ვასაძე თ. - ლიტერატურა ჭეშმარიტების ძიებაში

SoTa rusTavelis qarTuli literaturis
instituti
Shota Rustaveli Institute of Georgian Literature
1
Tamaz Vasadze
Literature
in Search
of Verity
Tbilisi
2010
2
Tamaz vasaZe
literatura
WeSmaritebis
ZiebaSi
Tbilisi
2010
3
UDC(uak) 821.353.1.09.
v-224
redaqtori
maka elbaqiZe
dizaineri
soso tabucaZe
kompiuteruli uzrunvelyofa
TinaTin duglaZe, paata axraxaZe
redaqciis misamarTi: 0108, Tbilisi, 2010

merab kostavas q. 5
SoTa rusTavelis qarTuli literaturis instituti
tel. 99-53-00; E-mail: litinst@litinstituti.ge
ISBN 978-9941-0-2240-1
4
sar Cevi
daviT guramiSvili
Suagulis gadanacvleba.......................................................9
araamayi qarTveli...............................................................18
nikoloz baraTaSvili
mTawmindis mTvare .............................................................20
sabediswero Zala ................................................................28
Tavisuflebisken moZraoba..............................................34
ilia WavWavaZe
gaxedva iliasken...............................................................36
orgvari cnobiereba............................................................40
gzajvaredinze......................................................................48
zneobrivi dilema ...............................................................59
`yovlad Zlieri mSveniereba~ ........................................64
akaki wereTeli
Rirsebis aRsadgenad..........................................................76
vaJa-fSavela
humanizmis ganwiruleba....................................................79
gamaerTianebeli tanjva....................................................84
sxva simarTle........................................................................91
5
`gvelis mWameli~_
`mowiweba sicocxlis mimarT~........................................101
daviT kldiaSvili
igavi TavkerZobis Sesaxeb...............................................113
faruli Sinasamyaro..........................................................117
vasil barnovi
dacemebi da zeaRsvlebi..................................................125
wamebuli RmerTi................................................................134
niko lorTqifaniZe
saerTo elferi...................................................................146
tiranis saxecvaleba.........................................................152
yalbi miTis rRveva .........................................................154
gabrZoleba ..........................................................................166
mixeil javaxiSvili
ideologia da xasiaTi......................................................170
àvtors asamarTleben gmirebi~...................................179
Tvalisaxela .....................................................................187
leo qiaCeli
sulis Tavgadasavlebi.....................................................194
`haki aZba~..............................................................................198
cduneba ...............................................................................203
6
geronti qiqoZe
realistis simarTle da sisadave.................................209
grigol robaqiZe
gansacdeli...........................................................................215
galaktion tabiZe
enigmaturi saxe da analizi............................................223
sulieri wyurvili.............................................................228
musikalurobis safuZveli............................................231
giorgi leoniZe
sicocxlis poezia..............................................................235
tician tabiZe
tragikuli eqstazi...........................................................238
valerian gafrindaSvili
sanatreli da realuri....................................................241
SoTa CantlaZe
`zeca da ironia~.................................................................247
rwmenis tragikomedia......................................................253
guram rCeuliSvili
bedniereba sikvdilis fonze.........................................256
yvelaze didi vneba............................................................274
7
oTar WilaZe
sivrcis ori saxe.................................................................279
besik xaranauli
azris silaRe.......................................................................283
jemal qarCxaZe
Tavisufal pirovnebad yofna.......................................288
literatura WeSmaritebis Ziebaa

drois siRrmidan Cvenamde..............................................291
stadiebi................................................................................295
literatura WeSmaritebis Ziebaa................................304
sikvdilis pirispir .........................................................310
ganmmartebeli.....................................................................314
literaturuli kerpTayvanismcemloba....................318
proza poeziis qveyanaSi .................................................322
erovnuli da dasavluri
individualizmi Tu egoizmi..........................................328
qarTuli orsaxovneba ....................................................331
Tavmomwoneobis bangi.......................................................334
myari saxelmwifos gareSe...............................................339
erovnuli da dasavluri ................................................344
ilias formula Cvens droSi..........................................347
8
daviT guramiSvili
Suagulis gadanacvleba
avtobiografiuloba guramiSvilis `daviTianis~

