AB . (cgvwYZ)
KvR : cgvY Ki h, ei K` _K evm wfb Ab Kvbv Rv-Gi Dci AwZ j^ H RvK mgwLwZ Ki|
[BwZ: mgKvYx wfzRi memgZv eenvi Ki]
Abykxjbx 10.1
1| cvgY Ki h, Kvbv ei `yBwU Rv ciiK mgwLwZ Kij Zv`i Q`we`y ewUi K` ne|
2| cgvY Ki h, `yBwU mgvivj Rv-Gi gawe`yi mshvRK mijiLv K`Mvgx Ges Rvqi Dci j^|
3| Kvbv ei AB I AC Rv `yBwU A we`yMvgx evmvai mv_ mgvb KvY Drcb Ki| cgvY Ki h,
AB = AC. B
4| wP, O ei K` Ges Rv AB = Rv AC.
cgvY Ki h, BAO = CAO. A
O
5| Kvbv e GKwU mgKvYx wfzRi kxlwe`yjv w`q hvq| `LvI h, ewUi K` AwZfzRi
gawe`y|
6| `yBwU mgKw`K ei GKwUi AB Rv Aci eK C I D we`yZ Q` Ki|
cgvY Ki h, AC = BD.
Dccv` 2|
ei mKj mgvb Rv K` _K mg`~ieZx| C F D
gb Kwi, O ei K` Ges AB I CD ei `yBwU mgvb Rv|
O
cgvY KiZ ne h, O _K AB Ges CD Rvq mg`~ieZx|
A B
Ab : O _K AB Ges CD Rv-Gi Dci h_vg E
OE Ges OF j^ iLvsk AuvwK| O, A Ges O, C hvM Kwi|
cgvY :
avc h_v_Zv
(1) OE AB [ K` _K evm wfb hKvbv Rv-Gi
I OF CD. Dci AwZ j^ RvK mgwLwZ Ki ]
myZivs, AE = BE Ges CF = DF .
1 1
AE = AB Ges CF = CD.
2 2
Dccv` 3
ei K` _K mg`~ieZx mKj Rv cii mgvb|
C F D
gb Kwi, O ei K` Ges AB I CD `yBwU Rv| O _K
AB CD Gi Dci h_vg OE OF j^| Zvnj OE I OF O
K` _K h_vg AB I CD Rv-Gi `~iZ wb`k Ki|
A E B
OE = OF nj cgvY KiZ ne h, AB = CD.
Ab : O, A Ges O, C hvM Kwi|
cgvY :
avc h_v_Zv
(1) hnZz OE AB Ges OF CD. [ mgKvY ]
myZivs, OEA = OFC = GK mgKvY
(2) GLb, OAE Ges OCF mgKvYx
wfzRqi ga
AwZfzR OA = AwZfzR OC Ges [Dfq GKB ei evmva]
OE = OF [Kbv]
OAE OCF [mgKvYx wfzRi AwZfzR-ev mgmgZv Dccv`]
AE = CF .
1 1
(3) AE = AB Ges CF = CD [ K` _K evm wfb hKvbv Rv-Gi Dci
2 2
AwZ j^ RvK mgwLwZ Ki ]
1 1
(4) myZivs AB = CD
2 2
A_vr, AB = CD
MwYZ 137
A B
O
cgvY : OA = OB = OC = OD [GKB ei evmva]
GLb , OCD G
OC + OD > CD
ev, OA + OB > CD
A_vr, AB > CD.
Abykxjbx 10.2
1| ei `yBwU mgvb Rv ciiK Q` Kij `LvI h, Zv`i GKwUi Askq AciwUi Askqi
mgvb|
2| cgvY Ki h, ei mgvb Rv-Gi gawe`yjv mge|
3| `LvI h, evmi `yB cv _K Gi wecixZ w`K `yBwU mgvb Rv Ab Kij Zviv mgvivj nq|
4| `LvI h, evmi `yB cv _K Gi wecixZ w`K `yBwU mgvivj Rv AuvKj Zviv mgvb nq|
5| `LvI h, ei `yBwU Rv-Gi ga eni Rv-wU z`Zi Rv Acv K`i wbKUZi|
KvR
1| Zvgiv cZK cQ`gZv wfb wfb evmvai wZbwU Ki e AuvK Ges evmva I cwiwa cwigvc Ki wbPi
mviwYwU c~iY Ki| cwiwa I evmi AbycvZ wK aeK ej gb nq?
e evmva cwiwa evm cwiwa / evm
1 3.5 m.wg. 22 m.wg. 7.0 m.wg. 22/7 =3.142
138 MwYZ
Kvbv ei cwiwa I evmi AbycvZ aeK | GK wMK Ai (cvB) viv wb`k Kiv nq| A_vr,
c
ei cwiwa c I evm d nj AbycvZ = ev c = d .
