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Chapter 6: Electrochemistry: A Electrolytes and Non-Electrolytes
Chapter 6: Electrochemistry: A Electrolytes and Non-Electrolytes
CHAPTER 6: ELECTROCHEMISTRY
A ELECTROLYTES AND NON-ELECTROLYTES
Learning Outcomes:
Activity 1
1. State the meaning of electrolyte:
An electrolyte is a substance that can conduct (a) in (b)
(f).......................
acid when dissolved in water are electrolytes. This is because these compounds react
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WAJA F4 Chemistry 2010 Chapter 6: Electrochemistry
5. Ionic compounds in molten state or in aqueous solution are electrolytes while covalent
compounds and ionic compounds in solid state are non-electrolytes. Metals are non-
electrolytes but are good conductors of electricity.
Classify the substances in the text box below into electrolyte and non-electrolyte
Solid lead(II) chloride, molten aluminium oxide, lead(II) nitrate solution, solid sodium
chloride, sodium chloride solution, magnesium, molten lead(II) chloride, glucose
solution, glacial ethanoic acid, dilute ethanoic acid, molten naphthalene, ethanol, silver,
tetrachloromethane, sodium hydroxide solution, aqueous ammonia
Electrolyte Non-electrolyte
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WAJA F4 Chemistry 2010 Chapter 6: Electrochemistry
Learning Outcomes:
You should be able to:
describe electrolysis,
describe electrolytic cell,
identify cations and anions in a molten compound,
describe evidence for the existence of ions held in a lattice in solid state but move freely in
molten state,
describe electrolysis of a molten compound,
write half-equations for the discharge of ions at anode and cathode,
predict products of the electrolysis of molten compounds.
Activity 2
1. What do you understand by the term electrolysis?
Electrolysis is a process whereby compounds in (a) .................... or (b) ..
states are broken down (or decomposed) into their constituent (c) by
passing (d) . through them.
2. Anode is the electrode which is connected to the (e) . terminal of a
battery.
3. Cathode is the electrode which is connected to the (f) terminal of a
battery.
4. Carbon or platinum is chosen as electrodes as they are chemically inert or unreactive.
5. The diagram below shows the set-up of apparatus of electrolysis of molten lead(II)
bromide. Name the main apparatus and materials in the diagram.
Activity 3
1. Diagram 3.1 shows the relationship between the presence of freely moving ions and
electrical conductivity.
The box below shows a list of statements that explain the why ionic compound in solid
state do not conduct electricity but will conduct electricity in aqueous solution. The
statements are arranged in random order.
Choose the correct statement from the box below and write it into the correct text box in
Diagram 3.1.
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WAJA F4 Chemistry 2010 Chapter 6: Electrochemistry
During electrolysis cations are attracted to the cathode and anions are attracted to the anode.
Solid sodium chloride contains sodium ions and chloride ions which are in fixed position and
not freely moving.
In solid state, sodium ions and chloride ions are strongly attracted by electrostatic forces in a
lattice.
Electric circuit is complete due to the flow of electrons along the connecting wires and
movement of ions in the solution.
If the electrodes are placed further apart, the ammeter reading will decrease because there
will be an increase in internal resistance.
Aqueous sodium chloride contains freely moving ions to conduct electricity.
Diagram 3.1
2. Colour all the cations red and the anions blue in solid sodium chloride and in the
electrolyte in Diagram 3.1 above.
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WAJA F4 Chemistry 2010 Chapter 6: Electrochemistry
Activity 4
1. Given below is a list of ionic compounds in molten state. Identify the cation and anion in
each electrolyte.
2. Given below is a list of electrolytes and products discharged at both electrodes. Based
on the given substance discharged at the electrode, write a half equation to represent
the reaction occurring at the electrode.
.. ..
..
.. .
.. .
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WAJA F4 Chemistry 2010 Chapter 6: Electrochemistry
Activity 5
1 The flow chart below is used to predict the products formed at the electrodes during the
electrolysis of molten lead(II) bromide.
Consists of
a
(Ions that are present)
b
( Movement of ions) c
To anode
To cathode
d
(Half equation) e
At Anode
At Cathode
(Products formed)
f At Anode g
At Cathode
2. In the spaces below, draw a similar flow chart (as in question 1) to predict the products
formed at the electrodes from the electrolysis of molten zinc chloride, ZnCl2.
Learning Outcomes:
You should be able to:
identify cations and anions in an aqueous solution,
describe the electrolysis of an aqueous solution,
explain using examples factors affecting electrolysis of an aqueous solution,
write half equations for the discharge of ions at the anode and the cathode,
predict the products of electrolysis of aqueous solutions.
Activity 6
1. State three factors that may influence the selective discharge of ions during the
electrolysis of an aqueous solution.
(a)
(b) .
(c) .
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WAJA F4 Chemistry 2010 Chapter 6: Electrochemistry
2. In an aqueous solution of sodium chloride, apart from sodium ions, Na+ and chloride
3. List the electrochemistry series (cations and anions) in order of increasing ease of
discharge.
Ease of discharge increases
Cation: .
Anion: ..
