Professional Documents
Culture Documents
িাাংিা িযাকরণ
ïw×KiY evsjv e¨vKi‡Yi GKwU ¸iyZ¡c~Y© Ask| e¯‘Z evsjv evbvb c×wZ †gvUvgywU RwUj| KviY Avgv‡`i eY©gvjvq
Ggb KZK¸‡jv aŸwb i‡q‡Q hv‡`i D”PvwiZ iƒc GK I Awfbœ| myZivs evbvb wjL‡Z †M‡j weåvwšÍ NUvi m¤¢vebvB
†ewk| †hgbÑ B, C, D, E, k, m, l, b, Y, o, p, R, S BZ¨vw` aŸwb¸‡jvi MVbMZ wfbœZv _vK‡jI D”Pvi‡Yi †¶‡Î
j¶¨‡hvM¨ †Zgb †Kvb cv_©K¨ †bB| A_P ÔAskÕ Ges ÔAsmÕ Gi g‡a¨ A‡_©i cv_©K¨ my¯úó| ZvB evbvb m¤ú‡K© Ávb
_vKv fvlv e¨env‡ii †¶‡Î AZ¨vek¨K|
evsjv GKv‡Wwg 1992 mv‡ji wW‡m¤^i gv‡m evsjv evbvb‡K wbqwgZ Awfbœ I cÖwgZ Kivi e¨e¯’v MÖnY K‡i GKwU
wbqg `uvo Kwi‡qwQ‡jb| hvi ÔcwigvwR©Z I ms‡kvwaZÕ ms¯‹iY Zviv 1994-Gi Rvbyqvwi‡Z cÖKvk K‡ib| wb‡gœ
evsjv GKv‡Wwg cÖ¯ÍvweZ wbq‡gi Av‡jv‡K ¸iæZ¡c~Y © wKQz evbvb wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv:
`-Gi mv‡_ D-Kvi ( y ) nq, E-KviI nq Z‡e B”QvgZ nq bv, wbqg gZ nq| wbqgwU wbgœiƒc:
†bwZevPK A_© cÖ`vb Ki‡j A_v©r wbK…ó ev Lvivc A_© †evSv‡j `y-Gi mv‡_ D-Kvi ( y ) nq| †hgbÑ `ybx©wZ,
`ybv©g, `y`k
© v, `ytL, `yej
© , `yišÍ, `yw`©b BZ¨vw`|
Aci w`‡K Distance ev e¨eavb A‡_© `-Gi mv‡_ E-Kvi ( ~ ) nq| †hgbÑ `~i `~ivšÍ, `~i †`k, `~ieZx©,
`~ivjvcbx, `~i`k©b, `~ixf~Z, `~ifvl, `~iex¶v, `~ikÖyZ, `~i`kx© BZ¨vw`|
`~lY, `~wlZ, `~lYxq k㸇jv E-Kvi ( ~ ) w`‡q| †bwZevPK A‡_© D-Kvi nIqvi K_v wQj| wKš‘ G¸‡jv
E-Kvi ( ~ ) w`‡q n‡q‡Q|
`y®‹…wZ, `y®úÖvÖ c¨, `ygw© Z, `y‰`©e, `ywb©evi, `yivjvc (Mvwj), `yivZ¥v, `yivkq (Kz-gZje),
`yia¨q (co‡Z Kó nq Ggb) ,`yic‡bq (mn‡R `~i Kiv hvq bv Ggb), `yiwZµgY, `yi`„ô (`yfv© M¨), `yie¯’v,
`yM©wZ, `y‡Á©q (Rvbv KwVb Ggb), `yR©b BZ¨vw`|
`šÍ¨-m Gi mv‡_ ÔZÕ hy³ nq, Ô_Õ I hy³ nq, Z‡e hLb Lywk ZLb bq| wbqg †g‡b nq| wbqgwU nj:
`yBwU avZz Av‡Q| ÔMÖmÕ I Ô¯’vÕ| MÖm avZzi A_© n‡jv ÔMÖvm KivÕ| myZivs MÖvm Kiv A‡_© †hme kã nq, †mme kã
me mgq m-Gi mv‡_ Z nq| †hgbÑ `vq hv‡K MÖvm K‡i‡Q `vqMÖ¯,Í FY hv‡K MÖvm K‡i‡Q FYMÖ¯,Í GB iƒc
†kvKMÖ¯Í, RivMÖ¯,Í ¶wZMÖ¯,Í wec`MÖ¯Í, mš¿¯Í BZ¨vw`|
Ô¯’vÕ avZzi A_© n‡jv _vKv| myZivs _vKv A‡_© †h me kã nq (¯’v avZz‡hv‡M) †m me k‡ã m-Gi mv‡_ me mgq _
nq| †hgbÑ gy‡L _v‡K hvÑgyL¯’| Af¨šÍ‡i _v‡K hvÑ Af¨šÍi¯’| GiKg Kô¯’, M„n¯’, my¯’, `yt¯’, cvK¯’, ga¨¯’
BZ¨vw`|
hv n‡q †M‡Q A_v©rÑAZxZ †evSvevi Rb¨ cy‡iv Z| †hgbÑ iwÄZ, wkw¶Z,
PwjZ, AwR©Z, KzrwmZ, DwPZ BZ¨vw`| iwÄZ gv‡b hv is Kiv n‡q‡Q| wkw¶Z gv‡b wk¶v MÖnY Kiv n‡q‡Q|
AwR©Z gv‡b AR©b Kiv n‡q‡Q BZ¨vw`|
Aci w`‡K hv P‡j, Pj‡Q NU‡Q ev NU‡e Zvi Rb¨ LÊ-Z (r) nq| †hgbÑ iYwRrÑ hy× Rq K‡i †h, B›`ªwRrÑ
B›`ª‡K Rq K‡i †h, wek¦wRrÑ wek¦‡K Rq K‡I †h BZ¨vw`|
GQvovI wKQz evbvb LÊZ (r) w`‡q nq| †hgbÑ nVvr, gnr, g„r, cif„r (KvK), hver, Zver, hK…r, Mr (Mv‡bi
myi), PgrKvi, wbNv©r, DrmM© BZ¨vw`|
ÔmvrÕ cÖZ¨q-hy³ evbv‡bI LÊÑZ (r) nq| †hgbÑ AvZ¥mvr, a~wjmvr, AwMœmvr| mwÜi Kvi‡YI wKQz kã LÊÑZ
(r) nq Z`&+mg = Zrmg, Z`&+Kvj = ZrKvj, ¶za&+wccvmv = ¶zrwccvmv, wec`+msKzj = wecrmsKzj
BZ¨vw`|
k‡ãi †k‡l LÊÑZ (r) Av‡Q Ggb k‡ãi mv‡_ lôx ev mßgx wefw³ †hvM n‡j LÊÑZ (r) Gi cwie‡Z©
cy‡iv Z nq| †hgbÑ RMr, wKš‘ RM‡Zi, mv¶vr, wKš‘ mv¶v‡Z BZ¨vw`|
Avðh© A_© we¯§qKi| wew¯§Z A‡_© cÖvqB Avgiv ÔAvðh©Õ nB| wKš‘ bv, n‡Z n‡e ÔAvðh©vwš^ZÕ|
ZvB Avwg Avðh© njvg evK¨wU ï× bq| ï× n‡jv Avwg Avðhv©wš^Z njvg|
†KD KvD‡K ÔAcgvb K‡i bv, K‡i AcgvwbZ| myZivs ÔAvwg Acgvb n‡qwQÕ ej‡j
ï× ejv nq bv, ej‡Z nq, Avwg AcgvwbZ n‡qwQ|
c`‡¶c A_© cv †djv| wKš‘ e¨e¯’v MÖnY A‡_© hLb Ôc`‡¶c wb‡qwQÕ ejv nq ZLb
evK¨Uv wK ï× nq? bv, nq bv| ï× nq Ôe¨e¯’v wb‡qwQÕ ej‡j|
ÔmÕ-Gi A_© ÔmnÕ, Avi ¯^-Gi A_© wbR| GB `yB m-Gi e¨env‡ii †¯^”QvPvwiZv hÎ
ZÎ †Pv‡L c‡o| †jLv nq ÒAvcwb ¯^cwiev‡i Avgwš¿Z|Ó Ôm-Gi wb‡P ÔeÕ w`‡q Ô¯^cwieviÕ wjL‡j A_© nq wbR
cwiev‡i Avgwš¿Z| e¨m eÜ n‡q hvq cwiev‡ii mevB‡K wb‡q `vIqvZ LvIqv| cwiev‡ii mevB‡K wb‡q `vIqv‡Z
†h‡Z n‡j-wjLv _vK‡Z n‡e-ÒAvcwb mcwiev‡i Avgwš¿ZÓ| A_v©rÑcwievi mn Avgwš¿Z, GKv bb|
ÔeÕ GKwU dvwm© DcmM©; Gi A_© njÑmwnZ, m‡gZ ev my×| ZvB gvj mn †Pvi aiv co‡j †m
†Pvi n‡e egvj| Ôegvjmy×Õ †Pvi aiv coj-Giƒc evK¨ †jLv hv‡e bv|
Rvbv _vK‡jB Ggb `yie¯’vq co‡Z nq bv| Aek¨ †Kb Ô`yie¯’viÕ `yive¯’v nj, Zvi GKwU
hyw³ †eva nq Ggbѯ^i mwÜi wbqg Abymv‡i A + A = Av nq †m wnmv‡e `yi + Ae¯’v = A_v©r ¯^imwÜ g‡b
K‡i Av-Ki e¨envi Kiv n‡”Q| wKš‘ welqwU ¯^imwÜi bq| wemM© mwÜi| wbqgwU n‡jv wem‡M©i c‡i hw` ¯^ieY©,
e‡M©i Z…Zxq, PZz_© I cÂg ev h i j e, n _v‡K Z‡e wemM© ¯’v‡b ÔiÕ nq| †hgbÑ `yt+Ae¯’v = `yie¯Ív|GiƒcÑ
`yišÍ (`yt+AšÍ)|
G kãwUi e¨envi Lye AvU‡cÖŠp n‡q †M‡Q| wKš‘ Aó cÖni hviv Zv‡K e¨envi Ki‡Qb Zv‡`i
hw` GKUz Rvwb‡q †`qv hvq †h, B`vbxs-Gi mv‡_ LvgvLv Avi Kvj‡K Rwo‡q †`‡eb bv| ej‡eb bv,
B`vwbsKvj| KviY GUv Aï×|
Ôkvjxi wgjb n‡e Ômg„w×iÕ mv‡_ n‡eÑÔmg„w×kvjxÕ| Zv bv K‡i mg„‡×i mv‡_ kvjxi
wgj‡b mevB e¨¯Í welqwU Ab¨vq| g‡b ivLv PvB Ômg„×Õ we‡klY, Zvi mv‡_ ÔkvjxÕ †hvM K‡i Zv‡K c~Yivq
we‡klY Kiv Ab_©K| mg„w× we‡kl¨ Zvi mv‡_ kvjxi wgj‡b evav bvB| A_v©r-mg„w×i mv‡_ kvjx †hvM K‡i
we‡klY Kiv hvq|
GB `yB Kvwj‡Z gvLvgvwL K‡ib bv Ggb Rb †gjv fvi| wKš‘ GUv Kiv hv‡e bv|
†Pnviv KzrwmZ n‡q hv‡e| ÔKvjxÕ evbvb me mgq ÔC-KviÕ w`‡q wjL‡Z nq| wKš‘ Kvjx k‡ãi †k‡l `vm G‡m
†M‡j CKv‡ii cwie‡Z© B-Kvi wjL‡Z n‡e| †hgbÑKvwj`vm| Ab¨Î Kvjxi C-Kvi eRvq _vK‡e| †hgbÑ
Kvjxc`, Kvjxgw›`i, KvjxNvU BZ¨vw`| wKš‘ RyZvi Kvwj, cvwZ‡ji Kvwj, †`vqv‡Zi Kvwj, Kqjvi Kvwj Aek¨B
B-Kvi w`‡q n‡e|
Ô‡`exÕ Ô`vm'‡K Zvi cv‡k emvi AvnŸvb K‡ib| `vm `vex †Zv‡jb C-Kvi †K miv‡bvi, †`ex eva¨
n‡q `v‡mi `vex i¶v K‡ib Ges n‡q hvb †`we`vm|
evsjv fvlvq GB Pvi R‡bi wekvj ivRZ¡; Aek¨ Kv‡iv Kv‡Q †`ŠivZ¥¨| Z‡e ivRZ¡B †nvK; Avi
†`ŠivZ¥¨B †nvK Zv‡`i ZË¡vbymÜvb bv Kivi cÖvqwðË †h enb Ki‡Z n‡”Q G K_v mZ¨|
k‡ãi †k‡l LÊZ (r) cy‡iv Z (Z) Ges Ô`Õ e¨ZxZ Ab¨ †Kvb eY© _vK‡j Ges H kã‡K ÔZ¡Õ cÖZ¨q †hv‡M
we‡kl¨ c` MVb Ki‡j k‡ãi †k‡l ÔZ¡Õ (Z + e) nq| †hgbÑ bZybZ¡, bvMwiKZ¡, †bZ…Z¡, ivRZ¡, gvZ…Z¡, eÜzZ¡
BZ¨vw`|
†h k‡ãi †k‡l LÊÑZ (r) _v‡K †m k‡ãi †k‡l hw` ÔZ¡Õ cÖZ¨q †hvM nq, ¯^fveZB k‡ãi †k‡l Z+Z+e
A_v©rÑZ‡q-Z‡q-e-djv (Ë¡) nq| †hgbÑ gnr+Z¡ = gnË¡, mr+Z¡ = mË¡, Zr+Z¡ = ZË¡ BZ¨vw`|
†k‡l ÔZÕ Av‡Q Ggb k‡ãi m‡½ ò¨-cÖZ¨q †hvM K‡i we‡kl¨ c` MVb Ki‡j kãv‡šÍ Z-‡q ¨- djv (Z¨)
nq| D‡jL¨ †h, G RvZxq k‡ãi Avw`¯^‡ii e„w× N‡U| †hgbÑ wecixZ+ò¨ = ˆecixZ¨, ¯’cwZ+ò¨ = ¯’vcZ¨
BZ¨vw`|
ms¯‹…Z ÔAvZ¥bÕ kã †_‡K MwVZ me k‡ãB Z-Gi mv‡_ g hy³ n‡q Z-‡q-g-djv nq| †hgbÑ
AvZ¥Kg©, AvZ¥‡Kw›`ªK, AvZ¥wb‡qvM, AvZ¥wek¦vm, AvZ¥NvZx, AvZ¥c¶, AvZ¥cÖeÂbv BZ¨vw`|
e, †q, h-djv Ges e-‡q-h-djvq-Av-Kvi †K wb‡q `yM©wZi †kl †bB| ZvB e‡j wK Gi †Kvb MwZ †bB? Av‡Q,
GKUz gb‡hvM mnKv‡i j¶ Ki‡jB n‡e|
ÔweÕ GB DcmM©wU †h k‡ãi cÖ_‡g e‡m, †m k‡ãi Av`¨eY© ÔAÕ n‡j e-Gi mv‡_ ïay h-djv nq| †hgbÑ we + Ae¯’v
= e¨e¯’v, we+A_© = e¨_©, we+AMÖ = e¨MÖ, we+AwfPvi = e¨wfPvi, GB iKgÑ e¨wZµg, e¨eavb, e¨eüZ, e¨¯Í,
e¨Z¨q, e¨½ BZ¨vw`| Aci w`‡K GB DcmM©wU (we) †h k‡ãi cÖ_‡g e‡m †m k‡ãi Av`¨ eY© ÔAvÕ n‡j evbv‡b e-Gi
mv‡_ h-djv-Av-Kvi (e¨v) nq †hgbÑ we+AvKzj = e¨vKzj| we+AvcK = e¨vcK, we+Avc„Z = e¨vc„Z, we+AvL¨v =
e¨vL¨v, we+Avwß = e¨vwß GB iKgÑ e¨vm, e¨vqvg, e¨vNvZ, e¨vwa, e¨vKiY BZ¨vw`|
†KvbwU w`‡q cÖkœ Kiv hv‡e? GwU Avgv‡`i Lye Kg †jv‡KiB Rvbv| ÔKxÕ me©bvg, we‡klY I
wµqvÑwe‡klY iƒ‡c e‡m| Aci w`‡K Ae¨q wn‡m‡e em‡j ÔwKÕ n‡e| †hgbÑ Zzwg wK Lv‡e? Gi DËi n‡eÑ n¨vu
A_ev bv; wKš‘ hw` ejv nq Zzwg Kx Lv‡e? Gi DËi n‡eÑ fvZ, gvQ, mvsm....| ÔwKÕ Gi DËi gv_v †b‡oI †`qv
hvq; wKš‘ ÔKxÕ w`‡q cÖkœ Ki‡j gyL Lyj‡Z n‡e|
KviY Abym‡M©i (Qvov, webv, Kv‡Q, wbK‡U, e¨ZxZ,
Aewa, cÖwZ, wen‡b, Z‡i, cv‡b, gZ BZ¨vw`) c~e©eZx© c‡` Ô‡KÕ I ÔiÕ wefw³i e¨envi Avek¨K| myZivs ï×
evK¨wU n‡e ÔAvgv‡K Qvov Avi Kv‡iv Kv‡Q eBwU w`‡eb bv|
†KnB Ôiv¯Ívq w`qvÕ hvq bv| hvq Ôiv¯Ív w`‡qÕ| A‡bK mgq G iKg AvbvKvw•¶Z wefw³i
cÖ‡qv‡M evK¨ fyj n‡Z †`Lv hvq| g‡b ivLv `iKvi AbymM© wefw³ wenxb (cÖvwZcw`K) k‡ãi c‡iI e‡m _v‡K|
G ev‡K¨ Ôiv¯ÍvÕ nj cÖvwZcw`K| Ôw`‡qÕ AbymM©|
Avevi G-I g‡b ivLv Avek¨KÑ †h ¯’‡j †h Abym‡M©i cÖ‡qvM ixwZwm×, †m ¯’‡j Ab¨ Abym‡M©i cÖ‡qvM Ki‡j
evK¨ Aï× nq| †hgbÑ iwng †_‡K msev` †c‡qwQ, ej‡j evK¨ fyj nq| ej‡Z nq, iwn‡gi KvQ †_‡K msev`
†c‡qwQ|
evK¨wU Aï×| KviY, we‡klY hw` ev‡K¨ we‡aq iƒ‡c e¨eüZ nq Zvn‡j we‡k‡l¨i c‡i
e‡m| ZvB ï× evK¨wU nj, †jvKwU Amy¯’ n‡q coj| wKš‘ g‡b ivLv PvB; mvaviY wbqg n‡jv, we‡klY we‡k‡l¨i
c~‡e© e‡m _v‡K| †hgbÑ Avgvi KjgwU `vgx nvwi‡q †M‡Q, ej‡j evK¨wU fyj n‡e| evK¨wUi ï×iƒc n‡jvÑAvgvi
`vgx KjgwU nvwiqv †M‡Q|
GB cÖZ¨q¸‡jv k‡ãi †k‡l e‡m c` cwieZ©‡bi (we‡klY †_‡K
we‡kl¨) gva¨‡g bZzb kã MVb K‡i _v‡K| gRvi e¨vcvi nj, GB Pvi cÖZ¨‡qiB eÇ C-Kvi GjvwR© i‡q‡Q|
