Assignment 1 (Spring 2004)

(Solution)

CIRCUIT THEORY(PHY301)
MARKS: 30
Due Date: 03/05/2004

Q.1.
1) Find the total resistance for the series circuit in the figure below
2) Calculate the source current Is.
3) Determine the voltages V1, V2 ,V3 and V4.
4) Calculate the power dissipated by R1, R2 ,R3 and R4.
5) Determine the power delivered by the source, and compare it to the sum of the
power levels of part (4)

Sol.
(a) Total resistance will be
RT = R1 +R2 + R3 + R4
= 3 Ω + 2 Ω + 5 Ω + 7 Ω =17 Ω
(b) Source Current
IS = V/RT = 30/17 =1.76 A
(c) Voltages will be
V1= IR1 = (1.76)(3 Ω)
= 5.3V
V2= IR2 = (1.76)(2 Ω)
= 3.52V
V3= IR3 = (1.76)(5 Ω)
= 8.8V
V4= IR4 = (1.76)(7 Ω)
= 12.32V
(d) Power dissipated by each resistance
P1= V1I1= (5.3) (1.76)
= 9.33W
P2 = V2I2= (3.52) (1.76)
= 6.2W
P3 = V3I3= (8.8) (1.76)
 = 15.5W
P4= V4I4= (12.32) (1.76)
= 21.7W
(e) Pdel = EI
=VI
=(30)(1.7)= 53 W
Pdel = P1 + P2+ P3 + P4
53 = 53 (checked)

Q.2.
For the parallel network of figure below
1) Calculate the RT.
2) Determine Is.
3) Calculate I1 and I2 and demonstrate that Is=I1 + I2.
4) Determine the power to each resistive load.
5) Determine the power delivered by the source, and compare it to the
total power dissipated by the resistive elements.

Sol.
(a) Total resistance will be
RT = R1R2 / R1 + R2
= (9Ω)(18Ω)/9Ω+18Ω
= 162Ω/27
= 6Ω
(b) IS= V/RT
= 27V/6Ω
= 4.5A
(c) I1=V1/R1
= 27V/9Ω
= 3A
I2=V2/R2
= 27V/18Ω
= 1.5A
IS = I1+I2
4.5A=3A+1.5A
4.5A=4.5A
(d) P1= V1I1
= (27V) (3A)
= 81W
P2 = V2I2= (27) (1.5A)
= 40.5W
 (e) Pdel = EIS
=VI
=(27)(4.5)=121.5W
Pdel = P1 + P2
121.5W = 81W + 40.5W =121.5W

Q.3.
Find the indicated currents and voltages for the network given below.

Sol.
R1||R2= 6Ω x 6Ω/ 6Ω + 6Ω
= 36/12
= 3Ω
RA = R1||R2||R3
= 3Ω x 2Ω/ 3Ω + 2Ω
= 6/5
= 1.2Ω
RB = R4||R5
= 8Ω x 12Ω/ 8Ω + 12Ω Fig A
=9 6/20
= 4.8Ω
Now the reduced form of the circuit will then appear as shown in figure B below

Fig B

RT = R1||R2||R3 + R4||R5
= 1.2Ω + 4.8Ω
= 6Ω
IS = V/RT
= 24V/6Ω = 4A
V1= ISR1 || 2 || 3
= (4A)(1.2Ω) = 4.8V
V5= ISR4 || 5
= (4A)(4.8Ω) = 19.2V
Now Applying ohm’s law we have
I4 = V5/R4
= 19.2V/8Ω = 2.4A
I2 = V2/R2 = V1/R2
= 4.8V/6Ω = 0.8A

------ Good Luck -----

Assignment 2 (Spring 2004)
Solution
CIRCUIT THEORY(PHY301)
MARKS: 30
Due Date: 11/05/2004

Q.1.
Find VAF and VCH in the circuits from all possible paths.

Sol.
We will draw some imaginary arrows form point A to point F and form point C to H.