d
Avevi ei evm evmvai wY ; A_vr, d = 2r AZGe, c = 2 r
cvPxb Kvj _K MwYZwe`MY -Gi Avmb gvb wbYqi Pv KiQb| fviZxq MwYZwe` Avhf (476
62832
550 wLv) -Gi Avmb gvb wbYq KiQb hv cvq 31416 . MwYZwe` kxwbevm ivgvbyRb
20000
(18871920) -Gi Avmb gvb ei KiQb hv `kwgKi ci wgwjqb Ni ch mwVK| cKZc, GKwU
22
Ag~j` msLv| Avgv`i `bw`b wnmvei cqvRb aeK Gi Avmb gvb aiv nq|
7
D`vniY 1| 10 m.wg. evmi ei cwiwa KZ? ( 3 14 ai)
mgvavb : ei evm d = 10 m.wg
ei cwiwa = d
3.14 10 m.wg. = 314 m.wg.
AZGe, 10 m.wg. evmi ei cwiwa 314 m.wg.|
22
D`vniY 2| 14 m.wg. evmvai ei cwiwa KZ? ( ai)
7
mgvavb : ei evmva (r) =14 m.wg
ei cwiwa = 2 r
22
2 14 m.wg. = 88 m.wg.
7
AZGe, 14 m.wg. evmvai ei cwiwa 88 m.wg.|
10.6 ei dj
e viv Ave mgZjxq e| ei dj ei Kivi Rb wbPi KvRwU Kwi|
KvR :
(K) KvMR wPi bvq GKwU e GuK Gi Aavsk is Ki| Gevi ewU gvS eivei wZb evi fvuR Ki Ges fvuR
eivei KU bvI| ewU mgvb AvUwU Ask wef njv| ei UzKivjvK wPi bvq mvRvj Kx cvIqv hvq ?
GKwU mvgvwiKi gZv bq wK ?
(i) (ii)
(L) ewU mgvb lvjvwU Ask wef Ki GKBfve mvRvI| mvRvbvi dj Kx cqQv ?
MwYZ 139
1 2 3
16 4
15 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15
5
14 6 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
13 7
12 8
11 10 9
(M) ewU mgvb Plw Ask wef Ki GKBfve mvRvI| mvRvbvi dj Kx cqQv? cvq GKwU AvqZ wK ?
32 wU
evmva
(N) AvqZwUi `N I c KZ ? dj KZ ?
ei dj= AvqZwUi dj = `N c
= cwiwai AaK evmva
1
2 r r =2
=
2
ei dj = r2|
KvR :
1| (K) Mvd KvMR 5 m.wg. evmvai GKwU e Ab Ki| QvU Nijv MYbv Ki eMi AvbygvwbK dj ei Ki|
(L) GKB ei dj m~i mvnvh wbYq Ki| wbYxZ dj I AvbygvwbK dji cv_K ei Ki|
dj KZ ?
mgvavb : 4 m.wg.
eni ei evmva r = 9 m.wg.
eni ewUi dj = r2 eM mwUwgUvi
314 92 eM mwUwgUvi = 25434 eM mwUwgUvi
z`Zi ei evmva r = 4 m.wg.
z`Zi ewUi dj = r2 eM mwUwgUvi
314 42 eM mwUwgUvi = 5024 eM mwUwgUvi
eqi AMZ GjvKvi dj = (25434 5024) eM mwUwgUvi
= 20410 eM mwUwgUvi
Abykxjbx 10.3
1| cQ`gZv K` I evmva wbq cwj Kvm eenvi Ki GKwU e AuvK| ei Dci KqKwU
evmva AuvK| gc `L mejv evmvai `N mgvb wK-bv|
2| wbewYZ evmvawewk ei cwiwa wbYq Ki:
(K) 10 m.wg. (L) 14 m.wg. (M) 21 m.wg.
3| wbewYZ ei dj wbYq Ki:
(K) evmva =12 m.wg. (L) evm = 34 m.wg. (M) evmva = 21 m.wg.
4| GKwU evKvi wkUi cwiwa 154 m.wg. nj, Gi evmva KZ? wkUi dj wbYq Ki|
5| GKRb gvjx 21 wg. evmvai evKvi evMvbi Pviw`K `yBevi Nywiq `woi eov w`Z Pvq|
cwZ wgUvi `woi g~j 18 UvKv nj, ZvK KZ UvKvi `wo wKbZ ne ?
m.wg.
m.wg.