k‡ãi †k‡l C-Kvi _vK‡j C-Kv‡ii Mv †N‡l em‡Z Zv‡`i †Nvi AvcwË| eva¨ n‡q †ePviv C-Kvi (x) e‡Y©i evg
cv‡k P‡j Av‡m| nvwi‡q hvq Zvi Aw¯ÍZ¡| n‡q hvq B- ( w ) Kvi|
†hgbÑ `vqx+Z¡ = `vwqZ¡, ¯’vqx+Z¡ = ¯’vwqZ¡, gš¿x+Z¡ = gwš¿Z¡, ¯^vgx+Z¡ = ¯^vwgZ¡, mn‡hvMx+Zv = mn‡hvwMZv,
cÖwZØ›Øx+Zv = cÖwZØw›ØZv, wejvmx+Zv = wejvwmZv, cÖwZ‡hvMx+Zv = cÖwZ‡hvwMZv, m½x+bx = mw½bx,
cmvix+Yx = cmvwiYx BZ¨vw`| : bvixZ¡, mZxZ¡ evbvb¸‡jvi ÔCÕ-Kvi, B-Kvi n‡e bv|
KvM‡R cÖvqB †jLv †`wL Aat¯Íb| Gi A_© `vuovq, wbgœ¯’ ¯Íb| Kx wekªx! Ggb †Kvb K_v Av‡Q
wK? ï× evbvb nj, Aa¯Íb| A_© nj wbgœc`¯’| myZivs ÔAa¯Íb Kg©PvixÕ; ÔAat¯Íb Kg©PvixÕ bq|
ÔC`„k A_© GB cÖKvi ev GB iKg| CÝv A_© Ôcvevi B”QvÕ| evbvb `y'‡Uv ÔBÕ
w`‡q †jLv †_‡K mveavb _vKzb|
evbvb `y‡Uvi fyj cÖ‡qvM cÖvqB †Pv‡L c‡o| GKUz mZK© n‡jB fyj †_‡K evuPv hvq| g‡b ivLyb,
GKwU‡Z hÑdjv Av‡Q, GKwU‡Z †bB, h-djv _vK‡j A_© n‡eÑÔAwfcÖv‡qÕ| †hgbÑ ‡Zvgv‡K cvevi D‡Ï‡k¨|
h-djv bv _vK‡j A_© n‡e Ôw`‡KÕ| †hgbÑ KvjB XvKvi D‡Ï‡k iIbv n‡e|
Ômgq I ÔKvjÕ mgv_©K kã| cÖvqB mgvb A_© nIqv m‡Ë¡I bv Rvbvi Kvi‡Y wØZ¡ cÖ‡qvM cwijw¶Z
nq| †hgbÑ ÒmgqKv‡j bv Ki‡j, †h Avi Kiv nq bv|Ó-evK¨wU Aï×| nq Kvj, bv nq mgqÑGKwU ej‡Z
n‡e|
ïay, gvÎ, †KejÑG ¸‡jvi A_© GKB| ZvB GKwUi e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e| ïaygvÎ †Kej
gvÎ e¨envi Aï×| ÒïaygvÎ GKevi ejÓ ejv/wjLv ï× bq| ïay GKevi ej ev gvÎ GKevi ej BZ¨vw`|
AkÖyRj †djvi K_v †kvbv hvq| wKš‘ ÔAkÖyÕ I Rj `yB-B-‡h GK Zvn‡j GKUv ej‡jB nq| ïay ÔAkÖyÕ
bqZ ïay ÔRjÕ|
GB `yB k‡ãi e¨env‡i cv_©K¨ Av‡Q, GgbwU bv Rvbvi j¶YB †`Lv hvq †jLv‡jwL‡Z| †kvbvI
hvq| †hgbÑ ‡eZvi-‡Uwjwfk‡b ÒSo, wkjv e„wó nIqvi m¤¢vebv Av‡QÓ Ggb K_v mK‡jB ï‡b _v‡Kb| GUv
Avgv‡`i fyj †kvbv| welqwU nj-BwZevPK A‡_© Ôm¤¢vebvÕ Avi †bwZevPK A‡_© ÔAvk¼vÕ e¨eüZ nq| †hgbÑ
ev¤úvi dj‡bi m¤¢vebv Av‡Q, Avi So-e„wó nevi Avk¼v Av‡Q BZ¨vw`|
A mdj n‡j e¨eüZ, nq Ôm‡Ë¡IÕ Ges mdj n‡j e¨eüZ nq, Ôe‡jÕ| †hgbÑ nvRvi cÖ‡Póv m‡Ë¡I
Zvi we‡`k hvIqv nqwb| K‡Vvi mvavbi e‡j Zvi we. wm. Gm cvIqv m¤¢e n‡q‡Q|
cyuw_cy¯‡Í K, KvM‡R Ôwewea cÖKviÕ wjL‡Z †`Lv hvq cÖvqB| wKš‘ wewe‡ai †h A_© cÖKv‡iiI †mB A_©
myZivs ÔweweaÕ wjL‡jB P‡j, LvgvLv cÖKvi‡K Kó †`Iqvi `iKvi †bB|
`y'‡Uv kãB wVK| Z‡e kã `y'‡Uv‡K GKÎ K‡i `ywb©evh© †jLv fyj| †hgbÑ Ab¨v‡qi cÖwZdj
`ywb©evh©| GwU GKwU fyj evK¨| Gi ï×iƒc n‡e-Ab¨v‡qi cÖwZ dj Awbevh© ev `ywb©evi|
evbvb `y'‡Uvi GB †PnvivB †`Lv hvq †ewk| wKš‘ GUv †h bKj †Pnviv| Avmj †Pnvivi Lei
ivLvi †jv‡Ki msL¨v †h eoB bMY¨|
evbvb `y‡Uvi ï× iƒc n‡jv, B‡Zvg‡a¨, BZtc~‡e©| KviYUv Rvbv hvK| evbvb `y'‡Uv wemM© mwÜRvZ| wemM© mw܇Z
GKwU wbqg Av‡Q, Zv nj ÔKÕ ÔLÕ ÔcÕ ÔdÕ c‡i _vK‡j A-Kv‡ii c‡ii wemM© ÔmÕ Ges B-Kvi D-Kv‡ii c‡ii
wemM© l nq| †hgbÑ cyit+Kvi = cyi¯‹vi, (A-Kv‡ii c‡ii wemM© ÔmÕ n‡q‡Q) cwit+Kvi = cwi®‹vi (BKv‡ii
c‡ii wemM© l n‡q‡Q| wKš‘ wKQz †¶‡Î ÔKÕ ÔLÕ ÔcÕ ÔdÕ ÔkÕ ÔmÕ c‡i _vK‡jI A-Kv‡ii, c‡ii wemM© eRvq
_v‡K| †hgbÑ BZtc~‡e©, gbtKó, wkitcxov, eqtcÖvwß, `ytL, AšÍtKiY, gbtc~Z BZ¨vw`| wKš‘ A-Kv‡ii c‡i
e‡M©i Z…Zxq PZz_© I cÂg eY© ev ÔhÕ ÔeÕ ÔiÕ ÔjÕ ÔnÕ _vK‡j A-Kv‡ii mv‡_ wg‡k wemM© ÔI-KviÕ († v) n‡q hvq|
†hgbÑ BZt+g‡a¨ = B‡Zvg‡a¨, GBiƒc g‡bv‡jvfv, wk‡ivgwY, g‡bv‡hvM, g‡bviÄb, Z‡ZvwaK, g‡bve¨_v,
g‡bvevÃbv BZ¨vw`|
Dc‡iv³ ‡K Avgiv †h e¨envi Kwi Zvi m¤ú‡K© †Kvb †LuvR-Lei ivwL wK? ivwL bv| †LuvR wb‡jB Zvi
Avmj iƒc, Avgiv Rvb‡Z cvwi| Zv n‡j Rvbv hvK welqwU|ÔcwiÕ Dcm‡M©i mv‡_ ¯^iaŸwb ÔAÕ ÔAvÕ ÔBÕ ÔDÕ Gi
mwÜ n‡j `yB ¯^i wg‡j h-‡q-‡id (h©) nq| †hgbÑ Dcwi+D³ = Dch©y³, cwi+AšÍ = ch©šÍ, cwi+Av‡jvPbv =
ch©v‡jvPbv, Dcwi+Dcwi = Dchy©cwi BZ¨vw`|
eûePb ÁvcK kã †hgbÑ mKj, me, me©, eû A‡bK, GKvwaK †h we‡k‡l¨i c~‡e© e‡m, †m we‡k‡l¨i
ci Avevi eûePb ÁvcK kã †hgbÑ ¸wj ev MY BZ¨vw`i e¨envi Aï×| me gvQ¸‡jv, mKj QvÎMY BZ¨vw`
wjLv hv‡e bv|
bv Rvbvi Kvi‡Y we‡klY c`‡K cybivq we‡klY Kivi GKwU cÖeYZv cÖvqB j¶¨ Kiv hvq; GUv
fyj| †hgbÑ mjw¾Z, mwPwÎZ, mkw¼Z, m‡PwóZ, GKwÎZ k㸇jv Aï×| ï×iƒc n‡jvÑ jw¾Z/mj¾,
wPwÎZ/mwPÎ, †PwóZ/m‡Pó, GKÎ BZ¨vw`|
ÔKiÕ GKwU cÖZ¨q, G cÖZ¨qwU †hv‡M we‡klY c` MwVZ nq| †hgbÑ wnZKi, g½jKi, A_©Ki, Kvh©Ki
BZ¨vw`| G k㸇jvi mv‡_ ¯¿xevPK ÔCÕ cÖZ¨q‡K †hvM Kivi GKwU cÖeYZv we‡klfv‡e j¶¨Yxq| hv
AcÖ‡qvRbxq| †hgbÑwnZKix, Kvh©Kix, A_©Kix BZ¨vw`|
GB k㸇jv †hv‡M †h me kã MwVZ nq, †m me k‡ãi ga¨fv‡M C-Kvi ( x ) nq|
†hgbÑ mZK©+KiY = mZK©xKiY, w¯’i+K…Z = w¯’ixK…Z, cÖ¯Íi+feb = cÖ¯Íixfeb, ek+f~Z = ekxf~Z
BZ¨vw`|
ÔdjÕ I ÔkÖywZÕ GB `yB k‡ãi mgš^‡q MwVZ djkÖywZ kã| ÔdjÕ A_© fvj Kv‡Ri Result| ÔkÖywZÕ gv‡b
†kvbv, myZivs djkÖywZ k‡ãi A_© n‡jv fvj Kv‡Ri dj †kvbv, †Kvb Kv‡Ri djvdj A‡_© Gi cÖ‡qvM Aï×|
†hgbÑ ÒNyl MÖnY K‡i‡Q, djkÖywZ‡Z AvR †m †R‡j wM‡q‡Q|Ó -evK¨wU Aï×|
c~ev©nè A_© w`‡bi cÖ_g fvM, ev mKvj †ejv| Av‡M ev c~‡e© A‡_© Gi cÖ‡qvM Aï×| †hgbÑ Òc~ev©‡nè e¨e¯’v wb‡j
G Ae¯’vi m„wó nZ bv|Ó- evK¨wU fyj|
ÔZrKvjxbÕ A_© †mB mgq| myZivs ZrKvjx‡bi mv‡_ mgq Ry‡o †`qv Ab_©K| ZvB ÒZrKvjxb
mg‡q UvKvq GK gY Pvj cvIqv †hZ|Ó- evK¨wU Aï×|
ÔcUf~wgÕ A‡_© kãwUi e¨envi n‡”Q †``vi‡Q| Rvbv _vK‡j Ggb fyj e¨envi †_‡K †invB cvIqv hvq|
†cÖw¶Z, A_© `k©b Kiv n‡q‡Q| myZivs cUf~wg A‡_© Gi e¨envi Awm×| ZvB Ò`ªe¨g~ ‡j¨i DaŸ©MwZi †cÖw¶‡Z
miKvi b¨vh¨ g~‡j¨i †`vKvb Pvjy K‡i‡Q|ÓÑevK¨wU Aï×|
A½+wòK = Avw½K| A_© nj- A½ m¤^šx^ q| kãwUi ï× cÖ‡qvM cÖvq wbev©wmZ, ÔKjv‡KŠkjÕ A‡_© Gi
cÖ‡qvM A‡bKUv Rv‡qR n‡q †M‡Q| †hgbÑejv n‡q _v‡K, ÒevwowU bZzb Avw½‡K ˆZwi Kiv n‡q‡Q|Ó ÒcyivZb
KwgwU †f‡½ bZzb Avw½‡K MVb Kiv †nvK|Ó-Gme evK¨ fyj|
mgvm wm× c` ÔAvKÉÕ hvi A_© n‡jv KÉ ch©š|Í myZivs ÔAvKÉÕ Gi mv‡_ Avevi ch©šÍ Ry‡o †`qv
AÁZviB bvgvšÍi| GBiƒcÑ AvRb¥ ch©š,Í AvRvby ch©šÍ, AvgiY ch©š,Í Avcv`g¯ÍK ch©šÍ BZ¨vw` k㸇jv
Aï×|
ÒwelqwU Avgvi AvqËvaxb bq|Ó- Ggb evK¨ †kvbv hvq| wKš‘ ÔAvqËÕ k‡ãi A_©B †h Aaxb Zv Rvbv
_vK‡j G fy‡ji wkKvi †_‡K i¶v cvIqv hvq mn‡RB| ï× evK¨wU ZvB, welqwU Avgvi Aaxb bq ev AvqË bq|
mymsnZ †gŠj GKK k‡ã O nq; s nq bv| †hgbÑ A¼, wj½, e½, c½y evbvb ¸‡jv ï×|
kãwU KZ…©c¶| GwU eûePb ÁvcK kã| Zvi †k‡l MY Ry‡o †`qv A_©nxb|
RvZxqKiY A_© RvwZi AšÍfy©w³KiY; miKv‡ii ZË¡veav‡b Avbv bq| A_P †Kvb wKQz miKvwi Kiv
n‡jB dm& K‡i ejv nq-RvZxq KiY Kiv n‡q‡Q| Ggb fyj †_‡K mveavb _vKv evÃbxq|
GB k㸇jv ÔcÖvYxÕ k‡ãi †k‡l em‡j cÖvYxÕi C-Kvi ( x ) cwiewZ©Z n‡q B-Kvi
(w ) nq| †hgbÑ cÖvwYRMr, cÖvwYwe`¨v, cÖvwYZË¡, cÖvwYwnsmv, cÖvwY‡`n BZ¨vw`|
kã `y'‡Uv Ôgš¿xÕ k‡ãi †k‡l †hvM n‡j Ôgš¿xÕ evbvb Avi ÔCÕKvi _v‡K bv| B-Kvi n‡q hvq| †hgb
Ñ gwš¿cwil`, gwš¿mfv|
evbvbwU‡Z mPivPi C-KviB ( x ) †`Lv hvq| A_P n‡e B-Kvi| KviYwU Rvbv _vK‡j G fy‡ji nvZ
†_‡K wPigyw³ cvIqv hvq| GKwU kã Av‡Q ÔAÄwjÕ| A_© nj hy³Ki, †mev ev fRbv, evbvbwU B-Kvi w`‡q|
Zvi mv‡_B †hvM n‡q‡Q Ôkª×vÕ; e¨vm, n‡q‡Q kª×vÄwj| Giƒc Av‡iv wKQz kã †hvM n‡q‡Q AÄwji mv‡_| †hgbÑ
MxZ, cy®ú BZ¨vw` n‡q‡Q MxZvÄwj, cy®úvÄwj|
`ywbqvi Zver f~Z evbvb E-Kvi ( ~ ) w`‡q| †hgbÑ A½xf~Z, Awff~Z, `~ixf~Z, civf~Z, D™¢~Z,
wK¤¢~Z, ekxf~Z, Avwff~©Z Af~Zc~e©, f¯§xf~Z, cyÄxf~Z, †K›`ªxf~Z, `ªexf~Z BZ¨vw`| wKš‘ A™¢yZ e¨vcvi n‡jv,
A™¢y‡Zi f~‡Z D-Kvi nq| ¯§iY †hvM¨ †h, ÔfyZz‡oÕi fy‡ZI D-Kvi ( y )| Avi me Lv‡bB E-Kvi nq| D‡jøL¨
†h, f~Z †hv‡M MwVZ c` we‡klY n‡e|
`yB-B ï×| me©Rbxb A_©- me©R‡bi Kj¨vYKi| †hgbÑ GLb cjøx‡Z cjøx‡Z me©Rbxb c~Rvi
cÖPjb †`Lv hvq| mve©Rbxb A_©-me©Rb m¤^Üxq| †hgbÑ cÖvPxb fvi‡Z mve©Rbxb wk¶vq wQj AevwiZ Øvi|
Avmw³ A_© AvKl©Y ev AbyivM Ges AvmwË A_© ms‡hvM ev wgjb| jvBwji †cÖ‡g gRby Avm³,
wKsev gv`Kvmw³ gvbyl‡K aŸsm K‡i; Aci w`‡K ev‡K¨i wZbwU ¸Y: AvKv•ÿv, AvmwË I †hvM¨Zv|
`y‡Uv evbvbB wVK| Z‡e A‡_©i wfbœZv i‡q‡Q| wbP A_© wb¤œ; Avi bxP A_©- ev‡R ev nxb; hw`I
AwaKvsk evwoi bxPZjv fvov †`Iqv nq| GwU GKwU gvivZ¥K fzj! mK‡ji mZK© _vKv DwPZ|
evbvb `y'‡Uv APj| Aek¨ g‡b ivLyb n Gi wc‡V †h GKUv AvsUv †`Lv hv‡”Q †mUv b (`šÍ¨-b)
wb‡`©kK| GB evbvb `y'‡U‡Z ÔbÕ n‡e bv| n‡e ÔYÕ (g~a©b¨ÑY)| n Gi mv‡_ hLb g~a©b¨ nq, ZLb n-Gi wcV
†_‡K H AvsUvUv †b‡g hvq, nÑGi wb‡P| iƒcUv nè| Aci, c~e,© civ Gme kã hw` ÔAýÕ k‡ãi c~ ‡e© e‡m Zvn‡j
Aý-Gi ÔbÕ ÔYÕ n‡q hvq| †hgbÑ Aci+Aý = Acivnè, c~e©+Aý = c~ev©n,è civ+Aý = civnè| Ab¨Î n-Gi
mv‡_ ÔbÕ n‡q _v‡K| †hgbÑ mvqvý, ga¨vý BZ¨vw`|
`y'‡Uv evbvbB ï×| wKš‘ e¨env‡i cÖvqB AmveavbZvi cwiPq †g‡j| mv¶i A_©- A¶i Ávb m¤úbœ|
†hgbÑ Avgv‡`i †`‡k cÖwZ eQi mv¶iZv w`em cvwjZ nq| Avvi ¯^v¶i A_©- mB ev `¯ÍLZ| †hgbÑ Pzw³ c‡Î
`yÕR‡bi ¯^v¶i Av‡Q|
`yB evbvbB wVK| cv_©K¨ †Kej we‡qi AvM Avi ci| A_v©r GKRb eÜz Av‡iKRb eD| euay A_©- eÜz
Avi ea~ A_©- eD| myZivs euay eD n‡q †M‡j P›`ª we›`yUv I‡V wM‡q EÑKvi nq|
K_vwU fyj| KviY W-‡q-W Gi mv‡_ Av-KviwU n‡e bv| Av-KviwU bv nIqvi KviY nj, g~j
kãwU n‡e MÇjÑ Gi A_© n‡jv †fov| myZivs K_vwU n‡e, MÇwjKv cÖevn|