erT-erTi Zireuli Taviseburebaa, magram mainc am wign-
Si avtoris cxovrebis konkretuli faqtebi mxolod
sababad gvevlineba sinamdvilis religiur-simboluri
gaazrebisTvis da TiTqmis mTlianad qreba masSi.
erTaderTi biografiuli faqti, romelic isea gad-
mocemuli, rom misi konkretuloba simbolur saxeob-
riobaSi ar aris Cakarguli, lekebis mier guramiSvilis
datyvevebis da misi tyveobidan Tavdaxsnis ambavia. sim-
bolur-spiritualuri lirika `daviTianis~ am nawilSi
Tanaarsebobs avtoris Tavgadasavlis sagnobriv Txro-
basTan, cxovrebiseul situaciaTa mRelvare poetur
aRdgenasTan.
am ambisadmi gansakuTrebuli yuradReba imiT unda
iyos gamowveuli, rom igi guramiSvilis cxovrebis sa-
bediswero gardatexis punqtia, misi empiriuli da su-
lieri biografiis mTavari, gadamwyveti mniSvnelobis
mqone momentia, guramiSvilis msoflmimarTebis Ziri-
Tadi Camomyalibebelia.
datyveveba sruliad axalgazrda, ocdasami wlis
guramiSvilisTvis _ cxadia, Tavidanve religiurad
ganwyobili adamianisTvis _ aRmoCndeba tanjvis is
gamocdileba, romlis meSveobiTac gauRrmavdeba, ga-
numtkicdeba rwmena da daumyardeba RmerTTan cocxa-
li Sinagani kavSiri, qristianuli msoflgancda erTia-
nad eufleba da moukveTelad Seezrdeba mis sulier
samyaros. Tanamedrove cnebaTa enaze rom vTqvaT,
guramiSvili xvdeba eqstremalur, zRvrul situaciaSi,
sadac adamiani ganicdis did Sinagan Zvrebs, gaSiSvle-
bulad xedavs TavisTavs da samyaros, amowmebs Tavis
faseulobebs, Tvali exileba ucnob WeSmaritebaze; an-
da xelaxla aRmoaCens TiTqosda manamdec nacnob WeSma-
9
ritebas, es ki niSnavs, rom rac icoda ganyenebulad,
formalurad, Turme uSualod da mwvaved exeba pira-
dad mas.
eqstremaluri situaciis cneba da misi gaazreba ar-
sebiTad tanjvis qristianul interpretacias emyareba.
qristianul msoflxedvas tanjvis fenomeni esaxeba
codvebis sazRaurad da codvebisgan ganmwmendad, ada-
mianis sulis, misi rwmenis gamomcdelad da gamomrwTo-
bad; tanjviT adamiani Sinaganad uaxlovdeba qristes,
tanjul RmerTs, Sinaganad ganicdis da eziareba cxov-
rebis qristianuli gagebis WeSmaritebas; tanjva ada-
mianis da sinamdvilis gaxleCaa, is amJRavnebs, rom am-
qveyniuri realoba arasaimedo sayrdenia, romelic Se-
iZleba uecrad gamoecalos adamians; igi, qristianuli
TvalTaxediT, aaSkaravebs, rom adamiani mxolod saku-
Tar Zalebs ver daendoba, mxolod TavisTavis imedad
ver iqneba, rom is Tavisi arsebobis yvelaze Rrma gan-
zomilebaSi RmerTis gareSe daucveli da umweoa; tanj-
va SesaZlebelia gamouval sasowarkveTilebaSi Camgde-
bic iyos, magram igi Seicavs potencias, pirovnebis
yofierebis Suaguli misi sakuTari arsebidan RmerTSi
gadaanacvlos.
tanjva, romelic guramiSvils xvda wilad, masSi
swored yofierebis Suagulis gadanacvlebas iwvevs.
Tavisuflebis sruliad moulodneli dakargva da bu-
nebrivi cxovrebiseuli samyarodan katastrofuli sim-
kveTriT mowyveta, fizikuri gvema, damcireba, sikvdi-
lis SiSi da absoluturi martooba aiZulebs guramiS-
vils, mTeli arsebiT Setrialdes transcendenturi
samyarosken, eZios RmerTi, mieswrafos masTan sulier
siaxloves da erTianobas.
`daviTianSi~ pirvelad aq warmodgeba RmerTi uSua-
lo sulieri urTierTobisTvis misawvdom pirovnul
arsebad, ara imdenad Tavdaviwyebuli himnebis Soreul
da abstraqtul obieqtad, ramdenadac uintimures aR-
sarebaTa da locvaTa konkretul gulisxmier adresa-
tad. èrTia icode RmerTi rogorc transcendenturi
da suverenuli `me~ da raRac sul sxvaa, Sen TviTon,
10
mTeli Sinagani sisavsiT (sakuTari yofierebiT, sisx-
liT da xorciT) Sexvide cocxal kavSirSi, romelSic
Seqmnili subieqturoba pirispir awydeba transcenden-
tur subieqturobas da TrTolviT da siyvaruliT eZi-
ebs masSi xsnas. religia arsebiTad aris is, rac aravi-
Tari filosofia ar SeiZleba iyos: pirovnebis urTier-
Toba pirovnebasTan mTeli misi riskiT, saidumloTi,
SiSiT, ndobiT, aRfrTovanebiT da tkiviliani ltol-
viT~ (J. mariteni).
martoobaSi, umweobaSi da SiSSi edeba saTave gura-
miSvilis amgvar axal urTierTobas RmerTTan.
`marto viyav, arvin myavda me RvTis meti sxva patro-
ni, arca maqvnda saimedod saWurveli samxedroni;
RmerTs mivendev, man ismina igi Cemi savedroni...~.
RmerTis Ziebas Tavdapirvel biZgs aZlevs RmerTis-
gan mitovebulobis mtkivneuli grZnoba. tyveobaSi
guramiSvilis sulieri arsebobis dramatul peripeti-
as Seadgens SemaZrwunebeli martoobis, RmerTisgan
mowyvetilobis gancda da am martoobis gadalaxvis,
RmerTTan sulieri miaxloebis sanukvari wadili da
imedi.
`Senis ver xilvis sevdiTa sulsa risTvisa maZroba?
mzev, momeSvele, ganmaTbe, siciviT nu damazroba~;
`ganTiadisa varskvlavo, mis mzeTa-mzisa mTiebo,
vikargvi bnelis RamiTa, dRev, rad ar momiZiebo!~.
sulis siRrmeSi mimdinareobs agznebuli da amasTa-
nave uaRresad faqizi saubari RmerTTan rogorc coc-
xal da konkretul subieqtTan, individuumTan, romel-
sac SeiZleba ubralod uTxra `Sen~. `Sen~ miemarTeba
Soreuls, oRond axlomyofebze axlobels. axlomyof-
Ta Soris ar aris, vinac SeiZleboda misTvis gamxdariyo
`Sen~ _ SeniSnavs revaz siraZe `daviTianis~ am rkalis
erT-erTi leqsis ganxilvisas. tanjvis da martoobis
ufskrulidan amomavali guramiSvilis xma cdilobs
miwvdes RvTaebriv pirovnebas, erTaderTs, vinc SeiZ-
leba gamoexmauros: àrsada myavs misamarTi, me Sen mog-
marTeo~. misTvis xsna aris egreTwodebuli `martosu-
lis aRmafrena martosulisken~. es aRmafrena, Rmer-
11
Tisken ltolva Tavisi simZlavriT qarTul poeziaSi,
albaT, Seudarebelia.
`sayvarelo, saxiT Tqmulo usasyidlo margalito!
vis gadaro, CemTvis mkvdaro, mzev, mzeTa-mzis magali-
To! gevedrebi Semibralo, Tavs momWrian mangaliTo,
odes suli amomglijon, Senke miswi manganiTo! mtanj-
ven, sTmeo, aw viT dagTmo, viT umankov tredo-gvrito?
Sen, SarbaTi, viT dagRvaro da Zimwaris wveni vxvrito;
bnelsa vzivar, geajebi sasinaTlo amixvrito, amovs-
Zvre da gamoviqce, movide da Sena gWvrito~.
niSandoblivia, rom `fsalmunSi~, romelic gurami-
SvilisTvis religiuri poeziis etalons warmoadgens,
uxvad aris mtanjveli martoobis eqspresiuli gamoxa-
tulebebi; igi aRsavsea RmerTis siaxloves moklebuli
martosulis CiviliT, moTqmiT (`rodemde damiviwyeb,
ufalo samudamod? rodemde iqnebi pirmiqceuli Cem-
gan~; `RmerTo Cemo! mogixmob dRisiT da ar mipasuxeb,
RamiT _ da ar aris simSvide CemTvis~...).
martooba, romelic TavisTavidan badebs urTier-
Tobis wyurvils, yvelaze srulad, srulfasovnad da-
iZleva siyvarulSi, `martoobaTa gacvlis cdaSi~ (or-
tega-i-gaseti). da es exeba RmerTisadmi siyvarulsac.
guramiSvilis leqsi òdes daviTs tyveobasa Sina sci-
oda da mze Rrublis gamo TvaliT ara Canda, imaze
Tqmuli~ am siyvarulis aRmocenebis gacxadebaa. siyva-
ruli, miTumetes RmerTisadmi siyvaruli, moaswavebs
sayvareli arsebisTvis yvelasTan da yvelaferTan Se-
darebiT upirobo upiratesobis miniWebas, mis absolu-
tur gamorCevas da arCevas. leqsSi swored aseTi arCe-
vis, upiratesobis miniWebis idumali da sazeimo aqtia
aRbeWdili: mosiyvarule Tvali xilul mzes (`Tina-
Tins~), materialur mSvenierebas mowydeba da uxilavi
mzisken, RmerTisken mimarTavs mzeras; leqsis avtoris
cnobierebaSi arsebiTi Zvra, Semobruneba, faseulob-
rivi orientaciis Secvla xdeba.
`sjobs vetrfialo mzeTamzes, mzisaTvis Tavi vaxe-
lo, naTlisa gavxde mijnuri, radgan Tvalebsa vaxelo,
12
mis ukeTesi moyvare sad vpovo, sada vaxelo? mze miw-
yens, Tu mzis sanacvlod TinaTins xeli vaxelo~.
arCevanis, gadawyvetilebis miRebis aqts aireklavs
sityvieri formac, romelic xazgasmulad meordeba
(`zurgT mZime tvirTi mkidia codvisa, ar subuqia...
sjobs vetrfialo mzeTa-mzes, momfinos mzisa Suqia~).
axladSobili siyvarulis, sayvareli arsebisTvis
sruli upiratesobis miniWebis da Sinagani Semobrune-
bis gacxadeba sruldeba erTgulebis ficis msgavsi um-
Zafresi poeturi gamonaTqvamiT:
`ragind me asre gavgiJde, Tavi vaxalo tinzeda,
mxecni, frinvelni vasero Cemsa xorcsa da tvinzeda! ig
margaliti TaRliTze, oqro gavcvalo sinzeda, vgoneb
arc maSin gavcvalo igi mze TinaTinzeda~.
siyvaruli sayvareli arsebis WeSmariti intuituri
Semecnebaa, RmerTic mxolod man SeiZleba ìcodes~,
visac igi uyvars. amas efuZneba RmerTis mistikuri
wvdoma. guramiSvili erTmaneTs upirispirebs RmerTis
gonebismieri Semecnebis cdas da masTan siyvaruliT
ziarebas. is, vinc RmerTis gonebiT Secnobas cdilobs,
verafers aRwevs (`ver scnobs Sens gzasa da kvalsa!~).
mxolod siyvaruliT SeiZleba RmerTTan sulieri miax-
loeba, Sexeba, uSualo erTianobis gancda.
`vis uyvarxar, miaCnixar, Tumc ar icis, sadac zixar,
SenTvis swvavs xorcsa da Zvalsa, is scnobs Sens gzasa
da kvalsa!~.
guramiSvili dramatulad mieltvis RmerTTan amg-
var miaxloebas. es miaxloeba misTvis RvTisgan `WeSma-
riti gzis~ Setyobis tolfasia (`viT me gTxove, WeSma-
riti gza Sen mauwyeo!~). `WeSmarit gzas~, rogorc gura-
miSvilis mxatvruli azrovnebisTvis saerTod aris da-
maxasiaTebeli, sagnobrivi da zogadi, sulieri mniSvne-
loba aqvs: erTi mxriv, es aris tyveobidan TavisdaR-
wevis gza da, meore mxriv, _ marTali cxovrebis gza. es
mniSvnelobebi erTmaneTs mTlianad erwymis _ tyveo-
bidan Tavdaxsna SesaZlebelia mxolod WeSmarit,
RvTisTvis sasurvel yofierebis wesze moqceviT.
13
da ai, guramiSvils `WeSmarit gzas~ auwyebs sakuTa-
ri guli, romelSic ukve gaRviZebulia RmerTisadmi
siyvaruli, RmerTis Semcnobi Zala.
`gulman miTxra: adeo! raRaT maicadeo? Tu ara iq,
viT iqnas, rac rom daiqadeo? jer rac ufalT yalani
gedvas, gardixadeo, sTxove, Zala man mogces, visganc
daibadeo, kvlav wadi da ganxeTqe mterT maxe da badeo;
mas kacs, RvTisa sayvarels, mihyev, Tavi andeo, visac
daviT xadodes, uflad Sen mas xadeo! aadeo, adeo!
guliT maiwadeo! Sors axlixar sayvarels, axlos ganem-
zadeo, saxe misi, suraTi Tvalwin mailandeo, mis win ise
stirode, iq mas Saebraldeo! Tu gwads, Sensa sayvarels
guliT Seuyvardeo, SenTvis laxvriT daWrilsa sisxlsa
cremliT bandeo; ganagdeo, dadeo, nu sul avsa gazdeo;
damorCildi ufalsa, xade, uRaRadeo; suli, guli musv-
rili RvTis winaSe dadeo! sayvareli giyvardes, sxvas
nuravis dazdeo, mis gayrasa nu ityvi, ragind Tavs awam-
deo, Torem diaR giZulebs, Sen rom sxvasa yvandeo, da-
viTisa mcnebaze dadeq, ar gardaxdeo!~.
es leqsi _ `svinidisis mxileba daviTisa odes dat-
yoebulman gamoparva gaivlo gulSia~ _ yvelaze xilu-
lad, srulad da ganzogadebulad amJRavnebs avtoris
sulier samyaroSi tyveobisas momxdar gardatexas _
RmerTisken radikalur Sebrunebas, RvTis rwmenaze da
imedze erTianad damyarebas, misdami mTlianad damor-
Cilebas da Tavis miZRvnas, mis mimarT erTguli siyva-
ruliT aRvsebas. mTavari da cxovelmyofeli zneobrivi
kanoni, romelic guramiSvilis sulis siRrmeSi SeaR-
wevs da romelsac igi mTel am gardatexasTan erTad
daviT fsalmunTmetyvelis msoflmxedvelobasTan
akavSirebs, aris sinanuli, RmerTis winaSe codvilobis
gancda, gamovlenili wrfel locva-vedrebaSi.
aq uSualod vadevnebT Tvals Rrmad nagrZnobi da
uCveulo simkveTriT danaxuli WeSmaritebis mier pi-
rovnebis sulieri arsebis energiulad da savsebiT gam-
sWvalvas, axali `Sinagani adamianis~ dabadebas, gura-
miSvilis cnobierebaSi im religiur-zneobrivi mrwam-
14
sis saboloo gamokveTis da gamyarebis aqts, romelic
safuZvlad edeba `daviTians~.
axali, Rrma religiuri gamocdileba asazrdoebs
mxneobas da gabedulebas, qmedebis unars, romelic
tyveobidan Tavdasaxsnelad aris saWiro (`mxneman, viT
Cqarman wyaroman, ganxeTqos mTa da goria~).
sizmari, romelSic guramiSvils RvTis warmogzav-
nili arseba ecxadeba da Tavisi warmomgzavnelis nebas
amcnobs, gaparvisken aqezebs, aseve gaparvisas gamovle-
nili RvTaebrivi mfarvelobis sxva niSnebi fizikuri
sicxadiT daanaxebs guramiSvils, rom WeSmariteba, ro-
melic euwya da romelic man mTeli arsebiT SeiTvisa,
utyuaria. ganuzomel madlierebas, gancvifrebas, aRf-
rTovanebas iwvevs RmerTis sidiade da amave dros siax-
love, misi mowyaleoba, RvTis rwmenis gamaognebeli da-
dastureba, rac am rwmenas kidev ufro aRrmavebs, daun-
grevelad mtkices xdis. amas gvimxels RmerTis, gansa-
kuTrebiT ki RvTismSoblis mimarT aRvlenili himnebi,
agreTve oda `fsalmunis~ avtorisadmi (`simRera daviT
guramiSvilisa, tyveobidam gamosvlis dros daviTis
Sesxma~), romelTa saxeobrivi siuxve siyvarulis da
bednierebis siuxvis ukufenaa. aRmoCndeba, rom `daviTs
(fsalmunTmetyvels) rac uTqvams~, marTlac `sworia~
_ `sworia~, rom RmerTi adamianis `fari~ da `burjia~,
`mterTa maxisgan~ damxsnelia; rom RmerTis sidiadis
grZnobiT aRvseba da misi gamoTqma, sulieri msxverpl-
Sewirva magiuri Zalis mqonea; rom, rac mTavaria, sina-
nuli, codvis aRiareba da Sewyalebis vedreba, RmerTis
morCileba da masTan sulieri siaxlovis gamudmebuli
Zieba xsnis sawindaria, gadamrCenelia...
tyveobaSi yofna da RmerTis daxmarebiT tyveobidan
TavdaRweva erT-erTi niSandoblivi bibliuri motivia.
Tavis xvedrs guramiSvili iazrebs rogorc am bibliu-
ri motivis Tanxmiers (`caTa Sina israelTa sazdo uwvi-
meo, egreca naTlis svetiTa Rame avlineo, qveyanasa var
ucxosa dakarguli tyveo, zeda mTasa avarTasa, aw ma-
meSveleo~). bibliaSi tyved yofna RvTis sasjelia,
15
tyveobidan gaTavisufleba _ RvTis wyaloba, rwmenis
gamRvivebeli da gamaZlierebeli.
tyveoba RvTis sasjelia `daviTianSic~. guramiSvi-
lis datyvevebis ambavi uSualod mosdevs, agrZelebs
RmerTis mier qarTvelebis codvebisTvis dasjis ambavs
_ rogorc saqarTveloSi momxdari ubedurebaa qarT-
velebis mimarT RvTis risxvis gamovlineba, aseve gura-
miSvilis datyveveba aris sakuTriv misi dasja. `davi-
TianSi~ warmosaxuli guramiSvilis gansacdelis es saz-
risi ikveTeba agreTve mis Sinagan mxatvrul mimarTe-
baSi RmerTis mier adamianebis Serisxvis sxva istoria-
Ta gadmocemasTan (adamis da kaenis gankiTxva, warRvna,
babilonis godolis daqceva).
sasjeli, RmerTis mier movlenili tanjva `daviTi-
anSi~ kacobriobis, eris da adamianis aRzrdis mkacri,
magram keTilmyofeli saSualebaa. bavSvis aRzrda,
`swavla moswavleTa~, romelic guramiSvils dasjis,
tkivilebis gareSe ar warmoudgenia, kacobriobis da
adamianis aRzrdis paradigmaa, nimuSia. Tu bavSvis aRz-
rdaze guramiSvili rigoristulad ambobs: `nu genaRv-
lebis swavlaze yrmis wkeplis cemiT kivili~, radgan
`wkeplis cemiT daSuSxva sjobs saukunod cecxlSi
bmaTa!~, zogadad adamianze amgvar azrs gamoTqvams:
`Cvenca gvmarTebs RmerTs dauTmoT, swavlad gvemiT
rac gvatkina~.
guramiSvilis tyveobis da tyveobidan Tavdaxsnis
ambavi aris RvTiuri sasjelis keTilmyoflobis igavu-
ri gamosaxuleba, tipologiurad bibliuri iobis an
ionas ambavTa msgavsi. mas, iseve rogorc mTel `daviTi-
ans~, avtori didaqtikur mizandasaxulobas aZlevs,
aRmzrdelobiTi mniSvnelobis mqone TvalsaCino maga-
liTad gaiazrebs.
magram sasjeli, tanjva SeiZleba unayofoc iyos.
`qarTlis WirSi~ aRwerili RvTis risxva adamianebs ve-
rafers Seagonebs, radgan isini tanjvis mizezs _ saku-
Tar codvilobas ver grZnoben:
16
`Wmunvidnen, arad SeswevdaT codvis unanlad
wuxili~.
TviT guramiSvils tanjva upirvelesad sinanulis
religiur-zneobriv azrs, gamakeTilSobilebel Zalas
aziarebs. tanjvaSi, martoobaSi da umweobaSi igi
grZnobs RmerTis mZlavr, moralurad ganmwmend mizi-
dulobas. ukiduresi gansacdelidan gamoaRwevs reli-
giur da eTikur WeSmaritebaTa Rrmad Semsisxlxor-
cebeli adamiani, poeti daviT guramiSvili.
1993
17
araamayi qarTveli
guramiSvilis ironia da TviTironia aRmocenebulia