Aavq kl wkv_xiv
K`xq ceYZv evLv KiZ cvie|
MvwYwZK m~i mvnvh Mo, gaK I cPziK wbYq Ki mgmv mgvavb KiZ cvie|
AvqZjL I cvBwP Ab KiZ cvie|
11.1 Z_ I Dcv
AvMi kwYZ Avgiv G m^ gwjK aviYv jvf KiwQ Ges wevwiZ RbwQ| GLvb Avgiv ^ cwimi
G m^ AvjvPbv Kie| Avgiv Rvwb, msLvwfwK Kvbv Z_ ev NUbv nQ GKwU cwimsLvb| Avi Z_
ev NUbv-wb`kK msLvjv nQ cwimsLvbi GKwU Dcv| aiv hvK, 50 b^ii ga AbywZ Kvbv
cwZhvwMZvg~jK cixvq AskMnYKvix 20 Rb cv_xi MwYZi cv b^i njv 25, 45, 40, 20, 35, 30,
35, 30, 40, 41, 46, 20, 25, 30, 45 ,42, 45, 47, 50, 30| GLvb, MwYZ cv msLv-wb`wkZ
b^img~n GKwU cwimsLvb| Avi b^ijv njv G cwimsLvbi Dcv| G Dcvjv mnR mivmwi Drm
_K msMn Kiv hvq| mivmwi Drm _K msMnxZ Dcvi wbfihvMZv AbK ewk| mivmwi Drm _K
msMnxZ nq Ggb Dcv njv cv_wgK Dcv| gvawgK Dcv civ Drm _K msMnxZ nq weavq Gi
wbfihvMZv AbK Kg| Dci ewYZ Dcvi b^ijv Gjvgjvfve AvQ| b^ijv gvbi Kvbv
g mvRvbv bB| G aibi Dcv njv Aweb Dcv| G Dcvi b^ijv gvbi hKvbv g
mvRvj ne web Dcv| b^ijv gvbi Eag mvRvj nq 20, 20, 25, 25, 30, 30, 30, 30, 35,
35, 40, 40, 41, 42, 45, 45, 45, 46, 47, 50 hv GKwU web Dcv| Aweb Dcv Gfve web Kiv
ek RwUj Ges fyj nIqvi mvebv _K hvq| kwYwebvmi gvag Aweb Dcvmg~n AwZmnR web
Dcv icvi Kiv hvq Ges MYmsLv mviwYi mvnvh Dcvcb Kiv nq|
142 MwYZ
MYmsLv : kwYmg~ni ga msLvm~PK Z_ivwki gvbjv Uvwj wP w`q cKvk Kiv nq Ges Gi gvag
MYmsLv ev NUbmsLv wbaviY Kiv nq| h kwYZ hZjv Uvwj wP coe ZZ ne H kwYi MYmsLv ev
NUbmsLv, hv Uvwj wPi wecixZ MYmsLv Kjvg jLv nq|
Dci ewYZ weePbvaxb Dcvi cwimi, kwYevw I kwYmsLv wbP `Iqv njv :
KvR :
Zvgiv wbR`i ga _K 20 Rbi `j MVb Ki Ges `ji m`m`i DPZvi MYmsLv mviwY Zwi
Ki|
D`vniY 1| wbP 50 Rb wkv_xi DPZvi MYmsLv wbekb `Iqv njv| GKwU AvqZjL AuvK|
QK KvMRi 1 Ni mgvb kwYevwi 2 GKK ai x-A kwYevw Ges QK KvMRi 1 Ni mgvb MYmsLvi
1 GKK ai y-A MYmsLv wbekbi vcb Ki MYmsLv wbekbi AvqZjL AuvKv njv| x-Ai
g~jwe`y _K 114 Ni ch fvOv wP w`q AvMi Nijv we`gvb evSvbv nqQ|
144 MwYZ
30
25
20
15
10
05
KvR : (K) 30 Rb wbq `j MVb Ki| `ji m`m`i MwYZ cv b^ii MYmsLv wbekb mviwY Zwi Ki|
(L) MYmsLv wbekbi AvqZjL AuvK|
cvBwP : cvBwPI GKwU jLwP| AbK mgq msMnxZ cwimsLvb KqKwU Dcv`vbi mgw viv MwVZ nq
A_ev GK KqKwU kwYZ fvM Kiv nq| G mKj fvMK GKwU ei Afi wewfb Ask cKvk Kij
h jLwP cvIqv hvq ZvB cvBwP| cvBwPK ejLI ejv nq| Avgiv Rvwb, ei K` m KvYi
cwigvY 360| Kvbv cwimsLvb 360 Gi Ask wnme DcvwcZ nj Zv ne cvBwP|
Avgiv Rvwb, wKULjvq 1, 2, 3, 4, I 6 Ki ivb msMnxZ nq| ZvQvov bv-ej I IqvBW eji Rb
AwZwi ivb msMnxZ nq| Kvbv-GK Ljvq evsjv`k wKU `ji msMnxZ ivb wbPi mviwYZ `Iqv