ï× Av‡Q `y‡Uv evbvbB| Af¨šÍixY A_© Af¨šÍ‡i we`¨gvb| c¶všÍ‡i Avf¨šÍixY A_© Af¨šÍi
†_‡K Drcbœ ev RvZ|
evbvbwU fyj| DrKl© kãwU we‡kl¨| Zv cÖZ¨q †hvM Kivi †Kvb cÖ‡qvRb †bB| DrKl©B ï×|
G fv‡e wki‡ñ` wjL‡j ai †_‡K wki Avi †Q` n‡e bv| wki‡K †Q` Ki‡Z n‡j wjL‡Z n‡e
wki‡ñ`| Gevi KviYUv Rvbv `iKvi| wemM© mwÜi wbq‡g P ev Q c‡i _vK‡j wemM© ¯’‡j ÔkÕ nq| †hgbÑ
wkit+†Q` = wki‡ñ`, wbt+Pq = wbðq, wbt+wQ`ª = wbwñ`ª BZ¨vw`|
AvMZ I Avmbœ e¨envi Ki‡Z mveavbZv Aej¤^b Ki‡Z n‡e| AvMZ A_© G‡m‡Q Ggb Avi Avmbœ
A_© nj Avm‡e Ggb| myZivs AvMZ †mvgevi bq, n‡e Avmbœ †mvgevi|
Lvivc A‡_© ÔmgywPZÕ, fvj A‡_© h‡_vwPZ e¨eüZ nq|†hgbÑ G Ab¨v‡qi mgywPZ wk¶v
†Zvgv‡K †c‡ZB n‡e| c¶všÍ‡i, GB fvj Kv‡Ri h‡_vwPZ cyi¯‹vi †Zvgvi cÖvc¨|
ÔK…”QÕ k‡ãi mv‡_ Ab_©K ÔZvÕ cÖZ¨q Ry‡o w`‡q kãwU‡K Aï× Kiv nq| ÔK…”QÕ A_© kvixwiK †K¬k|
myZivs igRvb K…”QZv mva‡bi gvm| -evK¨wU ï× bq| n‡e, igRvb gvm K…”Q mva‡bi gvm|
evbvb `yÕwU‡Z MʇMvj †j‡M hvq cÖvqB| g~j evbvbwU Rvbv _vK‡j G †Mvj Gov‡bv hvq
mn‡RB|
w¯§Z A_© Clr nvm¨; w¯§Z k‡ãi c~‡e© ïwP (A_© cweÎ) hy³ n‡q MwVZ n‡q‡Q ïwPw¯§Zv| A_©- wbg©j nvm¨hy³|
Aci w`‡K w¯§Z k‡ãi c~‡e© ÔmyÕ DcmM© †hv‡M MwVZ n‡q‡Q-myw¯§Zv A_©-my›`i nvm¨hy³v|
k¦ïi-kvïwoi mv‡_ A‡bK‡KB †eqv`we Ki‡Z †`Lv hv| k¦ï‡ii mv‡_ †eqv`weUv
Kiv nq, k Gi mv‡_ e-djv bv w`‡q Avi ÔiÕ-Gi cwie‡Z© ÔoÕ wj‡L Ges kvïwoi mv‡_ †eqv`weUv Kiv nq k-
Gi mv‡_ e-djv w`‡q Ges ÔoÕ-Gi cwie‡Z© ÔiÕ wj‡L| myZivs g‡b ivLyb k¦ï‡i e-djv Av‡Q kvïwo‡Z †bB|
k¦ï‡i ÔiÕ Av‡Q kvïwo‡Z ÔoÕ|
GKUv wµqv; GKUv we‡klY, evbvb `y'‡U‡Z c¨vuP †j‡M hvq| Avi jvM‡e bv| g‡b ivLyb wµqv evPK
c‡` me mgq B-Kvi nq| †hgbÑ Kwi, cwo, awi, gvwi, KvwU BZ¨vw`| Gevi wbðq †evSv †Mj †h Ô‰ZwiÕ
wµqvc`| Avi Ô‰ZixÕ nj we‡klY| †hgbÑ ˆZix †cvkvK|
ˆah© evbv‡b h-djv (¨) †`qvi Rb¨ A‰ah© n‡j Pj‡e bv| A_v©r G evbvbwU h-djv w`‡q
(ˆah©¨) wjL‡j P‡j bv| Gi KviYwU nj, g~j evbvbwU ÔaxiÕ Gi mv‡_ †hvM n‡q‡Q ÔhÕ cÖZ¨q| GB ÔhÕ cÖZ¨q
†hvM n‡j k‡ãi †k‡li ÔiÕ n‡q hvq †id ( © ), cÖZ¨qwU ZLb ÔhÕ n‡qB _v‡K| †hgbÑ axi+h = ˆah©, GBiƒc
gvayh©, mvnPvh© BZ¨vw`| GB me evbv‡b h-djv (¨) †`qv n‡j evbvb fyj n‡e|
ÔAv‡ivM¨Õ nIqv bq, Av‡ivM¨ jvf Kiv, myZivs ÔwZwb Av‡ivM¨ n‡jbÕ ej‡j evK¨wU ï× nq bv|
ï× nq, ÔwZwb Av‡ivM jvf Ki‡jbÕ- ej‡j|
mPivPi GK‡Î hvIqv, ÔGK‡Î KivÕ G iƒcB †kvbv hvq| wKš‘ bv GK‡Î hvIqv hv‡e bv| kãwU
ÔGK‡ÎÕ bq ÔGKÎÕ| myZivs ÔGKÎ MgbÕ Ki‡Z n‡e|
ÔkvïwoÕ I Ô‡Muvd `vwoÕ kã `yÕwUi cÖwZk‡ãi evbv‡b MʇMvj Ki‡j kvïwoi †Mvud-`vwo‡Zv
DV‡eB| †Lqvj ivLyb-kvïwoi cÖwZkã nj Ôk¦kƒÖ Õ A_v©r-ÔkÕ-Gi mv‡_ e-djv Avi †k‡l E-Kvi ( ~ )| c¶všÍ‡i,
†Mvud`vwoi cÖwZkã nj Ôk¥kÖyÕ A_v©r- k-Gi mv‡_ g-djv Ges †k‡l DKvi ( y )|
¯^Z¡ wb‡q evovevwo nq, Avevi ¯^Z¡ evbvbwU wb‡qI evovevwoi †kl †bB| evbvbvbwUi KviY
Rvb‡j evovevwo eÜ n‡e| we‡klY‡K we‡kl¨ Kivi Rb¨ Z¡ cÖZ¨q †hvM Ki‡Z nq| Ô¯^Õ kãwU we‡klY| A_© nj
wbR ev wb‡Ri| GB Ô¯^Õ †K we‡kl¨ c‡` cwiYZ Ki‡Z n‡j mv‡_ ÔZ¡Õ cÖZ¨q †hvM Ki‡Z nq| †hgbÑ ¯^+Z¡ =
¯^Z,¡ A_©-gvwjKvbvi AwaKvi, eB‡qi Mv‡q †jLv nq, Ôme© ¯^Z¡ msiw¶ZÕ| myZivs g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e m-Gi mv‡_ e-
djv Av‡Q, Z-Gi mv‡_ I e-djv Av‡Q, Z‡e ÔZÕ `ywU bq; GKwU| evbvbwU Avevi g‡b Kwi‡q †`B,m-‡i-e-djv
Z-‡i-e-djv = ¯^Z|¡
G kãwUi wZbwU A_© Av‡Q| Aw¯ÍZ,¡ cÖvY ev AvZ¥ Ges im| †hgb AšÍtmË¡v, KvVv‡ji AvgmË¡, BZ¨vw`| kãwUi
MVb Rvbv _vK‡j evbvb fy‡ji nvZ †_‡K evuPv hvq| g~j kãwU ÔmrÕ| Zvi mv‡_ ÔZ¡Õ cÖZ¨q †hvM K‡i n‡q‡Q mË¡| g‡b
ivLvq welq n‡jv, m Gi mv‡_ e-djv †bB, Avi Z GKUv bq; `yBUv| A_v©r Z-‡q Z-‡q e-djv (Ë¡)|
Z¡i k‡ãi A_© nj `ªyZ| Gi c~‡e© ÔmÕ Gi msw¶ß iƒc ÔmnÕ hy³ n‡q n‡q‡Q ÔmZ¡iÕ A_© kxNª ev
ZvovZvwo| Avi ms¯‹…Z mßwZ †_‡K G‡m‡Q ÔmËiÕ A_© 70|
f~wi f~wi fy‡ji g‡a¨ fyuwo Avi f~wii fyjI D‡c¶vi bq| whwb f~wi †fvR K‡ib Zvui
fyuwo †e-mvgvj nq G K_v‡Zv mevi Rvbv| Av‡iv Ly‡j ej‡Z n‡e welqwU| f~wi A_© cÖPzi; Avi fyuwo A_© †gvUv
†cU| g‡b ivLyb f-Gi mv‡_ E-Kvi ( ~ ) Ges e-‡q-we›`y ÔiÕ| c¶višÍ‡i †gvUv †c‡Ui evbvbUvq f-Gi mv‡_ D-
Kvq ( y ) Ges W-‡q-we›`y-o, P›`ª we›`y‡Zv Av‡QB|
my¯^vMZg hviv Rvbvq Zv‡`i Rvbvb hv‡”Q †h, Zviv fyj Rvbvq| Rvbv‡Z n‡e ¯^vMZg|
KviYUv Gevi ewj, GUv mwÜNwUZ fyj| my+AvMZ = ¯^vMZ, A_v©r my AvMZB ¯^vMZ, myZivs ¯^vM‡Zi mv‡_ hviv
ÔmyÕ †`q, Zviv GUv evowZ †`q, GwU Ab_©K †`qv, my¯^v¯’¨I GiKg fyj| my¯v^ ¯’¨ bq ¯^v¯’¨|
HK¨g‡Z †cŠuQv hv‡e bv, †cŠuQ‡Z n‡e HKg‡Z¨| welqUv ewj, kãUv ÔGKgZÕ Zvi mv‡_ †hvM
n‡q‡Q ÔhÕ cÖZ¨q, n‡q‡Q HKgZ¨, myZivs HK¨gZ kãwU Aï×| ï× n‡jv HKgZ¨|
mveav‡b fwel¨ØvYx Ki‡eb| evbv‡b hw` LÊ (r) Z _v‡K| Zv n‡j evYx Avi Pj‡e bv|
Pjv‡Z n‡j LÊ (r) Z Gi RvqMvq Ô`Õ w`b| wjLyb ÔfwelØvYxÕ| welqUvq mwÜi| fwel¨r+evYx = fwel¨ØvYx|
c‡i e _vKvq c~ee© Zx© Z-Gi ¯’‡j Ô`Õ n‡q‡Q|
AÎ A_©- GLv‡b, hÎ A_©- †hLv‡b, ZÎ A_©-†mLv‡b| ejv nq hÎZÎ gqjv †dj‡eb bv| A_v©r
†hLv‡b †mLv‡b gqjv †dj‡eb bv| meB wVK Av‡Q| wKš‘ ÔAÎÕ k‡ãi GKwU cÖ‡qvM †`‡L wew¯§Z n‡Z nq|
†jLv nq ÔAÎ Awd‡m ...., AÎ ¯‹z‡ji ........ BZ¨vw`| hvi A_© nq ÔGLv‡b Awd‡m ........, ev GLv‡b ¯‹z‡ji
......|Õ Kx fyj cÖ‡qvM!
Ô‡fŠMwjKÕ evbvbwU Qvc‡Z †`wL eû RvqMvq| ÕMÕ Gi mv‡_ I-Kvi († v) bv _vK‡j f~ Avi
†Mvj _v‡K bv, ÕMjÕ n‡q hvq| c„w_ex‡Zv †Mvj| myZivs M-Gi mv‡_ I-Kvi bv _vK‡j P‡j wK? AZGe, ï×
kãwU n‡e Ôf~‡MvjÕ|
ÔmyaxÕ evbvb gv‡S gv‡S E-Kvi ( ~ ) w`‡q ev B-Kvi (w) w`‡q †jLv nq †`wL, wKš‘ myax, g‡b ivL‡eb
D-Kvi ( y ) Ges C- Kvi (x)-Kvi Iqvjv myax-B n‡jb ï×|
eo eo c`v©q Ôm¤^a©bvÕ Gfv‡eB MwR©qvmwj wjL‡Z †`Lv hvq| G †h fyj evbvb| evbvbwU Ô¤^Õ
w`‡q bq; ÔsÕ w`‡q| A_v©r- Ôm¤^ab© vÕ bq, Ômsea©bvÕ| G iƒc Av‡iv wKQz evbvb †hgbÑ ¯^qsei, msewjZ, wcÖqse`v
Ô¤^Õ w`‡q wjLv hv‡e bv| ¯^q¤^i, m¤^wjZ, wcÖq¤^`v -G¸‡jv Aï× evbvb|
bv Av‡gi mv‡_ Ômg~nÕ k‡ãi wgjb n‡e bv| ÔAv‡giÕ mv‡_ ¸‡jv ev ¸wji wgjb n‡e|
A_v©rÑAvg¸‡jv ev Avg¸wj| Ômg~nÕ k‡ãi mv‡_ hv‡e Avgª| n‡e, Avgªmg~n|
me¸‡jvB AbvKvw•¶Z evbvb| AvKv•¶v †gUv‡Z n‡j g‡b ivLv PvB ÔKv•¶Õ avZz
†_‡K D™¢~Z ÔAvKv•¶vÕi †Kvb weKí evbvb †bB| A_©vr-ÔOÕ-Gi ¯’‡j ÔsÕ Gi Ô¶Õ-Gi ¯’‡j ÔLÕ †jLv hv‡e bv|
A_© bvevjK ev AcÖvß eq¯‹ evjK| AKg©Y¨ ev Ac`v_© A‡_© Gi cÖ‡qvM Aï×|
we‡`nx AvZ¥vi gvM‡divZ Kvgbv Kiv nq| Ôwe‡`nÕ we‡klY A_© Akixix ev †`nk~b¨, Gi †k‡l
ÔCÕ cÖZ¨q †hvM K‡i Avevi we‡klY Kivi cÖeYZv eR©bxq| Avgiv we‡`n AvZ¥vi gvM‡divZ Kvgbv Kie|
fvlv †h e¨envi K‡i †m-B nq fvlx| †hgbÑ evsjv †h e¨envi K‡i †m evsjv fvlx, †Zgwb D`©y fvlx
BZ¨vw`| fvlv fvlx †jLvUv nvmv nvwmi gZ e¨vcvi| A_v©rÑevsjv fvlv fvlx ejv/†jLvUv Aï×|Ôevsjv fvlxÕ
wjL‡jB P‡j|
`y'‡Uv evbvbB fyj| ï× evbvb n‡jv ÔA¯ú„k¨Õ| g‡b ivLyb Av‡M ÔmÕ c‡i ÔkÕ| m Gi hvqMvq lÕ
bq Ges k Gi ¯’v‡b m bq|
me a~wjmvr n‡q hv‡e, hw` a-Gi mv‡_ D ( y) Kvi Avi m-Gi mv‡_ h ( ¨ )-djv †`qv nq| a-Gi mv‡_
w`‡Z n‡e E-Kvi Avi m-Gi mv‡_ h (¨) djv n‡e bv| Giƒc-AwMœmvr, f~wgmvr BZ¨vw`|
e-Gi mv‡_ h-djv bv w`‡j Ôey¨rcwËÕ evbv‡b wecwË N‡U hv‡e| ï× nj, ey¨rcwË|
me fyj| g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e Av‡M-wc‡Q DKvi ( y ) Ges gvSLv‡b EKvi ( ~ ) e¨vm| evbvbwU-
gyg~l©y|
evbvbwUi fyj iƒc †Pv‡L co‡e A‡b‡KiB| g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e q-Gi mv‡_ G-Kvi (†) w`‡jB
M”Qv| q-Gi mv‡_ w`‡Z n‡e B-Kvi (w ), Zvn‡j eySv‡Mj †k‡li A_v©r Ôwk¶wqÎxÕ kãwU ï×! |
evbvb `yÕwU †Lqvj Kiyb| cÖ_g evbv‡b Y-Gi mv‡_ C-Kvi (x) Av‡Q, †k‡l Avevi Y
Av‡Q|GUv APj evbvb| GUv Pvjv‡eb bv| ï× evbv‡b Y-Gi mv‡_ Av-Kvi (v) _vK‡e Avi †k‡l _vK‡e ÔbÕ|
evbvbwU ÔN~Yv© qgvbÕ| N~Y©¨gvb ej‡jI wKš‘ P‡j| Avi g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e N-Gi mv‡_ E-Kvi ( ~ ) w`‡ZB n‡e|
Ô‡kªvZve„›`Õ GwU fyj evbvb| A_v©r Z-Gi mv‡_ Av-Kvi (v) w`‡q wjL‡jB †fRvj| ï× evbvb
Ô‡kªvZ…e„›`Õ| A_v©r Z-Gi mv‡_ F-Kvi w`‡jB evwRgvr|
m-‡q K Ges l-‡q K †K wb‡q KZ †h weåvU! Rvbv _vK‡j mn‡RB evuPv hvq G weåvU †_‡K| welqwU nj
wemM© mwÜ NwUZ| A_v©r wemM© mw܇Z GKwU wbqg Av‡Q GB iKg| c‡i hw` ÔKÕ _v‡K Avi wem‡M©i Av‡M
D”PviY hw` A-Kvi nq Zvn‡j wemM©wU m n‡q hvq| †hgbÑ cyit+Kvi = cyi¯‹vi, (†hvM wP‡ýi) c‡i K Av‡Q
Ges wem‡M©i Av‡M A-Kvi Av‡Q| GB iƒc Av‡iv wKQz evbvb, †hgbÑ bg¯‹vi, wZi¯‹vi, †ZR¯‹i, hk¯‹i
BZ¨vw`|
c¶všÍ‡i, wem‡M©i Av‡M hw` A-Kvi bv †_‡K B-Kvi _v‡K Zvn‡j wemM©wU l n‡q hvq| †hgbÑ cwit+Kvi =
cwi®‹vi| (c‡i K Av‡Q, Ges wem‡M©i c~‡e© B-Kvi Av‡Q) GB iKg ewn®‹vi, wb®‹gv©, wb®‹w… Z, wb®‹vlY|
A-Kvi, B-Kv‡ii K_v g‡b ivLyb A_v©rÑA-Kvi †`L‡jB Ô¯‹Õ Ges B-Kvi †`L‡jB Ô®‹Õ nq|
me KwU evbvbB wVK, cv_©K¨, †Kej A‡_©| †fwi A_©- XvK, †fwo A_©- cvwb AvUKvevi Rb¨ DuPy
evua| Avi †fox A_© nj- †fovi ¯¿x wj½ (gv`x †fov)|
`y‡Uv k‡ãi evbvbB wVK Av‡Q| Z‡e Zv‡`i A_© Rvbv bv _vK‡j †fRv‡ji nvZ †_‡K cvi cvIqv