VCH VAF

For Path AFGHA

VAF -10 + 1 – 12 = 0 --------------------- (A)
VAF = 21Volts
For Path ABCDEFA
2 +8+5+4+2+ VFA= 0 -------------------- (B)
VAF= -VFA
-VFA = 21Volts
VAF = 21Volts

To calculate VCH, we will write equations for Path CHABC and CDEFGHC
For Path CHABC
VCH – 12 + 2 + 8 = 0 --------------------- (C)
VCH = 2Volts
For Path CDEFGHC
5 + 4 + 2 –10 + 1+ VHC = 0 ------------------ (D)

VCH= -VHC
Hence,
VCH =2Volts

Q.2.

(a) Use nodal analysis to find the current I0 through 6k ohm resistance.

Sol.
12k V1 6k V2

+
8V 7k 12k 3mA
-

At node 1
(V1-8)/12 + V1/7 + (V1 – V2)/6 = 0
(7V1 -56 + 12V1 +14V1 –14V2)/84 = 0
(7V1 -56 + 12V1 +14V1 –14V2) = 0
33V1 –14V2 = 56 ---------------- (A)
At node 2
(V2 – V1)/6 + V2/12 = -3mA
2V2 –2V1 +V2 = -36
-2V1 +3V2 =-36 ----------------- (B)
Multiply equation (A) with 2 and (B) with 33 and then adding we have
66V1 - 28V2 = 112
- 66V1 + 99V2 = -1188

71V2 = -1076
 V2= - 15.15 V

Put the value of V2 in B we have

-2V1 +3(-15.15) = - 36
-2V1= 45.45-36

V1= -4.7 V
Now we know the voltage at both nodes so now we will calculate the value
of current through 6K resistance. So for output current Io
I = (V1 – V2)/6
o
= (-4.7 +15.15)/6
= 10.45/6
=1.74mA

(b) Use nodal analysis to find the current I0 through 6k ohm resistance.

Sol.
16k V1 6k

- +
8k 8V
14V
+ -

At node 1
(V1-(-14)/16k + V1/8k + (V1-8) /6k = 0
3V1+ 42 +6V1 + 8V1 -64 = 0
17V1 = 22
V1= 1.294V

Io = (8-V1))/6k
Io= (8-1.294)/6k
= 1.12
Io=1.12mA
Q.3.
Use nodal analysis to calculate the voltage V0 and current I0.

Sol.

------ Good Luck -----

Node 2 and 3 constitute a super node Constraint equation will be

V3 – V2 = 8 -------------------- (A)

KCL equation at super node is

((V2-10)/6k) + (V2/9k) + (V3 /3k) + ((V3 -10)/5k)=0

After simplifying we have
25V2 +48 V3=330 ----------------------------(B)
After solving equation (A) and (B), we have

V3 = 7.26Volts
V2 = -0.74Volts
V0 = V3 = 7.26Volts
I0 = V2/9k
= -0.74/9k
I0 = - 0.08222mA
Assignment 3 (Spring 2004)
(Solution)
CIRCUIT THEORY (PHY301)
MARKS: 30
Due Date: 19/05/2004

Q.1.
Use Mesh analysis to find currents through all loops also find currents through
each resistance in the networks below.

(a)

Sol.

For Loop 1
-20 + 100 (I1 - I3) + 500 (I1 - I2) = 0
600*I1 - 500*I2 - 100*I3 = 20 ---------------- (A)
For Loop 2

500 (I2 - I1) + 100 (I2 - I3) + 200 (I2) = 0

-500*I1 + 800*I2 -100*I3 = 0 --------------- (B)
For Loop 3

300 (I3) + 100 (I3 - I2) + 100 (I3 - I1) = 0

-100*I1 - 100*I2 + 500*I3 = 0 --------------- (C)
 Subtracting (A ) and (B) we have
1100 I1-1300I2=20 ------ (1)
Multiply equation (A) by 5 and then adding in (C) we have
2900 I1 – 2600 I2 =100 ----- (2)
Multiply equation (1) by 2 and subtracting by (2) we have
I1 = 60 / 700
= 85.7 mA
Put this value in (1) we have
I2= 57.14 mA
After putting the value of I1 and I2 in (A) we have

