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Sakis Meliopoulos (Georgia Tech) PDF
Sakis Meliopoulos (Georgia Tech) PDF
A. P. Sakis Meliopoulos
Georgia Power Distinguished Professor
School of Electrical & Computer Engineering
Georgia Institute of Technology
NSF/ECEDHA Education Workshop 1.1
Georgia Tech GLC, Atlanta, Georgia, July 9-12, 2011
School of Electrical and Computer
Engineering
Chairman
Chairman (interim)
(interim)
Dr.
Dr. Douglas
Douglas B.
B. Williams
Williams
Associate
Associate Director
Director
Graduate Computer
Computer Engineering
Engineering Microelectronics
Microelectronics
Graduate Affairs
Affairs
Associate Digital
Digital Signal
Signal Processing
Processing Modern
Modern Optics
Optics
Associate Director
Director
Undergraduate
Undergraduate Affairs
Affairs
Electric
Electric Power
Power Systems
Systems and
and Controls
Controls
Associate
Associate Director
Director
Electromagnetics
Electromagnetics Telecommunications
Telecommunications
Associate
Associate Director
Director Electronic
Electronic Design
Design Bioengineering
Bioengineering
and
and Applications
Applications
ECE3070
ECE3070 Electromechanical Energy Conversion
ECE4320
ECE4320 Power System Analysis
ECE4321
ECE4321 Power System Engineering
ECE4330
ECE4330 Power Electronics
ECE4325
ECE4325 Electric Power Quality
ECE6320
ECE6320 Control and Operation of Power Systems
ECE6321
ECE6321 Power System Stability
ECE6322
ECE6322 Power System Planning
ECE6323
ECE6323 Power System Relaying
ECE6330
ECE6330 Power Electronic Devices & Subsystems
ECE6331
ECE6331 Power Electronic Circuits
ECE6335
ECE6335 Electric Machinery Analysis and Design
ECE6336
ECE6336 Dynamics & Control of Electric Machine Drives
Core
Core Courses
Courses
Power
Power System
System Relaying:
Relaying: Theory
Theory and
and Application
Application
Modern
Modern Energy
Energy Management
Management Systems
Systems
Integrated
Integrated Grounding
Grounding System
System Design
Design and
and Testing
Testing
Grounding,
Grounding, Harmonics,
Harmonics, && Electromagnetic
Electromagnetic Influence
Influence Design
Design Practices
Practices
Power
Power Distribution
Distribution System
System Grounding
Grounding and
and Transients
Transients
Power
Power Electronic
Electronic Devices,
Devices, Circuits,
Circuits, and
and Systems
Systems
Elective
Elective Courses/Conferences
Courses/Conferences
Fault
Fault and
and Disturbance
Disturbance Analysis
Analysis Conference
Conference
Georgia
Georgia Tech
Tech Protective
Protective Relaying
Relaying Conference
Conference
ECONOMICS
Net Interchange Restructuring
Pollutants
Power Transactions POWER MARKET (SMD)
IPPs TRANSMISSION TARRIFS (FTR,FGR)
Energy Balance Market CONGESTION MANAGEMENT
Ancillary Services ERO (Electric Reliability Organization)
Xfmr
Generators 12kV
Transformers
Buses
Transmission Lines FDR
R
Motors Zone
Capacitor Banks
Reactors, etc.
Radial
Va = 8.400 kV X1=15.5%,X2=18%,X0=9%
1
G SOURCE-A2
Va = 63.01 kV Va = 61.99 kV
BUS10 BUS20
Va = 42.02 kV Va = 8.238 kV
Illustration of Two Power System Swings:
1 2
BUS-MID BUS30 G
Ancillary Network
Services Economic Topology
Dispatch
State
Estimation
Power Automatic
Balance Generation Displays
Market Control
External
Congestion Equivalents
Management
SECURITY MONITORING
Transmission AND CONTROL SUBSYSTEM
Valuation Optimal
Power Flow
Security
Security Emergency Monitoring
State
Dispatch Extremis
Normal State
Emergency State
Environmental
Controls
Dispatch Contingency Restorative
Analysis Controls
Insecure
VAR State
Dispatch
Preventive
Controls
G1 G2
MW Flow Measurement
MVAR Flow Measurement
kV Measurement New Technology
Disconnect Switch Status
Breaker Status
GPS Synchronized
Measurements
(Phasors)
Communication
RTU Link with Control
Center
Contact Inputs
Analog Inputs Data
Master
Contact Outputs RTU
Station
Analog Outputs Commands
Breaker
Oriented
Model
AutoBank
500kV/230kV AutoBank
500kV/230kV
