!

) (

: 1997

1
 : 1427 - 2006

...
...

3
4
 ) 868 775 255 159 /
(:

.

.
... ...

5
6


- 1

7
 - 2
- 3
- 4
- 5
- 6
:
- 7
- 8
- 9
- 10
- 11
- 12
- 13

.




.


.


:
o

9

.

.
o
.


.
o


.


.
o
.

10

.


.

.
. .

27 : 1427

11


... ...
.




.

...

.


... .

12



:


.

.

.

13


.

.



.

" "
.

14






.

.

.

..

15


4 : 1997

16
17



:
.1
.
.2
.
.3
.

:
.1

.
.2
.

18
 .3
.
.4
.
.5

.
.6
.

.

.


...

19

.

20
21


22
23
 :

.

.
Forster "

" . Orr
" :
" .
"

".
Edwards " :
...
.

24


".



.

" " .
.

" " .

...

.
Goodspeed "

25


.

".




.



.

.
.

26
 Prochazka "

".

:
- 1
- 2
- 3
- 4

) (

.

. "
"
.

.

27

.

.

.
.



.


.
" :
"

28

Transfer Strategy

:
Newmark "
/
/ ".
Catford "
source )
" ( language "SL )

" ." ( target language "TL

.

29
 Halliday "
SL TL

".
Pinchuch "

" .
Kelly "
".
" " text
. " "
.

.

.


.

30

SL
.TL
Translation is simply the attempt to replace a
textual material in the Source Language (SL) by an
equivalent textual material in the Target Language
(TL).

. Widdowson "



" .

.

:
:
.SL

31
 :
.TL

.
Transfer " "
Strategy :
SL SL Rethink TL


.


.
"
"
SL TL


.

32
 .


.


.

) (:


.

.Sport
:
Sport Rethink

33

... .
:Writer
Writer Rethink
Bank
.

:.
:
Bank Land along the side of a river Rethink
Book

.
:
Book To Reserve Rethink

: :

34
 " "

.
.inter-governmental committee
.draft " "
:
The seven-state inter-governmental committee has
discussed the draft resolution.
:
I move the adoption of the following resolution.
move
adoption :
) ( ) (.
:

35

.

: : /
: : /
: : :
: : /
: : / : /
: : /
: / : :
: :
: : / .
:
This is particularly true for the human element.
Behavior and awareness of affiliation thus his
individual interest is suited with the common
interest are considered main determinate of
productivity differentials between various
communities.

36

:
: analysis
SL
. :
: synthesis
TL
.





.

" ".

37

Translator's Role

.



.



.


. well-versed
.

.

38
 .
" "
) ( .


" " .

.

.

.

.

.


.

39


.

.
Justin O'Brien
" : .

".



literary taste
. " Nabocov

".

.

40

.


.

.


.



.


.

.

41
 .

.


.

.

monolingual skills

listening speaking reading
.writing

Competent Bilingual Speaker
.Translator

.

42

.

.

.

.
SL
.TL
Assumption

.
Not any bilingual speaker is a competent
translator.

.

43

.


.
.


.

44

Kinds of Translation

Jakobson
:

.intralingual translation
.


.

.interlingual translation

. .
)
(
. .

45

.intersemiotic translation

.

.

interlingual
translation :

- 1 :Written Translation
.




.

- 2 :Oral Interpretation

46

.
.

.

: :At-Sight Interpreting
.
SL
TL
.

: :Consecutive Interpreting

.

47
 ...
.


.
.

: :Simultaneous Interpreting


.
SL
.TL

.

.

quick response

48
 concentration
relaxation
consistence
.vocabulary
.self-confidence



. :
.

.

. : .
....

49

Levels of Language Analysis

.
.

:
This table is out of place.
table
...

. :

-1 :Lexical Meaning


.

50
 linguistic meaning :
.technical meaning
interpretation
commentator ...
.

.

.
:

-2 :Textual Meaning


... .

. pure " "
" ."
:

51
 pure language
pure man

pure mathematics
pure sciences
pure water
pure gold
pure Egyptian
pure angels
contain " " " " .
:
to contain a crisis
to contain an enemy
to contain feelings
to contain involvement
to contain acts
harsh " " " " .
:
harsh language

52
 harsh words
harsh clothes /
harsh man

.
:
far-reaching
broad-minded
wide-spread
knowledgeable
patient forbearance
merciful
:
to lower pause / muffle
to devalue currency
to moderate interest rate
to curtail government spending

to curb inflation

53

:

-3 :Contextual Meaning



. :

.
" "

. :
The football world cup will be held at USA in
coming June.

Nahmad
:From Arabic Press
:

54


.