misi Taviseburi qristianuli skepticizmidan, imis naR-
vliani gancdidan da gacnobierebidan, rom codva TiT-
qmis SeuzRudvelad batonobs adamianze, rom araferi
eSveleba adamianis biwierebas, sulier sibrmaves da uZ-
lurebas. adamiani sasikeTod ver Secvala verc Rmer-
Tis mier misma mravaljer Serisxvam, dasjam, verc
RmerTis didma wyalobam, qristes msxverplgaRebam;
yvelaferi amao gamodga. guramiSvilis TvalTaxedviT,
adamiani gamousworebeli arsebaa, gamousworeblad
esaxeba mas sakuTari Tavic. misi xvedria momabezre-
beli wrebrunva codvidan monaniebamde da monaniebidan
codvamde da es ironiulad ganawyobs saerTod ada-
mianis da kerZod Tavisi ubadrukobis mimarT.
cnobierad Tu qveSecneulad guramiSvili imgvarad
aRiqvams sakuTar arsebas da garemomcvel realobas,
rogoric, misi warmodgeniT, RmerTis TvalSi unda
Candnen; amitom gamaxvilebulad xedavs Tavisi Tavis da
qveynierebis komikur simdares, simrudes. gansakuTre-
biT materialuri, sxulebrivi sawyisis arasrulfasov-
neba aRuZravs ironias, Tumca guramiSvils mainc uy-
vars es iseTive naklulovani nivTieri sinamdvile, ro-
goric TviTon aris. samyaros materialurobis ironi-
uli da amasTanave axlobluri aRqmis ukufenaa gurami-
Svilis stilisTvis damaxasiaTebeli naturalisturi
elementebis siuxve, groteskulad daRvlarWnili
enobrivi faqtura da saxeebi, miwiseburi siTbo da xor-
klianoba... aristokrati guramiSvilis stili xSirad
glexurad mouxeSavia.
raki mwvaved grZnobs RmerTis mzeras, romlisTvi-
sac araferia dafaruli, guramiSvili bolomde gulax-
dili da utyuaria, araCveulebrivad ueSmako, ubralo
da Tavmdabalia. arsebobs TviTdamcirebis, TviTgvemis
siamaye, magram guramiSvilisTvis aseTi siamayec ucxoa.
mas ar surs imaze ukeTesad gamoiyurebodes, vidre
sinamdvileSia; azradac ar mosdis Tavisi faTerakiani
18
Tavgadasavlebis gamoyeneba vaJkacuri, heroikuli av-
toportretis dasaxatad, rac sxvas mis adgilas sia-
movnebiT SeiZleboda gaekeTebina. tipiuri tradiciu-
li qarTvelisgan gansxvavebiT guramiSvils ar eTaki-
leba gaamxilos sakuTari SiSi, umweoba, sisawyle, gamo-
Cndes garegan Rirsebas moklebuli da sasaciloc ki.
2001
19
nikoloz baraTaSvili
mTawmindis mTvare
xSirad Cven ver vamCnevT, rom nacnobi, SeCveuli da