G1 G2
Bus
Oriented
Model
SG1 SG2
2 4
SOLUTION:
L1
Interconnection Interconnection
Traditional
L3 State
L2 Estimation
5
MW Flow Measurement Centralized
T1 MVAR Flow Measurement Procedure
kV Measurement
Transformer Tap Measurement
6
Observability
Bad Data Detection/ID/Rejection
Parameter Estimation
NSF/ECEDHA Education Workshop 1.16
Georgia Tech GLC, Atlanta, Georgia, July 9-12, 2011
Technological Developments
Circuit CT CCVT
Breaker
Relays
P Circuit CT CCVT
Breaker
IED-Relay
Comm Link
NSF/ECEDHA Education Workshop 1.18
Georgia Tech GLC, Atlanta, Georgia, July 9-12, 2011
SCADA Evolution
Indicator
Control
Control Center
User
Interface
Communication
Encoder
Decoder Standards
GPS
Communications
Terminal
Protection, Control,
Communications
Physical System
History of GPS-Synchronized
Measurements
Memory
Input Protection &
Isolation Section A/D Converter P
( Modulation) Optical
Isolation
16 bit A/D
Modulation
Digitized Display
Data &
2880 s/s Keyboard
Optical
Isolation
RS232
Data
Time Accuracy11s
TimeAccuracy s
Master
Workstation
Concentrator
(PC) 0.02
0.02Degrees
Degreesatat60
60Hz
Hz
NSF/ECEDHA Education Workshop 1.25
Georgia Tech GLC, Atlanta, Georgia, July 9-12, 2011
Distributed Dynamic State Estimation Implementation
PMU Technology Enables Distributed SE
IED Vendor D
Measurement Layer
Phase Conductor i(t)
Physical Arrangement
LAN
Processing
v(t) Current Relay
Transformer Vendor C
Data
FireWall
Transformer
Attenuator
Instrumentation
Potential
Calibrator
Attenuator
Anti-Aliasing
Data Flow
Filters
Encoding/Decoding
LAN
Cryptography
v1(t) v2(t)
PMU
Vendor C
Burden
The total energy of the generator can also be trivially computed once the potential energy has been computed.
The total energy is compared to the potential energy of the generator if the total energy is higher than the peak
(barrier) value of the potential energy this indicates that the generator will lose its synchronism (transient
instability).
It is important to note that this approach is predictive, i.e. it identifies a transient instability before it occurs.
The figures provide visualizations of generator oscillations and the trajectory of the total energy superimposed on
the system potential energy.
Tramsmission
System
and Load
Tie
Prime Line
G
Mover
Vg Pg f
Governor Exciter
G(s) fsched
f + -
Vref f
Bias Psched
+ - - Bf +
+ +
Pg Pg
PSS K(s)
- + +
D(s)
f
L(s)
Vi e ji
G G G
ACE = P
Area 4 Area 2
G
G
Pgi = a i ACE G
A Resource Scheduling
(weeks)
B Unit Commitment
(hours/Days)
Automatic
D Generation Control
(seconds)
Pdesi , i =1,2,...,n
NSF/ECEDHA Education Workshop 1.32
Georgia Tech GLC, Atlanta, Georgia, July 9-12, 2011
Economic Dispatch
G1 G2 MEASUREMENTS
1 3
COST
FORMULATION
T1 T2
SOLUTION
2 4
L1
Interconnection Interconnection
L3
L2
5
MW Flow Measurement
T1 MVAR Flow Measurement
kV Measurement
Transformer Tap Measurement
6
2 4 FORMULATION
L1
Interconnection Interconnection
SOLUTION
L3
L2
5
MW Flow Measurement
T1 MVAR Flow Measurement
kV Measurement
Transformer Tap Measurement
6
Restorative
RESTORATIVE Controls NORMAL but
System Security VULNERABLE/INSECURE
Optimization/Security
D,O D,O
Emergency
Emergency Controls Corrective
Controls Controls
EXTREMIS EMERGENCY
System Security System Security
D,O D,O
System Power
Production and
Control
(SPPC)
Operations
Coordination
Office
(OCO)
Regional
Dispatch
Center
(RDC)
Types 3 and 4
Limit Fault
Currents to
About 120% of
Nominal Current
Proposed
Proposed Requirements
Requirements NERC
NERC PRC-024,
PRC-024, >20
>20 MVA
MVA or
or >75
>75 MVA
MVA
Total
Total
Pg
L ow
V o lta ge
S e n s itiv itie s
d P g /d P
0 1 2 3 4
d Q g /d P
0 1 2 3 4
d V g /d P
0 1 2 3 4
Functions: (a) Optimal operation of the distribution system under normal operating conditions, (b) Emergency
management in cases of faults and assist the power grid when needed, (c) Assist Voltage recovery, (d) Assist cold
load pickup, (e) Balance Feeder, (f) etc., etc.