.
:
Modern Farming
The Minister of Agriculture stated that he would
keep before him the raising of the standard of
agriculture in the country, and that he would spare
no effort to place, as far as possible, the most
recent innovations achieved by modern science
within reach of the farmers, through the
employment of mechanical aids, with one aim in
view and that was the facilitating and building up
of an up-to-date well-organized agriculture.

55
 .
:
: ) (
farming ) (
.agriculture
:
.
) (
.farmers
:
mentioned .said
.stated

.
: " " ) (

country .
.

56

.
: results
.outcomes
innovations
.


.
: in view
.

) ( .
.
: up-to-date
"
" .
.redundancy

57

:

-3 :Suggestive Meaning
.
:
On seeing the ghost, they stood motionless.
motionless .

.
.
:

:

.


.

58
 .Snow White :
:
The girl is as fair as Snow White.
:
The girl is as white as snow.
:
.
.
:

59

Translation Techniques

Translation Equivalent
.Formal Correspondent

:

-1
:Transliteration
:
intifada
jihad
:
technology
democracy
)
( .Arabicization

60
 -2 :Translation Equivalent
:
candid camera
contact lenses
:
haste makes waste

still water runs deep

-3 :Formal Correspondent
:
to float currency
the first lady
to launder money
) (
cold war
the premier ) (
black market
.

61


.
:
The door of the class
:


.
:

.
.

.
:
She got seriously ill last night.
:

62

.

.

.

.


.

.


.


.

63

) (
) ( .

.


" "
.

.
) (
.
.
.

.
.

64

Functional Shift
"
".
"Functional Shift is a translation procedure
involving a change in the grammar from SL to
TL".

SL
.
content words
nouns verbs
adjectives .adverbs

.

:
: :
He admires her greatly.
- : .

65
 - : .
- : .
- )
( :
.
- : .
:
The situation has deteriorated very sharply.
:
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .

: :
The decision was made for the good management
of the company.
.

66
The conference recommended the early
implementation and speedy operation of the
project.
) (
.

:
:

.
The conference reviewed the achieved progress
(progress achieved) in the projects being
implemented.

: :
The President recommended that a committee
should be formed for handling that matter.
) (
.

: :

67
I should like to make a slight reference that the
University has lavishly given out insignificant
prizes to all graduates.

.
Brutal as he is, sometimes he betrays signs of
unequalled delicacy.

.

: :
the achievements of the past decades

The lady in black

Mubarak of Egypt

68
 stress .
:

His statement is a :
completely false There is absolutely no :
truth in his statement

word order .



.

69

Language Deviation

"
".
"A linguistic deviation is the deviation from the
expected norms of the language".

:
:
.
:
.

" : ".
.
" : "
.

70
 " : "
:
:
.
"
" .
:


!
" " .

:
?How to steal a bank
.
to steal
"

71
 ... " . .
" ." to rob
:
: .
:
?How to rob a bank
:
:

:

72
 : !
!?Translation: An Art or a Science

.

.

.
Cleary

.

"
" .

73
 . Cleary
.
Savory
. " :


" . Savory


.

" " .faithfulness


.
Dil Nida "
" .
Nida
.

74

.
Dil

.
.
Nida

actual . Nida
process scientific study.
"
" "
comparative linguistics

." semantics " "

Nida

75

.
McGuire
" " normative theory
"
" . McGuire Nida
"

" .


.

Newmark .
Newmark
Newmark .
" " "
Law of Translation
.

76
 " . "
Nida Leipzig

".
Newmark "


... ".

.
) ( McGuire

.



.

77


.
Nida .
:
- 1 .
- 2 .
- 3

.

.
) (

.


.

78



.

.

.



.

79

Rules of Translation

.

.

" -1
) ( ".
"It is impossible to obtain unexceptionably and
exhaustively determined translational rules".

" -2
".
"The translator may add to or delete from the
translated text with sound discretion".

. :

80

:
He played a prominent role and exerted a highly
appreciated effort.
played " " :
.exerted :


:
Among other people, Abu Bakr was the most
ascetic and the most modest; the noblest in
manners, the plainest in apparel, and the most
frugal in food.
:
. :

.
:
The good attribute, highly appreciated qualities
and noble merits you do possess presage a bright
future.

81
 :
you possess
.do :

:
heavy rain and clouds
heavy rain.clouds

" -3

".
"Literal Translation is sometimes a valid and
legitimate method WHEN syntactic relations are
also EXPLICIT thematic relations".
:
It is threefold disgrace for a man to be in misery
for want of food.
:

.

82

:

.
:
My friend was stung by a bee yesterday.
:
.
. :
.
:
Tom is in a dire need of that medicine whenever he
gets nervous..
:
.
. :
.

.

83
 .
:
This is Ali
:

:
He was here
:

Meaning-
bound .

" -4 :

.