TiTqos savsebiT gasagebi ram sinamdvileSi ucnauri da
idumalia, ver vamCnevT, radgan swored SeCveva, aRqmis
avtomatizmi gviSlis xels.
ai, magaliTad, baraTaSvilis leqsSi `SemoRameba
mTawmindaze~ TiTqos sruliad gamWvirvalea am frazis
azri: `he, cao, cao, xateba Seni jer kidev gulzed maqvs
daCneuli!~. magram Tu aRqmis avtomatizmis daZlevas
SevecdebiT, SesaZloa es sityvebi arc ise gamWvirvale
da ubralo gveCvenos. marTlac, ras niSnavs `cis xa-
teba~, an ratom unda daaCndes igi guls? ase mxolod
iseT rameze SeiZleba saubari, rac erTaderTxel ixi-
les, Semdeg ki gauCinarda da xsovnam Semoinaxa. ranai-
rad SeiZleba aseTi ram ca iyos?
rogorc Cans, garkveul momentSi baraTaSvilis li-
rikul gmirs ca gansakuTrebulad, ganumeoreblad met-
yveli da mimzidveli saxiT warmoudga. `SemoRamebaSi~
aris kidec cis es `xateba~:
`sdumda yoveli mun aremare, bindi gadekra cisa
kamaras,
mosdevs mTovares, viTa mijnuri, varskvlavi marto
misa amara.
ginaxavT suli jereT umanko, mxurvale locviT
miqancebuli?
mas hgavda mTvare nazad moare, diskogadaxriT
Suqmibinduli!~.
ase xatavs baraTaSvili cas, es aris cis erTaderTi
saxe am leqsSi, saxe, romelic lirikuli gmiris suls
daCnevia. magram poeti Segnebulad aSoriSorebs emoci-
ur SeZaxils `he, cao, cao...~ da cis xats, pirdapir ara-
fers ambobs maTi kavSiris Sesaxeb.
20
baraTaSvili ise xveulad agebs leqss, ise araswor-
xazovnad anawilebs saTqmels, rom nawarmoebis TviT
wyoba xdeba idumalebis gancdis gamRvivebeli. leqsi
raRacas gars uvlis da masze Riad ar laparakobs.
baraTaSvilma TiTqos icis gviandeli poeturi princi-
pi, rom raimes gamWvirvaled warmoCena misTvis mSvenie-
rebis moklebas niSnavs. `SemoRamebaSi~ igi ukve flobs
aramxolod gamoTqmis, aramed àrTqmis~, faqizi miniS-
nebis, gasaidumloebis da daqaragmebis xelovnebasac.
am mxrivac baraTaSvilis memkvidre meoce saukuneSi
`mTawmindis mTvaris~ avtoria.
am leqsSi, romlis siaxlove `SemoRamebasTan~ aSka-
raa, galaktioni tyuil-ubralod ar axdens mTvaris
xatis aqcentirebas. igi grZnobs, rom es aris `SemoRame-
bis~ centraluri saxe.
sainteresoa, mTvaris da mijnuriviT mTvaris mdeva-
ri varskvlavis xati ratom Semounaxavs ase saTuTad
mexsierebas, ratom eniWeba mas aseTi mniSvneloba.
amis mizezi is aris, rom SemoRamebisas xiluli zeca
lirikuli gmirisTvis Taviseburi niSansvetia, rome-
lic saTaves udebs mis ltolvas idealuri sferoebisken:
`he, cao, cao, xateba Seni jer kidev gulzed maqvs

daCneuli.
awca ra Tvalni laJvards gixilven, myis fiqrni
Senda moiswrafvian,
magram Senamdin ver moaRweven da haerSive
ganibnevian!
me, Sensa mWvretels, maviwydebis sawuTroeba,
gulis-Tqma Cemi Sens iqiTa eZiebs sadgurs,
zenaarT samyofs, rom daSTos aq amaoeba...
magram ver scnoben, glax, mokvdavni gangebas
ciurs!~.
SemoRamebiseuli cis xateba aris zecis rogorc su-

lieri samSoblos karibWis pirveli xilva. es xilva
baraTaSvilis `cisferi yvavilia~, romelic mas mudam
Tavisken uxmobs da izidavs.
21
faqizi, spetaki sulis msgavsi mTvare _ ai, ra aja-
doebs leqsis lirikul gmirs, radgan baraTaSvilis-
Tvis umaRlesi faseuloba mSvenieri sulia, anu naTeli,
umanko suli (`daimarxe mSveniereba sulisa, umankoeba
gulisa! ai, WeSmariti bedniereba, umaRlesi siame, ro-
melsac ki kaci waiRebs am soflisagan~ _ urCevs poeti
maiko orbelians). WeSmariti, `saukuno trfialebis~
saganic aseTi sulia: `TviT ukvdaveba mSveniersa sulSi
mdgomarebs, mas verc SemTxveva da verc xani ver daabe-
rebs. mxolod kavSiri esreTT sulTa hSobs siyvarulsa,
zegardmo madliT dauxsnelad damtkicebulsa!~.
baraTaSvilis lirikuli gmiri caze mSvenier suls
xedavs, romelTanac monaTesave sulis kavSiri badebs
samaradiso siyvaruls.
sagulisxmoa, rom `SemoRamebis~ adrindel variant-
Si mTvare qalwulTan aris mimsgavsebuli: `... misi
libri ars minazebuli, magram miT ufro usatrfoe ars,
viT damaSvrali locviT qalwuli~.
metyvelia es detalic: `mosdevs mTovares, viTa
mijnuri, varskvlavi, marto misa amara~ _ baraTaSvi-
lis poeziaSi idealuri siyvaruli srul ganxorciele-
bas samyaros maradiul fenomenebSi povebs da kosmiur
asparezs saWiroebs. asea gaazrebuli siyvaruli, ker-
Zod, leqsSi àr ukiJino, satrfoo...~. `SemoRamebaSi~ es
motivi SekumSulad, miniaturulad aris gamoxatuli.
baraTaSvilisTvis saerTod damaxasiaTebelia sayva-
reli arsebis ciur mnaTobad warmosaxva (`Cems varskv-
lavs~, àRmoxda mnaTi...~). misi saxeba, akaki gawerelias
sityviT, ìseve ikavebs adgils varskvlavebis xomlSi,
rogorc dantes beatriCe an petrarkas laura, romelic
angelozebs Soris imyofeba da cidan mouxmobs Tavis
mijnurs~.
`SemoRamebaSi~ ca lirikuli gmiris monaTesave, say-
vareli sulis samyofelia da amitom xdeba igi mZafri
swrafvis obieqti. caze aRbeWdili mSvenieri sulis
xats baraTaSvilis lirikuli gmiri ciur sferoebTan
Tavisi sulieri naTesaobis saswaulebriv niSnad
aRiqvams.
22
***
`SemoRamebaSi~ poetur subieqts da garemomcvel
sinamdviles Soris sruli Tanaziaroba da harmonia su-
fevs _ buneba TiTqos mgrZnobiare musikaluri sakra-
via, romelic adamianis sulis yovel SeTrTolebaze
sapasuxo xmas gamoscems. aq pirovneba ise myudrod,
Sinaurulad grZnobs Tavs bunebaSi, TiTqos es buneba
misive Seqmnili iyos.
buneba mSobliuri garemoa vaJasTvisac, magram ma-
inc mis mxatvrul samyaroSi mkafiod aris gavlebuli
adamianis da bunebis gamyofi mijna. buneba vaJasTan
warmodgeba rogorc TavisTavadi, obieqturi sinamdvi-
le, romelic sakuTari kanonebiT cxovrobs. vaJas
lirikuli gmiris ganwyoba metwilad misgan aris
Cagonebuli.
baraTaSvilTan buneba TiTqos lirikuli gmiris Si-
nagani samyarodan amoizideba missave saxed da xatad da
arsebiTad misi oreulia.
da baraTaSvili lirikuli gmiris sulieri samyaros
aseTive proeqciad gvevlineba `SemoRamebaSi~ zecac,
radgan es gmiri TavisTavs aRmoaCens aramarto buneba-
Si, aramed kosmosSic. marTalia, `zenaarT samyofi~ mi-
uwvdomeli rCeba, magram gamJRavndeba, rom adamiani
Tavisi sulierebiT masTan organulad aris dakavSire-
buli. mTawmindis saRamo lirikul gmirs gaucxadebs,
rom misi suli enaTesaveba rogorc bunebas, aseve usas-
rulo suls da swored amiT aris es saRamo
araCveulebrivi.
rogorc qristianul taZars gumbaTi, bunebis da
adamianis srul Tanxmobas `SemoRamebaSi~ agvirgvinebs
cis TaRi, romelzec lirikuli gmirisTvis Zvirfasi,
axlobeli sulis xatebaa aRbeWdili. harmonia bunebas-
Tan warmoadgens imis sayrdens, rom adamiani ufro
maRal harmonias eziaros _ harmonias zecasTan.
poeturi subieqtis mier uSualod nagrZnobi da da-
naxuli Tavisi naTesaoba casTan asazrdoebs did,
yovlismomcvel imeds:
23
`hoi, saRamov, myudrov, saamov, Sen damSTi Cemad
sanugeSeblad!
ros mWmunvareba Semomesevis, Senda moviltvi
gansaqarveblad!
mwuxri gulisa, sevda gulisa nugeSsa amas Sengan
miiRebs,
rom gaTendeba dila mziani da yovel bindsa is
gananaTlebs!~.
rom ara cidan miRebuli niSani, mixmoba `zenaarT

