CHAPTER 15 SINGLE-PHASE SERIES A.C.

CIRCUITS

Exercise 83, Page 236

1. Calculate the reactance of a coil of inductance 0.2 H when it is connected to (a) a 50 Hz,

(b) a 600 Hz and (c) a 40 kHz supply.

(a) Inductive reactance, XL 2 f L 2 50 0.2 = 62.83

(b) Inductive reactance, XL 2 f L 2 600 0.2 = 754

(c) Inductive reactance, X L 2 f L 2 40 103 0.2 = 50.27 k

2. A coil has a reactance of 120 in a circuit with a supply frequency of 4 kHz. Calculate the

inductance of the coil.

XL 120
XL 2 f L hence, inductance, L = = 4.77 mH
2 f 2 4 103

3. A supply of 240 V, 50 Hz is connected across a pure inductance and the resulting current is 1.2 A.

Calculate the inductance of the coil.

V 240
Inductive reactance, X L = 200
I 1.2
XL 200
XL 2 f L hence, inductance, L = = 0.637 H
2 f 2 50

4. An e.m.f. of 200 V at a frequency of 2 kHz is applied to a coil of pure inductance 50 mH.

Determine (a) the reactance of the coil, and (b) the current flowing in the coil.

(a) Inductive reactance, X L 2 f L 2 2 103 50 10 3 = 628

V 200
(b) Current, I = = 0.318 A
X L 628

John Bird Published by Taylor and Francis 177

5. A 120 mH inductor has a 50 mA, 1 kHz alternating current flowing through it. Find the p.d.

across the inductor

Inductive reactance, X L 2 f L 2 1103 120 103 = 753.982

P.d. across inductor, VL I X L 50 103 753.982 = 37.7 V

6. Calculate the capacitive reactance of a capacitor of 20 F when connected to an a.c. circuit of

frequency (a) 20 Hz, (b) 500 Hz, (c) 4 kHz

1 1
(a) Capacitive reactance, X C = 397.9
2 f C 2 20 20 106

1 1
(b) Capacitive reactance, X C = 15.92
2 f C 2 500 20 106

1 1
(c) Capacitive reactance, X C = 1.989
2 f C 2 4000 20 106

7. A capacitor has a reactance of 80 when connected to a 50 Hz supply. Calculate the value of

the capacitor.

1 1 1
Capacitive reactance, X C from which, capacitance, C =
2 f C 2 f XC 2 50 80

= 39.79 F

8. Calculate the current taken by a 10 F capacitor when connected to a 200 V, 100 Hz supply.

1 1
Capacitive reactance, X C = 159.155
2 f C 2100 10 106

V 200
Current, I = = 1.257 A
X C 159.155

John Bird Published by Taylor and Francis 178

9. A capacitor has a capacitive reactance of 400 when connected to a 100 V, 25 Hz supply.

Determine its capacitance and the current taken from the supply.

1 1 1
Capacitive reactance, X C from which, capacitance, C =
2 f C 2 f XC 2 25 400

= 15.92 F

V 100
Current, I = = 0.25 A
X L 400

10. Two similar capacitors are connected in parallel to a 200 V, 1 kHz supply. Find the value of

each capacitor if the current is 0.628 A.

V 200
XC = 318.47
I 0.628

1 1
i.e. 318.47 , hence, total capacitance, CT = 0.50 F
2 f C 2 10 318.47
3

0.50
Since for parallel connection of capacitors, CT C1 C2 2C1 , then C1 = 0.25 F
2

i.e. each capacitor has a capacitance of 0.25 F

John Bird Published by Taylor and Francis 179

Exercise 84, page 239

1. Determine the impedance of a coil which has a resistance of 12 and a reactance of 16

Impedance, Z = R 2 XL 2 122 162 = 20

2. A coil of inductance 80 mH and resistance 60 is connected to a 200 V, 100 Hz supply.

Calculate the circuit impedance and the current taken from the supply. Find also the phase angle

between the current and the supply voltage.

Inductive reactance, X L 2 f L 2 100 80 10 3 = 50.265

Impedance, Z = R 2 XL2 602 50.2652 = 78.27 (see impedance triangle in the diagram
below)

V 200
Current, I = = 2.555 A
Z 78.27

XL
From the impedance triangle, tan
R

50.265
hence the circuit phase angle, = tan 1 = 39.95 lagging
60

3. An alternating voltage given by v = 100 sin 240t volts is applied across a coil of resistance 32

and inductance 100 mH. Determine (a) the circuit impedance, (b) the current flowing, (c) the p.d.

across the resistance, and (d) the p.d. across the inductance.