".

84
"Translation Unit: The pedagogically easiest to
handle translation is the sentence, because it
reveals a self-contained network of the often
complicated inter-play of lexis and syntax. The
sentence is a syntactically structured,
communicatively controlled, context-sensitive
combination of linguistic signs that are formally
marked off from other sentences of the same text
by means of punctuation marks".

.
"

".

.

.

85


. )

( .

.

.

.

86

.

.


.

.
.
:
The following measures have profoundly shaken
French institutions in a way that has not been
known in local government for a century: what has
remained of government supervision has been
abolished; control of procedural legality has been
reorganized and regional audit offices established;
executive power has been transferred to the
chairman of deliberative assemblies; regions with
full powers have been created; powers of
economic intervention have been extended to
regional and local authorities; powers previously

87
exercised by the State have been transferred in
complete stages to the various types of authorities;
corresponding State resources have been
transferred to these authorities; specific local
characteristics have been introduced into
legislation; a territorial civil service has been
created and previous devaluation regulations have
been adapted to the new relations between the
State and the local authorities.

" .
."

-5

.
:
o
o
Untranslatability occurs when it is impossible to
build functionally relevant features of the situation

88
into the contextual meaning of the TL text.
Broadly speaking, this falls into two inter-related
categories:
o Cases where the difficulty is linguistic,
o Cases where the difficulty is cultural.

.
. " "
Denys Davies :
:

:
The headmaster's lower jaw dropped in
astonishment and Tureifi escaped punishment.
lower jaw
punishment escape

.
:

89

:
Haneen is a man blessed of God
God

.
:

.
:
and that Haneen was a holy man who would not
frequent the company of someone unless he had
perceived in him a glimmering of spiritual light.
good
holy . spiritual
light .
" "

.

90

.
" "
.Le Gassick
:

.
:
On other occasions she had said that a real
madness overcame her daughter when she got very
angry and she nicknamed her tempers the
"Khamsin", after the vicious and unpredictable
summer winds.

:
and she called her the "Khamsin", after the known
winds

" "
.

91

.

92
93


94
95


SL TL
.

semantic equivalent






.

.

96

.


.

:
My father is a teacher
:


.




...
.

97
 .

. "
Everything is "
! translatable and nothing is

98
 -1
Selecting Proper Meaning

.
.


.
.

.
.
privatization
" " "
" " " .
affixes
prefixes suffixes
.

99

.
.
" : " .
Islamization " "
. "
" .
:
seaside holiday maker
the complicated nature of
long experience
- - great love
to brief mention
astonishment


.

:

100
 - section
- record
authority agency - organization

.


. :
Dozens of people were killed.
dozen " " " " .
" :
"!!
" " .
:
.
:
Several plots are assigned to private investors in
new cities.
plot .
" " . :

101

.
:
Sleeping policemen help reduce car accidents.
.
sleeping policemen
. :
.

snake
serpent house
home .




.

102

.

103
 -2
Cultural or Environmental Differences

.
untranslatability
SL .TL

boy friend girl friend
.


.
porridge
pork dinner-jacket pullover sari
kimono .

104
 " " "
" " " " " " "
.

1 transliteration
F0

.
. "
" iddat :
the period during which a divorced or widowed
woman cannot be married (according to Islam).
.
.

" "
. :
" :
".
Denys Davies:

.57 1

105
And Hajj Abdul Samad said: I'll divorce my wife if
Zein hasn't got himself married and a real
proper marriage it is too.

.
" "
.
2
F1

.


"
" !!

:

.:

. 2

106
His "Lila" this time was a young girl from among
the Bedouin.
Lila


.


.
"
"
.

" " .
" " "
".

.
.

107
 " "
.
.
.
:
3
F2
.

.

.

.
" " "
" .
Newmark
"

.55 : 3

108
 " .



.


.

109
 -3
Word Usage

.
" " :

:
) (

.


) / ( .

.
scarlet red .

broken

110
 collarbone .fractured clavicle

purchase buy gratuity
.tip

neutral
offspring issue
kids .children


:
INFORMAL FORMAL
home abode
building edifice
poor impecunious
enough sufficient
dead deceased
drink beverage
clothes garments

111
start / begin commence
look into investigate
find out ascertain
stop desist
try endeavor
tell notify
use employ
live dwell
live reside
put up with tolerate
read peruse
think deem
open inaugurate
use utilize
find out discover
give furnish
end terminate

112

.


.
.

British American
.

radio . :
to immigrant squatter teenager lengthy
advocate to locate to belittle live wirehot air
third degree cold war .mass meeting


OK : I guess to check up on to
win out.to lose out

113


. :
BRITISH AMERICAN
bank holiday legal holiday
petrol gas
sweets candy
tap faucet
pavement side walk
chemist druggist
underground subway
receptionist desk clerk

Foreign Secretary
.Secretary of State
Chancellor of
Exchequer Secretary of

114
 .the Treasury
Secretary State of War
... Secretary of War.