4. The following statements refer to the factors that affect the electrolysis of an aqueous
solution. Fill in the blanks.
(a) The ions that are placed in the electrochemical series will be
.. discharged.
electrodes, no ions are discharged at the anode. Instead, the copper anode
Activity 7
The diagram below shows the set-up of apparatus of an electrolytic cell containing
concentrated copper(II) sulphate solution. Two test tubes filled with copper(II) sulphate
solution were placed over the electrodes J and K to collect any gas evolved. The switch is
then turned on so that electrolysis of copper(II) sulphate solution can occur.
(a) Identify the cations and the anions present in the aqueous solution.
Cations: .. Anions: ..
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WAJA F4 Chemistry 2010 Chapter 6: Electrochemistry
Anode .. Cathode .
...
.
(v) Write a half equation to represent the discharge of ions at anode.
(iv) Write a half equation to represent the discharge of ions at the cathode.
. .
..
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WAJA F4 Chemistry 2010 Chapter 6: Electrochemistry
Activity 8
(a) The table below shows two electrolytic cells with electrolytes of different
concentration. You are required to answer each section by writing your answer in
the spaces provided.
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WAJA F4 Chemistry 2010 Chapter 6: Electrochemistry
(b) The table below shows two electrolytic cells with the same electrolytes with
different electrodes. You are required to answer each section by writing your
answer in the spaces provided.
Explain
D ELECTROLYSIS IN INDUSTRIES
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WAJA F4 Chemistry 2010 Chapter 6: Electrochemistry
Learning Outcomes:
You should be able to:
state uses of electrolysis in industries,
explain the extraction, purification and electroplating of metals involving electrolysis in industries,
write chemical equations to represent the electrolysis process in industries,
justify uses of electrolysis in industries,
describe the problem of pollution from electrolysis in industry .
Activity 9
1. Fill in the blanks.
The application of electrolysis in industries are (a) .
(b) and (c)
In the extraction of aluminium from its ore, (d) . electrodes are used
and (e) ... is added to aluminium oxide to lower its melting point.
In purification of metals, the pure metal is made the (f) .. and the
impure metal is made the (g) .. The electrolyte used is an aqueous
salt solution of the metal ions.
In electroplating of metals, the (h) ...is made the anode and the (i)
to be (j) ...... is made the cathode. The electrolyte
used is an aqueous salt solution of the electroplating metal.
The purposes of electroplating metals are to make the electroplated object more (k)
.. and (l) .. to corrosion.
2. Below are shown the three uses of electrolysis in industries. Fill in the blanks.
2. Electrolyte
used
E VOLTAIC CELLS
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WAJA F4 Chemistry 2010 Chapter 6: Electrochemistry
Learning outcomes:
You should be able to:
describe the structure of a simple voltaic cell and Daniell cell,
explain the production of electricity from a simple voltaic cell,
explain the reactions in a simple voltaic cell and Daniell cell,
compare and contrast the advantages and disadvantages of various voltaic cells,
describe the differences between electrolytic and voltaic cells.
Activity 10
metals in an . connected by
Al Al3+ + 3e
Tendency of
metal atoms
to donate
electrons to
form ions
increases
* Note: Hydrogen is not a metal, but it is included in the Electrochemical Series.
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WAJA F4 Chemistry 2010 Chapter 6: Electrochemistry
In the text box below are sentences explaining the production of electricity from a simple
voltaic cell. The sentences are listed in random order. You are required to arrange these
sentences in the best possible order so as to give a clear description of the reactions
occurring in a simple voltaic cell.
An example of a simple voltaic cell is a magnesium strip and a copper strip immersed in
dilute sodium chloride solution.
The electrons then flows from the magnesium ribbon to the copper plate through the wire
and this results in the flow of electrical current.
Hence magnesium atom releases electrons more easily than a copper atom and the
magnesium act as the negative terminal of the cell.
The overall equation for the reaction is given as follows.
Mg(s) + 2H+(aq) Mg2+(aq) + H2(g)
Magnesium is placed higher than copper in the electrochemical series.
At the negative terminal, each magnesium atom releases two electrons and the Mg2+
formed moved into the solution.
Mg(s) Mg2+ (aq) + 2e
At the positive terminal which is the copper plate, the electrons are accepted by the H+
ions in sodium chloride solution.
2H+ + 2e H2 (g)
[If you have any problem, you can refer to page 104 of the text book for guidance.]
Answer:
(a)
(b)
(c) ..
(d)
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WAJA F4 Chemistry 2010 Chapter 6: Electrochemistry
(e)
(f)
(g) .
..
Activity 11
1. (a) Draw and label the set-up of apparatus of a Daniell cell consisting of a salt bridge.
(b) (i) Which metal in the Daniell cell is the negative terminal?
(ii) Give reason for your answer in (b)(i).
(iii) Write a half equation to represent the reaction occurring at the negative terminal.
.
(c) Write a half equation to represent reaction at positive terminal.
(d) What do you observe at
(i) negative terminal
..
(ii) positive terminal
..
(e) State two functions of the salt bridge.
1. ..
2.