(a) Inductive reactance, X L 2 f L L 240 100 103 = 24

Circuit impedance, Z = R 2 XL2 322 242 = 40

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 V 0.707 100
(b) Current flowing, I = = 1.77 A
Z 40
(Note r.m.s. current = 0.707 maximum value)

(c) P.d. across the resistance, VR I R 1.77 32 = 56.64 V

(d) P.d. across the inductance, VL I XL 1.77 24 = 42.48 V

4. A coil takes a current of 5 A from a 20 V d.c. supply. When connected to a 200 V, 50 Hz a.c.

supply the current is 25 A. Calculate the (a) resistance, (b) impedance and (c) inductance of the

coil.

V 20
(a) From a d.c. circuit, resistance, R = =4
I 5

V 200
(b) From an a.c. circuit, impedance, Z = =8
I 25

(c) From the impedance triangle, Z2 R 2 X L 2

from which, X L Z2 R 2 82 42 = 6.9282

XL 6.9282
Also, XL 2 f L from which, inductance, L = = 22.05 mH
2 f 2 50

5. A resistor and an inductor of negligible resistance are connected in series to an a.c. supply. The

p.d. across the resistor is 18 V and the p.d. across the inductor is 24 V. Calculate the supply voltage

and the phase angle between voltage and current.

Supply voltage, V = VR 2 VL2 182 242 = 30 V

VL 24
Tan = from which,
VR 18
24
phase angle between voltage and current, = tan 1 = 53.13 lagging (i.e. current lags
18
John Bird Published by Taylor and Francis 181
 voltage in an inductive circuit)

6. A coil of inductance 636.6 mH and negligible resistance is connected in series with a 100

resistor to a 250 V, 50 Hz supply. Calculate (a) the inductive reactance of the coil, (b) the

impedance of the circuit, (c) the current in the circuit, (d) the p.d. across each component, and

(e) the circuit phase angle.

The circuit is shown in the diagram below.

(a) Inductive reactance of coil, X L 2 f L 2 50 636.6 103 = 200

(b) Impedance, Z = R 2 XL 2 1002 2002 = 223.6 (from impedance triangle)

V 250
(c) Current, I = = 1.118 A
Z 223.6

(d) Voltage across resistance, VR I R 1.118 100 = 111.8 V

Voltage across inductance, VL I XL 1.118 200 = 223.6 V

XL
(e) From impedance triangle, tan
R

XL 200
from which, circuit phase angle, = tan 1 tan 1 = 63.43 lagging
R 100

John Bird Published by Taylor and Francis 182

Exercise 85, page 241

1. A voltage of 35 V is applied across a C-R series circuit. If the voltage across the resistor is 21 V, find the

voltage across the capacitor.

Supply voltage, V = VR 2 VC 2 i.e. V 2 VR 2 VC 2

i.e. 352 212 VC 2

from which, voltage across the capacitor, VC 352 212 = 28 V

2. A resistance of 50 is connected in series with a capacitance of 20 F. If a supply of 200 V,

100 Hz is connected across the arrangement find (a) the circuit impedance, (b) the current

flowing, and (c) the phase angle between voltage and current.

The circuit diagram is shown below.

1 1
(a) Capacitive reactance, X C = 79.577
2 f C 2 100 20 106

Impedance, Z = R 2 XC2 502 79.5772 = 93.98

V 200
(b) Current, I = = 2.128 A
Z 93.98

XC XC 79.577
(c) tan from which, phase angle, = tan 1 tan 1 = 57.86 leading
R R 50

John Bird Published by Taylor and Francis 183

3. A 24.87 F capacitor and a 30 resistor are connected in series across a 150 V supply. If the current

flowing is 3 A find (a) the frequency of the supply, (b) the p.d. across the resistor and (c) the p.d. across the

capacitor.