.

.
:

: ":"l
BRITISH AMERICAN
signalled signaled
traveller traveler

: " "-or ":"-our

BRITISH AMERICAN
labour labor
colour color

115
 : " "-ize ":"-ise
BRITISH AMERICAN
civilise civilize
naturalise naturalize
" "-ize
" "-ization
.

: " "-e- " "-ae- ":"-oe-

BRITISH AMERICAN
mediaeval medieval
diarrhoea diarrhea

.

: " "-ection ":"-exion

BRITISH AMERICAN
inflexion inflection
reflexion reflection
.

116
 :"-re" " -er" :
BRITISH AMERICAN
centre center
metre meter

:
BRITISH AMERICAN
tyre tire
enquiry inquiry
programme program
pyjamas pajamas ( )
pretence pretense -
practise practice
draught draft -
offence offense
kerb curb
defence defense
grey gray
cigarette cigaret
cheque check

117
storey story
axe ax
catalogue catalog
nought naught
entrust intrust
enclose inclose ( )
enrol enroll
fulfil fulfill

118
 -4
Gender

masculine feminine
.

. :
a new book
a new magazine


.


male .female
:

woman man
girl boy
mother father

119
 daughter son
sister brother
aunt uncle
niece nephew
queen king
she he

sex
.

" "-ess

:

hostess Host
authoress Author
princess Prince
actress Actor

teacheress ... doctoress.

120

.
:
Generic Name Name of Male
.Name of Young Name of Female

dog
cow .
foal
colt.filly
:

cub bear bear bears

kitten queen/cat/ tom cat cats
pussy
calf cow bull cattle/calf
fawn doe/hind buck/stag deer
)pup(py bitch dog dogs

121
 calf cow bull dolphin/
porpoise/
whale
-- jennet jackass donkey
duckling duck drake ducks
cub vixen dog fox
gosling goose gander geese
kid nanny billy goat
foal mare stallion horses
cub lioness lion lions
piglet sow boar pig
chick hen rooster/ poultry/
cock chicken
-- doe buck rabbit
pup cow bull seal
lamb ewe ram sheep

he sex
it female she male

.

122

:

son boy man he
daughter girl woman she
tree chair table it
cousin teacher doctor she, he
ram buck bull it, he
ewe sow goose it, she
dog cat bear it, she, he

she car
boat engine plane hovercraft

gender
sex
!

.

123
 .

she

.

:
The doctor lost his hat
The doctor lost her hat

:
The doctor went to the hospital
:

"

".
"Gender in English is rather the exception than the
rule".

124
 -5
Number

:
cat/cats ... man/men :
- :verbs
The man comes .
The men come .
- :demonstratives
these men / this man

present tense
singular .plural
third person singular :
He comes

I come / they come etc.

past tense :to be
I was

125
 They were

countables
uncountables
cat book road butter petrol bread
.


indefinite articles a
bread .an
) (uncountable ).loaf (countable


.some
) (
.
:

126
 Cat is
:
Butter is

. :
?Would you like some giraffe
.
.
:
A petrol I like very much is Brand X.

a " " a kind of " "
.piece of :
a love
an oil
a mutton
disobediences

loaf / bread

127
a a soap
cake of soap
soap loaf
.
:cake
Would you like a cake? LOAF
Would you like some cake? BREAD

collectives
:
The committee have decided
England have won the World Cup.

:
The committee have decided
:
...
:
The committee has decided

128
 :
/ ...


.demonstratives

" " :
scissors trousers ... pliers .
" " . :

three cats : seventy dogs
... .
one scissors .ten scissors

.these scissors

police .clergy

129
thirty thirty police
policemen
. )
.( committee people
) thirty people these people
... ( . .cattle
dozen "
" . :
a dozen eggs
) a score a gross (.
a lot :many
a lot of men are
kind of:
these kind of people

:
. :
. .
.
:

130
 vice chairman
:




:
You are industrious students
:




.

131
 -6
Tense

"
".
)"Tense is the correspondence (relationship
between the FORM of VERB and our own
CONCEPT of TIME; past, present or future".
:
He likes / takes present
He liked / took past
the perfect
... the progressive
auxiliaries to be .to have

.

. shall will
modal auxiliaries
can may .

132
 ) shall ( will

.
will
:
:
I will come if you ask me
:
She will sit for hours
:
That will be John
:
Oil will float on water
shall threat
:promise
You shall have it tomorrow
The teacher shall punish me
shall will
.