njv :
wKULjvi Dcv cvBwPi gvag `Lvbv nj, evSvi Rb hgb mnR nq Zgwb wPvKlKI nq|
Kvbv Dcvi jLwP hLb ei gvag Dcvcb Kiv nq, ZLb mB jLwPK cvBwP ej| myZivs
cvBwP nQ, evKvi jLwP| Avgiv Rvwb, ei K` m KvY 360| Dci ewYZ Dcv 360-Gi
Ask wnme Dcvcb Kiv nj, Dcvi cvBwP cvIqv hve|
240 ivbi Rb 360
360
1
240
66 360
66 = 99
240 1 ivb
2 ivb
50
50 ivbi Rb KvY ne 360 = 75
240
36 AwZwi
36 ivbi Rb KvY ne 360 = 54 3 ivb ivb
240
6 ivb
48
48 ivbi Rb KvY ne 360 = 72 4 ivb
240
30
30 ivbi Rb KvY ne 360 = 45
240
10
10 ivbi Rb KvY ne 360 = 15
240
GLb, cv KvYjv 360 -Gi Ask wnmve AuvKv njv| hv ewYZ Dcvi cvBwP|
D`vniY 2| Kvbv GK eQi `yNUbvRwbZ KviY msNwUZ gZzi mviwY wbP `qv njv| GKwU cvBwP
AuvK|
`yNUbv evm UvK Kvi bhvb gvU
gZi msLv 450 350 250 150 1200
450
mgvavb : evm `yNUbvq gZ 450 Rbi Rb KvY = 360 = 135
1200
350
UvK `yNUbvq gZ 350 Rbi Rb KvY = 360 = 105 evm
1200
250 UvK
Kvi `yNUbvq gZ 250 Rbi Rb KvY = 360 = 75 bKv
1200
150 Kvi
bhvb `yNUbvq gZ 150 Rbi Rb KvY = 360 = 45
1200
GLb, KvYjv 3600 -Gi Ask wnmve AuvKv njv, hv wbYq cvBwP|
146 MwYZ
D`vniY 3| `yNUbvq gZ 450 Rbi ga KZRb bvix, cyiyl I wk Zv cvBwP `Lvbv nqQ| bvixi
Rb wb`wkZ KvY 800| bvixi msLv KZ ?
KvR : 1| Zvgv`i kwYZ AaqbiZ wkv_x`i 6 Rb Ki wbq `j MVb Ki| `ji m`miv
wbR`i DPZv gvc Ges cv Dcv cvBwPi gvag `LvI|
2| Zvgiv Zvgv`i cwievii mKji eqmi Dcv wbq cvBwP AuvK| cZKi eqmi wbavwiZ
KvYi Rb Kvi eqm KZ Zv wbYqi Rb cvki wkv_xi mv_ LvZv e`j Ki|
GB MYmsLv wbekb mviwYZ `Lv hvQ 36-45 kwYZ MYmsLv mevwaK| myZivs Dcii AvjvPbv _K
GUv h, Dcvmg~n gvSvgvwS ev K`i gvbi w`K cywf~Z nq| gvSvgvwS ev K` gvbi w`K
Dcvmg~ni cywf~Z nIqvi ceYZvK K`xq ceYZv ej| K`xq gvb Dcvmg~ni cwZwbwaZKvix GKwU
msLv hvi viv K`xq ceYZv cwigvc Kiv nq| mvaviYfve, K`xq ceYZvi cwigvc njv (1) MvwYwZK
Mo ev Mo,(2) gaK, (3) cPziK|
MwYZ 147
11.5 MvwYwZK Mo
Avgiv Rvwb, Dcvmg~ni msLvm~PK gvbi mgwK hw` Dcvmg~ni msLv w`q fvM Kiv nq, Ze MvwYwZK
Mo cvIqv hvq| gb Kwi, Dcvmg~ni msLv njv n Ges G`i msLvm~PK gvb x1 , x2 , x3 ..... xn | hw`
x1 + x2 + 33 + .........xn n
x
Dcvmg~ni MvwYwZK Mo gvb x nq, Ze x = = i
n i =1 n
D`vniY 4| 50 b^ii ga AbywZ cixvq Kvbv kwYi 20 Rb wkv_xi MwYZi cv b^i njv
40, 41, 45, 18, 41, 20, 45, 41, 45, 25, 20, 40, 18, 20, 45, 47, 48, 48, 49, 19| cv b^ii
MvwYwZK Mo wbYq Ki|
msw cwZZ Dcvmg~ni K`xq ceYZv fvjvfve cheY Ki Zv`i mve Mo Abygvb Kiv nq|
Dcii D`vniY c` Dcvi K`xq ceYZv fvjvfve j Kij evSv hvq h, MvwYwZK Mo 30 _K
46-Gi ga GKwU msLv| gb Kwi, MvwYwZK Mo 30| GLb cZK msLv _K AbywgZ Mo 30 weqvM