I3 = 28.57mA
Current through R1
IR1 = I1 - I3
= 85.7mA - 28.57mA
= 60.13mA
Current through R2
IR2 = I1 - I2 = 85.7mA - 57.14mA
= 28.56mA
Current through R3
IR3 = I2 - I3 = 57.14mA - 28.57mA
= 28.57mA
Current through R4

IR4 = I3 = 28.57mA
Current through R5

IR5 = I2 = 57.14mA
(b)

Sol.

For Loop 1:
-58 + 10*I1 + 6 (I1 - I2) = 0
16*I1 - 6*I2 = 58 --------------- (A)
For Loop 2:
6 (I2 - I1) - 6 + 4*I2 + 5 (I2 + I3) =0
-6*I1 + 15*I2 = -9 ------------- (B)
For Loop 3: I3 = 3A
Solving (A) and (B) for I1 and I2:
I1 = 4A
I2 = 1A
IR1 = I1 = 4A
IR2 = I1 - I2
= 4 - 1 = 3A
IR3 = I2 = 1A
IR4 = I2 + I3
= 1 + 3 = 4A

Q.2.
Use Mesh analysis to find currents and also calculate voltage drop across each
resistor.
Sol.

For Loop 1:
-50I1 - 100(I1 +I2) - 150(I1 + I3) =0
300I1 + 100I2 + 150 I3 =0 ----- (A)
For Loop 2:
-100(I1 +I2) - 300(I2 –I3) - 250 I2 = 0
100I1 + 650I2 -300 I3 =0 ----- (B)
For Loop 3:
24 -150(I3 +I1) - 300 (I3 –I2) = 0
-150I1 + 300I2 -450 I3 = -24 ----- (C)
Simultaneously solve (A) (B) and (C)

I1 = - 93.793 mA
I2 = 77.241 mA
I3 = 136.072 mA
The negative value arrived at for I1 tells us that the assumed direction for that mesh
current was incorrect. Thus, the actual current value through each resistor is as such:
 IR1 = I3 - I1
= 136.092 mA – 93.793 mA4A
= 42.299 mA
IR2 = I1 = 93.793 mA
IR3 = I1-I2
= 93.793 mA - 77.24 mA
= 16.552 mA
IR4 = I3 - I2
= 136.092 mA - 77.241 mA
= 58.851mA
IR5 = I2 = 77.241mA

Calculating voltage drops across each resistor:

ER1=IR1 R1
= (42.299 mA ) (150Ω)
= 6.3448 V
ER2=IR2 R2
= (93.793 mA)(50Ω)
= 4.6897 V
ER3=IR3 R3
= (16.552 mA)(100Ω)
= 1.6552V
ER4=IR4 R4
= (58.851 mA)(300Ω)
= 17.6552V
ER5 =IR5 R5
= (77.241 mA)(250Ω)
= 19.3103V

Q.3.
Solve for the mesh currents in the circuit below.
Sol.

I3

I1 I2

Mesh 1: 3I1 + 10(I1 – I3) + 4(I1 – I2) = 20 + 10

17I1 – 4I2 – 10I3 = 30 ---------------- (A)

Mesh 2: 4(I2 – I1) + 11(I2 – I3) + 3I2 = - 10 - 8

-4I1 + 18I2 – 11I3 = -18 --------------- (B)

Mesh 3: 9I3 + 11(I3 – I2) + 10(I3 – I1) = 12 + 8

-10I1 – 11I2 + 30I3 = 20 ---------------- (C)