133

:
I am flying to Paris tomorrow
I am going to ask you a question

Term starts on Monday
/
He is about to speak

will shall .


fiance ex-wife
grandfather
!pluperfect

134

:
Past Simple: He came yesterday.
Past Progressive: He was coming yesterday.
Past Perfect: He had come the day before.
Past Perfect Progressive: He had been coming the
day before.

reported speech
sequence of
tenses :
He said he went to London everyday.
:
I go to London everyday.

went
said said
.
present tense
:

135
The ancient Greeks discovered that the world is
round, but Romans maintained that it was flat.
is was
.
is was .

.
:
:
:
I wanted to ask you something.
?Could you pass me the salt
: :
I wish I knew.
I wish I had one.
: :
If John comes, I shall leave. Real
If John came, I should leave. Unreal
) came ( should

136

.
.

. " " "
" . " "
" " .

.

:


.


:
I had breakfast at seven this morning.

137
 :
I have had my breakfast.

:
John arrived at four this afternoon.
:
John is here now.

:
We learned that yesterday / We found that out
yesterday.
:
We know that

:
Shakespeare depicted Hamlet as indecisive.
:

138
 Shakespeare depicts Hamlet as indecisive.

.

.

.

:
He arrived
:
He is here now

:
I understood / I caught on

139
 :
I understand

" " he is here "

" I understand

.


.

:
He studies
He studied
He will study
He is studying
/ He was studying
/ He will be studying

140
 He has studied
He had studied
He will have studied

. :

:
Allah was, is and will be forgiving
" "
. :
Allah is Oft-Forgiving

:

:
I know you to be honest
:

- :

141
 I have known him to be honest

.
:

:
Ali did not come

.:

:
The lazy will not succeed

.

142
 )(1
The Verb

:
:
o base form: walk / eat
o "-s" form: walks / eats
o past tense form: walked / ate
o present participle (-ing) form: walking / eating
o past participle form: walked / eaten
tense form

.
present participle (-ing) form
past participle form
.:
There's a broken window in the kitchen.
.

Most of people singing were women.
.

143
 ) ( infinitive form
.non-finite forms of the verb

:


. :
He deals the cards
He deals with problem

:
He looks for the book
He looks at the book

:
He relies on his friends
His poverty deprived him of schooling

144


.
:
to discuss " " :
:
to look for " "

:
to authorize / to sanction " " :
:
to depend on " "

:
to attend " " :
:
to come to " "

145
 :
to acquire / to obtain / to get " " :
:
to permit " "

.
)
... ( . :
.
They discussed many topics, among them peace in
the Middle East.
.
They looked for your pencil in every classroom.

146
 " " to help (someone) : "
" to help (someone) in (doing :
) .something :
?Did the book help you
!
!Yes, it helped me in teaching

" "
" "
. :
)to listen (to ) (
)to inform (of ) (
)to participate (in ) (
)to help (in ) (
)to work (for ) (

147
 -7
Collocation

Collocation
" :

".
Collocation is the "habitual co-occurrence of
individual lexical items".

-1 :
heavy labor
runaway inflation
economic situation
inflationary pressures
-2 :

148
 nerve cell
government securities
eyeball /

-3 :
To pay a visit
To score a victory
To read a paper
To attend a lecture
To tender (one's) resignation
To deliver a speech

.collocation
noun .

149

.

collocation .

:
....

" "
.

.
" " " "
:
heavy smoker
:
big smoker

150

"
" . " :
free of charge
:
free of cost / payment / etc.
" " :
strong coffee

powerful coffee

" : "
" " " " "
" ....
collocation


:
)to crow (cocks ) (
)to miaow/mew (cats ) (

151
 to hoot (owls) ( )
to bark (dogs) ( )
to roar (lions) ( )

:
a loaf of bread
a knob of butter
a slice / piece of cake /
a bar / piece / square of chocolate
) (
a bolt / length / piece of cloth
/ " "
a lump of coal
an ear / sheaf of corn
a speck / particle of dust

a wisp / bank / patch of fog

a sliver / splinter of glass

152

a blob of glue
a blade of grass
a lock / strand / wisp / tuft / mop / shock of hair
/
a bale of hay /
a piece / area of land
a ray / beam / shaft of light

a dose of medicine
a sum of money
a piece / scrap of paper
a grain of rice
a coil / length / piece of rope
/
a grain / pinch of salt
a grain of sand
a cloud / blanket / column / puff / wisp of smoke

a flake / blanket of snow

153

a bar / cake of soap
a slab / block of stone
a grain / lump of sugar /
a bead / drop of sweat
a reel of tape
a reel / strand of thread
a blob of wax
a grain / sheaf of wheat
a strand / piece / length of wire
/

:
an army of ants
a swarm of bees :
a flock / flight of birds
a herd of cattle
a litter of cubs