V 150
(a) Impedance, Z = = 50
I 3

Also, impedance, Z = R 2 XC 2 i.e. 50 = 302 XC 2

from which, 502 302 X C 2 and X C 502 302 = 40

1
Capacitive reactance, X C from which,
2 f C
1 1
frequency, f = = 160 Hz
2 X C C 2 40 24.87 106

(b) P.d across the resistor, VR I R 3 30 = 90 V

(c) P.d across the capacitor, VC I XC 3 40 = 120 V

4. An alternating voltage v = 250 sin 800t volts is applied across a series circuit containing a 30

and 50 F capacitor. Calculate (a) the circuit impedance, (b) the current flowing, (c) the p.d.

across the resistor, (d) the p.d. across the capacitor, and (e) the phase angle between voltage and

current.

The circuit is shown below.

1 1 1
(a) Capacitive reactance, X C = 25
2 f C C 800 50 106

Impedance, Z = R 2 XC2 302 252 = 39.05

John Bird Published by Taylor and Francis 184

 V 0.707 250
(b) Current, I = = 4.526 A
Z 39.05

(c) P.d across the resistor, VR I R 4.526 30 = 135.8 V

(d) P.d across the capacitor, VC I XC 4.526 25 = 113.2 V

XC XC 25
(e) tan from which, phase angle, = tan 1 tan 1 = 39.81 leading
R R 30

5. A 400 resistor is connected in series with a 2358 pF capacitor across a 12 V a.c. supply.

Determine the supply frequency if the current flowing in the circuit is 24 mA.

The circuit is shown below.

V 12
Impedance, Z = = 500
I 24 103

From the impedance triangle (as in the previous problem), Z2 R 2 X L 2

from which, capacitive reactance, X C Z2 R 2 5002 4002 300

1 1
Hence, 300 =
2 f C 2 f 2358 1012

1
from which, supply frequency, f = = 225 kHz
2 300 2358 1012

John Bird Published by Taylor and Francis 185

Exercise 86, Page 244

1. A 40 F capacitor in series with a coil of resistance 8 and inductance 80 mH is connected to a 200 V,

100 Hz supply. Calculate (a) the circuit impedance, (b) the current flowing, (c) the phase angle between

voltage and current, (d) the voltage across the coil, and (e) the voltage across the capacitor.

The circuit diagram is shown below.

(a) Inductive reactance, X L 2 f L 2 100 80 103 50.265

1 1
Capacitive reactance, X C 39.789
2 f C 2 100 40 106

XL XC 50.265 39.789 10.476

R 2 XL XC 82 10.4762 = 13.18
2
Impedance, Z =

V 200
(b) Current flowing, I = = 15.17 A
Z 13.18

XL XC
(c) tan from which,
R
XL XC 10.476
phase angle, = tan 1 tan 1 = 52.63 lagging
R 8

(d) Zcoil R12 XL1 2 82 50.2652 50.898

Voltage across coil, Vcoil I Zcoil 15.17 50.898 = 772.1 V

(e) Voltage across capacitor, VC I XC 15.17 39.789 = 603.6 V

John Bird Published by Taylor and Francis 186

2. Find the values of resistance R and inductance L in the circuit shown.

V 2400
Circuit impedance, Z = 16035 (131 j91.772)
I 1.5 35

Hence, resistance, R = 131

1 1
and XL XC 91.772 Now, X C = 79.577
2fC 2 50 40 106

Hence, XL 79.577 91.772 from which, XL 91.772 79.577 171.349

171.349
i.e. 2 f L 171.349 and inductance, L = = 0.545 H
2 50

3. Three impedances are connected in series across a 100 V, 2 kHz supply. The impedances

comprise: (i) an inductance of 0.45 mH and resistance 2

(ii) an inductance of 570 H and 5 resistance, and

(iii) a capacitor of capacitance 10 F and resistance 3

Assuming no mutual inductive effects between the two inductances calculate (a) the circuit

impedance, (b) the circuit current, (c) the circuit phase angle and (d) the voltage across each

impedance. Draw the phasor diagram.

The circuit is shown below.

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Total resistance, R T = 2 + 5 + 3 = 10

Total inductance, LT 0.45 mH 570 H 1.02 mH

The simplified circuit is shown below.