Multiply (A) by 9 and (B) by 2 and adding (A &B) we have

153I1 – 36I2 – 90I3 = 270

-8I1 + 36I2 – 22I3 = -36

145I1 – 112I3 = 234

I1= (234 + 112 I3)/ 145 ----------- (1)

Multiply (A) by 4 and (B) by 17 and adding we have

68I1 – 16I2 – 40I3 = 120

-68I1 + 306I2 – 187I3 = -306

290I2 - 227I3 = -186

I2 = (-186 +227 I3)/290 ---------------(2)

After putting the values of I1 and I2 in (C ) we have
 I3 = 2.13A
Put I3 in (1) and (2) we have

I1 = 3.25 A
I2 = 1.03 A

------ Good Luck -----

Assignment 4 (Spring 2004)
(Solution)
CIRCUIT THEORY (PHY301)
MARKS: 35
Due Date: 24/06/2004

Q.1. Use mesh analysis to find the current io. Identify and label each mesh. Solve
equations by using matrices.

Sol.

First, label the mesh currents.

KVL for Mesh 1:

-24 +10 (i1- i2) + 12(i1- i3) = 0

11i1 – 5i2 – 6i3 = 12 ----------- (1)
KVL for Mesh 2:
24 i2 +4 (i2- i3) + 10 (i2- i1) = 0
-5i1 + 19i2 – 2i3 = 0 ----------- (2)
KVL for Mesh 3:
4 i0 + 12 (i3- i1) + 4(i3- i2) = 0
But i0= i1- i2
4(i1- i2) + 12 (i3- i1) + 4(i3- i2) = 0
- i1 – i2 +2 i3 = 0 ----------- (3)

In matrix form

⎡ 11 −5 −6 ⎤ ⎡ i1 ⎤ ⎡12 ⎤
⎢ −5 19 −2 ⎥ ⎢i ⎥ = ⎢ 0 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 2⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ −1 −1 2 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣i3 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 ⎥⎦

11 −5 −6
D = −5 19 −2
−1 −1 2
= 11{(38-2)} – (-5){(-10 -2)} + (-6){(5 +19)}
= 192
12 −5 −6
D1 = 0 19 −2
0 −1 2

12 −5 −6
0 19 −2
0 −1 2
I1 =
192
= 12 (38 -2)/192
= 2.25 A
11 12 −6
D2 = −5 0 −2
−1 0 2
11 12 −6
−5 0 −2
−1 0 2
I2 =
192
= -12 (-10 - 2)/192
= 0.75 A
11 −5 12
D3 = −5 19 0
−1 −1 0
 11 −5 12
−5 19 0
−1 −1 0
I3 =
192
= 12 (5 + 19)/192
= 1.5 A
∴ io = i1 − i2 = 1.5 A
Q.2. Identify and label each mesh. Find current through all meshes using mesh
analysis for the following circuit.

Sol.
First, label the mesh currents.

KVL to the larger Super mesh:

2i1 + 4i3 + 8(i3-i4) + 6i2 = 0

i 1 + 3i2 + 6i3 - 4 i4 = 0 -------------- (1)

Constraint equation for for independent source

i2 = i 1 + 5 --------------- (2)

Constraint equation for dependent source

i2 = i 3 + 3 i 0 but i o = - i 4
 i2 = i 3 - 3i4 --------------- (3)

KVL to mesh 4:

2i4 + 8(i4-i3) + 10 = 0

5i 4 - 4 i3 = -5 -------------- (4)

Solve (1) to (4)

i 1 = - 7.5 A, i 2 = - 2.5 A, i 3 = 3.93 A, i 4 = 2.143 A

Q.3. Find I in the following circuit using mesh analysis. Identify and label each mesh.
Solve equations by using matrices.

Sol.

First, label the mesh currents.

First, i4 is simply equal to the current source, 10mA, reducing the number of needed
currents by one.

I4 = 10mA ------------ (1)

For Mesh 1:

Mesh current one goes through a 2k resistor, opposes I 2 in a 4k resistor, and rises 30 V
due to a voltage source.

