EUROCODES

Background and Applications

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 1

EN 1994 - Eurocode 4: Design of composite steel and

concrete structures

Composite Slabs

Stephen Hicks
EUROCODES
Background and Applications Composite slabs
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 2

Welded mesh reinforcement for crack Concrete cast in situ

control, transverse load distribution and
fire resistance

Headed stud connectors for shear

connection to the composite beam and,
when required, end anchorage to the slab
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
Through-deck welding of headed stud shear connectors
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 3
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
Conventional composite construction
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 4
EUROCODES
Background and Applications Benefits of composite beams
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 5

Bending resistance increased by a factor of

1.5 to 2.5

Stiffness increased by a factor of 3 to 4.5

Steel weight reduced by typically 30 to 50%

Reduction in beam depth (span:depth 25)

Lightweight construction
EUROCODES
Background and Applications Benefits of composite slabs
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 6

Profiled steel sheeting acts as a safe

working platform and permanent formwork.

Unpropped construction may be achieved.

Sheeting can stabilise beams during

construction.

Sheeting can provide all, or part, of the main

tension reinforcement to the slab.
EUROCODES
Background and Applications Examples of composite construction in UK
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 7

Commercial sector Residential sector

EUROCODES
Background and Applications Examples of composite construction in UK
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 8

Health sector
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
Types of profiled steel sheeting defined in EN 1994-1-1
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 9

Re-entrant profiled steel

sheet

Open trough profiled steel

sheet
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
Practical examples of open trough and re-entrant profiled steel
sheets used for composite slabs
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 10

9 mm
Multideck 60
60 mm
Cover width: 1000
15 mm 323 mm

ComFlor 60
60 mm
Cover width: 600
300 mm
Cofrastra 40
40 mm
58 mm Confraplus 60 Cover width: 750
Cover width: 1035 150 mm
207 mm

73 mm Cofrastra 70
Cover width: 732 51 mm Super Holorib 51
183 mm
152.5 mm Cover width : 610
15 mm 145 mm

70 mm ComFlor 80
80 mm
Cover width: 600
180 mm 120 mm
9 mm

80.5 mm Multideck 80
Cover width: 900
300 mm
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
Composite construction with services passed under
structural zone
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 11
EUROCODES
Background and Applications Examples of fixings for ceilings and services
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 12

Wedge attachment Clip attachment

Alternative wedge attachment

EUROCODES
Background and Applications EN 1994-1-1 detailing requirements
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 13

Re-entrant trough profile Scope limited to sheets with narrowly

bo br spaced ribs : br / bs 0,6

Slab thickness
hc When slab is acting compositely with
h beam or is used as a diaphragm:
hp h 90 mm & hc 90 mm
bb
When slab is not acting compositely
bs
with beam or has no stabilizing
function:
h 80 mm & hc 40 mm
Open trough profile
bo br Reinforcement 80 mm/m in both
directions
hc Spacing of reinforcement bars
h s 2h & 350 mm
hp
bb
Maximum aggregate size
1/2 h p dg 0,4 hc, b0 / 3 and 31,5 mm
bs
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Background and Applications
EN 1994-1-1 composite slab bearing requirements
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 14

bc

bs bs bs
bc bs bs

(a) (b) (c)

The bearing length shall be such that damage to the slab and the bearing is avoided;
that fastening of the sheet to the bearing can be achieved without damage to the
bearing and that collapse cannot occur as a result of accidental displacement during
erection.

For bearing on steel or concrete: lbc = 75 mm and lbs = 50 mm

For bearing on other materials: lbc = 100 mm and lbs = 70 mm
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
Actions and action effects on profiled steel sheeting
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 15

a) Imposed load on a 3 m 3 m
working area (or the length of
a c a c the span if less), with an
b b b b
intensity of 10% of the self-
weight of the concrete but
3000 3000
1,5kN/m and 0,75 kN/m

b) Imposed load of 0,75 kN/m

c) Self weight load

corresponding to the design
thickness of the slab plus
ponding effects if > h / 10
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
Analysis for internal forces and moments - set-up for double
span tests on profiled steel sheeting
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 16

Combined bending and

crushing at internal
support
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
Typical forms of shear connection in composite slabs
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 17

(a) (c)