154
 :
a herd of deer
a school of dolphins
a herd of elephants
a shoal of fish /
a gaggle of geese
a herd / flock of goats
a pack of hounds
a swarm / colony of insects
/
a litter of kittens
:
a pride of lions
a troop of monkeys
a litter of puppies
:
a flock of sheep
a pack of wolves

155

:
a company / troupe of actors
/
a bunch of amateurs
a wad / roll of banknotes
/
a hail of bullets
a batch of cakes
a pack / deck of cards
a clutch of eggs
a team / panel of experts
/
a sea of faces ) (
a squadron of fighter planes

a bunch / bouquet of flowers

a bunch / cluster of grapes

a bunch of keys ) (

156
a sheaf / bundle of papers

a spate of protests
a team / crowd / gaggle of reporters
/ /
a spate of rumors
a fleet of ships
a flight of steps

a gang of terrorists
a gang / band / pack of thieves

a party of tourists /
a clump of trees
an army of volunteers

157
 -8
Idioms

"

".
"An idiom is a fixed group of words with a special
meaning which is different from the meanings of
the individual words".

. similes
metaphors
proverbs and sayings
.slang and colloquialisms jargon
.

158
 .

.
:

.
" " "
" " " .

" : ".



.



.

159

.

. .
.

.
.


.


.

.
:

160

:
When you get a shame, away go from eyes

:
When the ass kicks, never tell

:

:
Empty hands lead to / cause sadness
:
A light purse makes heavy heart

.
:
:
"."yuppie

161
 :
) Indian summer
(.
" :
TL
".

:
to take the gloves off
to rain cats and dogs
to pay through the nose
to bring (one's) heart into his mouth

to take the cake ) (
to smell a rat
to have no stomach
to lose (one's) temper /
to be in advance
to move heaven and earth

162

behind one's back
to clear the air
strike while the iron is hot

a chip off the old block
to give one his head
diamonds cut diamonds
out of sight, out of mind
always has been, always will be

if you want a thing well done, do it yourself

divide and rule
east or west, home is best

charity begins at home

163
 -9
Abbreviations

abbreviations
acronyms
.


:
"
word compound noun
phrase
" . " "g
" "gram
."25 g" : " "BBC " British
."Broadcasting Corporation

.

164



"cont. . "
" "contd. "."continued

:
: :
m= meter
p.= page
F= Fahrenheit
N= North

: :
=cont. continued
=usu. usually
=vol. volume
=Brit. British

165
 =Hon. Honorable
) (
Thurs.= Thursday

:
:
asst.= assistant
dept.= department
=jct junction
=km kilometer
tbsp.= tablespoonful
=Sgt sergeant

:
:
MP Member of Parliament

166

CD compact disc
HRH His/Her Royal Highness

USA United States of America

VIP very important person

rmp revolutions per minute

" "a " "an

.

.
:
Bachelor of Science
:
BSc

167
 :
.
" :
."acronyms :
BASIC Beginner's All-purpose Symbolic
Instruction Code
:

OPEC Organization of Petroleum Exporting
Countries

TEFL teaching English as a foreign language

NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization

AIDS acquired immune deficiency syndrome

168

.

.
:

. .





.

.
.

169
 .
.
:
The structural imbalances of world economy, the
inequities of per capita income against GNP and
GDP, the inadequacies of economic machinery and
the deficiencies of economic laws are mainly
attributed to narrow-minded policies in some
countries.
GNP GDP
. :




.

170
 -10
Compound Nouns

.
nounsverbs :
adjectives .adverbs
compound nouns affixes

.
"
+
".
)"A compound noun is a noun plus noun (N+N
combination, in which the second element is the
head (H) of construction and the first element is a
kind of modifier (M)".

modifier " :

171
 ".
:
: Adjective:
fierce dog

.
: Adverb:
the dog barked loudly

.
: Phrase:
the dog with a long tail

.

172

.

:
-1 :two words
post office
Health Care
-2 hyphenated
:word
attention-getter
-3 :one word
mailman
postman

173

.

meaning-relationship
. :
shoe polish
forest fire
armchair
moonlight

.
. :
:
race horse
:
horse race
:
pocket watch

174
 :
watch pocket ) (

.

. "
." adjective plus noun

.
Rule "
".
"Any adjective plus noun construction is
potentially ambiguous".

" ."the-ing form compound noun
)present participle (ing
" " )gerund (ing

175
 " " .
.
) " " (
.
:
dancing teacher
dancing : noun
" " )
( . adjective "
" ) (
.
:
flying field
flying : "
" .
" "
.
:
swimming suit

176
 swimming " "
. " "
.