samyofisken~, rom ara Taviseburi gamocxadeba, mxolod
bunebis da adamianis sulis Tanxmiereba ver dabadebda
ase farTod ganfenil rwmenas da imeds. buneba liri-
kuli gmiris TanamgrZnobelia, vTqvaT, leqsSic `fiqr-
ni mtkvris piras~, magram es leqsi Tavisi skeptikur-
melanqoliuri ganwyobiT SesamCnevad gansxvavdeba
`SemoRamebisgan~...
***
`SemoRamebaSi~ TviT bunebac, lirikuli gmiris
msgavsad, TiTqos maRla izideba, zeviT iswrafis. igi
TiTqos rituals, RvTismsaxurebas asrulebs, wminda
msxverpls wiravs. nawarmoebis kamertonia, rogorc
simon Ciqovani uwodebs, `liturgikuli~ saxe:
`Zirs gaSlil lamaz velsa yvavilni mohfenen, viTa

tablas wmindasa,
da viT gundruksa samadlobelsa, Senda aRkmeven
sunnelebasa!~.
es is SemTxvevaa, rodesac, romantikuli tipis ame-

rikeli moazrovnis ralf emersonis sityvebiT rom
vTqvaT, `bunebis Rirseuli amocana xdeba, mogvevlinos
RvTaebis niSnad. buneba aris organo, romlis meSveo-
biTac sayovelTao suli adamianTan saubrobs da adami-
anis TavisTan dabrunebas cdilobs~.
24
literaturis istorikosebi aRniSnaven baraTaSvi-
lis siaxloves qristianul kulturasTan; Seswavlilia
baraTaSvilis poeziis kavSirebi bibliasTan, himnogra-
fiasTan; dadgenilia misi garkveuli motivebis, saxe-
ebis Tu sityvieri formulebis momdinareoba sasuli-
ero literaturidan.
aSkaraa, magaliTad, rom Cveulebriv poetur meta-
foras ar warmoadgens aseTi saxe: `cxovrebis wyarov,
masv wmindaTa wyalTagan SenTa~, rom aq baraTaSvili
metyvelebs garkveuli kulturis sakralur cnebaTa da
simboloTa enaze.
igive unda iTqvas yvavilovani velis `SemoRamebise-
ul~ xilvazec. ai, rogor iyo gacxadebuli es saxe leq-
sis pirvel variantSi:
`Zirs gaSlils almad velsa yvavilni mohfenen

reca tablas wmindasa
da gundruks RmerTTan samadlobelsa Senda
aRkmeven sunnelebasa~.
naTeli xdeba, vis eZRvneba yvavilTa `samadlobeli~

da amis garda uneblieT vfiqrobT, rom RvTisadmi gan-
kuTvnil gundruks tyuilad ar aRukmeven mTawmindas.
Semdeg baraTaSvili miniSnebaTa xelovnebas eufle-
ba da imas, visac wminda msxverpls wiraven, saxeldebiT
aRar axsenebs, magram arsi ucvleli rCeba.
davakvirdeT leqsis dasawyiss: `hoi, mTawmindav,
mTao wmindav~. `mTwminda~ ubralo toponimad aRiqmeba,
pirveladi azri masSi dayruebulia. amitom baraTaSvi-
li Slis sityvas da mis Zireul mniSvnelobas aRadgens
_ `mTao wmindav~, mkafios xdis, rom mTawminda marTlac
wminda, sakraluri adgilia da ara Cveulebrivi mTa.
es aris tipiuri romantikuli SemoqmedebiTi aqti.
ìmis wyalobiT, rom me vaniWeb umdabless umaRles
azrs, Cveulebrivs _ saidumlo elfers, nacnobs uc-
nobis Rirsebas, sasruls _ usasrulos iers, me vaxor-
cieleb yovelive amis romantizebas~ (novalisi).
25
samyaros miTosur Tu religiur modelebSi mTa
RvTis (RvTaebaTa) samyofelia, an, yovel SemTxvevaSi,
miwis da cis Sesayaria, sadac zebunebrivi Zalebi ufro
cxovlad moqmedeben, vidre sxvagan; mTaze asvla Sina-
gan ganwmendad, amaRlebad, RvTaebrivTan miaxloebad
da ziarebad aris warmodgenili.
wminda mTa xSirad ixsenieba fsalmunSi: ùfalo, vin
daeSenos karavsa Sensa, anu vin daemkvidros mTasa wmin-
dasa Sensa~; `gamoavline naTeli Seni da WeSmaritebai
Seni, eseni mimiZRues da mimiyvanes me mTasa wmidasa
Sensa da sayofelTa SenTa~...
literaturismcodneobaSi garkveulia, rom baraTa-
Svilis poeturi metyvelebis da azrovnebis erT-erTi
saTave aris fsalmuni. wminda mTis motivic mas fsal-
munidan unda hqondes SeTvisebuli.
`mTao cxovelo~ _ saRvTo epiTetiT mimarTavs
baraTaSvili mTawmindas.
da am `cxovel~, wminda mTaze, sakralur garemoSi
`SemoRamebis~ lirikulma gmirma uCveulo ram ganicada
_ igrZno Tavisi naTesaoba zecasTan da aReZra `ze-
naarT samyofTan~ SeerTebis mZafri survili, radgan
miiRo gamocxadeba sulieri samSoblodan, ixila usas-
rulo sulierebasTan sakuTari Sinagani erTianobis
damadasturebeli xateba.
magram amasTanave aucilebelia iTqvas isic, rom
Tumca baraTaSvilisTvis amosavali bibliuri arqeti-
pia, mainc poeti SeuzRudvelia masTan damokidebule-
baSi. fsalmuniseuli motivi baraTaSvilis mkveTrad
individualisturi, subieqtivisturi msoflxedvis
areSi xvdeba, misdami daqvemdebarebul elementad iq-
ceva da misive gamJRavnebis formad gvevlineba. mTis
siwminde, baraTaSvilis gaazrebiT, is aris, rom aq yof-
nisas romantikul martosuls zecazec Tavisi msgavse-
bis aRmoCena SeuZlia.
baraTaSvili individualisti da subieqtivistia re-
ligiur ZiebaSic. am sferoSic misTvis WeSmaritebis
erTaderTi macne individualuri sulieri gamocdile-
baa, sakuTari fiqri, grZnoba, ltolva da warmosaxvaa.
26
`SemoRamebiseuli~ gamocxadebis Sinaarsic mTlianad
subieqturia _ es aris romantikuli individuumis mo-
naTesave suli, romelic cazea gamosaxuli.
***
`SemoRameba mTawmindaze~ adamianis da samyaros,
kosmosis harmoniis srulyofili gamoxatulebaa qar-
Tul lirikaSi. ` ~ _ tiutCevis es
poeturi formula zedmiwevniT esadageba baraTaSvi-
lis leqss. adamianis guli aq TiTqos mTel samyaros
itevs, is da samyaro erTmaneTis ritmiT moZraoben.
`SemoRameba mTawmindaze~ _ harmoniis srulfasova-
ni mxatvruli gacxadeba _ baraTaSvilis poeziis erTi
polusia. mis meore poluss warmoadgens `merani~ _
tragikuli msoflgancdis umZafresi gamovlineba Cvens
lirikaSi. maT TiTqos ufskruli TiSavT.
amave dros baraTaSvilis sulieri da poeturi evo-
luciis es niSansvetebi siRrmiseul urTierTkavSirs
da erTianobasac amJRavneben.
`meranSi~ TiTqos ganxorcielebulia miwisgan mowy-
vetis, àmaoebis daSTomis~ wadili, romelsac `SemoRa-
mebis~ lirikul gmirs zeempiriuli samyarosken mimx-
mobi ciuri niSani aRuZravs.
`SemoRamebaSi~ adamianur SesaZleblobaTa SezRu-
duloba aferxebs miRmuri samyarosken swrafvas (`mag-
ram ver scnoben, glax, mokvdavni gangebas ciurs~),
oRond dramatizms gaRvivebis saSualebas ar aZlevs
adamianis da cis uSualod ganWvretili naTesaobis
grZnoba, `SemoRamebis~ paTosis ZiriTadi msazRvreli.
`merani~ srulyofili Tavisuflebisken adamianis
miswrafebis damabrkolebel zRudeTa gadalaxvis ukve
aqtiuri cdaa da am mcdelobis tragizmi isic aris, rom
`meranis~ mxedris ùgzo-ukvlo~, `giJur ltolvas~
aRar aqvs garkveuli orientiri, mkafio mizani: misi
mSfoTvareba veRar dacxreba im `sadgurSi~, TavSesaf-
rad rom esaxeba `SemoRamebis~ lirikul gmirs.
1983
27
sabediswero Zala
`bedi qarTlisas~ kritikul interpretaciebs Soris