Ki weqvMdj wbYq KiZ ne| msLvwU 30 _K eo nj weqvMdj abvZK Ges QvU nj weqvMdj
FYvZK ne| Gici mKj weqvMdji exRMvwYwZK mgw wbYq KiZ nq| cici `yBwU weqvMdj hvM
Ki ghvwRZ mgw wbYqi gvag mKj weqvMdji mgw AwZ mnR wbYq Kiv hvq| A_vr,
weqvMdji mgw ghvwRZ mgwi mgvb ne| Dcii D`vniY eeZ Dcvi MvwYwZK Mo Kxfve
msww cwZZ Kiv nq Zv wbPi mviwYZ Dcvcb Kiv njv| gb Kwi, Dcvmg~n xi (i=1,2, ........, n)
Gi AbywgZ Mo a ( = 30)|
148 MwYZ
40 40 30 = 10 10 20 20 30 = 10 61 10 = 51
41 41 30 = 11 10 + 21 = 21 40 40 30 = 10 51 + 10 = 61
45 45 30 = 15 21 + 15 = 36 18 18 30 = 12 61 12 = 49
18 18 30 =12 36 12 = 24 20 20 30 =10 41-10 = 39
41 41 30 =11 24 + 11 = 35 45 45 30 = 15 39 + 15 = 54
20 20 30 = 10 35-10 = 25 47 47 30 = 17 54 + 17 = 71
45 45 30 = 15 25 + 15 = 40 48 48 30 = 18 71 + 18 = 89
41 41 30 = 11 40 + 11 = 51 48 48 30 = 18 89 + 18 = 107
45 45 30 = 15 51 + 15 = 66 49 49 30 = 19 107 + 19 = 126
25 25 30 =5 66 5 = 61 19 19 30 = 11 126-11 = 115
cv b^i MYmsLv fi xi
xi fi
i = 1, ...., k i = 1, ...., k
18 2 36
19 1 19
20 3 60
25 1 25
40 2 80
41 3 123
45 4 180
47 1 47
48 2 96
49 1 49
fi xi Gi mgw 715
cv b^ii Mo = =
gvU MYmsLv 20
= 35.75
m~ 1| MvwYwZK Mo (web Dcv) : hw` n msLK Dcvi k msLK gvb x1 , x2 , x3,. ... xk Gi
k
fx i i
1 k
MYmsLv h_vg f1 , f 2 , ......., f n nq, Ze Dcvi MvwYwZK Mo = x = i =1
n
= f i xi hLvb
n i =1
n njv MYmsLv|
D`vniY 5| wbP Kvbv-GKwU kwYi wkv_x`i MwYZ cv b^ii MYmsLv wbekb mviwY `Iqv
njv| cv b^ii MvwYwZK Mo wbYq Ki|
kwYevw 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65-74 75-84 85-94
MYmsLv 5 10 15 20 30 16 4
150 MwYZ
mgvavb : GLvb kwYevw `Iqv AvQ weavq wkv_x`i ewMZ b^i KZ Zv Rvbv hvq bv| G
cZK kwYi kwYgagvb wbYq Kivi cqvRb nq|
kwY-EagvbkwYi wbggvb
kwYgagvb =
2
hw` kwYgagvb xi (i = 1....., k ) nq Ze gagvb msewjZ mviwY ne wbgic :
kwY evw kwY gagvb ( xi ) MYmsLv ( f i ) ( f i xi )
25 34 215 5 1075
35 44 395 10 3950
45 54 495 15 7425
55 64 595 20 11900
65 74 695 30 20850
75 84 795 16 12720
85 94 895 4 3580
gvU 100 615000
1 k
1
wbYq MvwYwZK Mo = f i xi = 6150
n l =1 100
= 615
11.6 gaK
Avgiv 7g kwYZ cwimsLvb Abymvbvaxb Dcvmg~ni gaK m^ RbwQ|
aiv hvK, 5, 3, 4, 8, 6, 7, 9, 11, 10 KZKjv msLv| G msLvjvK gvbi gvbymvi mvRvj nq, 3,
4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11| gweb msLvjvK mgvb `yB fvM Kij nq
3, 4, 5, 6, 7 8, 9, 10, 11
GLvb `Lv hvQ h, 7 msLvjvK mgvb `yB fvM fvM KiQ Ges Gi Aevb gvS| myZivs GLvb
gac` njv 5g c`| GB 5g c` ev gac`i gvb njv 7| AZGe, msLvjvi gaK njv 7| GLvb