:
They are moving vans.
.
main verb are
moving vans . :

are moving
:

:
They are hunting dogs.
:

177
 are hunting dogs
. :

are hunting .

noun
.adjective :
English Teacher
English :
:
" "
:
" "
:
dark room
dark :
" "
:

178
 " "
:
Black board
black :
"
"
:
" "

. :
football game
basketball playground
life assurance policy

. :
French language conference

179
 )
( )
(
:foreign car dealers :
the :
:new house furniture
the excellent director's :
:secretary

.




.

.

180
 head of construction
modifier .
:

" " "
" . :
seven-year-long talks
:
10
:
a ten-page report
:

the French-educated woman

peace loving forces

widening gap

Chamber of Commerce Annual Convention

181

Cairo International Book Fair

T.V. Gulf war survey

next month parliamentary elections

:
Purpose of Activity:
To provide urban governorate Management
Information System (MIS) department heads with
an opportunity to examine and discuss the
administration of computer centers and the
management use of computer-based information
systems designed to assist local administration and
local development programs with counterparts in
other countries which have analogous development
experience and needs.
:
:

182



.

183
 -11
Affixes

.affixes

prefix
suffix

.


.

.
.

184
 .

:
anti/dis/establish/ment/ari/an/ism
" :
" .

.

.
happy " "
adjective .
un-
unhappy " "
adjective .
-ness happiness
" " .noun
)
( .

185
 :

: :Prefix
.


.
:

"anti-" -1 " / " :

antisocial
antiseptic /
antifreeze

"bi-" -2:
" - " ...:
bi-monthly /
bi-annual

186
 " - / " :
bilingual
bicentric

"dis-" -3 "
" :
disbelieve /
disagree /
disappear
disappoint
dislike
disorder
disable

"ex-" -4:
" - " :
export
extract /

187
 " - " :
ex-wife
ex-president

"in-" -5 :
insane
inconvenient

. " "il-
":"l
illegal
illogical
" "im- ":"p
impossible
improper
" "ir- ":"r
irreligious
irresponsible

188
 "mal-" -6 " /
" :
malnutrition
maladministration
malpractice
maltreat

"mis-" -7 " " :

misdirect
misbehave
misunderstand
mismanagement
mistrust
miscalculate

"post-" -8 " " :

postwar
postgraduate

189
 "pre-" -9 " " :
premature
pre-record
prearrange

"re-" -10 " / " :

reassure
rebroadcast
rebuild
recount
rejoin
rearrange
redial

"un-" -11 :
- " " :
unable
unimportant
unmarried

190
uncommon
unqualified
untruth
unfair -

- " / " :
uncover
unpack
untie -

: :Suffix
.


. " "-less

.
grammar .meaning
:

191
 - :Derivational
) ... ( .
" "-or actor
.

-2 :Inflectional
.
" "-s .
.

:
""actor + s

) (
)
( :

192
 : :
-1 " "-ment :
argument
disappointment
payment

-2 " "-tion/-sion :
invention
relation
confusion
discussion

-3 " "-ation/-ition :
limitation
declaration
composition
competition

-4 " "-ance/-ence :

193
issuance
insurance
dependence
reference -

-5 " "-or/-er :
visitor
governor
owner
manager

-6 " "-ship :
friendship
leadership
membership

-7 " "-hood :
neighborhood
adulthood

194
brotherhood

-8 " "-ness :
kindness
thickness
foolishness -

-9 " "-ty/-ity :
cruelty
loyalty
oddity
equality -

: :
-1 " "-less :
careless
hopeless
childless
thoughtless

195
 -2 " "-ful :
doubtful
peaceful
plentiful -

-3 " "-al :
formal
original
accidental

-4 " "-y :
healthy
hungry
guilty -

-5 " "-ous/-ious/-eous :
dangerous
glorious
courageous

196
 -6 " "-ical/-ic :
atomic
poetic
economical
historical

-7 " "-able/-ible :
agreeable
favorable
responsible
convertible

-8 " "-ive :
attractive
progressive
selective

: :
-1 " "-en :

197
hasten
soften
threaten -

-2 " "-ise/-ize :
privatize
computerize
legalize

-3 " "-ify :
simplify
purify
beautify

: :
-1 " "-ly :
safely
quickly
dangerously

198
 -12
Punctuations

" :


".

.

.


.

199

.
:
He entered the room expecting to find his guest,
but found - an empty room.
" " "
" . :

.

:
While feeling his way in the dark, thunderbolts fell
unceasingly over his head.
" ":

.

:
It is indeed hard to overestimate the value of
language in communication but it is even harder to

200
overestimate its value in thinking. Language is tied
to the very process of thought.
.
" : " " ":

/
.