(b) (d)

a) Mechanical interlock through the provision of indentations or

embossments rolled into the profile.
b) Frictional interlock for re-entrant profiles.
c) End anchorage from through-deck welded stud connectors or other
local connection.
d) End anchorage from deformation of the ends of the ribs at the end of the
sheeting.
EUROCODES
Background and Applications Longitudinal shear resistance
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 18

Test set-up from EN 1994-1-1, Annex B

EUROCODES
Background and Applications Classification of ductile or brittle behaviour
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 19

Load
PF
(kN) Slip at 2
(kN)
50 first end
40 F/2
P/2 F/2
P/2
30
20 Slip at
second end
10 1

10 20 30 40 50
Deflection (mm)
1. Brittle behaviour
o m-k method

2. Ductile behaviour - failure load exceeds the load causing a

recorded end slip of 0,1 mm by more than 10%
o Partial connection method
o m-k method
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
Determination of longitudinal shear resistance without end
anchorage for the partial connection method
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 20

f cm
M -
M p,Rm N cf

+
M test A
M p,Rm B f yp
Lo Ls
f cm F F
- 2 2
Nc
-
f yp
+

- C M
test 1.0 N
+ f yp = Nc M test
cf

Mean value for the ultimate shear stress: Mean value for the ultimate shear stress with
additional longitudinal shear resistance
caused by the support reaction:
test N cf
u = test N cf Vt
b(Ls + Lo ) u =
b(Ls + Lo )
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
Determination of design value for u,Rd from tests
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 21

For each variable investigated:

3 test specimens with the shear span Ls as long as possible,

whilst still providing failure in longitudinal shear.

1 test specimen with the shear span Ls as short as possible

(but not less than 3 overall slab thickness), whilst still
providing failure in longitudinal shear to classify the
behaviour

Characteristic value of the longitudinal shear strength u,Rk

calculated from the test values as the 5% fractile from EN1990,
Annex D

u,Rk is divided by the partial safety factor VS to obtain a design

value u,Rd
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Background and Applications
Neutral axis above the sheeting and full shear connection ( = 1)

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 22

0.85 f cd
Nc,f
x pl -
dp z M pl,Rd
+
Np
f yp,d
Centroidal axis of the profiled steel sheeting

Design compressive normal force in the concrete flange:

Nc,f = Np = Ape fyp,d
Depth of the concrete in compression
xpl = Nc,f / (0,85 fcd b) hc
Design moment resistance of the composite slab in sagging bending
MRd = Nc,f (dp - 0,5 xpl)
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
Neutral axis within the sheeting and full shear connection ( = 1)

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 23

0.85 f cd
Nc,f
hc - -
-
f yp,d z M pr
+
= +
e ep + +

f yp,d
Plastic neutral axis of the profiled steel sheeting
Centroidal axis of the profiled steel sheeting

Design compressive normal force in the concrete flange: Nc,f = 0,85 fcd b hc

N cf
Reduced plastic moment resistance of the sheeting: M pr = 1,25M pa 1
Ape f yp,d

z = h 0,5hc ep + (ep e )
N cf
Lever arm:
Ape f yp,d
Design moment resistance of the composite slab in sagging bending

MRd = Nc,f z + Mpr

EUROCODES
Background and Applications
Partial shear connection (0 < < 1)
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 24

0.85 f cd
Nc
- -
hc
f yp,d
- z - M pr
+

e ep + = + +

f yp,d
Plastic neutral axis of the profiled steel sheeting
Centroidal axis of the profiled steel sheeting

Design compressive normal force in the concrete flange: Nc = u,Rd b Lx Nc,f

N c
Reduced plastic moment resistance of the sheeting: M pr = 1,25M pa 1
Ape f yp,d

z = h 0,5hc ep + (ep e )
Nc
Lever arm:
Ape f yp,d
Design moment resistance of the composite slab in sagging bending

MRd = Nc z + Mpr
EUROCODES
Background and Applications End anchorage
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 25

According to EN 1994-1-1, design resistance of a headed stud welded through the steel
sheet used for end anchorage should be taken as the lesser of:
PRd kt
or
Ppb,Rd = k ddo t fyp,d
where PRd is the design resistance of a headed stud embedded in concrete, kt is a
reduction factor for deck shape, ddo is the diameter of the weld collar (which may be
taken as 1,1 times the shank diameter), t is the sheet thickness and k = 1 + a / ddo 6,0
a 1.5 d d0

f yp /2

d d0 Stud

f yp /2
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
Variation of bending resistance along a span: uniform distributed
load
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 26