2 I 1 + 4 (I 1 - I 2) = 30

6 I 1 - 4 I 2 = 30 -------------- (2)

For Mesh 2:

The second mesh current opposes I 1 in a 4k resistor, opposes I 3 in a 1k resistor, and rises
15 V due to a voltage source.

4 (I 2 - I 1) + (I 1 - I 3) = 15

-4 I 1 + 5 I 2 - I 3 = 15 ------------------- (3)

For Mesh 3:

The third mesh current opposes I 2 in a 1k resistor, opposes I 4 in a 3k resistor, rises 20 V

due to one voltage source and drops 15 V due to another.

(I 3 - I 2) + 3 (I 3 - I 4) = 20 - 15

I 3 - I 2 + 3 (I 3 - 10) = 5

- I 2 + 4 I 3 = 35 ----------------- (4)

The three equations needed to find the unknowns are:

6 I 1 - 4 I 2 = 30
 4 I 1 + 5 I 2 - I 3 = 15

- I 2 + 4 I 3 = 35

Put into a matrix they look like the following.

6 −4 0 I1 30
−4 5 −1 I 2 = 15
0 −1 4 I3 35

6 −4 0
D = −4 5 −1
0 −1 4

D = (6)(5)(4) + (-4)(-1)(0) + (0)(-4)(-1) - (0)(5)(0) - (-4)(-4)(4) - (6)(-1)(-1) = 50

30 −4 0
D1 = 15 5 −1
35 −1 4

D1
I1 =
D

30 −4 0
15 5 −1
35 −1 4
I1 =
D

I1 = (30){(5)(4) - (-1)(-1)} + (-4){(-1)(35) - (15)(4)} + (0) { (15)(-1) -(5)(35)} / 50

I1 = 19

6 30 0
−4 15 −1
0 35 4
I2 =
D

I 2 = (6){(15)(4) - (35)(-1)} - (30){ (-4)(4) ) - (-1)(0)} + (0){ (-4)(35) - (15)(0)} / 50

I 2 = 21
 6 −4 30
−4 5 15
0 −1 35
I3 =
D

I3 = ( (6){(5)(35) - (-1)(15)}- (-4) {(35) (-4)- (15)(0)} + (30){(-4)(-1) - (0)(5)/ 50

I3= 14

The mesh currents are

I1 = 19 mA

I2 = 21 mA

I3 = 14 mA

I4 = 10 mA

Q.4.Find Ia and Ib in the following circuit using mesh analysis. Identify and label
each mesh.

Sol.

First, label the mesh currents

Then, notice that there are two current sources and therefore two of the mesh currents
can be eliminated.

I4 = 5 A

I3 = -2.5 I a + I2 = -2.5 I2 + I2 = -1.5 I2

There are also two dependant sources which can be simplified.

2 I b = 2 (I3 - I1) = 2 (-1.5 I2 - I1)

2 I b = -2 I1 - 3 I2

2.5 I a = 2.5 I2

For Mesh 1:

Then, find the equations which describe the two currents. First, i1 opposes i2 in a 40
ohm resistor, opposes i3 in a 8 ohm resistor, and rises 2 ib V due to a voltage source.

40 (I1 - I2) + 8 (I1 - I3) = 2 I b

40 (I1 - I2) + 8 (I1 + 1.5 I2) = -2 I1 - 3 I2

40 I1 - 40 I2 + 8 I1 + 12 I2 = -2 I1 - 3 I2

50 I1 - 25 I2 = 0

2 I1 - I2 = 0 ----------- (A)

For Super Mesh :

 Next, find look at the Super mesh formed by combing the meshes of I 2 and I3. First,
I2 opposes I1 in a 40 ohm resistor, I3opposes I4 in a 80 ohm resistor, I3 opposes I1 in a
8 ohm resistor, and there is a 64 V rise due to a voltage source.