siRrmiT gamoirCeva Tvalsazrisi, romlis mixedviTac
poema agebulia Tavisuflebis da aucileblobis konf-
liqtze da am konfliqtSi, saboloo angariSiT, imarj-
vebs istoriuli bediswera.
mTlianobaSi savsebiT damajerebeli es Tvalsazri-
si mxolod Tavisi erTi aspeqtiT iwvevs eWvs: istori-
uli aucilebloba warmodgenilia rogorc ganyenebu-
li, anonimuri Zala, romelic adamianebisgan sruliad
damoukidebelia.
`bedi qarTlisas~ mxatvrul realobaSi gardauva-
loba marTlac moqmedebs, oRond igi ase abstraqtuli
da usaxo ar aris. am gardauvalobis namdvili Sinaarsi
da xasiaTi didi xnis win aqvs SeniSnuli kita abaSiZes.
`saqarTvelosTvis, romlis sazogadoeba dacemuli
iyo suliTa da zneobiT, TviTarseboba SeuZlebeli iyo.
mefe grZnobda, rom aRar SeeZlo iseT erzed damya-
rebuliyo, romelsac SeamCnia muxTloba, roca SeamCnia
`moymeTa TvisTa esden damcroba~, rom TiTqmis mogebu-
li omi waagebines muxanaTobiT da iudasaviT gahyides
samSoblo. maSin gadawyvita, rom `mas aRar iTvisebs
qarTvelTa guli, romelTa mefe euli~ igi iyo; xedavda,
rom Rirseuli da mamulisaTvis gamosadegari memkvid-
re ar hyavda da, garda amisa, TviTon mis Svilebs Soris
iseTi ayal-mayali da areuloba iyo, rom saqmes ver
gauZRvebodnen. yvela amas xedavda mefe da gadawyvita
bedi qarTlisa...~.
es azri Semdeg rogorRac miiCqmala Cvens litera-
turismcodneobaSi, albaT, imitom, rom igi erovnuli
TavmoyvareobisTvis maincdamainc sasiamovno ar aris.
ufro iolia istoriis brma msvlelobis, istoriis usu-
lo kanonebis ucodveli msxverpli iyo, vidre TviTon
agebde pasuxs sakuTar bed-iRbalze.
baraTaSvilis poemis koncefciaSi ki fataluri
roli eris sulier-zneobrivi raobis garkveul mxare-
ebs ekisreba da ara ganyenebul istoriul aucileblo-
28
bas an Tundac konkretul politikur pirobebs, rom-
lebic poemaSi mxolod gakvriTaa moxazuli.
baraTaSvilis poeturi TvalTxedviT, saqarTvelos
mier damoukideblobis dakargva, TavisTavad, iseve ar
aris gardauvali, rogorc ar aris gardauvali krwani-
sis brZolaSi qarTvelebis damarcxeba. am brZolaSi
qarTvelebs mxedruli Tavdadebis da mefis gamWriaxo-
bis wyalobiT gamarjvebis SesaZlebloba aqvT, metic,
gamarjveba TiTqmis mopovebulia, magram Tavs iCens
Ralati da marcxi gardauvali xdeba.
àRa-mahmad-xan moadga cixes, sami dRe da Ram mas
adga jariT, magram verara avno versaiT; daRonda
sparsTa mefe borgvnili da Turme yovliT imedmixdili
qarTliTgan wasvlas daapirebda; magram iuda Jams
eZiebda! aha, man igi aw moixelTa da muxTalisa angarTa
xelTa ahyares mamuls simtkicis bWeni! man mters umsx-
verpla Tvisi moZmeni!~.
bedisweras aq savsebiT miwieri saxe aqvs, am saxiT
ecxadeba erekles da mefe iZulebulia aRiaros Tavisi
damarcxeba mis winaSe.
àr miTvisebda qarTvelTa guli, rom viyav maTi
mefe euli; Cemi mefoba ze davasrule, rom Zlivs igini
gavierTgule! da axla, odes Cems xelmwifobas ganvum-
zadebdi Jam-keTilobas, ai, mis nacvlad rai momapyres
me CemTa ZeTa da vin axares!..~.
erekle mtkivneulad icnobierebs, rom krwanisis
brZola mas waagebina marcxma mTavar brZolaSi _ xang-
rZliv, daZabul brZolaSi eris sulieri gamTlianebis-
Tvis. igi aRmoaCens, rom qarTvelebis TavkerZoba dauZ-
levelia da misi aRkveTis yvela cda amaoa, ris gamoc
SeuZlebeli xdeba qveynis Tavisuflebis SenarCuneba
Tundac ubedurebis da tanjvis fasad. leoniZis rep-
likas _ ìraklim icis, rome qarTvelebs arad miaCniT
ubedureba, Tu aqvT Tvis WerT qveS Tavisufleba!~ _
erekle pasuxobs: `qarTvelTa ra hyon am ubedobis da
darRvevis dros?~. `darRvevis~ Seukavebeli, sabediswe-
ro procesi, roca qarTvelebi ùrTierTs hbZarven~,
xolo mefes `Rirseuli~, saimedo memkvidre ara hyavs,
29
uxSobs qveyanas TviTmyofadi arsebobis perspeqtivas.
igi gansazRvravs imis gardauvalobas, `rom dRes iqne-
ba, Tu xval iqneba, qarTlsa daicavs rusT xelmwifeba!~.
erekles azrs, rom saqarTvelo gardauvalad Seuer-
Tdeba ruseTs, aRmoacenebs is, rac man krwanisis brZo-
lisas momxdar RalatSi ganWvrita _ Tavisi qveSevr-
domebis mankier midrekilebaTa uvnebelyofis fatalu-
ri SeuZlebloba.
baraTaSvili erekles warmosaxavs rogorc bediswe-
rasTan brZolis unayofobiT, `moymeTa TvisTa esden
damcrobiT~ Rrmad imedgacruebul, iluziebdamsxvre-
ul romantikul gmirs. sxvaTaSoris, aseve mwared aris
imedgacruebuli holderlinis romantikuli gmiri hi-
perioni, roca TiTqosda TavisuflebisTvis mebrZoli
berZnebi sulmdabali mZarcvelebi gamodgebian.
magram erekles yofnis Zala, uyvardes da ebrale-
bodes Tavisi xalxi, zrunavdes masze, TviTonve ikis-
ros imis aRsruleba, rac gardauvali gamxdara, raTa
qarTvelebs aaridos ukve uazro msxverpli (`hoi, Rmer-
To, RmerTo, amazed metad nuRar gaswirav qarTvelTa
tanjvad~).
qarTlis beds wyvets qarTuli sazogadoebis aRmo-
ufxvreli partikularizmi. erekle mxolod adastu-
rebs ganaCens, radgan garkveviT dainaxavs, rom SeuZle-
belia am sabediswero Zalis daokeba. Tanac, misi azriT,
ruseTTan SeerTeba, riskenac qveyanas es Zala garda-
uvalad eweva, mainc ar aris sruli katastrofa, mSvi-
dobas da qristianuli sarwmunoebis usafrTxoebas
uzrunvelyofs.
leoniZe Tumca sworad grZnobs, rom mefes gadawy-
vetileba omis dros momxdarma Ralatma ukarnaxa, mag-
ram mas yvelaferi monarqis emociebze dayavs da ver
wvdeba sabediswero kanonzomierebas, romelic ereklem
Ralatis faqtSi amoicno.
`veWvob, sofio, rome irakli qarTvelebzeda iyos
gulnakli; mas zed etyoba, rom misi suli Zlierad aris
aRelvebuli! mwared upirebs batoni dasjas Tavis Svi-
lebis ama urCebas!~.
30
magram cxadia, rom erekles amoZravebs ara ubra-
lod bunebrivi aRSfoTeba Ralatis gamo, aramed azri
qarTuli TavkerZobis fatalurobis Sesaxeb, romelic
Ralatma gamoaaSkarava.
amas adasturebs poemis finalic. erekle agrZelebs
brZolas saqarTvelos agresiul mezoblebTan da war-
matebasac aRwevs, magram misi azri mainc ucvleli
rCeba.
`warvidnen welni mosvenebisa da kvlav iraklim xma-
li brZolisa aRiRo lekTa Sesamusvrelad! arc sparsni
darCnen daumarcxeblad; siberis Jamsa moica Zali da
SeaZrwuna kvalad osmali; kvlav asaxela Tavis saxeli,
magram amao iyo yoveli: didi xania, rom bedi qarTlis
gardaiwyvita gulman iraklis!~.
erekle axerxebs gaauvneblos saSiSroeba, romelsac
qveyanas krwanisis damarcxeba uqmnis. am saSiSroebas me-
fe naTlad iTvaliswinebs da roca Tavisi gadawyveti-
lebis motivebs ayalibebs, maszec miuTiTebs:
àmieriTgan gaqezebuli mahmad-xanisa mosisxle gu-
li ar dagvawynarebs siamayiTa: mas Jami Seswevs yovlis
RoniTa; es xma lekTaca agviyayanebs; osmali mxolod
drosa uyurebs...~.
rogorc vxedavT, poemis finalSi swored es safrT-
xea neitralizebuli. magram amis miuxedavad mefis azri
saqarTvelos bedis Sesaxeb ar icvleba, radgan igi sa-
bolood darwmunda, rom unayofoa brZola qarTvele-
bis `gasaerTguleblad~ da amitom qveyana gardauvalad
gamoeTxoveba Tavisuflebas.
Tavisuflebis umaRlesi idealis ganwirulebas ba-
raTaSvili Sekavebuli tragikuli grZnobiT gamoxatavs.
***
baraTaSvilis poeziis mkvlevarebs garkveuli aqvT,
ra didi zegavlena moaxdina poetis sulier da Semoq-
medebiT formirebaze 1832 wlis SeTqmulebam.
am istoriuli movlenis anabeWdebi upirveles yov-
lisa `bedi qarTlisaSi~ moCans. aq erTgan miniSnebuli
31
unda iyos TviT SeTqmulebis faqti (`maSin visaRa moe-
surveba, naxos qarTlisa kvlav amboxeba!~); SeTqmule-
bis ideologiis gamoZaxilia mefis SeuzRudveli xeli-
suflebis leoniZiseuli kritika.
SeimCneva poemis ufro Rrma kavSiric 1832 wlis SeT-
qmulebis faqtTan.
qarTlis bedi gadawyda da ruseTTan kavSiris gar-
dauvaloba gamJRavnda baraTaSvilis Tvalwin, roca
gamcemlobam CaSala 1832 wlis SeTqmuleba.
`bedi qarTlisaSi~ krwanisis brZolisas momxdari
Ralati imitom aris erovnuli Tavisuflebis SeuZleb-
lobis ueWveli niSani, rom masSi baraTaSvili 1832 wlis
gamcemlobis proecirebas axdens. 1832 wlis da krwa-
nisis ambebis logikis Tanxvedra poetis cnobierebaSi
badebs azrs fataluri Zalis Sesaxeb, romelic saqarT-
velos damoukidebeli arsebobis unars ukargavs.
es Tvalsazrisi Sorsaa providencializmisgan, igi
ar cnobs RvTiur gangebas Tu sasjels, romelsac ar-
sebiTi mniSvneloba eniWeba guramiSvilis istoriul pa-
noramaSi. baraTaSvilisTvis organuli istoriis ro-
mantikuli xedva ar cnobs arc obieqturi garemoebebis
tiranias _ adamianebs SeuZliaT yvelaferi, Tuki Zle-
ven sakuTar Tavs, sakuTar bunebas. magram es buneba,
romlis Zlevac ar xerxdeba, maT bediswerad evlinebaT.
Tumca `bedi qarTlisaSi~ warmoCenilia qarTvele-
bis Tavdadebuli siyvarulic mefisadmi, qveynisadmi,
mainc gadamwyvet momentSi boroteba mZlavrobs, rac
sabediswero kanonzomierebad aRiqmeba.
`Cvenma uxeirobam dagvRupa! vai, Cveno qarTlis
bedo!~ _ megobrisTvis, konstantine mamacaSvilisTvis
naTqvam baraTaSvilis am sityvebSi `bedi qarTlisas~
sazrisia gamxelili.
axal droSi baraTaSvilma pirvelma aqcia kritiku-
li fiqris sagnad erovnuli xasiaTis naklovani mxare-
ebi. erT werilSi igi gulistkiviliT mianiSnebs im
`sneulebaze~, `romlisa gamoc qarTveli Tavisians ar
gamoadgeba~; sxvagan mwared kiTxulobs: `gana qarTve-
lebSi aris megobruli da naTesavebrivi grZnoba?~.
32
aseTi kritikuli TvalTaxedva Semdeg sistemuri
saxiT da Semtevi paTosiT gamovlinda ilia WavWavaZis
da misi Tanamoazreebis SemoqmedebaSi. Tavisi Tavisadmi
mkacri, uSeRavaTo damokidebuleba eris, iseve rogorc
pirovnebis, kulturis niSania, mis goniT simwifes mow-
mobs. amitom bunebrivia, rom moazrovne qarTveli pat-
riotebi mzeras Tavisi xalxis xasiaTis im Tvisebebis-
ken mimarTaven, cnobil obieqtur faqtorebTan erTad
misi bediswera rom gansazRvres; bediswera, romelTan
Seurigeblobac baraTaSvilis `meranSi~ uyoymanod da
samudamod aris arCeuli.
1988
33
Tavisuflebisken moZraoba
usasrulobasTan, maradiulobasTan ziarebisken