M
MRd with end anchorage q
M
M pl,Rd
Rd

MEd Lx
L

MRd without end anchorage M Ed

MM
pl,p,Rd
pa
L sf L Lx
Ppb, RdVe,Rd PRd k t
or
b u,Rd whichever is the lesser
u,Rd b u,Rd b
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
Variation of bending resistance along a span: Point load

Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 27

M
MRd without end anchorage F
MMpl,Rd
Rd

Lx
MEd L

M Ed

MM
pl,p,Rd
pa
L sf L Lx
EUROCODES
Background and Applications Classification of ductile or brittle behaviour
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 28

Load
PF
(kN) Slip at 2
(kN)
50 first end
40 F/2
P/2 F/2
P/2
30
20 Slip at
second end
10 1

10 20 30 40 50
Deflection (mm)
1. Brittle behaviour
o m-k method

2. Ductile behaviour - failure load exceeds the load causing a

recorded end slip of 0,1 mm by more than 10%
o Partial connection method
o m-k method
EUROCODES
Background and Applications Determination of m-k values from tests
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 29

Vt
b.d p Vertical shear
2
m F/2 F/2

1 Longitudinal shear
Ls Ls
Flexural
k
Long Ls Short

Ap
b Ls
For each variable investigated:
3 test specimens with the shear span Ls as long as possible, whilst still providing failure
in longitudinal shear.
3 test specimens with the shear span Ls as short as possible (but not less than 3 overall
slab thickness), whilst still providing failure in longitudinal shear to classify the behaviour
If behaviour brittle, Vt = 0,8 (F / 2)
EUROCODES
Background and Applications Determination of m-k values from tests
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 30

Characteristic regression line

calculated from the test values
as the 5% fractile
Vt
b.d p Mean value Vertical shear
2
m F/2 F/2

1 Longitudinal shear
Ls Ls
Flexural
k
Long Ls Short

Ap
b Ls

bd p mAp
Design shear resistance Vl, Rd = + k
VS bLs
EUROCODES
Background and Applications Disadvantages of m-k method
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 31

The results contain all the influencing parameters, but are

impossible to separate from one another.

Methodology is not based on a mechanical model and is

therefore less flexible than the partial connection approach
(contribution from end anchorage and reinforcement need to
be evaluated from additional tests).

Other loading arrangements that differ from the test loading

can be problematical.
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
Effective width for slabs with concentrated loads
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 32

bp For hp / h 0,6
Finishes Reinforcement
hf
For bending and longitudinal shear:
i) for simple spans and exterior spans of
continuous slabs
Lp
bem = bm + 2 Lp 1 b
hc

L
hp
ii) for interior spans of continuous slabs
bm Lp
b cm
bem = bm + 1,33Lp 1 b
L
For vertical shear
bp Lp
bev = bm + Lp 1 b
1 b L
Width of slab over which load is distributed
L bm = bp + 2 (hc + hf)
Case c Concentrated loads applied parallel
to the span
Case d Concentrated loads applied
2 b bp perpendicular to the span

Lp
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
Transverse reinforcement for concentrated loads
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 33

bp

Finishes Reinforcement
hf

hc

hp

bm
b cm

If the characteristic imposed loads do not exceed the values given below, a nominal
transverse reinforcement of not less than 0,2% of the area of concrete above the ribs of
the sheet (which extends the minimum anchorage length beyond bem), may be
provided without any further calculation:
concentrated load: 7,5 kN;
distributed load: 5,0 kN/m.
For characteristic imposed loads greater than these values, the distribution of bending
moments and the appropriate amount of transverse reinforcement should be evaluated
according to EN 1992-1-1.
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
Vertical shear resistance of composite slabs
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 34

Vv,Rd should be determined using EN 1992-1-1, 6.2.2 which gives the following:
Vv,Rd = [CRd,c k(100l fck)1/3 + k1 cp] bsd (6.2a)
with a minimum of
Vv,Rd = (vmin + k1 cp) bsd (6.2b)
where l = Asl / bs d, Asl is the area of the tensile reinforcement which extends (lbd + d)
beyond the section considered and other symbols are defined in EN1992-1-1.
For normal loading conditions, and the fact that the sheeting is unlikely to be fully
anchored, the vertical shear resistance will commonly be based on Eq (6.2b).
For heavily loaded slabs, additional reinforcement bars may be required at the support
and the vertical shear resistance based on Eq (6.2a). According to the ENV version of
EN 1994-1-1, it is permitted to assume that the sheeting contributes to Asl provided that
it is fully anchored beyond the section considered.
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
Punching shear resistance
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 35