40 (I2 - I1) + 80 (I3 - I4) + 8 (I3 - I1) = 64

40 (I2 - I1) + 80 (-1.5 I2 - 5) + 8 (- 1.5 I2 - I1) = 64

40 I2 - 40 I1 - 120 I2 - 400 - 12 I2 - 8 I1 = 64

-48 I1 + -92 I2 = 464

-12 I1 - 23 I2 = 116 ----------- (B)

Solving equation (A) and (B) simultaneously we have

The mesh currents are

I1 = -2 A

I2 = -4 A

I3 = 6 A

I4 = 5 A

From the above figure , the unknowns can be found.

I a = I2 = - 4A

I b = I 3 – I 1 = 6 - (-2) = 8A

------ Good Luck -----

Assignment 5 (Spring 2004)
(Solution)
CIRCUIT THEORY (PHY301)
MARKS: 40
Due Date: 07/07/2004

Q.1. Find the Norton equivalent circuit of the following circuit.

Sol.

Find RN

20 × 5
RN = 5 || (8 + 4 + 8) = 5 || 20 = =4Ω
25

Find IN

Determine IN directly
Mesh 1: i1 = 2 A

Mesh 2: 4(i2 − i1 ) + 8i2 + 8i2 − 12 = 0

20i2 − 4i1 − 12 = 0
∴ i2 = 1 A = isc = I N
After calculating IN and RN, the Norton equivalent circuit is,

Q.2. Using the superposition theorem, find io in the following circuit.

Sol.

io = io' + io''
4A 20V

(i) When 4A source active only → voltage source shorted , we suppose that
current = i’o
From Loop 1:

i1 = 4 A............(1)

From Loop 2:

3(i2 − i1 ) + 2i2 + 1i2 − 1i3 − 5io' = 0

−3i1 + 6i2 − 1i3 − 5io' = 0.....(2)

From Loop 3:

5(i3 − i1 ) + 1(i3 − i2 ) + 4i3 + 5io' = 0

−5i1 − 1i2 + 10i3 + 5io' = 0.......(3)

From the Figure it is clear that

At Node 0:
i3 = i1 − io' = 4 − io' ..........(4)
(1) & (4) → (2) & (3)

⎧ 3i2 − 2io' = 8
⎨
⎩i2 + 5io = 20
'

52
∴ io' = A
17
 (ii) When 20V Source active only→ current source opened, we suppose that
current = i’’o

From Loop 4:
6i4 − i5 − 5io'' = 0.......(5)
From Loop 5:

−i4 + 10i5 − 20 + 5io'' = 0....(6)

But i5 = −io'' → (5) & (6)

⎧ 6i4 − 4io'' = 0
⎨
⎩i4 + 5io = −20
''

60
∴ io'' = − A
17

8
i o = i o' + i o'' = − = − 0 .4 7 0 6 A
17
Q.3. Use source transformation to find vx in the following circuit.
Sol.
We can solve above circuit by two methods:
Method: I
From large loop
−3 + (1 + 4)i + vx + 18 = 0.......(1)
From small loop
−3 + 1i + vx = 0 ⇒ vx = 3 − i.......(2)
Put value from 2 in (1) we have
15 + 5i + 3 − i = 0 ⇒ i = −4.5 A
Alternatively
Method: II

From right small loop

−vx + 4i + vx + 18 = 0 ⇒ i = −4.5 A
Put i= -4.5 A in (2) we have
∴ vx = 3 − i = 3 − (−4.5) = 7.5 V

Q.4. Find the Thevenin equivalent circuit of the following circuit, to the left of
the terminals a-b.