Inductive reactance, X L 2 f L 2 2000 1.02 103 12.818

1 1
Capacitive reactance, X C 7.958
2 f C 2 2000 10 106

XL XC 12.818 7.958 4.86

R 2 XL XC 102 4.862 = 11.12

2
(a) Impedance, Z =

V 100
(b) Current, I = = 8.99 A
Z 11.12

XL XC
(c) tan from which,
R
XL XC 4.86
phase angle, = tan 1 tan 1 = 25.92 lagging
R 10

(d) X L1 2 2000 0.45 103 5.655

Z1 R12 X L1 2 22 5.6552 5.998

Voltage across first impedance, V1 I Z1 8.99 5.998 = 53.92 V

X L2 2 2000 570 106 7.163

Z2 R 2 2 X L2 2 52 7.1632 8.735

Voltage across second impedance, V2 I Z2 8.998.735 = 78.53 V

John Bird Published by Taylor and Francis 188

 X C3 7.958 from earlier

Z2 R 2 2 X L2 2 32 7.9582 8.505

Voltage across third impedance, V3 I Z3 8.998.505 = 76.46 V

4. For the circuit shown below determine the voltages V1 and V2 if the supply frequency is 1 kHz.

Draw the phasor diagram and hence determine the supply voltage V and the circuit phase angle.

X L1 2 f L 2 1000 1.91103 12

XL 12
Z1 R12 X L1 2 52 122 13 and tan 1 tan 1 67.38 lagging
R 5

Voltage, V1 = I Z1 2 13 = 26.0 V at 67.38 lagging

1 1
X C2 32
2 f C 2 1000 4.974 106

XC 32
Z2 R 2 2 XC2 2 102 322 33.526 and tan 1 tan 1 72.65 leading
R 10

Voltage, V2 = I Z2 2 33.526 = 67.05 V at 72.65 leading

The voltages are shown in the phasor diagram (i) below.

(i) (ii)

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The supply voltage V is the phasor sum of voltages V1 and V2 . V is shown by the length ac in

diagram (ii).

In triangle abc, b = 180 - 72.65 67.38 = 39.97

Using the cosine rule, ac2 67.052 26.02 2 67.05 26.0 cos39.97

from which, ac = 50 V

26.0 50 26.0sin 39.97

Using the sine rule, from which, sin 0.3340
sin sin 39.97 50

from which, sin 1 0.3340 19.51 and from diagram (ii), 72.65 19.51 53.14 leading.

Hence, supply voltage, V = 50 V at 53.14 leading

John Bird Published by Taylor and Francis 190

Exercise 87, Page 247

1. Find the resonant frequency of a series a.c. circuit consisting of a coil of resistance 10 and inductance

50 mH and capacitance 0.05 F. Find also the current flowing at resonance if the supply voltage is 100 V.

1 1
Resonant frequency, f r = 3.183 kHz
2 LC 2 50 10 0.05 10
3 6

V 100
At resonance, current, I = = 10 A
R 10

2. The current at resonance in a series L-C-R circuit is 0.2 mA. If the applied voltage is 250 mV at

a frequency of 100 kHz and the circuit capacitance is 0.04 F, find the circuit resistance and

inductance.

V V 250 103
At resonance, current, I = i.e. resistance, R = = 1.25 k
R I 0.2 103

1 1 1
At resonance, resonant frequency, f r 2f 2f
2
i.e. and
2 LC LC LC

1 1
Hence, inductance, L = = 63.3 H
C 2f 0.04 106 2100 103
2 2

3. A coil of resistance 25 and inductance 100 mH is connected in series with a capacitance of

0.12 F across a 200 V, variable frequency supply. Calculate (a) the resonant frequency, (b) the

current at resonance and (c) the factor by which the voltage across the reactance is greater than

the supply voltage.

1 1
(a) Resonant frequency, f r = 1.453 kHz
2 LC 2 100 10 3 0.12 106

V 200
(b) At resonance, current, I = =8A
R 25

John Bird Published by Taylor and Francis 191

 1 L 1 100 103
(c) Q-factor = = 36.51
R C 25 0.12 106

4. A coil of 0.5 H inductance and 8 resistance is connected in series with a capacitor across a 200 V, 50 Hz

supply. If the current is in phase with the supply voltage, determine the capacitance of the capacitor and the

p.d. across its terminals.

If the current is in phase with the supply voltage, then the circuit is resonant.

1
At resonance, X L XC i.e. 2 f L from which,
2 f C
1 1
capacitance, C = = 20.26 F
2f 2 50 0.5
2 2
L

V 1 200 1
P.d. across the capacitor terminals, VC IXC 6
R 2 f C 8 2 50 20.26 10

= 3928 V = 3.928 kV

5. Calculate the inductance which must be connected in series with a 1000 pF capacitor to give a resonant

frequency of 400 kHz.