The punching shear resistance Vp,Rd

should be calculated according to EN
hc b p+ 2h f hc
1992-1-1. For a loaded area ap bp, which
is applied to a screed with a thickness hf,
dp
Critical
perimeter
the critical perimeter is given by:

ap +2h f ap cp = 2hc+ 2(bp+ 2hf) + 2(ap+ 2hf+ 2dp 2hc)

Loaded area of
dimensions a p x b p

dp bp hc
A A

hf

hc
dp

Section A - A
EUROCODES
Background and Applications Serviceability limit states for composite slabs
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 36

Crack widths
For continuous slabs that are designed as simply-supported, the minimum cross-sectional area of
the anti-crack reinforcement within the depth hc should be:
0,2% of the cross-sectional area of the concrete above the ribs for unpropped construction
0,4% of the cross-sectional area of the concrete above the ribs for propped construction.
The above amounts do not automatically ensure that wmax 0,3 mm as given in EN1992-1-1 for
certain exposure classes.
If cracking needs to be controlled, the slab should be designed as continuous, and the crack widths
in hogging moment regions evaluated according to EN 1992-1-1, 7.3.
Deflection
Deflections due to loading applied to the composite member should be calculated using elastic
analysis, neglecting the effects of shrinkage.
For an internal span of a continuous slab, the deflection may be estimated using the following
approximation:
the average value of the cracked and uncracked second moment of area may be taken.
for the concrete, an average value of the modular ratio for long-term and short-term effects may
be used.
For external, or simply supported spans, calculations of the deflection of the composite slab may be
omitted if:
the span/depth ratio of the slab does not exceed 20 for a simply-supported span and 26 for an
external span of a continuous slab (corresponding to the lightly stressed concrete limits given
in EN 1992-1-1; and
the load causing an end slip of 0,5 mm in the tests on composite slabs exceeds 1,2 times the
design service load.
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
Standard push test
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 37

P
Cover 15

150 PRk

Load per stud P (kN)

250

250

u
Slip (mm)
150 260 150 6 mm
EUROCODES Position of studs in open trough sheeting and reduction factor
Background and Applications
formula according to EN 1994-1-1
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 38

Compression e
in slab

hsc
hp,g hp,n

Force from stud bo

Edge of
beam

(a) Central (b) Favourable (c) Unfavourable

kt = 0.85 / nr (b0 / hp) {(hsc / hp) 1} kt,max

Number of stud Thickness t of Studs not Profiled steel

connectors per rib sheet exceeding 20 mm sheeting with
(mm) in diameter and holes and studs
welded through 19 mm or 22 mm
profiled steel in diameter
sheeting
nr = 1 1,0 0,85 0,75
> 1,0 1,00 0,75
nr = 2 1,0 0,70 0,60
> 1,0 0,80 0,60
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
Stud ductility demonstrated in full-scale composite beam tests
with studs through-deck welded in open trough sheeting
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 39

180 160

160 140
Point at which deck Point at which maximum
delamination was moment was applied
140 120
observed in Cycle 5

100
120
Axial force (kN)

Axial force (kN)

80
100

60
80

40
60
20
40
0
20 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
-20
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 -40
Slip (mm) Slip (mm)

7th pair 6th pair Strong Central Weak

EUROCODES
Background and Applications Load-slip curves for push tests cf. beam tests
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 40

140

120

100

80
Load per stud (kN)

nr = 1
60

40

20

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
-20

-40
Slip (mm)

Push test Beam test

90

80

70

60
Load per stud (kN)

nr = 2
50

40

30

20

10

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Slip (mm)

Push test Beam test

EUROCODES
Background and Applications
Recommended detailing to push test with open trough
profiled steel sheeting
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 41

Back-breaking failure
A P

T C

30 recess
optional
150 260 150 250 250 250

Bedded in mortar or gypsum

Steel section:
254 x 254 89 UC
or HE 260 B
4d minimum 750
EUROCODES
Background and Applications Where can I get further information?
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop 42

http://www.access-steel.com/

s.hicks@steel-sci.com