c` Dcvjv ev msLvjv njv weRvo msLK| Avi hw` msLvMyjv Rvo msLK hgb 8, 9, 10, 11,
12, 13, 15, 16, 18, 19, 21, 22 Gi gaK Kx ne ? msLvMyjvK mgvb `yB fvM Kij ne
MwYZ 151
D`vniY 6| wbPi msLvjvi gaK wbYq Ki : 23, 11, 25, 15, 21, 12, 17, 18, 22, 27, 29, 30, 16, 19|
mgvavb : msLvjvK gvbi gvbymvi Eag mvRvbv njv-
11, 12, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 21, 22, 23, 25, 27, 29, 30
GLvb msLvjv Rvo msLK n = 14
D`vniY 7| wbP 50 Rb Qvxi MwYZ cv b^ii MYmsLv wbekb mviwY `Iqv njv| gaK wbYq Ki|
cv b^i 45 50 60 65 70 75 80 90 95 100
MYmsLv 3 2 5 4 10 15 5 3 2 1
152 MwYZ
D`vniY 8| wbP 30 Rb Qvxi evwlK cixvq mgvRwevb cv b^i `Iqv njv| Dcvjvi cPziK
wbYq Ki|
75, 35, 40, 80, 65, 80, 80, 90, 95, 80, 65, 60, 75, 80, 40, 67, 70, 72, 69, 78, 80, 80,
65, 75,75, 88, 93, 80, 75, 65|
mgvavb : DcvjvK gvbi Eag mvRvbv njv : 35, 40, 40, 60, 65, 65, 65, 65, 67, 69, 70,
72, 75, 75, 75, 75, 75, 78, 80, 80, 80, 80, 80, 80, 80, 80, 88, 90, 93, 95|
Dcvjvi Dcvcbvq 40 AvQ 2 evi, 65 AvQ 4 evi, 75 AvQ 5 evi, 80 AvQ 8 evi Ges evwK
b^ijv 1 evi Ki AvQ| GLvb 80 AvQ mevwaK 8 evi| myZivs Dcvjvi cPziK njv 80|
wbYq cPziK 80|
Abykxjbx 11
wbP Zvgv`i kwYi 40 Rb wkv_xi MwYZ cv b^ii MYmsLv wbekb mviwY `Iqv njv :
kwYevw 41 55 56 70 71 85 86 100
MYmsLv 6 10 20 4
10| wbPi GKwU mviwY `Iqv njv| Gi Mo gvb wbYq Ki| Dcvjvi AvqZjL AuvK :
cv b^i 610 1115 1620 2125 2630 3135 3640 4145
MYmsLv 5 17 30 38 35 10 7 3
`wbK Avq (UvKvq) 2210 2215 2220 2225 2230 2235 2240 2245 2250
MYmsLv 2 3 5 7 6 5 5 4 3
eqm (eQi) 56 78 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
MYmsLv 25 27 28 31 29 28 22
14| GKwU KviLvbvi 100 kwgKi gvwmK gRywii MYmsLv wbekb mviwY `Iqv njv| kwgK`i gvwmK
gRywii Mo KZ ? Dcvjvi AvqZjL AuvK|
17| wbPi mviwYZ 200 Rb wkv_xi cQ`i dj `Lvbv njv| c` Dcvi cvBwP AuvK|
dj Avg KuvVvj wjPz Rvgij
mviwY 70 30 80 20
18| 720 Rb wkv_xi cQ`i welq cvBwP Dcvcb Kiv njv| msLvq cKvk Ki|
evsjv - 90
BsiwR
BsiwR - 30
MwYZ evsjv MwYZ - 50
wevb - 60
wevb mxZ ag - 80
ag mxZ - 50
360
MwYZ 157
Digvjv
Abykxjbx 2.1
1| 400 UvKv 2| 2650 UvKv 3| jvf ev wZ wKQyB ne bv
8| 7500 UvKv 9| 14000 UvKv 10| 1230 UvKv 11| 960 UvKv
12| 1600 UvKv 13| Avmj 1200 UvKv, gybvdv 10.5% 14| 9.2%
Abykxjbx 2.2
7| 6250 UvKv 8| 11772.25 UvKv, 1772.25 UvKv 9| 67,24,000 Rb 10| 1672 UvKv
Abykxjbx 3
1| 152555 Rb 2| 17.50 UvKv| 3| 8000 evi 4| 625 wgUvi| 5| 277.5 g.Ub 6| 410.96
g.Ub (cvq) 7| 200 w`b 8| 0.07 wjUvi (cvq) 9| 208 eMwgUvi 10| 636 eMwgUvi