1
Resonant frequency, f r
2 LC

1 1
from which, 2 LC and LC
fr 2 f r

2 2
1 1 1
2
1 1
and LC = and inductance, L = 12 3
2 f r C 2 f r 1000 10 2 400 10

= 158 H or 0.158 mH

6. A series circuit comprises a coil of resistance 20 and inductance 2 mH and a 500 pF capacitor.

Determine the Q-factor of the circuit at resonance. If the supply voltage is 1.5 V, what is the

voltage across the capacitor?

John Bird Published by Taylor and Francis 192

 1 L 1 2 103
Q-factor = = 100
R C 20 500 1012

VC
Q= hence, voltage across the capacitor, VC VQ 1.5100 = 150 V
V

John Bird Published by Taylor and Francis 193

Exercise 88, Page 251

1. A voltage v = 200 sin t volts is applied across a pure resistance of 1.5 k. Find the power dissipated in the

resistor.

Power dissipated in the resistor, P = I2 R

Current, I =
V

200 / 2
= 0.09428 A (note that in the formula for power I has to be the r.m.s. value)
R 1500

Hence, power dissipated = I 2 R 0.09428 (1500) = 13.33 W

2

2. A 50 F capacitor is connected to a 100 V, 200 Hz supply. Determine the true power and the

apparent power.

1 1
Capacitive reactance, X C = 15.915
2fC 2 200 50 106

V 100
Current, I = = 6.283 A
X C 15.915

True power, P = V I cos = (100)(6.283) cos 90 = 0

Apparent power, S = V I = (100)(6.283) = 628.3 VA

3. A motor takes a current of 10 A when supplied from a 250 V a.c. supply. Assuming a power

factor of 0.75 lagging find the power consumed. Find also the cost of running the motor for 1

week continuously if 1 kWh of electricity costs 12.20 p.

P = V I cos = (250)(10)(0.75) since power factor = cos

= 1875 W

Energy = power time = (1.875 kW)(7 24) = 315 kWh

Hence, cost of running motor for 1 week = 315 12.20 = 3843 p = 38.43

John Bird Published by Taylor and Francis 194

4. A motor takes a current of 12 A when supplied from a 240 V a.c. supply. Assuming a power

factor of 0.70 lagging find the power consumed.

Power consumed, P = V I cos = (240)(12)(0.70) since power factor = cos

= 2016 W or 2.016 kW

5. A transformer has a rated output of 100 kVA at a power factor of 0.6. Determine the rated power output and

the corresponding reactive power.

VI = 100 kVA = 100 103 and p.f. = 0.6 = cos

Power output, P = VI cos = (100 103)(0.6) = 60 kW

Reactive power, Q = VI sin

If cos = 0.6, then = cos 1 0.6 = 53.13

Hence sin = sin 53.13o = 0.8

Hence reactive power, Q = (100 103)(0.8) = 80 kvar

6. A substation is supplying 200 kVA and 150 kvar. Calculate the corresponding power and power

factor.

Apparent power, S = V I = 200 103 VA and reactive power, Q = V I sin = 150 103 var

150 103
Hence, 200 103 sin = 150 103 from which, sin = 0.75
200 103

and = sin 1 0.75 = 48.59

Thus, power, P = V I cos = 200 103 cos 48.59 = 132 kW

and power factor = cos = cos 48.59 = 0.66

7. A load takes 50 kW at a power factor of 0.8 lagging. Calculate the apparent power and the reactive power.

True power P = 50 kW = VI cos and power factor = 0.8 = cos

John Bird Published by Taylor and Francis 195
 P 50
Apparent power, S = VI = = = 62.5 kVA
cos 0.8

Angle = cos 1 0.8 = 36.87o hence sin = sin 36.87o = 0.6

Hence, reactive power, Q = VI sin = 62.5 103 0.6 = 37.5 kvar

8. A coil of resistance 400 and inductance 0.20 H is connected to a 75 V, 400 Hz supply.

Calculate the power dissipated in the coil.