:
The OAU conference recommended that domestic
investment should be enhanced and that tourism
and other hard currency resources should be
promoted, particularly as capital inflows into the
continent are diminishing; limiting its capacity to
industrialize.
diminishing
" /
" :

201
 ) /
( .

.
.
.
:
Several countries in the Sahel, after the stimulus of
earlier years provided by a gradual recovery from
the long drought and by parallel diversification
efforts, suffered a significant setback in 1978
because of renewed drought conditions.
) (
.
.

:

1978

202


.

:
Nervously, they await the supreme accolade: a
visit from the patron of the London Gardens
Scheme.

.
" " :

.

.
:


.

203
 " "
: .
Some countries are chronically mismanaged;
wrong government policies would destroy the-then
vigorous nation.

204
 -13
Style

.

.

:

:
.
:
The Government and People of Kuwait
:

.
:

205

.
:
Heart is governed and directed by passion
:

:



.

:
.
:
In his speech on the state of security in the Gulf,
the American Secretary of Defence declared
:

...

206
 .
:

...

:
Since it took its course, the Nile River flows into
the Mediterranean Sea.
:

:

:
Convinced that something was wrong, the director
decided to investigate the matter further.
:

.
:

207

.

:
In his speech delivered yesterday, the President
stressed the need to
...
.
In his small-sized book, the author touched on the
rules of translation.
.

: " : " " "

" "and " "or .
:
Ahmed bought books, pens, cards and notebooks.
:
.

208

) (.

.
:
.

:
adverbs
" :
" " : " " " "
" "
".

" : " " " "
" " ".
.
:
Oil has gushingly welled out.

209
 :

:


.

:

.
auxiliary main
verb
. :
The clouds have soon faded away.
:

210
 :
.
:

:

.by
. by
" "
. :
The notes were written by the committee.
:
.

.
" "
:
.
) ( .

211
 :


. :
English is spoken all over the world.
:
.
:
.

:


.

. :
The law was twice amended.
:

212
 :
.

:
:

-1 " " against

. :
We will fight against the enemy.

:
The parents should vaccinate their children
against cholera.

:
The judgment was against him.

.
.
" "

213

" : "
. :

:

-2
cover .
" " .
. :
KUNA correspondent covered the news of the
Yemeni war.
:

.
:

214
 " " .
:

reach -3
.
:
The Egyptian Minister of Information reached
Kuwait yesterday evening.
:

" "reach
. " "
.
" " .:

-4 via :
via means of communication

215
 :

:
I sent a message to him via Ahmed.
:

:

-5 " " according

. :
POW's will be transferred on Sunday, according to
the news agencies.
:

" "

" " " " " " .:

216
 .
:

:
The meeting will be held tomorrow, according to
the British officials.
:

:

:
According to George, she's really good teacher.
:

:

-6 cancel " ":

217
The agreement shall be cancelled as from Friday
evening.
:

" "
" " .
" "
. " "
" " . :

-7 still " " .:

Meetings are still convened in the Security
Council.

:
Efforts are still exerted to heal the breach in
Lebanon.

218
 " "
. :

. "
" " " " "
" " . :




.

219


: :

1- Abboud, Peter F. and McCarus, Ernest N.

(editors). Elementary Modern Standard
Arabic. London: Cambridge University
Press. (1986).
2- Collins Co-build English Usage. London:
Harper Collins Publishers. (1992).
3- Crystal, David and Davy, Derek.
Investigating English Style. New York:
Longman Group Limited. (1986).
4- Greenbaum, Sidney and Whitcut, Janet.
Guide to English Usage. London:
Longman Group UK Limited. (1988).
5- Johnson-Davies, Denys. The Wedding of
Zein (Translation). London: Heinemann.
(1969).
6- Le Gassick, Trevor. Midaq Alley
(Translation). Washington, D.C. :Three
Continents Press, Inc. (1981).

220
7- Leech, Geoffrey and Svartvik, Jan. A
Communicative Grammar of English.
London: Longman Group Limited. (1975).
8- Lyons, John. Semantics. London; New
York: Cambridge University Press. (1977).
9- Mouakket, Ahmed. Linguistic and
Translation. Syria: Dar Tlass for Studies.
(1988).
10- Nahmad, A. M. From the Arabic Press.
London: Lund Humphries. (1970).
11- Newmark, Peter. A Textbook of
Translation. Prentice Hall International
(UK) Ltd. (1988).
12- Nida, E. A. Towards a Science of
Translating. Netherlands: Leiden, E. J.
Prill. (1964).
13- Swan, Michael. Practical English Usage.
London: Oxford University Press. (1995).

221
 : :
- 1 . . : ) .
.( 1979
- 2 ) ( . .
: .( 1992 ) .
- 3 . . : ) .
.( 1979

222


97 / 10464
ISBN: 997-19-4236-0

223