gyw®‹j| e-‡q we›`y w`‡q †h cvi Zvi A_© `yBwU, GKwU nj b`x cvi, Av‡iKwU nj wb®K…wZ| W-‡q- we›`y w`‡q †h
cvo Zvi A_© I `ywU: GKwU nj cyKz‡ii cvo; Av‡iKwU nj kvwoi wKbviv|
G evbvbUv †`‡L †`‡LB Avgiv Rxeb cvi KiwQ| †h-†Kvb weÁvc‡bi cÖÁvc‡bi ïiæ‡ZB Zvi Ae¯’vb Kvi bv
†Pv‡L c‡o? wKš‘ Avr†K IVvi gZ fyj evbvb GwU! welqUv Ly‡j ewj, ÔGZÕ nj cwigvY evPK we‡klY †hgb ejv nq,
GZUzKz `ya, GZ¸‡jv eB BZ¨vw`| Avi ÔØvivÕ A_© w`qv| Zvn‡j ÔGZØvivÕ K_vwUi A_© `vovq ÔGZUzKz w`qvÕ ev ÔGZ¸‡jv
w`qvÕ gRvi e¨vcvi n‡jv ÔGZ ØvivÕ †hLv‡b e¨envi Kiv nq †mLv‡b wK ÔGZUzKz w`qvÕ ev ÔGZ¸‡jv w`qvÕ A‡_© e¨envi Kiv
nq? bv, †gv‡UB bv| e¨envi Kiv nq, Bnv Øviv A‡_©| Bnv A_© GZr Avi GB GZr-Gi mv‡_ mwÜ nq ÔØvivÕ k‡ãi `yB‡q
wg‡j nq GZÏviv, A_v©r GZr+Øviv, Z-Gi c‡i Ô`Õ _vK‡j (†hvM wP‡ýi c‡i) c~e©eZx© (†hvM wP‡ýi c~‡e©i) Z (r) Ô`Õ
n‡q hvq| welqwU mwÜi| Giƒc- hÏviv, hwÏb, hÏyi BZ¨vw`|
evbvb wVK Av‡Q `y‡UvB| wKš‘ A_© bv Rvb‡j gvi †L‡Z n‡e| giv A_© g„Zz¨eiY| †hgbÑ giv b`x, giv
MvO BZ¨vw`| Avi gov A_© jvk| †hgbÑ iv¯Ívi av‡i GKwU gov c‡o Av‡Q| Zvn‡j gi‡Yi cieZx© ¯Íi nj
gov|
Ggb evbvbB †kvbv hvq; †jLvI †`Lv hvq| wKš‘ G‡K _vgv‡bv `iKvi| G fy‡ji `xN©m~ÎZv Avi KZ
w`b Pj‡e| A_v©r ï× evbvbwU n‡e `xN©m~ÎZv; `xN©m~wÎZv bq|
P›`ª we›`y e‡Y©i gv_vq I‡V, Z‡e LvgvLv I‡V bv, Kvi‡Y I‡V| KviYwU wbgœiƒc:
O T Y b g Ges s hy³ Av‡Q Ggb Zrmg kã PwjZ evsjvq iƒcvšÍwiZ n‡j D³ bvwmK¨ eY©¸‡jv cwiewZ©Z n‡q
P›`ªwe›`yi iƒc aviY K‡i| †hgbÑ
O Ñ A¼b > AvuKv
T Ñ MwÄKv > MvuRv
YÑ KÈK > KvuUv
b Ñ `šÍ > `vuZ
g Ñ K¤úb > Kvucv
s Ñ nsm > nvum|
K‡ZK= KZ+GK
wnsmyK= wnsmv+DK
wb›`yb = w›`v+DK
awbK= ab+BK
¸wUK= ¸wU+GK
wngvPj= wng+APj
cÖvcvwaK= cÖvY+AwaK
n¯ÍvšÍi= n¯Í+AšÍi
wnZvwnZ= wnZ+AwnZ
†`evjq= †`e+Avjq
iZœvKvi= iZœ+AvKvi
wmsnvmb= wmsn+Avmb
AvkvZxZ= Avkv+AZxZ
K_vg„Z= K_v+Ag„Z
gnvN©= gnv+AN©
KvivMvi= Kviv+AvMvi
gnvkq= gnv+Avkq
m`vb`= m`v+Avb›`
c~‡Y©›`y= c~Y+
© B›`y
kÖe‡Yw›`ªq= kÖeY+Bw›`ªq
†¯^”Qv= ¯^+B”Qv
b‡ik= bi+Ck
i‡gk= ig+Ck
b‡i›`ª= bi+B›`ª
bx‡jvrcj= bxj+Drcj
P‡j©vwg= Pj+Ewg©
g‡nvrme= gnv+Drme
b‡evpv= be+Epv
d‡jv`q= dj+D`q
h‡_vchy³= h_v+Dchy³
wn‡Zvc‡`k= wnZ+Dc‡`k
c‡ivcKvi= ci+DcKvi
cÖ‡kœvËi= cÖk+ œ DËi
AagY© = Aag+FY
DËgY©= DËg+FY
mßwl= mß+Fwl
ivRwU= ivR+Fwl
fqvZ©= fq+FZ
ÿzavZ© = ÿzav+FZ
AZz‰jk¦h©= AZzj+Hk¦h©
m‰e©e= me©+Ge
wn‰Zlx= wnZ+Hlx
g‡nŠla= gnv+Jla
e‡bŠlwa= eb+Ilwa
wMix›`ª= wMwi+B›`ª
wÿZxk= wÿwZ+Ck
gnx›`ª= gwn+B›`ª
kÖxk= kÖx+Ck
c„_¡xk= c„_x+Ck
AZxe= AwZ+Ge
cÖZxZ= cÖwZ+BZ
iex›`ª= iwe+B›`ª
w`jøxk¦i= w`jøx+Ck¦i
cÖZ¨n= cÖwZ+An
AZ¨waK= AwZ+AwaK
MZ¨všÍi= MwZ+AšÍi
cÖZ¨vkv= cÖwZ+Avkv
cÖZ¨veZ©b= cÖwZ+AveZ©b
Av`¨šÍ= Avw`+AšÍ
h`¨wc= hw`+Awc
ch©šÍ= cwi+AšÍ
Afy¨Ìvb= Awf+DÌvb
AMÖrcvZ= AwMœ+DrcvZ
AZ¨vðh©= AwZ+Avðh©
cÖZz¨cKvi= cÖwZ+DcKvi
ck¦vag= cï+Aag
cðvPvi= cï+AvPvi
Aš^q= Aby+Aq
gš^šiÍ = gby+AšÍi
evMxk= evK&+Ck
Z`šÍ= Z`&+AšÍ
evMvo¤^i= evK&+Avo¤^i
K…`šÍ= K…r+AšÍ
m`vb›`= mr+Avb›`
m`yc‡`k= mr+Dc‡`k
RMw`›`ª= RMr+B›`ª
gyL”Qwe= gyL+Qwe
we‡”Q`= we+†Q`
cwi‡”Q`= cwi+†Q`
Av‡jvK”QUv= Av‡jvK+QUv
wew”Qbœ= we+wQbœ
A½‡”Q`= A½+ †Q`
cÖwZ”Qwe= cÖwZ+Qwe
cÖ”Q`= cÖ+Q`
Av”Qv`b= Av+Qv`b
e„ÿQvqv= e„ÿ+Qvqv
¯^”Q‡›`= ¯^+Q‡›`
Aby‡”Q`= Aby+†Q`
D”PviY= Dr+PviY
ki”P›`ª= kir+P›`ª
m”PwiÎ= mr+PwiÎ
Z”Qwe= Zr+Qwe
mw”P`vb›`= mr+wPr+Avb›`
D¾¡j= Dr+Rj
Z¾br= Zr+Rb¨
hve¾xeb= hver+Rxeb
RM¾xeb= RMr+Rxeb
Pj”Qw³= Pjr+kw³
D”Q…•Lj= Dr+k„•Lj
e„nX°v= e„nr+X°v
D×…Z= Dr+wnZ
Zw×Z= Zr+wnZ
D‡jøL= Dr+†jL
DwjøwLZ= Dr+wjwLZ
D‡jøL¨= Dr+†jL¨
Djø•Nb= Dr+j•Nb
w`wM¦Rq= w`K&+weRq
D`¨g= Dr+hg
D`&Mvi= Dr+Mvi
D`&wMiY= Dr+wMiY
D™¢e= Dr+fe
evMRvj= evK&+Rvj
m`¸iæ= mr+¸iæ
evM‡`ex= evK&+ †`ex
Dbœqb= Dr+bqb
DbœxZ= Dr+wbZ
wPb¥q= wPr+gq
wK¤¢~Z= wKg&+f~Z
m›`k©b= mg&+`k©b
wKbœi= wKg&+bi
m¤§vb= mg&+gvb
mÜvb= mg&+avb
mbϬvm= mg&+bvm
msKxY©= mg&+KxY©
msMxZ= mg&+MxZ
msMVb= mg&+MVb
msNvZ= mg&+NvZ
evisevi= evig&+evi
wKsev= wKg&+ev
mseiY= mg&+eiY
ms‡hvM= mg&+†hvM
ms‡hvRb= mg&+†hvRb
ms‡kvab= mg&+ †kvab
me©smnv= me©g+mnv
¯^qseiv= ¯^qg&+eiv
ürK¤ú= ür+K¤ú
Zrci= Zr+ci
ZË¡= Zr+Z¡
Zrmg= Zr+mg
ms¯‹…wZ= mg&+K…wZ
cwi¯‹…Z= cwi+K…Z
cybR©b¥= cybt+Rb¥
cybe©vi= cybt+evi
cÖvZiÌvb= cÖvZt+DÌvb
AšÍfz©³= AšÍt+fy³
cybiwc= cybt+Awc
AšÍe©Zx= AšÍt+eZ©x
wbivKiY= wbt+AvKiY
†R¨vwZg©q= †R¨vwZt+gq
cÖv`yfv© e= cÖvt+`yf©ve
wbR©b= wbt+Rb
ewnM©Z= ewnt+MZ
`y‡jvf©= `yt+ †jvf
`yišÍ= `yt+AšÍ
cyi¯‹vi= cyit+Kvi
gb¯‹vgbv= gbt+Kvgbv
wZi¯‹vi= wZit+Kvi
PZz®ú`= PZyt+c`
wbõj= wb+dj
wb®úvc= wbt+cvc
`y®úªvc¨= `yt+cÖvc¨
ewn¯‹…Z= ewnt+K…Z
`y®‹…wZ= `yt+K…wZ
Avwe¯‹vi= Avwet+Kvi
PZz‡¯‹vY= PZzt+‡KvY
evP¯úwZ= evPt+cwZ
fv¯‹i= fvt+Ki|
m‡`¨vRvZ= m`¨t+RvZ|
mxgšÍ = mxgb&+Aš—, KzjUv = Kzj+AUv, †cªŠp = cÖ+Ep, Ab¨vb¨ = Ab¨+Ab¨, Mev¶ = †Mv+A¶, gvZ©Ê = gZ©+AÊ,
ï‡×vab = ï×+I`b, M‡e›`ª = †Mv+B›`ª, A‡¶Šwnbx = A¶+Ewnbx, ˆ¯^i = ¯^+Ci, kvi½ = kv+A½, i‡³vô = i³+Iô|
mxgšÍ GjvwqZ KzjUv igbxiv †cÖŠp Rb I Ab¨vb¨‡`i m‡½ wb‡q Mev‡¶ e‡m gvZ©Ê ‡K †`L‡Q| Ab¨w`‡K
ï‡×vab M‡e›`ª m‡½ wb‡q A‡¶Šwnbx mn‡hv‡M ˆ¯^i evRvi gZ kvi½ ev`K i‡³vô bvix‡K AcniY Ki‡Z hv‡”Q|
e„n¯úwZ = e„nr+cwZ, eb¯úwZ = eb+cwZ, ci¯úi = ci+ci, Z¯‹i = Zr+Ki, GKv`k = GK+`k, †lvok =
lU&+`k, †Mv®ú` = †Mv+c`, gbxlv = gbm+Clv, Avðh© = Av+Ph©, cZÄwj = cZr+AÄwj, `y¨‡jvK = w`e&+†jvK|
e„n¯úwZ I eb¯úwZ `yB fvB| Zviv ci¯úi Z¯‹i| GKv`k Rb‡K mv‡_ wb‡q Zviv †lvok †Mv®ú` Pzwi K‡i|
Zv‡`i GB Pzwii NUbv †`L‡Z cvq bvwqKv gbxlv| †m Zvi eÜz cZÄwj‡K e‡j Kx Avðh©! wZwb e‡jb †h, †Pvi `y¨‡jv‡K cÖ‡ek
Ki‡e bv|
ev¯úwZ = evPt+cwZ, Av¯úv` = Avt+c`, nwið›`ª = nwit+P›`ª, Anwb©k = Ant+wbkv, AnivÎ = Ant+ivÎ, Anin =
Ant+An, fv¯‹i = fvt+Ki, cÖvZtKvj = cÖvZt+Kvj, wkitcxov = wkit+cxov, gbtKó = gbt+Kó|
evP¯úwZ Zvi Av¯ú` nwið›`ª‡K wb‡q Anwb©k AnivÎ cwikªg K‡i Anin fv¯‹i ˆZwi K‡i cÖvZtKv‡j
wkitcxovq AvµvšÍ n‡q gbtK‡ó fyM‡Q|
ms¯‹…Z = mg+K…Z, msm` = mg+m`, ms¯‹…wZ = mg+K…wZ, ms¯‹vi = mg+Kvi, DÌvcb= Dr+¯’vcb, cwi¯‹vi =
cwi+Kvi, DÌvb = Dr+¯’vb, cwi®‹…Z = cwi+K…Z|
ms¯‹…Z msm‡` ms¯‹…wZi ms¯‹vi cÖ¯Íve DÌvcb bv nIqvq cwi¯‹vi DÌvb cwi®‹…Z n‡jv|
√Kuv`&+Ab= Kuv`b, √Pj&+Ab= Pjb, √dj&+Ab= djb, √bvP&+Ab= bvPK, √gvR&+Ab= gvRb, √euvP&+Ab= euvPb|
√AvuU+ & Awb= AvuUwb, √wPi&+Awb= wPiwb, √eK&+Awb= eKzwb, √Kuvc&+Awb= Kvucywb, √R¡j+Awb= R¡jywb, √euva+Awb= euvaywb|
6. AšÍ:
√Do+AšÍ= DošÍ, √Szj+ & AšÍ= SzjšÍ, √evo&+AšÍ= evošÍ, Nyg+ & AšÍ= NygšÍ, QzU&+AšÍ= QzUšÍ, dzU+
& AšÍ= dzUšÍ|
7. AvB:
jo&+AvB= jovB, Ly`+AvB= Ly`vB, QuvU&+AvB= QuvUvB, Po&+AvB= PzovB, euva+AvB= evuavB, Xvj&+AvB= XvjvB|
8. bv:
iva&+bv= ivbœv, Kuv`+bv= Kvbœv, Si+bv= Sibv|
9. AvBZ:
WvK&+AvBZ= WvKvBZ, evR&+AvBZ= evRvBZ|
10. AvI:
wNi+AvI= wNivI, cvKo+AvI= cvKovI, Po+AvI= PovI, dj+AvI= djvI|
11. Avb:
Pvj&+Avb= Pvjvwb, gvb&+Avb= gvbvb, †RvM+Avb= †RvMvb|
12. Avwb:
R¡vb+Avwb= R¡vjvbx, ïb+Avwb= ïbvwb, Do+Avwb= Dovwb, wbo+Avwb= wbovwb|
13. Avwi (Dwi/wi):
Wze+ & Avwi= Wzevwi, c~R+Avwi= c~Rvwi, ayb+Avwi= aybywi, KvU&+Avwi= KvUvwi, wfL&+Avwi= wfLvix|
14. Aviæ:
†LuvR+Aviæ= †LuvRviæ, Wze+ & Aviæ= Wzeviæ|
15. Avj:
gvZ&+Avj= gvZvj, ivL&+Avj= ivLvj, wgk+Avj= wgkvj|
16. B:
Kvk&+B= Kvwk, duvm&+B= duvwm, QzU+ & B= QzwU, nuvP&+B= nuvwP, †eo&+B= †ewo, fvR&+B= fvwR|
17. B‡q/Bqv:
Kn&+B‡q= Kwn‡q, ej&+B‡q= ewj‡q, wjL&+B‡q= wjwL‡q, Mvn&+B‡q= Mvwn‡q, bvP&+B‡q= bvwP‡q, AvK&+B‡q= AvuwK‡q|
18. D:
WvK&+D= WvKz, Xvj&+D= Xvjy, Do&+D= Do–, Svo&+D= Svo–|
19. DK:
wb›`+DK= wb›`yK, fve&+DK= fveyK|
20. Dqv:
Do&+Dqv= DWzqv, co&+Dqv= co–q|v
21. Iqv:
euvP&+Iqv= euv‡Pvqv, jvM&+Iqv= jv‡Mvqv|
22. K (AK) :
gyo+ & K= †gvoK, Sj&+K= SjK, ˆeV&+K= ˆeVK|
23. Av:
co+Av= cov, iuva+Av= iuvav, †Kb+Av= †Kbv, †PP+Av= †PPv, †dvU+Av= †dvUv|
24. Abv:
`yj+& Abv= `yjbv, †Lj+Abv= †Ljvbv, cv+Abv= cvIbv, Si+Abv= Sibv, Szj+Abv= Szjbv|
1. A:
wR+A= Rq, µza&+A= †µva, wÿ+A= µq, w¯œn+A= †¯œn, µx+A= µq, Pzi+ & A= †Pvi|
cV&+A= cvV, hyR+A= †hvM, ïk+A= †kvK, jf&+A= jvf, eya+ & A= †eva, gyn+& A= †gvn, Z¨vR+A= Z¨vM, kc&+A= kvc, ibR&+A= ivM|
2. AK:
K…+AK= KviK, `„k&+AK= `k©K, Pvwj+AK= PvjK, †me&+AK= †meK, bx+AK= bvqK, wjL&+AK= wjLK, Rwb+AK= RbK, c~wR+AK= c~RK|
3. Ab:
kÖæ+Ab= kÖeY, kx+Ab= kqb, wQ`&+Ab= †Q`b, cv+Ab= cvb, f~+Ab= feb, b›`+Ab= b›`b|
4. Abxq:
¯§~+Abxq= ¯§iYxq, kÖæ+Abxq= kÖeYxq, jyf+ & Abxq= †jvfbxq, `„k+ & Abxq= `k©bxq, e„+Abxq= eiYxq, mn&+Abxq= mnbxq|
5. Avb/gvb:
kx+Avb= kqvb, we`&+gvb= we`¨gvb, `„k+gvb= `„k¨gvb, e„r+gvb= eZ©gvb, `xc&+gvb= `xc¨gvb, ave+gvb= avegvb|
6. Avjy:
`q&+Avjy= `qvjy, fx+Avjy= fqvjy|
7. BÎ:
c~+BÎ= cweÎ, en&+BÎ= ewnÎ, Pi&+BÎ= PwiÎ, Lb+BÎ= LwbÎ|
8. Bb&:
`yl+
& Bb&= †`vlx, Z¨R&+Bb&= Z¨vMx, cv+Bb&= cvqx, hyR+