Inductive reactance, XL 2 f L 2 400 0.20 = 502.65

Impedance, Z = R 2 XL2 4002 502.652 = 642.39

V 75
Current, I = = 0.11675 A
Z 642.39
XL XL 502.65
From the impedance triangle, tan and tan 1 tan 1 = 51.49
R R 400

Hence, power dissipated in coil, P = V I cos = (75)(0.11675) cos 51.49 = 5.452 W

Alternatively, P = I 2 R 0.11675 400 = 5.452 W

2

9. An 80 resistor and a 6 F capacitor are connected in series across a 150 V, 200 Hz supply. Calculate

(a) the circuit impedance, (b) the current flowing and (c) the power dissipated in the circuit.

1 1
(a) Capacitive reactance, X C = 132.63
2 f C 2(200)(6 106 )

Impedance, Z = R 2 XL 2 802 132.632 = 154.9

V 150
(b) Current, I = = 0.968 A
Z 154.9

XC XC 132.63
(c) From the impedance triangle, tan and tan 1 tan 1 = 58.90
R R 80

Hence, power dissipated in coil, P = V I cos = (150)(0.968) cos 58.90 = 75 W

John Bird Published by Taylor and Francis 196

 Alternatively, P = I 2 R 0.968 80 = 75 W
2

10. The power taken by a series circuit containing resistance and inductance is 240 W when

connected to a 200 V, 50 Hz supply. If the current flowing is 2 A find the values of the

resistance and inductance.

240
240 = 2 R = 60
2
Power, P = I2 R i.e. from which, resistance, R =
2
2

V 200
Impedance, Z = = 100
I 2
From the impedance triangle, Z2 R 2 X L 2

from which, X L Z2 R 2 1002 602 = 80

80
i.e. 2 f L = 80 from which, inductance, L = = 0.255 H or 255 mH
2 50

11. The power taken by a C-R series circuit, when connected to a 105 V, 2.5 kHz supply, is 0.9 kW and the

current is 15 A. Calculate (a) the resistance, (b) the impedance, (c) the reactance, (d) the capacitance,

(e) the power factor, and (f) the phase angle between voltage and current.

900
0.9 103 15 R =4
2
(a) Power, P = I2 R i.e. from which, resistance, R =
15
2

V 105
(b) Impedance, Z = =7
I 15

(c) From the impedance triangle, Z2 R 2 X L 2

from which, capacitive reactance, X C Z2 R 2 7 2 42 = 5.745

1 1
(d) Capacitive reactance, X C i.e. 5.745 =
2 f C 2 (2500) C

1
from which, capacitance, C = = 11.08 F
2(2500)(5.745)

R 4
(e) Power factor, p.f. = = 0.571
Z 7
John Bird Published by Taylor and Francis 197
 X C 5.745
(f) Tan =
R 4
5.745
and the phase angle between voltage and current, = tan 1 = 55.15 leading
4

12. A circuit consisting of a resistor in series with an inductance takes 210 W at a power factor of

0.6 from a 50 V, 100 Hz supply. Find (a) the current flowing, (b) the circuit phase angle, (c) the

resistance, (d) the impedance and (e) the inductance.

(a) Power, P = V I cos i.e. 210 = (50) I (0.6) since p.f. = cos

210
Hence, current, I = =7A
50 0.6

(b) If cos = 0.6 then circuit phase angle, = cos 1 0.6 = 53.13 lagging

210
210 = 7 R = 4.286
2
(c) Power, P = I2 R i.e. from which, resistance, R =
7
2

V 50
(d) Impedance, Z = = 7.143
I 7

(e) From the impedance triangle, Z2 R 2 X L 2

from which, X L Z2 R 2 7.1432 4.2862 = 5.71425

5.71425
i.e. 2 f L = 5.71425 from which, inductance, L = = 9.095 mH
2 100

13. A 200 V, 60 Hz supply is applied to a capacitive circuit. The current flowing is 2 A and the

power dissipated is 150 W. Calculate the values of the resistance and capacitance.

150
150 = 2 R = 37.5
2
Power, P = I2 R i.e. from which, resistance, R =
2
2

V 200
Impedance, Z = = 100
I 2

From the impedance triangle, Z2 R 2 X C 2

John Bird Published by Taylor and Francis 198
from which, X C Z2 R 2 1002 37.52 = 92.702

1 1
i.e. 92.702 = from which, capacitance, C = = 28.61 F
2 f C 2 60 92.702

John Bird Published by Taylor and Francis 199