Sol.
(A) Find RTh

Loop 1:
−2vx + 2(i1 − i2 ) = 0 ⇒ vx = i1 − i2
But − 4i2 = vx = i1 − i2
∴ i1 = −3i2 ..............(1)

Loop 2:

Loop 3: 4i2 + 2(i2 − i1 ) + 6(i2 − i3 ) = 0........(2)

Solve (1)(2) and (3) we have

6(i3 − i2 ) + 2i3 + 1 = 0.................(3)
 1
i3 = − A
6
1 1V
But io = −i3 = A, ∴ RTh = = 6Ω
6 i0
(B) Find VTh

By mesh analysis

Loop 1:
i1 = 5 A............(1)

Loop 2:
4(i2 − i1 ) + 2(i2 − i3 ) + 6i2 = 0
⇒ 12i2 − 4i1 − 2i3 = 0.............(2)
Loop 3:
−2vx + 2(i3 − i2 ) = 0
⇒ vx = i3 − i2 .............(3)

But vx = 4(i1 − i2 )...............(4)

Solving (1) , (2) ,(3) and (4) simultaneously we have
10
∴ i2 = A
3
VTh = voc = 6i2 = 20 V

Thevenin’s equivalent circuit will be

------ Good Luck -----
Assignment 6 (Spring 2004)
(Solution)
CIRCUIT THEORY (PHY301)
MARKS: 30
Due Date: 24/07/2004
Note:
Labeled and draw each circuit diagram if necessary, other wise you will lose your
marks. Show how you got your equations. Be sure to show how you got your
answers.

Q.1. For the following circuit, assume io = 1 A and use LINEARITY

PROPERTY to find the actual value of io .

=? A

Sol.
We will redraw the figure

is = 3 A ⇐ io = 1 A
is = 15 A ⇒ io = 5 A

If io = 1A, then v1 = (3+5) io = 8 V

i1 = v1 / 4 = 2A
KCL at Node 1:

10 - 0.7
ID = = 0.93 mA
10

KCL at Node 2:
i4 = i3 + i2 = 5A ⇒ i s = i4 = 5 A
io = 1 A → is = 5 A io = 3A ← is = 15 A

Q.2.

(a) Find voltage across R1, consider germanium diode so that 0.3 drop is assumed
across it.

Sol.
By KVL
Vs=VR+Vf
VR=Vs- 0.3
 VR= 9 - 0.3
= 8.7 volts .

(b) Determine the voltage VF across the diode in the figure below for values of IF
= 3mA and IF =7 mA. Assume that the bulk resistance of the diode is 7 Ω and the
diode is silicon. .

Sol.
Because the diode is silicon we use
VF = 0.7 V+ IF RB
For IF = 3mA
VF = 0.7 + (3mA) (7Ω)
= 0.7 + 0.021V
= 0.721 V (721 mV)

For IF =7mA
VF = 0.7 + (7mA) (7Ω)
= 0.7 + 0.049 V
= 0.749 V (749 mV)

Q.3. Consider the circuit shown in the figure below for the case R=10k Ω. The power
supply V+ has a dc value of 10 V on which is super imposed a 60-Hz sinusoid of I-V
peak amplitude. (This “signal” component of the power supply voltage is an imperfection
in the power supply design. It is known as the power supply ripple.) Calculate the dc
voltage of the diode. Assume the diode to have 0.7-V drop at 1mA current and n =2

Sol.
Considering dc quantities only, we assume VD ≅ 0.7V and calculate the diode dc current

10 - 0.7
ID = = 0.93 mA
10
Since this value is very close to 1mA, the diode voltage will be very close to the assumed
value of 0.7 V. At this operating point , the diode incremental resistance rd is
 nVT 2 × 25
rd = = = 53.8Ω
ID 0.93

The peak signal voltage across the diode can be found by using the voltage divider rule
r
Vd (peak to peak) = 2 d
R + rd
0.0538
=2 = 10.7 mV
10 +0.0538

------ Good Luck -----

Assignment 7 (Spring 2004)
(Solution)
CIRCUIT THEORY (PHY301)
MARKS: 25
Due Date: 01/08/2004

Q.1. With the sine wave signal input of Fig (a), find the shape of the output signal
VO in the biased series clipper of Fig (b). What would happen if battery
connections were reversed? Also draw the shape of out signal.