& Bb&= †hvMx, e`&+Bb&= ev`x, ibR&+Bb&= ivMx|
9. Bòz:
wÿ+Bòz= ÿwqòz, mn&+Bòz= mwnòz, Pj&+Bòz= Pwjòz, e„a+ & Bòz= ewa©òz|
10. D:
eyfzÿ+
& D= eyfzÿz, gygyÿ&+D= gygyÿz, wccvm&+D= wccvmv, wPKxl©+
& D= wPKxly©|
11. DK:
Kg&+DK= KvgyK, nb&+DK= NvZzK, f~+DK= fveyK|
12. Z(³):
K…+Z= K…Z, Áv+Z= ÁvZ, cÖx+Z=cÖxZ, gyn&+Z= gy», L¨v+Z= L¨vZ, ¯^c+ & Z= myß, jyc+ & Z= jyß, `n&+Z= `»|
13. Ze¨:
K…+Ze¨= KZ©e¨, `„k+ & Ze¨= `ªóe¨, gb&+Ze¨= gšÍe¨, Mg&+Ze¨= MšÍe¨, Áv+Ze¨= ÁvZe¨, ¯§„+Ze¨= ¯§Z©e¨|
14. wZ:
Mg&+wZ= MwZ, åg&+wZ= åvwšÍ, fR&+wZ= fw³, kÖg+ & wZ= kÖvwšÍ|
15. Z…:
cv+Z…= wcZv, `v+Z…= `vÎx, hya+ & Z…= †hv×v, gv+Z…= gvZv, av+Z…= avZv, m„R+ & Z…= ¯ªóv|
16. ei:
bk&+ei= bk¦i, fvm&+ei= fv¯^i, Ck&+ei= Ck¦i, ¯’v+ei= ¯’vei|
17. g:
N„+g= Ng©, a„+g= ag©|
18. h:
f…+h= f…Z¨, `„k+& h= `„k¨, en&+h= evn¨, K…+h= Kvh©, b„Z+h= b„Z¨, `n&+h= `vn|
1. U:
`vc+U= `vcU, †auvqv+U= †auvqvU, fiv+U= fivU, Rgv+U= RgvU, Svc+U= QvcUv, †Nvjv+U= †NvjvU|
2. Av:
KuvP+Av= KuvPv, †Pv½+Av= †Pv½v, †Pvi+Av= †Pviv, jyb+Av= jybv|
3. AvB:
eo+AvB= eoB, wgVv+AvB= wgVvB, †eqvb+AvB= †eqvB, †Pvi+AvB= †PvivB, †evb+AvB= †evbvB, wbg+AvB= wbgvB, Kvby+AvB= KvbvB|
4. AvBZ:
†mev+AvBZ= †mevBZ, m½ +AvBZ= mv½vBZ|
5. AvwP:
Nvg+AvwP= NvgvwP, e¨vO+AvwP= e¨vOvwP, ayb+AvwP= aybvwP|
6. Avwb:
Avg+Avwb= Avgvwb, Zj+Avwb= Zjvwb, agK+Avwb= agKvwb, bvK+Avwb= bvKvwb, †PvL+Avwb= †PvLvwb, bL+Avwb= bLvwb|
7. Av‡bv:
RyZv+Av‡bv= RyZv‡bv, nvZ+Av‡bv= nvZv‡bv, †eZ+Av‡bv= †eZv‡bv, c¨uvP+Av‡bv= cu¨vPv‡bv|
8. Avwg/Av‡gv:
b¨vKv+Avwg= b¨vKvwg, cvMj+Avwg= cvMjvwg, BZi+Avwg= BZivwg, `yó+Avwg= `yóvwg, †Q‡j+Avwg= †Q‡jwg, KZ©v+Av‡gv= KZ©v‡gv|
9. Avi:
Kvg+Avi= Kvgvi, Kzg+Avi= Kzgvi, Pvg+Avi,= Pvgvi MuvI+Avi= †Muvqvi|
10. Avwi:
kvLv+Avwi= kuvLvwi, Ryqv+Avwi= Ryqvwo, Wze+Avwi= Wzevwi, wS+Avwi= wSqvwi, iKg+Avwi= iKgvwi, wfL+Avwi= wfLvwi, Kuvmv+Avwi= Kuvmvwi,
Pzb+Avwi= Pzbvwi, c~Rv+Avwi= c~Rvwi, KvÐ+Avwi= KvÐvwi|
11. Aviæ:
†evgv+Aviæ= †evgviæ, w`kv+Aviæ= w`kviæ, muvZvi+Aviæ= muvZviæ, `vev+Aviæ= `veviæ, Wze+Aviæ= Wzeviæ, †LuvR+Aviæ= †LuvRviæ, evK&+Aviæ= evMviæ|
12. Avj/Av‡jv:
avi+Av‡jv= aviv‡jv, `qv+Avj= `qvj, e½+Avj= e½vj, c¨vuP+Av‡jv= c¨uvPv‡jv, fq+Avj= fqvj, †fRv+Avj= †fRvj|
13. Avjv/Iqvjv:
†Mv+Avjv= †Mvqvjv, euvwk+Iqvjv= euvwkIqvjv, Mvwo+Iqvjv= MvwoIqvjv, †dwi+Iqvjv= †dwiIqvjv|
14. Avwj:
wgZv+Avwj= wgZvwj, cyiæl+Avwj= cyiælvwj, eY©+Avwj= eY©vwj, †mvbv+Avwj= †mvbvwj, †g‡q+Avwj= †g‡qwj, ¯^Y+ © Avwj= ¯^Yv© wj|
15. B:
ZuvZ+B= ZuvwZ, †ikg+B= †ikwg, †Qviv+B= Qzwi, †`vKvb+B= †`vKvwb, †e¸b+B= †e¸wb, `vM+B= `vwM|
16. Bqv>G:
Rvj+Bqv= Rvwjqv, †gvUv+Bqv= gywUqv, Lyb+Bqv= Lywbqv, bv+Bqv= †b‡q, Kuv`b+Bqv= Kuv`wbqv, cvnvo+Bqv= cvnv‡o|
17. Bqvj:
MuvRv+Bqvj= MuvwRqvj, Nwo+Bqvj= Nwoqvj|
18. DK:
B”Qv+DK= B”QzK, wnsmv+DK= wnsmyK, jvR+DK= jvRyK, wg_¨v+DK= wg_y¨K, †cU+DK= †cUzK, wb›`v+DK= wb›`yK|
19. Dwoqv>D‡o:
mvc+Dwoqv= mvcywoqv, †Ljv+Dwoqv= †Ljywoqv, nvZ+Dwoqv= nvZzwoqv, cvnvov+Bqv= cvnvwoqv|
20. Dwiqv> D‡i:
KvV+Dwiqv= KvVzwiqv, nvU+Dwiqv= nvUzwiq|v
21. Dqv>I:
KvV+Dqv= KvVzqv, Muv+Dqv= MuvDqv, wZZv+Dqv= wZZzqv, gvV+Dqv= †g‡Vv, avb+Dqv= †a‡bv, co+Dqv= co–qv|
22. K:
†Xvj+K= †XvjK, aby+K= abyK, evj+K= evjK|
23. wUqv> †U:
†Nvjv+wUqv= †NvjvwUqv, SMov+wUqv= SMovwUqv, fvov+wUqv= fvovwUqv, †ivMv+wUqv= †ivMvwUqv, wnsmv+wUqv= wnsmywUqv|
24. o, ov, wo:
Avg+ov= Avgov, MvQ+ov= MvQov, eû+wo= eûwo, cvM+wo= cvMwo, Pvg+ov= Pvgov, wS+wo= wSDwo, eD+wW= eDwo, kvk+wo= kvïwo|
25. cbv:
wMwbœ+cbv= wMwbœcbv, †envqv+cbv= †envqvcvbv, `yišÍ+cbv= `yišÍcbv|
26. cvbv:
n¨vsjv+cvbv= n¨vsjvcvbv|
27. cviv:
cvMj+cviv= cvMjcviv, Puv`+cviv= Puv`cviv|
28. wcQz:
gv_v+wcQz= gv_vwcQz|
29. ešÍ, gšÍ:
cÖvY+ešÍ= cÖvYešÍ, cq+gšÍ= cqgšÍ, kÖx+gšÍ= kÖxgš‘|
30. j, jv, wj, Dwj:
gv`+j= gv`j, Ava+jv= Avajv, cvZ+jv= cvZjv, k¨vg+jv= k¨vgjv, nuvm+Dwj= nuvmywj, nvZ+j= nvZj, GK+jv= GKjv, †gN+jv= †gNjv,
Ava+wj= Avawj|
31. mv>†m:
Avwj+mv= Avwjmv, cvwb+mv= cvwbmv|
1. A:
gby+A= gvbe, eªvþY&+A= eªvþY, wkï+A= ˆkke, `by+A,= `vbe, e¨vKiY+A= ˆeqvKiY, hyeK+A= †hŠeb|
2. Avqb:
bi+Avqb= bvivqY, Øxc+Avqb= ˆØcvqb, ivg+Avqb= ivgvqY, evrm¨+Avqb= evrm¨vqb|
3. B:
`ki_+B= `vkiw_, mywgÎv+B= †mŠwgwÎ, iveY+B= ivewY|
4. BK:
AjsKvi+BK= AvjsKvwiK, gvbm&+BK= gvbwmK, ermi+BK= evrmwiK, ePb+BK= evPwbK, kixi+BK= kvixwiK, ivRbxwZ+BK= ivR‰bwZK,
Kíbv+BK= KvíwbK, PwiÎ+BK= PvwiwÎK|
5. BZ:
cy®ú+BZ= cyw®úZ, cwÐZ+BZ= cwÛZ, i½+BZ= Ziw½Z, dj+BZ= dwZj, cixÿv+BZ= cixwÿZ, Kej+BZ= KewjZ|
6. Bg:
AMÖ+Bg= AwMÖg, Avw`+Bg= Avw`g, i³+Bg= iw³g, AšÍ+Bg= AwšÍg, cðvr+Bg= cwðg|
7. Bgv:
¸iæ+Bgv= Mwigv, i³+Bgv= iw³gv, Kvj+Bgv= Kwjgv, gnr+Bgv= gwngv, bxj+Bgv= bxwjgv, jvj+Bgv= jvwjgv|
8. Bj:
c¼+Bj= cw¼j, KzU+Bj= KzwUj, wc”Qv+Bj= wcw”Qj, †db+Bj= †dwbj|
9. Bô:
¸iæ+Bô= Mwiô, e„×+Bô= †R¨ô, cvwcb&+Bô= cvwcô, jNy+Bô= jwNô, ej+Bô= ewjô|
10. C:
Ávb+C= Ávbx, cÖYq+C= cÖYqx, myL+C= myLx, Drmvn+C= Drmvnx, cÖwZ‡hvM+C= cÖwZ‡hvMx|
11. Cb:
Kzj+Cb= Kzjxb, me©Rb+Cb= mve©Rbxb, mgKvj+Cb= mgKvjxb, be+Cb= bexb, MÖvg+Cb= MÖvgxY, cÖvZtKvj+Cb= cÖvZtKvjxb|
12. Cq:
gvbe+Cq= gvbexq, †K›`ª+Cq= †K›`ªxq, Rj+Cq= Rjxq, esk+Cq= eskxq|
13. Cqmx:
¸iæ+Cqmx= Mixqmx, wcÖq+Cqmx= †cÖqmx, e„×+Cqmx= el©xqmx, eû+Cqmx= f~qmx|
14. Gq:
M½v+Gq= Mv‡½q, AwZw_+Gq= AwZ‡_q, AwMœ+Gq= Av‡Mœq, wegvZ…+Gq= ˆegv‡Îi|
15. K:
wcZ…+K= ˆcZ…K, hyeb+K= hyeK, gvZ…+K= gvZ…K, wfÿz+K= wfÿzK|
16. Z:
Ask+Z= AskZ, gyL¨+Z= gyL¨Z, mvaviY+Z= mvaviYZ, cÖ_g+Z= cÖ_gZ, †MŠY+Z= †MŠYZ, g~j+Z= g~jZ|
17. Zb:
wPig+Zb= wPišÍb, Aam+Zb= Aa¯Íb, cyiv+Zb= cyivZb, EaŸ©+Zb= EaŸ©Zb|
18. Zg:
`xN©+Zg= `xN©Zg, e„nr+Zg= e„nrZg, wcÖq+Zg= wcÖqZg, ÿz`+ ª Zg= ÿz`ªZg, wb¤œ+Zg= wb¤œZg, gnr+Zg= gnËg|
19. Zi:
D”P+Zi= D”PZi, ÿz`+ ª Zi= ÿz`ªZi, wb¤œ+Zi= wb¤œZi, e„nr+Zi= e„nËi |
20. Zv:
mvay+Zv= mvayZv, Nwbô+Zv= NwbôZv, gayi+Zv= gayiZv, DrK…ó+Zv= DrK…óZv, PÂj+Zv= PÂjZv, mij+Zv= mijZv, cÖLi+Zv= cÖLiZv,
wewkó+Zv= wewkóZv|
21. Z¡:
†`e+Z¡= †`eZ¡, †bZ…+Z¡= †bZ…Z,¡ mr+Z¡= mË¡, ¯^í+Z¡= ¯^íZ¡, gbyl¨+Z¡= gbyl¨Z¡, KZ…+
© Z¡= KZ…©Z,¡ Z`&+Z¡= ZË¡, Agi+Z= AgiZ¡|
22. er:
wcZ…+er= wcZ…er, h`&+er= hver, eÜz+er= eÜzer, ¯^c+ œ er= ¯^ceœ r |
23. evb:
ab+evb= abevb, Ávb+evb= Ávbevb, cyY¨+evb= cyY¨evb, ¸Y+evb= ¸Yevb, dj+evb= djevb, iƒc+evb= iƒcevb|
24. wea:
eû+wea= eûwea, bvbv+wea= bvbvwea|
25. gq:
evK&+gq= evO&gq, g„r+gq= g„b¥q, gr+gq= gb¥q, wPr+gq= wPb¥q, Zr+gq= Zb¥q, wniY+gq= wnib¥q|
26. gvb&:
ax+gvb&= axgvb&, kÖx+gvb&= kÖxgvb&|
27. gvÎ:
Zr+gvÎ= Zb¥vÎ|
28. ex (< web&):
†gav+ex= †gavex, hkm&+ex= hk¯^x, gvqv+ex= gvqvex, Zcm&+ex= Zc¯^x|
29. h:
`šÍ+h= `šÍ¨, g~ab© &+h= g~a©b¨, Zij+h= Zvij¨, w`wZ+h= ˆ`Z¨, ZiæY+h= ZviæY¨, cÖPzi+h= cÖvPzh,© Zvjy+h= Zvje¨, Avw`+h= Av`¨, cwÐZ+h=
cvwÛZ¨, mgvb+h= mvgvb¨, PZzi+h= PvZzh©, gayi+h= gvayh|©
30. i:
gay+i= gayi, gyL+i= gyLi|
31. j:
erm+j= ermj, kxZ+j= kxZj, gvsm+j= gvsmj, k¨vg+j= k¨vgj|
32. k:
†ivgb&+k= †ivgk, µg+k= µgk, cÖvq+k= cÖvqk|
33. mvr:
AwMœ+mvr= AwMœmvr, a~wj+mvr= a~wjmvr, AvZ¥+mvr= AvZ¥mvr, f~wg+mvr= f~wgmvr|
1. Avbv/Avwb:
Mwie+Avbv= Mwievbv, bRi+Avbv= bRivbv, evey+Avwb= eveyqvwb, gybwk+Avbv= gybwkqvbv, wn›`y+Avwb= wn›`yqvwb, Ni+Avbv= Nivbv, evey +Avbv=
eveyqvbv, wewe+Avbv= weweqvbv, mv‡nwe+Avbv= mv‡nweqvbv|
2. Iqvb:
Mvwo+Iqvb= Mv‡ovqvb, `vi+Iqvb= `v‡ivqvb|
3. Mi>Ki:
Kvwi+Mi= KvwiMi, mI`v+Mi= mI`vMi, evwR+Mi= evwRMi|
4. wMwi:
†Kivwb+wMwi= †KivwbwMwi, `v`v+wMwi= `v`vwMwi, gš¿x+wMwi= gš¿xwMwi, jvU+wMwi= jvUwMwi, evey+wMwi= eveywMwi, ¸iæ+wMwi= ¸iæwMwi, gy ‡U+wMwi=
gy‡UvwMwi, mvay+wMwi= mvaywMwi|
5. Pv, wP:
evM+Pv= evwMPv, Pvg+Pv= PvgPv, a~c+wP= a~cwP, bj+Pv= bwjPv, †WK+wP= †WKwb, Kjg+wP= KjgwP, Zej+wP= ZejwP, gkvj+wP= gkvjwP,
LvRb+wP= LvRvb&wP, ayjv+wP= aybywP|
6. `vi/`vwi:
Askx+`vi= Askx`vi, †`vKvb+`vwi= †`vKvb`vwi, cvnviv+`vi= cvnviv`vi, cvIbv+`vi= cvIbv`vi, Rwg+`vi= Rwg`vi, Lei+`vwi= Lei`vwi,
Zuv‡e+`vwi= Zuv‡e`vwi, eywU+`vi= eywU`vi, †`bv+`vi= †`bv`vi, †PŠwK+`vi= †PŠwK`vi|
7. bwek:
Lvm+bwek= Lvmbwek, wkÿv+bwek= wkÿvbwek, bKj+bwek= bKjbwek, wnmve+bwek= wnmvebwek|
8. ew›`>e›`&:
Revb+ew›`= Revbew›`, ev·+ew›`= ev·ew›`, bRi+ew›`= bRiew›`, evN+ew›`= evNew›`, †Kvgi+ew›`= †Kvgiew›`|
9. evR/evwR:
Pvj+evR= PvjevwR, dw›`+evR= dw›`evR, gvgjv+evR= gvgjvevR, Puv`v+evR= Puv`vevR, duvwK+evR= duvwKevR|
10. mB:
Pjb+mB= PjbmB, cQ›`+mB= cQ›`mnB, †UK+mB= †UKmB, gvbvb+mB= gvbvbmB, RyZ+mB= RyZmB|
11. Iqvjv>Avjv:
evwo+Iqvjv= evwoIqvjv, w`jøx+Iqvjv= w`jøxIqvjv, gvQ+Iqvjv= gvQIqvjv, `ya+Iqvjv= gvQIqvjv|
kã Kv‡K e‡j?