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WAJA F4 Chemistry 2010 Chapter 6: Electrochemistry
1. Lead-acid
accumulator
2. Dry cell
3. Mercury cell
4. Alkaline cell
5. Nickel-cadmium cell
Activity 12
What are the differences between an electrolytic cell and a voltaic cell?
Table 12.1 are statements showing differences between an electrolytic cell and a voltaic cell.
Complete Table 12.2 by choosing the correct matching statements.
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WAJA F4 Chemistry 2010 Chapter 6: Electrochemistry
DIFFERENCES
Electrolytic cell Aspect Chemical cell
Source of
electric current
Conversion of
energy
Type of
electrodes
Direction of flow
of electrons
Type of reaction
at positive
terminal
Type of reaction
at negative
terminal
Table 12.2
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WAJA F4 Chemistry 2010 Chapter 6: Electrochemistry
F THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SERIES
Learning Outcomes:
You should be able to:
describe the principles used in constructing the electrochemical series,
construct the electrochemical series,
explain the importance of electrochemical series,
predict the ability of a metal to displace another metal from its salt solution,
write the chemical equations for metal displacement reactions.
Activity 13
Three experiments were conducted to investigate the potential differences between three pairs of
metals in a voltaic cell. An electrochemical series for four metals P, Q, S and T is then constructed
based on the potential difference obtained. Three pair of metals used as electrodes in different voltaic
cells are: P and Q, Q and S and S and T.
All the metals are cleaned with sandpaper before used.
50 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 sodium nitrate solution is poured into a beaker as electrolyte.
Experiment I
The electrodes P and Q are immersed into the solution. The two electrodes are connected to a
voltmeter using copper wires. Electrode Q is the positive terminal. The voltmeter reading is
recorded.
Experiment II
The electrodes Q and S are immersed into the solution. The two electrodes are connected to a
voltmeter using copper wire. Electrode Q is the positive terminal. The voltmeter reading is
recorded.
Experiment III
The electrodes S and T are immersed into the solution. The two electrodes are connected to a
voltmeter using copper wire. Electrode T is the positive terminal. The voltmeter reading is
recorded.
3 3 3
1 2 4
5 1 2 4
5 1 2 4
5
0 6 0 6 0 6
V V V
(b) Construct a table to record the data from the above experiments.
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WAJA F4 Chemistry 2010 Chapter 6: Electrochemistry
(c) List the apparatus and materials that you will need to carry out this experiment.
Apparatus: .
..
Materials: ..
(d) State all the variables:
1. Manipulated variable: ..
2. Responding variable: .
3. Controlled variable:
..
(f) Based on the information obtained in Experiment I, what can you infer about metal P and Q?
(g) Write a half equation for the reaction occurring in negative of Experiment I, assuming the cation
has a +2 charge.
.
(h) Arrange the metals P, Q, S and T in descending order of their tendency to donate electrons.
...
(i) Another voltaic cell is set-up using metals T and Q as electrodes. Predict the potential difference
produced in the cell.
..
(j) Given that metal X is placed between metal S and metal Q in the electrochemical series, can
metal X displace metal S from its salt solution? Give an explanation for your answer
.
(k) Given that copper is more electropositive than metal T, a displacement reaction will occur when
copper is immersed into a salt solution of metal T, TNO3.
Write the chemical equation for this reaction.
.
(l) State three important uses of the electrochemical series
..
...
K > Na > Ca > Mg > Al > Zn > Fe Sn > Pb > H > Cu > Ag
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WAJA F4 Chemistry 2010 Chapter 6: Electrochemistry
2. Example : Ewacrion between xinc and copper(II) sulphate solution
Observation:
1. Zinc .
Copper(II)
sulphate 2. . Solid formed
solution
zinc
3. Intensity of blue solution .
Zinc atom releases 2 electrons to form zinc ion, Zn2+ : Half equation : .
Copper(II) ion Cu2+ receives 2 electrons to form copper atom : Half equation :..
Ionic equation : .
Problem Statement :
Hypothesis: The greater the number of metals that can be displaced by a metal from
their solutions, the higher is its position in the electrochemical series.
Variables:
Manipulated variable :
Responding variable :
Fixed variables :
Test tubes, sand paper, 1 mol dm-3 zinc nitrate solution, 1 mol dm-3 lead (II) nitrate
solution, 1 mol dm-3 copper (II) nitrate solution, magnesium strips, zinc strips, lead
strips and copper strips.
magnesium strips
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WAJA F4 Chemistry 2010 Chapter 6: Electrochemistry
Procedure:
1. Pour 5 cm3 of magnesium nitrate solution, zinc nitrate solution, lead (II) nitrate solution, and
copper (II) nitrate solution into four separate test tubes.
2. For each test tube, place a strip of magnesium into each solution.
3. Record all the observations.
4. Repeat steps 1 to 3 using strips of zinc, lead and copper to replace the magnesium strip. For
each repetition, use a fresh salt solution.
a. Which metal can displace the most number of other metals from their solutions?
b. Write the half equation of the reaction occurred in magnesium strip for this experiment.
..
d. Arrange the metals in descending order based on the electrochemical series and
the number of metals displaced by it.
..
..
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