ltolva _ romantikuli msoflgancdis organuli
Tviseba _ baraTaSvilis poeziis erT-erTi arsebiTi
aspeqtia. am ltolvaSi mJRavndeba raRac iseTis aRmo-
Cenis da masTan SekavSirebis Rrma adamianuri moTxov-
nileba, rac warmavalobaze da amaoebaze Zlieria, rasac
sikvdili ver anadgurebs. es yvelaze TvalsaCinoa bara-
TaSvilis or leqsSi _ àr ukiJino, satrfoo~ da
`merani~.
àr ukiJino~ romantikuli ocneba, fantazirebaa
usasrulobasTan Serwymaze. usasrulobasTan, maradi-
sobasTan SeerTebis nebis ZaliT lirikuli gmiri da is,
vinc mas uyvars, gvevlinebian iseT fenomenebad, rom-
lebic mudmivad myofoben samyaroSi _ mzed, namad.
isini mTliandebian da dausruleblad badeben sikeTes.
`rom mxolod mzisa ciagi mas dilis namsa iSrobdes da
erTad Sesxivebulni Svebas mohfendnen sicocxles,
ares avsebdnen siamiT mcenareT ganmacxoveblad, iyvnen
maradis, uxsnelad, soflisa gansaTaveblad~. sikvdi-
lis Zleva da usasrulobasTan ziareba miiRweva samya-
roSi maradiulad mimdinare pozitiur procesSi _
sicocxlis aRmocenebis da zrdis procesSi warmosax-
viTi TanamonawileobiT.
àr ukiJinosgan~ gansxvavebiT `meranSi~ usasrulo-
basTan ziarebis cda yofierebis tragikul, anu ufro
Rrma da WeSmarit ganzomilebaSi xorcieldeba. miswra-
febas usasrulobisken, `bedis samZRvris~ gadalaxvis-
ken aRkveTs sikvdili _ bedisweris mTavari iaraRi.
Tanac es aris romantikulad maqsimalizebuli sikvdi-
li, `satrfos cremlis~, `naTesavT glovis~, samSoblo-
Si `winaparT saflavebs Soris~ damarxvis gareSe, imis
gareSe, rac adamians sikvdilis Semdeg raRac kavSirs
unarCunebs Tavis sociokulturul garemosTan. mera-
nis mxedars wilad xvdeba ara Cveulebrivi, `ganelebu-
li~ sikvdili, aramed daRupva srul martoobaSi, ucxo
da ukacriel sivrceSi, sadac mis gmirul msxverplga-
34
Rebas mowme, TanamgrZnobeli da damfasebeli ar hyavs,
sadac ukvalod qreba amqveynidan. sikvdili movleni-
lia Tavisi maararavebeli Zalis mTeli sisruliT, raTa
ufro meti mniSvneloba mieces mis Zlevas.
ra SeaZlebinebs meranis mxedars daTanxmdes amgvar
`srul~ sikvdils? is, rom igi sinamdvileSi ki ar qreba
adamianTa samyarodan, aramed piriqiT, samaradisod
mkvidrdeba masSi, ramdenadac bediswerisadmi daumor-
CileblobiT gakvalul gzas uxsnis sxvaTa Tavisuf-
lebas da uerTdeba imas, rac usasrulod grZeldeba
amqveynad _ Tavisuflebisken moZraobas. metic, Tavisi
qmedebiT is obieqturad xdeba Tavisuflebis saboloo,
samudamo aRzevebis Tanamonawile, Tu vigulisxmebT,
rom misi `moZme~ momavalSi aramarto Seupovrad ebrZ-
vis, aramed amarcxebs kidec bedisweras. TviTSewirvis
wyalobiT `meranis~ gmiri usasrulo momavalSi fuZn-
deba, usxlteba warmavalobas. mis Tavgametebas sruli-
ad araritorikul, aradeklaraciul iers, Rrma si-
marTles da damajereblobas sZens is, rom msxverpl-
gaRebis sanacvlod igi SeukavSirdeba imas, rac sikvdi-
lis mier zRvardaudebia _ samyaroSi Tavisuflebis
gavrcobis adamianuri cdis ganuwyvetlobas.
2001
35
ilia WavWavaZe
gaxedva iliasken
Cveni sazogadoebis damokidebuleba ilias mimarT