11| 402.34 wgUvi (cvq) 12| 60 wgUvi 13| 186 eMwgUvi 14| 520.8 eMwgUvi | 15| 4864
eMwgUvi 16| 24 wgUvi 17| 3 wgUvi 18| 2408.64 Mvg 19| 673.547 Nb m. wg. 20| 44000
wjUvi, 44000 wKjvMvg 21| 750 UvKv 22| 37.5 wgUvi 23| 7656 UvKv 24| 569.50 UvKv
25| 52wU, 1430 UvKv| 26| 450 Nb m. wg. | 27| 5 Nv 20 wgwbU 28| 97.92 m. wg. (cvq)
158 MwYZ
Abykxjbx 4.1
(Z) x 2 y 2 + y 2 z 2 + z 2 x 2 + 2 xy 2 z 2 xyz 2 2 x 2 yz
(`) x 4 + y 4 + z 4 2 x 2 y 2 + 2 y 2 z 2 2 z 2 x 2
Abykxjbx 4.2
1| (K) 27 x 3 + 27 x 2 y + 9 xy 2 + y 3 (L) x 6 + 3 x 4 y + 3 x 2 y 2 + y 3
(M) 125 p 3 + 150 p 2 q + 60 pq 2 + 8q 3 (N) a 6 b 3 + 3a 4 b 2 c 2 d + 3a 2 bc 4 d 2 + c 6 d 3
(O) 216 p 3 756 p 2 + 882 p 343 (P) a 3 x 3 3a 2 x 2by + 3axb 2 y 2 b 3 y 3
(Q) 8 p 6 36 p 4 r 2 + 54 p 2 r 4 27 r 6 (R) x 9 + 6 x 6 + 12 x 3 + 8
(S) 8m 3 + 27 n 3 + 125 p 3 + 36m 2 n 60m 2 p + 54mn 2 + 150mp 2 135n 2 p + 225 p 2 n 180mnp
(T) x 6 y 6 + z 6 3x 4 y 2 + 3x 2 y 4 + 3x 4 z 2 + 3 y 4 z 2 + 3x 2 z 4 3 y 2 z 4 6 x 2 y 2 z 2
(U) a 6 b 6 3a 4 b 4 c 2 d 2 + 3a 2 b 2 c 4 d 4 c 6 d 6 (V) a 6 b 3 3a 4 b 5 c + 3a 2 b 7 c 2 b 9 c 3
(W) x 9 6 x 6 y 3 + 12 x 3 y 6 8 y 9 (X) 1331a 3 4356a 2b + 4752ab 2 1728b 3
(Y) x 9 + 3 x 6 y 3 + 3 x 3 y 6 + y 9
Abykxjbx 4.3
1| 3 x(1 + 5 x)(1 5 x ) 2| ( 2 x + y )( 2 x y ) 3| 3a( y + 4)( y 4)
4| ( a b + p )( a b p ) 5| ( 4 y + a + 3)( 4 y a 3) 6| a( 2 + p )( 4 2 p + p 2 )
12| ( x + y )( x y )( x 2 xy + y 2 )( x 2 + xy + y 2 )
13| ( x y + z )( x 2 + y 2 2 xy xz + yz + z 2 )
Abykxjbx 4.4
1| (K) 2| (K) 3| (K) 4| (M) 5| (K) 6| (M) 7| (K) 8| (K) 9| (M)
10 (1)| (M) 10(2)| (N) 10(3)| (M) 11(1)| (K) 11(2)| (L) 11(3)| (N)
12| 18a 2 c 2 13| 5 x 2 y 2 a 3b 2 14| 3 x 2 y 2 z 3 a 3 15| 6 16| ( x 3) 17| 2( x + y )
Abykxjbx 5.1
4 yz 2 36 x x2 + y2 a+b x 1
1| (K) (L) (M) (N) (O)
9 x3 y xy ( x + y ) a + ab + b 2
2
x+5
x3 x 2 + xy + y 2 abc
(P) (Q) (R)
x5 ( x + y)2 a+bc
x 2 z xy 2 yz 2 z ( x y ) x( y z ) y ( z x )
2| (K) , , (L) , ,
xyz xyz xyz xyz xyz xyz
MwYZ 161
x 2 ( x + y ) xy ( x y ) z ( x y )
(M) , ,
x( x 2 y 2 ) x( x 2 y 2 ) x( x 2 y 2 )
( x + y )( x 3 + y 3 ) ( x y )3 ( y z )( x y )( x 2 xy + y 2 )
(N) , ,
( x y ) 2 ( x 3 + y 3) ( x y ) 2 ( x 3 + y 3) ( x y ) 2 ( x 3 + y 3)
a( a 3 b 3 ) b(( a b)( a 3 + b 3 ) c( a 3 + b 3 )
(O) , ,
( a 3 + b 3 )( a 3 b 3 ) ( a 3 + b 3 )( a 3 b 3 ) ( a 3 + b 3 )( a 3 b 3 )
( x 4)( x 5) ( x 2)( x 5) ( x 2)( x 3)
(P) , ,
( x 2)( x 3)( x 4)( x 5) ( x 2)( x 3)( x 4)( x 5) ( x 2)( x 3)( x 4)( x 5)
c 2 ( a b ) a 2 (b c ) b 2 ( c a )