A_©‡evaK aŸwb mgwó‡K ejv nq kã|
MVb Abymv‡i evsjv kã Kq cÖKvi?
`yB cÖKvi: 1. †gŠwjK kã I 2. mvwaZ kã|
A_©g~jK †kÖwYwefvM Abymv‡i evsjv kã Kq cÖKvi?
wZb cÖKviÑ1. †hŠwMK kã, 2. iƒp ev iƒwp kã Ges 3. †hvMiƒp kã|
Drm Abyhvqx evsjv fvlvi kã Kq cÖKvi?
cuvP cÖKvi: 1. Zrmg kã, 2. Aa© Zrmg kã, 3. Z™¢e kã, 4. †`wk kã I 5. we‡`wk kã |
†gŠwjK kã Kv‡K e‡j?
†h mh kã‡K fv½‡j ev we‡kølY Ki‡j Avjv`v A_©‡evaK †Kv‡bv kã cvIqv hvq bv, Zv‡K ejv nq †gŠwjK kã| †hgbÑ
bvK, Kvb, wZb, wZj, †Mvjvc|
cÖZ¨q, mgvm I Dcm‡M©i mvnv‡h¨ MwVZ kã‡K Kx e‡j?
mvwaZ kã|
cÖZ¨q, mgvm I Dcm‡M©i mvnv‡h¨ MwVZ kã‡K Kx e‡j?
mvwaZ kã|
evsjv fvlvq mvaviYZ KqwU wbq‡g kã MwVZ nq?
cÖavbZ 5wU wbq‡g| h_v- 1. DcmM© †hv‡M, 2. mgvm †hv‡M, 3. mwÜ †hv‡M, 4. cÖZ¨q †hv‡M I 5. kã‰ØZZv ev wØi“³
kã †hv‡M|
†hŠwMK kã Kv‡K e‡j?
†h mh k‡ãi ey¨rcwËMZ A_© I e¨envwiK A_© GKB iKg, †m¸‡jv‡K ejv nq †hŠwMK kã|
D‡j- L‡hvM¨ †hŠwMK kã †Kvb¸‡jv?
†`ŠwnÎ, ivLvj, wgZvwj, eveyqvbv, gayi, MvqK, KZ©e¨, `vZv BZ¨vw`|
k‡ãi A_© hw` cÖK…Z I cÖZ¨q Abyhvqx bv nq, Zvn‡j Zv‡K †Kvb kã e‡j?
iƒp ev iƒwp kã|
Ôm‡›`kÕ kãwUi kã I cÖZ¨q MZ A_© Kx?
msev`; Z‡e iƒwp A‡_© wgóvbœ|
†hvMi~p kã Kv‡K e‡j?
mgvmwb®úbœ †h mKj kã m¤ú~Y© fv‡e mgm¨gvb c`mg~‡ni AbyMvgx bv n‡q wewkó †Kvb A_© MÖnY K‡i, Zv‡`i †hvMiƒp
kã e‡j|
†hvMi~p kã wn‡m‡e ÔRjwaÕ kãwUi A_© Kx?
mgy`ª|
ivRcyZ, gnvhvÎv, mü`, Rjwa cÖf„wZ †Kvb ai‡Yi kã?
†hvMi~p kã|
D‡j- L‡hvM¨ Aa©Zrmg kã †Kvb¸‡jv?
wMwbœ, cyiZ
y , †QivÏ, Kzw”QZ, †RvQbv, cik, †mvbv, civb cÖf„wZ|
PvDj, †Xvj, Pzjv, †Uvci cªf„wZ †Kvb ai‡Yi kã?
†`wk kã|
B¯‹vcb, iæBZb, niZb cÖf„wZ †Kvb fvlvi kã?
Ij›`vR|
evsjv kã fvÐv‡i †`wk kã KZ fvM?
2%|
D‡jøL‡hvM¨ †`wk kã †Kvb¸‡jv?
WvMi †Pv‡L Kvjv †evev †Uvci gv_vq wW½vq P‡o M‡Ä wM‡q †Pv½v †XuwK Pzjv Kzjv bv wK‡b †cU f‡i Kzwo UvKvi Wve gywo
†Lj|
evsjv fvlvq e¨eüZ ag© msµvšÍ Aviwe kã †Kvb¸‡jv?
hw` KziAvb nvw`m Abyhvqx Bmjv‡gi weavb †g‡b Cgvb Avgj wVK †i‡L mvjvZ mvIg nR hvKvZ Av`vq Ki, Ahy †Mvmj
K‡i ZIev K‡i Zmwe cvV K‡i Kzievwb Ki, nvjvj nvivg †g‡b Pj, Zvn‡j Avjøvn Rvnvbœvg †_‡K evuwP‡q Rvbœv‡Z `vwLj Ki‡eb|
evsjv fvlvq AvMZ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ cÖkvmwbK I mvs¯‹…wZK Aviwe kã †Kvb¸‡jv?
Bbmv‡bi GRvnv‡ii Kvi‡Y gnKzgvi gy‡Ýd Av`vj‡Zi GRjv‡m wKZve Kvbyb †`‡L DwKj †gv³v‡ii K_v ï‡b gvgjv
LvwiR K‡i G‡jg Abyhvqx †`vqv‡Z Kjg wfwR‡q Av‡j‡gi c‡¶ ivq w`‡jb| KviY C‡`i w`b bM` evwK LvRbvi K_v g‡b bv
†i‡L Mv‡qwe †Kvb wK”Qv ïb‡j Av‡L‡i Av‡°j n‡e|
evsjv fvlvq AvMZ ag© msµvšÍ dviwm kã †Kvb¸‡jv?
†Lv`v †d‡ikZv w`‡q cqM¤^‡ii gva¨‡g Rvbv‡jb, hw` bvgvh †ivhv Ki ¸bvn †_‡K `~‡i _vK, Zvn‡j †`vhL †_‡K euvwP‡q
†e‡nkZ w`e|
dviwm cÖkvmwbK I mvs¯‹…wZK kã †Kvb¸‡jv?
ev`kv †eMg †K wb‡q `iev‡i bv wM‡q Pkgv †Pv‡L †ZvkK KviLvbvq †M‡jb| Gw`‡K †`vKvb`vi `dZi ¸wQ‡q †g_i
ev›`vi weiæ‡× `¯ÍLZ K‡i im` I †`ŠjZ b‡ói bvwjk Rvbv‡Z Revbew›` w`j|
wewea dviwm kã †Kvb¸‡jv?
wR›`v Rv‡bvqvi e`gvk bgybv msMÖn bv K‡i Avg`vwb idZvwb ev` w`‡q nv½vgv ïiæ Kij|
evsjv fvlvq e¨eüZ K‡qKwU D‡jøL‡hvM¨ AweKj Bs‡iwR kã Kx?
BDwbq‡b BDwbfvwm©wU Kiv m¤¢e bq| eo‡Rvi ¯‹zj ev K‡jR ch©šÍ n‡Z cv‡i| KviY gv÷vi Wv÷vi †bvU b‡fj wUb
jvB‡eªwi cvDWvi †cwÝj dzUej e¨vM †iwWI †Uwjwfkb wm‡bgv †gvevBj A‡bK wKQyiB cÖ‡qvRb|
cwiewZ©Z D”Pvi‡Y Bs‡iwR kã †Kvb¸‡jv?
B¯‹z‡ji Awd‡m ev· fiv Avwd‡gi †evZj †i‡L nvmcvZv‡ji Wv³vi †Rj LvUj|
evsjv fvlvq AvMZ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ cZzw© MR kã †Kvb¸‡jv?
wMR©vi cvw`ª Kvgiv½v Avbvim Av‡cj †cqviv †cu‡c RjcvB cvDiæwU †L‡Z †L‡Z Avjwcb †L‡q AvjKvZiv gvK©v n‡q e‡m
Av‡Q| GUv †`‡L µzk we× whï nvm‡Qb| KviY mvevb †Zvqv‡j evjwZ KvwgR Uzwc wc¯Íj me ¸`v‡gi Avjgvwi‡Z; A_P Pvwe
†bB|
evsjv fvlvq AvMZ cÖavb cÖavb divwm kã †Kvb¸‡jv?
ey‡R©vqv KvZz©‡Ri Rb¨ wW‡cv‡Z e‡m bv †_‡K †i‡¯Ívivq wM‡q Kzcb a‡i we¯‹zU †L‡jb|
evsjv fvlvq AvMZ Ij›`vR kã †Kvb¸‡jv?
iæBZb niZb B¯‹vcb wb‡q †Lj‡Z wM‡q Zziæc †`qvi Rb¨ †U°v †djv nj|
D‡jøL‡hvM¨ ZzwK© kã †Kvb¸‡jv?
DReyK eveywP© PvKi‡K PvKz I KvwP wb‡q Avm‡Z †`‡L `v‡ivMv evev eviæ‡`i †Zvc `vMv‡jb| GUv †`‡L Kzwj †LvKv Kziwbk
Kij|
evsjv fvlvq e¨eüZ wPbv kã †Kvb¸‡jv?
mv¤úvb Iqvjv Zzdvb †`‡L Pv wPwb bv G‡b, GjvwP wjPz I jywP G‡b‡Q|
D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Rvcvwb k㸇jv Kx Kx?
Ry‡Wv Kviv‡Z cvi`wk© mvgyivB c¨v‡MvWvq bv wM‡q wiKmvq †h‡Z †h‡Z nvmbv‡nbvi MÜ wb‡q nvwiwKwi K‡i emj|
evsjv fvlvq AvMZ ¸RivwU k㸇jv Kx Kx?
AvR niZvj e‡j LÏi wewµ n‡e bv|
cvÄvwe k㸇jv Kx Kx?
wk‡Li Pvwn`v ¸iæ`yqvivq|
evwg©R k㸇jv Kx Kx?
AvivKv‡bi dzw½ NyNwbi Avkvq jyw½ c‡o wKqvs hvq|
c` Kv‡K e‡j?
wefw³ hy³ kãgvÎB c` Ges ev‡K¨ e¨eüZ cÖ‡Z¨KwU kãB GK GKwU c`|
c` cÖavbZ KZ cÖKvi I Kx Kx?
`yB cÖKviÑ1. bvg c` I 2. wµqv c`| Avevi Kv‡iv Kv‡iv g‡Z: 1. me¨q c` I 2.Ae¨q c`| Z‡e c` †gvU cuvP cÖKvi:
we‡kl¨, we‡klY, me©bvg, wµqv Ges Ae¨q c`|
we‡kl¨ c` Kq cÖKvi I Kx Kx?
Qq cÖKviÑ1. msÁv ev bvg evPK we‡kl¨, 2. RvwZevPK we‡kl¨, 3. e¯‘evPK ev `ªe¨evPK we‡kl¨, 4. mgwóevPK we‡kl¨, 5.
fveevPK we‡kl¨, 6. ¸YevPK we‡kl¨|
we‡klY cÖavYZ KZ cÖKvi I Kx Kx?
`yB cÖKviÑbvg we‡klY I fve we‡klY|
we‡kl‡Yi AwZkvqb Kv‡K e‡j?
we‡klY c` hLb `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK we‡kl¨ c‡`i g‡a¨ DrKl© ev AcKl© eywS‡q _v‡K ZLb Zv‡K we‡kl‡Yi AwZkvqb
e‡j| †hgbÑ m~h©, c„w_ex I P‡›`ªi g‡a¨ Zzjbvq m~h© e„nËg, c„w_ex P‡›`ªi †P‡q e„nËi Ges P›`ª c„w_ex A‡c¶v ¶z`ªZi|
evsjv fvlvq KZ cÖKvi Ae¨q kã i‡q‡Q?
wZb cÖKvievsjv Ae¨q kã, Zrmg Ae¨q kã Ges we‡`wk Ae¨q kã|
Ae¨q cÖavbZ KZ cÖKvi I Kx Kx?
Pvi cÖKviÑ 1. mgy”Pqx ev m¤^ÜevPK Ae¨q, 2.Abš^qx Ae¨q, 3. AbymM© Ae¨q I 4. AbyKvi ev aŸb¨vZ¥K Ae¨q|
bRiæj, gvB‡Kj †Kvb ai‡Yi we‡kl¨?
bvgevPK we‡kl¨|
fveevPK we‡k‡l¨i D`niY †Kvb¸‡jv?
`k©b, †fvRb|
Kwbôv Kb¨v, GKv`k †kÖwY †Kvb ai‡Yi we‡klY?
µgevPK we‡klY|
Kv‡jv †gN, meyR eb cÖf„wZ wK‡mi D`vniY?
iƒcevPK we‡klY|
¯^qs, wbR, †Lv`, Avcwb cÖf„wZ †Kvb ai‡Yi me©bvg?
AvZ¥evPK|
†h c` we‡kl¨ I me©bvg wfbœ Ab¨ c`‡K we‡kwlZ K‡i Zv‡K Kx e‡j?
fve we‡klY|
DËg cyiæ‡li GKeP‡b `xb, Aag, †meK, `vm cÖf„wZ e¨eüZ nq Kx cÖKv‡k?
webq cÖKvk|
KweZvi †¶‡Î ÔAvgviÕ ¯’‡j Kx nq?
gg|
we‡`wk Ae¨q k㸇jv Kx Kx?
eûZ, Lye, mvevm, Lvmv, gvBwi, gvinvev BZ¨vw`|
Zrmg Ae¨q †Kvb¸‡jv?
nVvr, ˆ`evr, cybð, eis, hw`, mvnmv|
ms‡hvRK Ae¨q †Kvb¸‡jv?
Avi, I, myZivs cÖf„wZ|
we‡qvRK Ae¨q Gi D`vniY †Kvb¸‡jv?
wKsev, A_ev bZzev BZ¨vw`|
ÔDt cv‡q eÇ †j‡M‡QÕ, †Kvb ai‡Yi Ae¨‡qi D`vniY?
Abš^qx Ae¨q|
Ôgwi gwi wK my›`i mKvjÕ, GLv‡b †Kvb ai‡Yi Ae¨q e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q?
Abš^qx Ae¨q|
fve cÖKv‡ki w`K †_‡K wµqv KZ fv‡M wef³?
`yB fv‡M| 1. mgvwcKv wµqv, 2. AmgvwcKv wµqv|
A_©‡f‡` wµqv Kq fv‡M wef³?
`yB fv‡MÑ1. mKg©K, 2. AKg©K|
wØKg©K wµqv †Kvb¸‡jv?
†h wµqvi `ywU Kg©c` _v‡K|
Ômvcy‡o mvc †LjvqÕ GLv‡b cÖ‡hvRK KZ©v †K?
mvcy‡o|
AKg©K wµqv‡K mKg©K K‡i †Kvb Kg©c`?
mgavZyR Kg©c`|
we‡kl¨, we‡klY, aŸb¨vZ¥K Ae¨‡qi mv‡_ avZz hy³ n‡q †Kvb wµqv MwVZ nq?