Sol.
Let us consider the positive half- cycle of the signal i.e. , when terminal A of the
circuit becomes positive with respect to B. The diode appears as a short since it is
forward-biased but no current flows till Vg exceeds the opposing battery of 10 V. Hence
only upper part of the positive signal voltage passes through the clipper circuit and
appears as vo across R. Its shape is shown in the figure below. The negative half cycle of
the signal voltage is clipped off. In fact, in this circuit, the entire input is clipped off
except positive peak portions.
Reverse Battery Connections
The battery connections have been reversed in the Following figure. In this case, during
the positive half-cycle of the signal, the voltage across R would be the sum of the signal
voltage and the battery voltage i.e. signal voltage would be lifted up by 10V as shown in
the fig(c). During the negative input half-cycle , the lower peak portion of the signal
would be clipped off because of the battery.

Q.2. Determine the peak and dc load current values for the circuit below.
Sol.

The transformer is rated at 40Vac. Therefore, the value of V2(pk) is found as

V2(pk) = 40Vac/0.707
= 56.6Vpk
The peak load voltage can now found as
VL(pk) = V2(pk) /2 – 0.7
=28.3 – 0.7
= 27.6Vpk
Finally the dc load voltage is found as
Vave = 2 VL(pk) /π
= 55.2 Vpk/ π
Vave =17.57Vdc
IL(pk) = VL(pk)/RL
= 27.6 / 8.3 k
= 3.33 mApk
And
Iave = Vave/RL
=17.57/8.3 k
= 2.12 mA dc
Q.3. A full wave rectifier has 16 Vac transformer and 16 k Ω load. Determine the
dc load voltage and current values for the circuit.

Sol.

The peak secondary voltage is found as

V2(pk) = 16/0.707
=22.637Vpk

The peak load voltage is now found as

VL(pk) = V2(pk) /2 – 0.7V
VL(pk) =10.62Vpk
The dc load voltage is found as
Vave = 2VL(pk)/π
= 21.24/ π
Vave =6.76 Vdc
Finally the dc load current is found as
Iave = Vave/RL
= 6.76 /16 k
Iave = 422.5 microA

------ Good Luck -----

Assignment 8 (Spring 2004)
(Solution)
CIRCUIT THEORY (PHY301)
MARKS: 10
Due Date: 08/08/2004

Q.1. Calculate the currents and voltages in a circuit when the transistor is driven into
saturation. For the circuit shown in Figure below the transistor parameter are
β=100, and VBE(on) =0.7 V. If the transistor is biased in saturation, assume
VCE (sat) =0.2 V.

Sol.

Since +8V is applied to the input side of RB, the base-emitter junction is certainly
forward biased , so the transistor is turned on. The base current is

VBB -VBE 9 - 0.7

IB = = ⇒ 33.2µ A
RB 220

If we first assume that the transistor is biased in the active region, then the collector
current is

IC = β IB = (100)(33.2µ A) ⇒ 3.32mA

The collector- emitter voltage is then

 VCE = VCC − IC R C = 10 − (3.3)(4) = −3.28V

However the collector emitter voltage of the npn transistor in the common-emitter
configuration shown in the above figure cannot be negative. Therefore, our initial
assumption of the transistor being biased in the forward- active mode is incorrect.
Instead, the transistor must be biased in saturation.

As given in the question statement , set VCE(sat) =0.2V. The collector current is

VCC -VCE (sat) 10-0.2

I C = IC (sat) = = = 2.45mA
RC 4

Assuming that the B-E voltage is still equal to VBE(on)=0.7V, the base current is
IB=33.2µA, as previously determined. If we take the ration of collector current to
base current, then

IC 2.45
= = 74 < β
IB 0.0332

The emitter current is

I E = IC +IB = 2.45 + 0.033 = 2.48mA

------ Good Luck -----