(Q) , 2 2 2 , 2 2 2
a 2b 2 c 2 a b c a b c
( x y )( y + z )( z + x) ( y z )( x + y )( z + x) ( z x)( x + y )( y + z
(R) , ,
( x + y )( y + z )( z + x) ( x + y )( y + z )( z + x) ( x + y )( y + z )( z + x)
a 2 + 2ab b 2 a2 + b2 + c2 3 xyz x 2 y y 2 z z 2 x
3| (K) (L) (M)
ab abc xyz
2( x 2 + y 2 ) 3 x 2 18 x + 26 3a 4 + a 2b 2 b 4
(N) (O) (P)
x2 y2 ( x 1)( x 2)( x 3)( x 4) ( a 3 + b 3 )( a 3 b 3 )
8x 2 x6 + x4 + x2 + 5
(Q) (R)
x 4 16 x8 1
ax + 3a a 2 x2 + y2 2 8ab 2y
4| (K) (L) (M) 4 (N) 2 (O) 2
x 9
2
xy ( x y )
2 2
x + x +1
2
a 16b 2
x + y2
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 xy yz zx
5| (K) 0 (L) (M) 0 (N) 0
( y + z )( x + y )( z + x)
6 xy 2 12 x 4 8x 4 2( y 2 xy yz + zx )
(O) (P) (Q) (R)
( x 2 y 2 )( 4 x 2 y 2 ) x 6 64 x8 1 ( x y )( y z )( z x )
Abykxjbx 5.2
(1 b)(1 x ) ( x 2) 2 ( x + 4)
(P) (Q) (R) a( a b) (S) ( x y )
bx ( x 3) 2 ( x + 3)
45 zx 3 27bc 9a 2b 2 c 2 x ( a + b) 2
7| (K) (L) (M) (N) (O) (P) ( x y ) 2
8ay 2 64a 2 2 2
x y z x+ y ( a b)3
( x 1)( x 3) ( x 7)
(Q) ( a + b) 2 (R) (S)
( x + 2)( x + 4) ( x + 6)
x2 y2 1 2ca a
8| (K) (L) (M) (N)
2
x y 2 x 2
( a + b)( a + b + c ) (1 a )(1 + a + a 2 )
2
4x2 1 ab b
(O) (P) 1 (Q) 1 (R) (S) (T)
x2 y2 2ab x y a
1 3x 2 + y 2
9| (K) (L) (M) 1 (N) ( a 2 + b 2 )
x3 2 xy
Digvjv 6.1
(K) 1| (3, 1) 2| ( 2, 1) 3| ( 2, 2) 4| (1, 1) 5| ( 2, 3) 6| ( a + b, b a )
7|
ab ab ab , ab 9| (1, 1) 10|
, 8| (2, 3) 11| ( 2, 1) 12| ( 2, 3)
a +b a +b a +b a +b
(L) 13| (5, 1) 14| ( 2, 1) 15| (3, 1) 16| (3, 2) 17| ( 2, 3) 18| ( 2, 3)
b 2 + ca a 2 bc
19| ( 4, 2) 20| 2 2 , 2 2 21| ( 4, 3) 22| (6, 2) 23| ( 2, 1)
a +b a +b
24| ( 2, 3) 25| (6, 2) 26| (a, b)
MwYZ 163
Abykxjbx 6.2
1| 60, 40 2| 120, 40 3| 11, 13 4| wcZvi 65 eQi I cyi eqm 25 eQi
3 3
5| fMvskwU 6| cKZ fMvskwU 7| 37 8| c 25 wgUvi Ges `N 50 wgUvi
4 11
9| LvZvi g~j 16 UvKv I cwji g~j 6 UvKv 10| 4000 UvKv I 1000 UvKv|
11| (K) ( 4, 2) (L) (3, 2) (M) (5, 3) (N) (5, 2) (O) ( 5, 5) (P) (2, 1)
Abykxjbx 7
1| (K) {5, 7, 9, 11, 13} (L) {2, 3}
(M) {3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 27, 30, 33} (N) 3, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3
2| (K) {x : x ^vfvweK msLv Ges 2 < x < 9}
(L) {x : x, 4 -Gi wYZK Ges x < 20}
(M) {x : x gwjK msLv Ges 5 < x < 19}
3| (K) {m, n}, {m}, {n}, , 4 wU
(L) {5, 10, 15}, {5, 10}, {5, 15}, {10, 15}, {5}, {10}, {15}, ; 8 wU
4| (K) {1, 2, 3, a} (L) {a} (M) {2} (N) {2, a, b} (O) {2, a}
7| {1, 3, 5, 7, 21, 35} 8| {25, 75}
Abykxjbx 11