wgkª wµqv|
: Av¸b, Abj, ewý, wkLv, ûZvkb, me©fyK, wefvemy, `nb, cveK, ‰ek¦vbi, RvZ‡e`¨, me©ïwP|
: †Nvov, †NvUK, ZziM, Zzi½g, Zzi½, evRx,nq|
: Kg, Clr, AcÖPzi, hrmvgvb¨, GKUz, wKwÂr|
: AwZ, AwaK, AZ¨vwaK, Lye, AwZkq, mvwZkq|
: AvMš‘K, Af¨vMZ, M„nMZ, †gngvb|
: fvZ, I`b|
: Acgvb, AL¨vwZ, wb›`v|
: wZwgi, Zwgmªv, Zgt, Avuavi|
: MwZnxb, AUj, w¯’i, Abo, Ae¨envh©|
: evmbv, Kvgbv, Cáv, ¯ú„nv, evÃv, AvKv•¶v, AwfcÖvq, Awfjvl, AwfiywP, mva, g‡bvi_, iywP|
: Avi, I
: kkv¼, kkx, kkai, wbkvPi, myavKi, myavsk, wngvsï, B›`y, weay, ZvivcwZ, P›`ªgv, Puv`, wngKi, wbkvbv_, wbkvKvšÍ,
g„Mv¼, kxZvsï|
: Aw¯’i, Pcj, e¨vKzj, Kw¤úZ, wePwjZ|
: eyw×gvb, wbcyY, Kzkj, a~Z©, VM|
: Aw¶, †jvPb, †bÎ, bqb, †PvL, AvuwL|
: cvwb, evwi, bxi, mwjj, A¤^y, cq, Rxeb, D`K, †cq, cvbxq|
: Puv`bx, Pv`wb, Pw›`ªgv, †KŠgy`x|
: e¨vL¨v, wUàbx|
: wki¯¿vY, gyKzU, Uzwc|
: igYx, Kvwgbx, fvwgbx, Aejv, jjbv, A½bv, fvh©v, mxgwšÍbx, gwnjv, KvšÍv, cÖg`v|
: bvmv, bvwmKv, NÖv‡bw›`ªq|
: Rj`, Rjai, bxi`, evwi`, Nb, Rxg~Z, Kv`w¤^bx, Aå, A¤^y`, †Zvq`, ejvnK|
: giY, wbab, Rxebvemvb, webvk, ¯^Mj
© vf, †jvKvš—i, ci‡jvKMgb, wZ‡ivavb, †`nZ¨vM, cÖvYwe‡qvM, gnvcÖqvY,
gnvhvÎv, cUj †Zvjv, Awš—g hvÎv|
: gv, Rbbx, cÖm~wZ, Mf©avwiYx|
: Kjvcx, †KKv, wkLx, wkLÊx, †KKx, en©x|
: e„l, lÊ|
: mvMi, iZœvKi, cvivevi, evwiwa, Rjwa, AY©e, wmÜz, cv‡qvwbwa, A¤^ywa, cv_vi|
: cyÄ, e„›`, ivwk, me, MY, mKj, mgy`q, Kzj wbPq, wbKi|
: Awfivg, mykªx, iƒcmx, evgv, eiv½bv|
: mc©, fyR½|
: cwZ, bv_, Kvš—, `wqZ, ejf|
: KvÂb, †ng, KbK, †mvbv, myeY©|
: AK©, w`bgwY, w`evKi, cÖfvKi, fv¯‹i, Zcb, eiyY, wgwni, iwe, fvby, Asïgvjx, mweZv, w`bcwZ, gvZ©Ê, Avsïgvjx,
w`bbv_, w`b¯^vgx|
wecixZv_©K kã Kv‡K e‡j? D‡jøL‡hvM¨ wKQz wecixZv_©K k‡ãi D`vniY cÖ`vb Ki|
GKwU k‡ãi wecixZ A_©evPK kã‡K wecixZv_©K kã e‡j| †hgbÑ
AKg©K mKg©K
Agi gi
AKviY mKviY
Awµq mwµq
Ag mg
AMÖ cðr
AMÖMwZ cðv`&MwZ
AMÖR AbyR
AMÖRv AbyRv
AwMÖg e‡Kqv
APj mPj
A‡eva my‡eva
Af¨¯— Abf¨¯—
Ag„Z Mij
AbyivM weivM
AbyK~j cÖwZK~j
Aag DËg
Aby³ D³
A‡Xj mvgvb¨
A`„k¨ `„k¨
Aš—/mvš— Abš—
Aš—i evwni
AšÍi½ ewni½
Acm„qgvb Dw`qgvb
AbyivM weivM
Aejv mejv
Acivax wbiciva
Aejv mejv
Ac©Y MÖnY
AjxK ev¯Íe
Aš—¨ Av`¨
Abyi³ wei³
AÁ weÁ
AYy e„nr
Aí we¯—i
AjxK mZ¨
Avwef©ve wZ‡ivfve
Avevnb wemR©b
Av‡ivnY Ae‡ivnY
AvMgb Mgb, wbM©gb
Avwo fve
AvZ© `wi`ª
AvuwV kuvm
Avwej Abvwej
AvKzÂb cÖmviY
AYy e„nr
Avwef©ve wZ‡ivfve
Avevnb wemR©b
Av‡ivnY Ae‡ivnY
AvuwV kuvm
Clr cÖPzi/AwaK
Cáv Abxnv
C`„k Zv`„k
D×Z webxZ
D`q A¯—
Dò kxZj
DrKl© AcKl©
DËgY© AagY©
D`vi msKxY©
DwÏó wbi“wÏó
Ea©Ÿ Aat
En¨ ¯úó
EaŸ©Zb Aa¯—b
Eb ‡ewk
FRy ew¼g/eµ
FYx AFYx
GKvbœ c„_Mbœ
Hk¦h© `vwi`ª¨
HwnK cviwÎK
IjU cvjU
J×Z¨ webq
Kwbô ‡R¨ô
KwVb ‡Kvgj
KzwUj mij
KzrwmZ my›`i
Kzkxª mykªx
K…ZÁ AK…ZÁ/K…ZNœ
K…wÎg AK…wÎg/
¯^vfvweK
K…k ¯’~j
K…ò ïå
Kzjxb AšÍ¨R
LvZK gnvRb
‡Lvjv eÜ/XvKv
LuvwU ‡fRvj
wLowK wmsn`vi
MwZ w¯’wZ
Mwiô jwNô
¸ß e¨³
MÖnY eR©b
M„nx mbœ¨vmx
Nb Zij
NvZ cÖwZNvZ
NUb ANUb
‡Nvjv ¯^”Q
PovB DZivB
PZzi ‡evKv
Pjv _vgv
wPi A¯’vqx
‡PvLv ‡fvuZv
QzwU eÜ
Qvqv ‡iŠ`ª
R
Ro ‡PZb
RvZxq weRvZxq
‡R¨ô Kwbô
Ávbx g~L©
R½g ¯’vei
Rxeš— g„Z
Rj ¯’j
Svj wgwó
UvUKv evwm
Vyb‡Kv gReyZ
VvÛv Mig
‡Wvev fvmv
Xvjy mgZj
‡Xi Aí
Z
wZ³ gayi
ZvRv evwm
Zvc ‰kZ¨
wZwgi Av‡jv
wZi¯‹vi cyi¯‹vi
`yRb© myRb
`y‰`©e ‡mŠfvM¨
`ye©j mej
`y¨‡jvK f~‡jvK
`y®K…wZ myK…wZ
`ª“Z gš’i
`yiš— kvš—
`y®‹i myKi
‡`wk we‡`wk
w`ev wbwk/ivwÎ
`yó wkó
Aiv miv
Abx wba©b
Axi Aaxi/PÂj
‰ah© A‰ah©
bgª D×Z
wbe©vwcZ cÖRw¡ jZ
wbe©vwcZ cÖRw¡ jZ
wbivKvi mvKvi
wbi¶i mv¶i
bgª D×Z
wb`ªv RvMiY
bw›`Z wbw›`Z
`ytL myL
wbR Aci
cÖKvk¨ ‡Mvcb
cÖvP¨ cÖZxP¨
cÖkvwšÍ AkvwšÍ
cÖksmv wb›`v
cÖvPxb Ae©vPxb
c~wY©gv Agvem¨v
c~Y© k~b¨
cwÊZ g~L©
cyó ¶xY
cÖZ¨¶ c‡iv¶
civnè c~e©vnè
cÖmbœ welbœ
eÜb gy³
weiZ AweiZ
eÜz kΓ
e¨_© mdj
wedj mdj
wec_ myc_
wej¤^ Z¡iv
e¨_© mv_©K
wewa wb‡la
weÁ AÁ
weiZ wbiZ
fxi“ mvnmx
fyj wVK/wbfy©j
fy³ Afy³
gnr bxP
gyL¨ ‡MŠY
wgΠkΓ
g~Z© weg~Z©
‡hŠ_ GKK
hk Achk
hy³ wehy³
iyM&Y my¯’
jNy ¸i“
wjáv wbwj©ß
wkó Awkó
kvjxb Akvjxb
kªx wekªx
ïwP AïwP
m¾b `yRb©
m‡d` wbKl
mg Amg/welg
myß RvMÖZ
¯§„wZ we¯§„wZ
mwnòz Amwnòz
¯^c¶ wec¶
m~² ¯’yj
mvi Amvi
mvie bxie
ATP
¯^v_© civ_©
mim bxim
myK…Z `y¯‹…Z
mykxj `ytkxj
¯’vei A¯’vei/ R½g
¯^Kxq ciKxq
¯^Zš¿ ciZš¿
mskq cÖZ¨q
†mŠg¨ DMÖ
ni`g K`vwPr
niY c~iY
n«¯^ `xN©
n«vm e„w×
nvj mv‡eK
cvwifvwlK kã Kv‡K e‡j? evsjv fvlvq eûj cÖPwjZ wKQz cvwifvwlK k‡ãi D`vniY cÖ`vb K‡iv|
evsjv fvlvq cÖPwjZ we‡`wk k‡ãi fvevbyev` g~jK cÖwZkã‡K ejv nq cvwifvwlK kã|
wb‡¤œ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ wKQz cvwifvwlK k‡ãi D`vniY cÖ`vb Kiv n‡jv:
Aboriginal Avw`evmx
Abrogate evwZj Kiv
Abstract weg~Z©; mvi
Ad-hoc Z`_©K
Adviser Dc‡`óv; Dc‡`kK
Aeronaut ‰egvwbK
Aeronautics wegvb we`¨v
Affected cÖfvweZ
Affidavit kc_ bvgv; njdbvgv
Agenda Av‡jvP¨m~wP; welqm~wP
Agora gy³vÂj
Aid mvnvh¨
Allegory iƒcK
Allotment eiv×
Allowance fvZv
Amplification cwiea©b
Amplitude we¯Ívi
Anatomy kixiwe`¨v
Anonymous Abvgv
Apex kxl©we›`y
Appendix cwiwkó
Attest mZ¨vqb Kiv
Attested mZ¨vwqZ; cÖZ¨vwqZ
Bail Rvwgb
Bankrupt ‡`Dwjqv
Bench GRjvm
Bibliography MÖš’cwÄ; iPbvcwÄ
Bill g~j¨cÎ
Biography KoPv
Blockade Ae‡iva
Bond cÖwZÁv cÎ, gyP‡jKv
Bookkeeping wnmveiÿY
Booklet cyyw¯ÍKv
Bribe Dr‡KvP
Bulletin Ávb cÎ
Capitalist cyuwRev`x
Cargo gvj
Cartoon e¨½wPÎ
Cashier LvRvwÂ
Certify cÖZ¨qb Kiv
Chancellor AvPvh©
Charter mb`
Circular cwicÎ
Civil Society mykxj mgvR
Clerk KiwYK
Climax gnvgyn~Z©
Collector mgvnZ©v
Commander AwabvqK
Consumer †fv³v
Concrete g~Z©
Conduct AvPiY
Consul evwYR¨`~Z
Consultant Dc‡`óv
Continental gnv‡`kxq
Controller wbqš¿K; wbqvgK
Copy cÖwZwjwc
Coup Afz¨Ìvb
Covenant Pzw³cÎ
Curtail mswÿß Kiv
Custody ‡ndvRZ
Custom cÖ_v
Criminal Law `Ðwewa
Consumer goods †fvM¨cY¨
Deadlock APj Ae¯’v
Deed `wjj
Dilly dally Ah_v †`ix Kiv
Discount evÆv
Domain ivR¨
Embargo wb‡lavÁv,Ae‡iva
Enterprise mvnmxD‡`¨vM
Epic gnvKve¨
Epicureanism ‡fvMev`
Equation mgxKiY
Era AwaKí
Eradication D‡”Q`
Excise duty AveMvwi ïé
Execute wbe©vn Kiv
File DLv; †iwZ; †iZ; bw_
Final mgvwß
Forgery RvwjqvwZ
General Manager gnve¨e¯’vcK
Glossary UxKvcwÄ
Graduate ¯œvZK
Grantor `vZv
Handy e¨env‡i myweav RbK
Hierarchy AvwacZ¨ ci¤úiv
Horizontal Abyfw~ gK
Housing Avevmb
Hybrid m¼i
Hydrogen D`hvb
Hydrologist cvwbweÁvbx
In abeyance ¯’wMZ Kiv
Index wb‡`©kK;m~PK;wbN©È
Indigenous ¯^‡`kx
Inspector cwi`k©K
Intellectual eyw×Rxex
Jailor Kviva¨ÿ
Jerkin dZzqv
Key-note g~jfve
Leaflet cÖPvicÎ
Lease cvÆv
Linguistics fvlvwe`¨v
Literate mvÿi
Loggerheads `v-Kzgov m¤úK©
Major gyL¨; cÖavb
Manager e¨e¯’vcK
Mandate AvÁv
Marital mvgwiK
Marketing wecYb
Materialism e¯‘ev`
Mince wKgv Kiv
Modernism AvaywbKZvev`
Moral ‰bwZKZv
Mutiny ivRwe‡`ªvn
Nazism bvrwmev`
Nebula bxnvwiKv
Note gšÍe¨
Notice weÁwß
Notification cÖÁvcb
Notify cÖÁvwcZ Kiv
Null and Void evwZj
Oath kc_; njdbvgv
Office `ßi
Ombudsman b¨vqcvj
Optimist Avkvev`x
Overrule evwZj Kiv
Overseer Dc`k©K
Oxygen A¤øRvb
Parole mvgwqK gyw³
Pen-name QÙbvg
Periodical mvgwqKx; ch©ve„Ë; mvgwqK cÎ
Philology fvlvwe`¨v
Phonology fvlvZË¡
Play truant ¯‹zj †_‡K cvjv‡bv
Pleadings AviwR I wjwLZ Reve
Post Graduate ¯œvZ‡KvËi
Postage WvKgvmyj
Prominent D‡jøL‡hvM¨
Provoke D¯‹vwb †`Iqv
Quack nvZz‡o
Quarterly ‰ÎgvwmK
Radio ‡eZvi
Ratio AbycvZ
Refer ÁvZv‡_© †cÖiY
Referendum MY‡fvU
Relevant cÖvmw½K
Resolution wm×všÍ MÖnY
Rule wewa,wbqg
Ruling wewb‡`©k
Script wjwc
Secretary mwPe
Seize Rã Kiv
Show cÖ`k©b
Sponsor ‡cvlK
Steno typist muvU wjwcKvi
Stigma j¾v¯‹i `vM
Study Leave wkÿveKvk
Sub judice wePvivaxb
Subconscious Ae‡PZb
Subsidiary m¤úyiK; mnvqK; Dc
Subsidy fZ©ywK
Supervisors ZË¡veavqK
Surplus D×…Ë
Syntax evK¨ cÖKiY
Take to task wZi¯‹vi Kiv
Tariff gvmyj; ïé
Tariff Duties ïé Ki
Tax Ki
Telecast m¤úªPvi
Tender g~j¨ Ávcb cÎ
Title ¯^Z¡; nK; Dcvwa bvg
Toll Dcïé
Trade evwYR¨
Training cÖwkÿY
Treasurer ‡Kvlva¨ÿ
Ultimatum PigcÎ, P~ovšÍ
Uniform Dw`©
Unstamped wmj‡gvniwenxb
Urban ‡cŠi
Valid wm×; ˆea; Pvjy
Value g~j¨; gvb; g~j¨‡eva
Wages gRyix
Wisdom cÖÁv
Writer ‡jLK; wjwcKvi
mvwnZ¨ Kx?
iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi e‡j‡QbÑÔmvwnZ¨Õ kãwUi m‡½ ÔmwnZÕ kãwU m¤úK© hy³| Ab¨Î ÔmvwnZ¨Õ kãwU Ômw¤§jbÕ A‡_© e¨envi
K‡i‡Qb| G mw¤§jb gv‡bB n‡”Q g‡b g‡b, AvZ¥vq-AvZ¥vq I ü`‡q ü`‡q wgjb| ÔmvwnZ¨Õ kãwUi mv‡_ wnZ, Kj¨vY, g½j I
m¤úK© hy³|
ÔmvwnZ¨Õ m¤ú‡K© Gwi÷Uj Kx e‡j‡Qb?
Art is the imitation of life.
ÔmvwnZ¨Õ m¤ú‡K© g¨v_y Avibì Kx e‡j‡Qb?
Literature is the criticism of life.
W. gyn¤§` knx`yjøvni g‡Z evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i cÖvPxb hyM KZ wLªóvã †_‡K KZ wLªóvã ch©šÍ?
650 wLªóvã †_‡K 1200 wLªóvã ch©š|Í
W. mybxwZ Kzgvi P‡Ævcva¨v‡qi g‡Z evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i cÖvPxb hyM KZ wLªóvã †_‡K KZ wLªóvã ch©šÍ?
950 wLªóvã †_‡K 1200 wLªóvã ch©š|Í
evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i ga¨hyM KZ wLªóvã †_‡K KZ wLªóvã ch©šÍ?
1201 wLªóvã †_‡K 1800 wLªóvã ch©šÍ (me©Rb ¯^xK…Z)|
evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i AvaywbK hyM KZ wLªóvã †_‡K KZ wLªóvã ch©šÍ?
1801 wLªóvã †_‡K eZ©gvb ch©šÍ (me©Rb ¯^xK…Z)|
evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i AÜKvi hyM ejv nq †Kvb mgq‡K?
1201 †_‡K 1350 wLªóvã ch©šÍ| †gvU †`ok eQi|
evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i AÜKvi hy‡Mi Rb¨ †Kvb kvmK‡K `vqx Kiv nq?
BLwZqvi DwÏb gyn¤§` web& eLwZqvi LjRx|
cÖvPxb hy‡Mi mvwn‡Z¨i ˆewkó¨ Kx?
G hy‡Mi mvwnZ¨ iwPZ n‡qwQj e¨w³ †Kw›`ªK |
ga¨hy‡Mi mvwn‡Z¨i ˆewkó¨ Kx?
ag© cÖavb|
AvaywbK hy‡Mi mvwn‡Z¨i ˆewkó¨ Kx?
Ôgvbe cÖavbÕ|
hyMmwÜKvj KZ wLªóvã †_‡K KZ wLªóvã ch©š?Í
1761 wLªóvã †_‡K 1860 wLªóvã ch©š|Í
evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i BwZnvm iPwqZv‡`i g‡a¨ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Kviv?
W. `x‡bkP›`ª †mb, W. mybxwZ Kzgvi P‡Ævcva¨vq, W. gyn¤§` knx`yjøvn, †Mvcvj nvj`vi, AwmZKzgvi e‡›`¨vcva¨vq, W. myKzgvi
†mb cÖgyL|
W. gyn¤§` Gbvgyj nK evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i hyM wefvM Kxfv‡e K‡i‡Qb?
K. ZzwK© hyM (1200-1350), L. myjZvwb hyM (1351-1575),
M. †gvMjvB hyM (1576-1757) ch©š|Í
W. mybxwZ Kzgvi P‡Ævcva¨vq evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i hyM wefvM Kxfv‡e K‡i‡Qb?
K. cªvPxb ev gymjgvb c~e© hyM (950-1200), L. ZzwK© weR‡qi hyM (1200-1300), M. Avw` ga¨hyM ev cÖvK‰PZb¨ hyM (1300-
1500), N. AšÍ¨ga¨ hyM (1500-1800), ˆPZb¨ hyM ev ˆeòe mvwnZ¨ hyM (1500-1700) I bevwe Avgj (1700-1800) Ges O.
AvaywbK ev Bs‡iwR hyM (1800- †_‡K)|
W. †Mvcvj nvj`vi ga¨hyM‡K Kxfv‡e fvM K‡i‡Qb?
cÖvK‰PZb¨ ce© (1200-1500) L. ˆPZb¨ ce© (1500-1700) Ges bevwe Avgj (1700-1800) ch©š|Í
ÒAvgvi †mvbvi evsjv, Avwg †Zvgvq fvjevwm|Ó Mv‡bi KZ jvBb Avgv‡`i RvZxq msMxZ wn‡m‡e M„ nxZ n‡q‡Q?
10 jvBb|
iex›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii ÒAvgvi †mvbvi evsjv, Avwg †Zvgvq fvjevwm|Ó MvbwU K‡e †_‡K evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq msMxZ wn‡m‡e
MÖnY Kiv nq?
3 gvP© 1971|
ÒAvgvi †mvbvi evsjv Avwg †Zvgvq fvjevwm|ÓÑ MvbwUi †cÖ¶vcU Kx wQj ?
e½f½ RwbZ RvZxq Av‡›`vjb|
evsjv‡`‡ki iY msMx‡Zi iPwqZv †K?
KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg |
MxZvÄwj Kv‡e¨i cÖ_g MvbwU Kx?
ÒAvgvi gv_v bZ K‡i `vI †n †Zvgvi PiY a~jvi c‡i|Ó
evDj Mv‡bi we‡klZ¡ Kx?
Ava¨vZ¥ welqK|
fvwUqvjx †Kvb A‡ji Mvb?
gqgbwmsn|
M¤x¢iv Mvb evsjv‡`‡ki †Kvb A‡j me©vwaK cÖPwjZ?
ivRkvnx |
ÒIiv Avgvi gy‡Li fvlv KvBov wb‡Z Pvq|Ó MvbwUi iPwqZv I myiKvi †K?
wkíx Avãyj jwZd|
Ò†gviv GKwU dzj‡K euvPv‡ev e‡j hy× Kwi|Ó MvbwUi MxwZKvi †K?
†Mvwe›` nvj`vi|
ÒÔ†gviv GKwU dzj‡K euvPv‡ev e‡j hy× Kwi|Ó MvbwUi wkíx †K?
Av‡cj gvngy`|
Òme KUv Rvbvjv Ly‡j `vI bv|Ó G MvbwUi MxwZKvi †K?
giûg bRiæj Bmjvg evey|
ÒRq evsjv evsjvi Rq|Ó MvbwUi MxwZKvi †K?
MvRx gvRnviæj Bmjvg|
ÒPvlv‡`i gy‡U‡`i gRy‡ii|Ó MvbwUi MxwZKvi †K?
Avjx gnwmb ivRv |
ÒwePvicwZ †Zvgvi wePvi Ki‡e hviv|Ó GB MvbwUi MxwZKvi †K?
mwjj †PŠayix|
ÒI Avgvi evsjv gv †Zvi|Ó GB MvbwUi MxwZKvi †K?
Aveyj Igi †gv. dLiæwÏb|
ÒRbZvi msMÖvg Pj‡eB, Avgv‡`i msMÖvg Pj‡eB|Ó MvbwUi MxwZKvi †K?
DËi: wmKv›`vi Avey Rvdi|
Ò†mvbv †mvbv †jv‡K e‡j †mvbv|Ó GB MvbwUi MxwZKvi †K?
Avãyj jwZd|
ÒRb¥ Avgvi ab¨ n‡jv|Ó MvbwUi MxwZKvi †K?
DËi: bqxg Mni|
ÒZxi nviv GB †WD‡qi mvMi|Ó MvbwUi MxwZKvi †K?
‡Mvwe›` nvj`vi|
Ògv‡Mv fvebv †Kb|Ó MvbwUi MxwZKvi †K?
†MŠwi cÖmbœ nvj`vi|
Òfv‡jv AvwQ fv‡jv †_‡Kv|Ó MvbwUi MxwZKvi †K?
iæ`ª gynv¤§` knx`yjøvn|
ÒAvwR evsjv‡`‡ki ü`q n‡Z|Ó MvbwUi MxwZKvi †K?
iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi|
Òevsjvi gvwU evsjvi Rj|Ó MvbwUi MxwZKvi †K?
iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi|
Òabavb¨ cy®úfiv Avgv‡`i GB emyÜivÓ ÑweL¨vZ G MvbwUi iPwqZv †K?
w؇R›`ªjvj ivq|
Ò‡jv‡K e‡j, e‡j‡i Ni-evwo fvjv bv Avgvi|Ó G MvbwU Kvi †jLv?
nvmb ivRv|
ÒMvox P‡j bv P‡j bv P‡j bv‡i|Ó MvbwUi MxwZKvi †K?
kvn Avãyj Kwig|
kvn Avãyj Kwig iwPZ weL¨vZ Mvb¸‡jv Kx Kx?
1. Avgvi eÜyqv wen‡b †Mv m‡qbv civ‡b †Mv G‡Kjv N‡i _vK‡Z cvwibv|
2. AvBjv bv AvBjvbv‡i eÜz
3. i‡½i `ywbqv †Zv‡i Pvqbv|
4. Mvwo P‡j bv P‡j bv‡i|
ÒAvcb N‡i †evSvB †mvbv-
c‡i K‡i †jbv‡`bv|Ó PiY `ywUi iPwqZv †K?
jvjb mvuB|
Òab¨ ab¨ ewj Zv‡i|Ó- MvbwUi MxwZKvi †K?
jvjb mvuB|
jvjb muvB iwPZ weL¨vZ Mvb¸‡jv Kx Kx?
1. Avgvi Ni Lvbvq †K weivR K‡i|
2. LuvPvi †fZi AwPb cvwL|
3. Avgvi evwoi cv‡k Aviwk bMi|
4. RvZ †Mj RvZ †Mj e‡j|
AZzj cÖmv` †mb iwPZ weL¨vZ Mvb¸‡jv Kx Kx?
wg‡Q ZzB fvwem gb, mev‡i evm‡i fv‡jv, euayqv wb` bvwn AvuwL cv‡Z, GKv †gvi Mv‡bi Zix, †K Avevi evRvq evuwk,
µ›`mx c_PviYx, DV‡Mv fviZ j²x, e‡jv e‡jv e‡jv m‡e, nI ai‡g‡Z axi BZ¨vw`|
Òmvjvg mvjvg nvRvi mvjvg, mKj kwn` ¯§i‡Y|Ó MvbwUi MxwZKvi †K?
dRj G †Lv`v|
Òmvjvg mvjvg nvRvi mvjvg, mKj kwn` ¯§i‡Y|Ó MvbwUi myiKvi †K?
Avãyj ReŸvi|
ÒAvgvi fvB‡qi i‡³ ivOv‡bv GKz‡k †deªæqvwi Avwg wK fzwj‡Z cvwi?Ó ÑG MvbwUi MxwZKvi †K ?
DËi: Avãyj Mvddvi †PŠayix|
Avgvi fvB‡qi i‡³ ivOv‡bv GKz‡k †deªæqvwi Avwg wK fzwj‡Z cvwi?Ó ÑG MvbwUi cÖ_g myiKvi †K ?
Avãyj jwZd|
ÒAvgvi fvB‡qi i‡³ iv½v‡bv GKz‡k †deªæqvwi Avwg wK fzwj‡Z cvwi?Ó ÑG MvbwUi myiKvi †K ?
DËi: AvjZvd gvngy`|
fvlv Av‡›`vjb wfwËK cÖ_g Dcb¨vm ÔAv‡iK dvêybÕ Gi iPwqZv †K?
Rwni ivqnvb|
fvlv Av‡›`vjb wfwËK cÖ_g KweZv ÒKvu`‡Z Avwmwb, dvuwmi `vwe wb‡q G‡mwQ|Ó -Gi iPwqZv †K?
gvneyeDj Avjg †PŠayix|
fvlv Av‡›`vjb wfwËK cÖ_g mvwnZ¨ msKjb ÔGKz‡k †deªyqvwiÕ (1953) m¤úv`bv K‡ib †K?
nvmvb nvwdRyi ingvb|
GKzk wb‡q cÖ_g bvUK gybxi †PŠayixi ÔKeiÕ KZ mv‡j iwPZ nq?
1953 mv‡ji 17 Rvbyqvwi|
Ôc~e© evsjvi fvlv Av‡›`vjb I ZrKvjxb ivRbxwZÕ MÖ‡š’i iPwqZv †K?
DËi: e`iæÏxb Dgi|
fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi cÖ_g ch©v‡q c~ee© ‡½i gyL¨gš¿x †K wQ‡jb ?
DËi: b~iæj Avgxb|
mybxj M‡½vcva¨v‡qi †Kvb Dcb¨v‡m evsjv‡`‡k gyw³‡hv‡×vËi mg‡qi wPÎ Aw¼Z n‡q‡Q?
c~e© cwðg|
Ô`¨ wjev‡ikb Ad evsjv‡`kÕ MÖ‡š’i iPwqZv †K?
: †gRi †Rbv‡ij myLIqvšÍ wms|
Ô†Rj †_‡K †jLvÕ Kvi iPbv ?
m‡Z¨b †mb|
ÔBwZnv‡mi i³ cjvkÕ MÖš’wUi iPwqZv †K ?
AvjvDwÏb Avj AvRv`|
ÔAcüZ evsjv‡`kÕ MÖš’wUi iPwqZv †K ?
Avwbmyi ingvb|
gyw³hy×wfwËK cÖvgvY¨ Pjw”PÎ A State in born Gi cwiPvjK †K?
Rwni ivqnvb |
evsjv‡`‡ki gyw³hy‡×i Dci wbwg©Z cÖ_g gyw³cÖvß Pjw”PÎ †KvbwU?
Iiv 11 Rb|
ÔDËi KvjÕ MÖš’wUi iPwqZv †K?
AvgRv` †nv‡mb|
ÔcªwZgvÕ MÖš’wUi iPwqZv †K?
†ZŠwdK AvK›`|
cÖk:œ ÔivB‡dj, †ivwU, AvIivZÕ MÖš’wUi iPwqZv †K?
DËi: Av‡bvqvi cvkv|
cÖk:œ ÔZvjvkÕ MÖš’wUi iPwqZv †K?
DËi: kvnxb AvLZvi|
cÖk:œ ÔwP‡j †KvVvq †mcvBÕ MÖš’wUi iPwqZv †K?
DËi: AvLZviæ¾vgvb Bwjqvm|
cÖk:œ Ô†mvbvSiv w`bÕ MÖš’wUi iPwqZv †K?
DËi: Zvnwgbv Avbvg|
cÖk:œ Ô†RvQbv I Rbbxi MíÕ MÖš’wUi iPwqZv †K?
DËi: ûgvq~b Avn‡g`|
cÖk:œ Ô†mŠifÕ MÖš’wUi iPwqZv †K?
DËi: ûgvq~b Avn‡g`|
cÖk:œ Ô1971Õ MÖš’wUi iPwqZv †K?
DËi: ûgvq~b Avn‡g`|
cÖk:œ ÔAbxj evMPxi GKw`bÕ MÖš’wUi iPwqZv †K?
DËi: ûgvq~b Avn‡g`|
cÖk:œ ÔAv¸‡bi cikgwbÕ MÖš’wUi iPwqZv †K?
DËi: ûgvq~b Avn‡g`|
cÖk:œ Ôk¨vgj QvqvÕ MÖš’wUi iPwqZv †K?
DËi: ûgvq~b Avn‡g`|
cÖk:œ ÔRvnvbœvg nB‡Z we`vqÕ MÖš’wUi iPwqZv †K?
DËi: kIKZ Imgvb|
cÖk:œ Ô†bK‡o AiY¨Õ MÖš’wUi iPwqZv †K?
DËi: kIKZ Imgvb|
cÖk:œ Ô`yB ˆmwbKÕ MÖš’wUi iPwqZv †K?
DËi: kIKZ Imgvb|
ÔRvjvsMxÕ Ges Ô†k‡Li m¤^ivÕ Dcb¨vm `ywUi iwPqZv †K?
kIKZ Imgvb|
cÖk:œ ÔI¼viÕ MÖš’wUi iPwqZv †K?
DËi: Avng` Qdv|
cÖk:œ ÔGKvˇii c‡_i av‡iÕ MÖš’wUi iPwqZv †K?
DËi: kvnwiqvi Kwei|
cÖk:œ ÔGKvˇii whïÕ MÖš’wUi iPwqZv †K?
DËi: kvnwiqvi Kwei|
cÖk:œ ÔAvKvk evwo‡q `vIÕ MÖš’wUi iPwqZv †K?
DËi: gynv¤§` Rvdi BKevj|
cÖk:œ ÔKvP mgy`ªÕ MÖšw’ Ui iPwqZv †K?
DËi: gynv¤§` Rvdi BKevj|
cÖk:œ ÔK¨v¤úÕ MÖšw’ Ui iPwqZv †K?
DËi: gynv¤§` Rvdi BKevj|
cÖk:œ ÔAvgvi eÜz iv‡k`Õ MÖš’wUi iPwqZv †K?
DËi: gynv¤§` Rvdi BKevj|
cÖk:œ ÔwPqvwi ev ey`y IiuvI †Kb †`k Z¨vM K‡iwQjÕ MÖš’wUi iPwqZv †K?
DËi: Avwbmyj nK|
cÖk:œ Ôexi cªwZ‡Ki †Luv‡RÕ MÖš’wUi iPwqZv †K?
DËi: Avwbmyj nK|
cÖk:œ ÔRbbx mvnwmbx 1971Õ MÖš’wUi iPwqZv †K?
DËi: Avwbmyj nK|
ÔgvÕ MÖš’wUi iPwqZv †K?
Avwbmyj nK|
cÖk:œ ÔGKvËi DcvL¨vbÕ MÖš’wUi iPwqZv †K?
DËi: mvB` nvmvb `viv|
cÖk:œ Ôwbwl× †jvevbÕ MÖš’wUi iPwqZv †K?
DËi: ˆmq` kvgmyj nK|
ÔKuvUvZv‡i cÖRvcwZÕ Dcb¨vmwUi iPwqZv †K?
†mwjbv †nv‡mb|
cÖk:œ ÔnvOi b`x †MÖ‡bWÕ MÖšw’ Ui iPwqZv †K?
DËi: †mwjbv †nv‡mb|
cÖk:œ Ôwek^vmNvZKMYÕ MÖš’wUi iPwqZv †K?
DËi: Avdmvb †PŠayix|
cÖk:œ Ônv‡qbvi LuvPvq A`ag¨ RxebÕ MÖš’wUi iPwqZv †K?
DËi: g›Uz Luvb|
cÖk:œ ÔbZzb w`MšÍ mgMÖÕ MÖš’wUi iPwqZv †K?
DËi: Avãyi iDd †PŠayix|
cÖk:œ Ôevsjv‡`k 1971Õ MÖš’wUi iPwqZv †K?
DËi: Avãyi iDd †PŠayix|
cÖk:œ Ôgyw³hy× †KvlÕ, ÔwK‡kvi gyw³hy× †KvlÕ MÖš’ `ywUi iPwqZv †K?
DËi: gybZvwmi gvgyb|
cÖk:œ Ô†WW †iKwb©s 1971Õ Ges Ôevsjv‡`k hy‡×i ¯§„wZÕ MÖšw’ Ui iPwqZv †K?
DËi: kwg©jv emy|
cÖk:œ Ô EvidencedÕ MÖšw’ Ui iPwqZv †K?
DËi: Ga (Ret) Mir Shoukat Ali.
cÖk:œ Ôevsjv‡`k 1971Õ MÖš’wUi iPwqZv †K?
DËi: Avdmvb †PŠayix|
cÖk:œ ÔevOvwji gyw³hy‡×i BwZnvmÕ MÖš’wUi iPwqZv †K?
DËi: Avng` gvRnvi|
cÖk:œ Ôevsjv‡`k miKvi 1971Õ MÖš’wUi iPwqZv †K?
DËi: GBP wU Bgvg|
cÖk:œ ÔGev‡ii msMÖvg ¯^vaxbZvi msMÖvgÕ MÖš’wUi iPwqZv †K?
DËi: †j. K‡b©j Avey Imgvb †PŠayix|
cÖk:œ ÔGKvˇii ibv½bÕ MÖš’wUi iPwqZv †K?
DËi: kvgmyj û`v †PŠayix|
cÖk:œ ÔGKvˇii gyw³hy‡× eyw×Rxex‡`i f~wgKvÕ MÖš’wUi iPwqZv †K?
DËi: Gg Avi AvLZvi gyKzj|
cÖk:œ ÔAcv‡ikb †RKcUÕ MÖš’wUi iPwqZv †K?
DËi: †mRvb gvngy`|
cÖk:œ Ô`y‡kv †QlwÆ w`‡b ¯^vaxbZvÕ MÖšw’ Ui iPwqZv †K?
DËi: gynv¤§` b~iæj Kvw`i|
cÖk:œ Ô¯^vaxb evsjv †eZvi †K›`ªÕ MÖš’wUi iPwqZv †K?
DËi: †ejvj †gvnv¤§`|
cÖk:œ Ôg~javiv 71Õ MÖš’wUi iPwqZv †K?
DËi: gBbyj nvmvb|
cÖk:œ Ô¯^vaxbZv hy‡× †LZvecÖvß exi gyw³‡hv×vÕ MÖš’wUi iPwqZv †K?
DËi: Av‡bvqvi kvnRvnvb|
cÖk:œ Ô¯^vaxbZv hy‡×i Aci bvq‡KivÕ MÖš’wUi iPwqZv †K?
DËi: byiæ¾vgvb gvwbK|
cÖk:œ Ôevsjv‡`‡ki gyw³hy‡×i BwZnvmÕ Ges Ôevsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv †NvlYvi BwZnvmÕ MÖš’ `ywUi iPwqZv †K?
DËi: W. †gvnv¤§` nvbœvb|
cÖk:œ Ôevsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv msMÖvg I gyw³hy‡× gvBRfvÊvi `ievi kixd MÖš’wUi iPwqZv †K?
DËi: †gv. gvneye Dj Avjg|
gyw³hy× wfwËK Pjw”PÎ ÔGLbI A‡bK ivZÕ Gi cwiPvjK †K wQ‡jb?
Lvb AvZvDi ingvb|
evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv msMÖvg wb‡q iwPZ Dcb¨vm ÔGKwU Kvjv †g‡qi K_vÕ iPbv K‡ib †K?
Zvivk¼i e‡›`¨vcva¨vq|
ÔGKvˇii K_v gvjvÕ MÖš’wUi iPwqZv †K?
†eMg byiRvnvb|
ÔGKvˇii iYv½bÕ MÖšw’ Ui iPwqZv †K?
kvgmyj û`v|
ÔGKvˇii †MwijvÕ MÖš’wUi iPwqZv †K?
Rwniæj Bmjvg|
Iiv PviRb, gywR‡ei i³ jvj, Rq evsjv, gnvcyiæl, weRq †`‡LwQ, gyw³hy‡×i bq gvm cÖeÜ MÖš’¸‡jvi iPwqZv †K?
Gg. Avi. AvLZvi gyKj
z |
ÔGKvˇii XvKvÕ Kvi iPbv?
†mwjbv †nv‡mb|
ÔGKvˇii w`b¸wjÕ MÖš’wUi iPwqZv †K?
Rvnvbviv Bgvg|
ÔGKvˇii Wv‡qwiÕ MÖš’wU iPbv K‡ib †K?
†eMg mywdqv Kvgvj|
Ô evsjv‡`k K_v KqÕ Ges ÔBwZnv‡mi i³ cjvkÕ Mªš’ `ywUi iPwqZv †K?
Ave`yj Mvddvi †PŠayix|
AveyRvdi kvgmyÏxb iwPZ gyw³hy× wfwËK Dcb¨vmwUi bvg Kx?
†`qvj|
Ôgyw³i msMÖvgÕ MÖš’wU Kvi iPbv?
Aveyj Kv‡kg dRjyj nK|
Ôgyw³hy‡×i w`b¸wjÕ Kvi iPbv?
Av‡bvqvi Djøvn †PŠayix|
ÔA™¢yZ Avaviu GKÕ Kve¨MÖš’wUi iPwqZv †K?
kvgmyi ivngvb|
Ô†divix m~h©Õ MÖš’wUi iPwqZv †K?
iv‡eqv LvZzb|
Ôhy×R‡qi MíÕ MÖš’wUi iPwqZv †K?
iex›`ª †Mvc|
wecÖ`vm eo–qv iwPZ gyw³hy× wfwËK Mí MÖš’wUi bvg Kx?
hy×R‡qi Mí|
ÔAvwg exiv½bv ejwQÕ MÖš’wUi iPwqZv †K?
bxwjgv Beªvwng|
ÔAvgvi GKvËiÕ MÖšw’ U Kvi iPbv?
KvRx Av‡bvqviæj nK|
ÔKx Pvn k•LwPjÕ I ÔmvZ Nv‡Ui KvbvKwoÕ gyw³hy×wfwËK G bvUK `ywUi iPwqZv †K?
ggZvRDÏxb Avng`|
ÔKv‡jv †NvovÕ Dcb¨vmwUi iPwqZv †K?
Bg`v`yj nK wgjb|
nvmvb AvwRRyj nK iwPZ Ô‡divÕ Kx ai‡Yi MÖš?’
gyw³hy× wfwËK Mí|
gyw³hy×wfwËK Dcb¨vm Ôbvg †MvÎnxbÕ Gi iPwqZv †K?
nvmvb AvwRRyj nK|
Ôevsjv‡`kÕ KweZvwUi iwPqZv †K?
Avwgq PµeZ©x|
ÔevOvwji gyw³hy‡×i cUf~wgÕ MÖšw’ Ui iPwqZv †K?
Gg. nvwg`jøvn Lvb|
ÔGKwU dzj‡K euvPv‡ev e‡j Õ MÖš’wUi iPwqZv †K?
†gRi iwdKzj Bmjvg|
ÔmvqË¡ kvmb, ¯^vaxKvi I ¯^vaxbZvÕ MÖš’wUi iPwqZv †K?
Avãyi iDd †PŠayix|