sakultoa, ritualuria _ es damokidebuleba sabWoTa
periodSi Camoyalibda da ritualebis moyvare qarTu-
li cnobierebis anabeWdTan erTad sabWour damRasac
atarebs. ilia vaqcieT usicocxlo fetiSad, romelsac
farisevlur himnebs aRvuvlenT da am himnebSi Warbadaa
provinciuli paTosiT gaJRenTili epiTetebi: `didi~,
`bumberazi~, `brZeni~... ilias gamonaTqvamebs artistu-
li mowiwebiT vimowmebT rogorc dogmatebs. ar vake-
TebT mxolod imas, rac aucilebelia _ ar vcdilobT
seriozulad vifiqroT masTan erTad. es gasagebic aris
_ igi gvWirdeba mxolod rogorc Cveni `simagris~
damadasturebeli, TvalismomWrelad mbrwyinavi kerpi.
TviTon ilia ki Cveni `simagris~ dadasturebas Cvens
sisusteTa Sesaxeb gansjas amjobinebda. arc iliamde da
arc mis Semdeg saqarTveloSi ar yofila moazrovne,
romelsac ase gamudmebiT, aseTi tkiviliT efiqros
qarTuli xasiaTis Tu mentalobis naklovanebebze. misi
siyvaruli saqarTvelosadmi iyo Zalian vnebiani da ama-
ve dros `civi~, obieqturi da uSeRavaTo _ namdvili
siyvaruli Tavisi arsiT momTxovni da mkacria, radgan
surs, rom is, viskenac aris mimarTuli, realurad iyos
siyvarulis Rirsi, im faseulobaTa realurad xorc-
Semsxmeli, romlebic siyvaruls imsaxurebs.
ilia yvelaze tragikuli bedis pirovnebaa qarTul
istoriaSi da kulturaSi _ ara imdenad misi sazareli
aRsasrulis gamo, ramdenadac imitom, rom mis TvalTa-
xedvas da mizanswrafvas ar iziarebda da ar iziarebs
misi xalxi. ilias mkvleloba kvlav grZeldeba, ilias yove-
ldRe klavs saqarTvelos ugunureba, uzneoba, uniaToba...
axalgazrda ilias Tavidan radikaluri Tvalsazri-
si hqonda rogorc socialur, aseve erovnul proble-
maze. magram male, axalgazrdobaSive, ilias Wabukur da
36
sakmaod zedapirul radikalizms sinamdvilis serio-
zul analizze dafuZnebuli pozicia cvlis, misi revo-
luciuri sificxe da mouTmenloba qreba.
rogorc Cans, ilias msoflmxedvelobis aseT Secv-
las biZgi da mimarTuleba misca ruseTis imperiaSi gan-
xorcielebulma reformam, batonymobis gauqmebam, sa-
moqalaqo sazogadoebis Camoyalibebis dawyebam. am re-
formis CatarebaSi ilia uSualod monawileobda kidec,
roca saqarTvelos erT-erT mxareSi momrigebel mosa-
marTled muSaobda.
rodesac pirovnebis da sazogadoebis Semoqmedebi-
Ti Zalebis SemboWveli batonymuri sistema dairRva,
iliam dainaxa, rom SesaZlebelia SedarebiT gazrdili
Tavisuflebis gamoyeneba da qveynis TandaTanobiT ga-
jansaReba da gaZliereba, anu damoukideblobisTvis
qveynis bunebrivi momwifeba. socialuri, ekonomikuri
da kulturuli progresi qveynis Tavisuflebis auci-
lebeli wanamZRvaria _ aseTi pozicia amoicnoba ilias
mxatvrul da publicistur SemoqmedebaSi.
progresis ganmaxorcielebelia organizebuli Sro-
ma da fxizeli, naTeli gonebis aqtivoba _ faseulobe-
bi da fenomenebi, romelTac ilia dauRalavad, jiutad
amkvidrebs. aseve dauRalavad da jiutad ebrZvis igi
imas, rac Sromis da gonierebis rogorc arsebobis
mTavari principebis damkvidrebas win eRobeba _ gvian-
del feodalur cnobierebas da cxovrebis wess: gone-
bis da sxeulis sizarmaces, TavkerZobas da sazogado-
ebrivi interesebisadmi gulgrilobas, araracionalu-
robas, miTebis, iluziebis tyveobas, uniadago ampar-
tavnobas da Tavmomwoneobas... amis satiruli gamom-
zeurebaa TaTqariZeTa saxeebi. xolo is, ramac qveyana
am feodaluri balastisgan unda gaaTavisuflos _
axleburi Sromis kultura da fxizeli goniereba, Zli-
eri da mizanswrafuli nebisyofa, socialuri aqtiuro-
ba _ òTaraanT qvrivis~ mTavar gmirebSi gansaxierda.
axleburi Sroma da racionaluri, ganaTlebuli
cnobiereba, ilias TvalsazrisiT, araTu qveynis ganvi-
Tarebis da gaTavisuflebis pirobaa, aramed gadarCenis
37
pirobac aris, radgan Tu feodalizmis rRveva da kapi-
talizmze gadasvla, erTi mxriv, meti Tavisuflebis da
SemoqmedebiTi SesaZleblobebis momniWebelia, meore
mxriv, es qveynisTvis axali istoriuli gamowvevaa, axal
brZolaSi misi Cabmis momaswavebelia. igi misgan Zalebis
srul mokrebas da adrindelze ufro rTul, Znel aqti-
vobas moiTxovs. kapitalizmi aramxolod individebis,
aramed erebis da qveynebis konkurenciacaa, sicocxlis
arsebiTi da maradiuli maxasiaTeblis _ brZolis Sedare-
biT civilizebuli gamovlinebaa da brZolis am nairsaxeo-
bis iaraRi swored organizebuli Sroma da ganaTlebuli
gonebaa. garkveuli azriT es brZola ufro mkacric aris,
vidre brZolis pirdapiri da uxeSi formebi. konkuren-
ciis gulauCvilebeli kanonebisgan SeRavaTebs ar unda
velodeT. `xmlian mters gavuZeliT, gadavrCiT... Sro-
miT da garjiT, codniT da xerxiT mosuli ki Tan gagvi-
tans, fex-qveSidam miwas gamogvaclis, saxels gagviq-
robs, gagviwyvets, saxsenebeli qarTvelisa amoikveTe-
ba, da Cvens mSvenier qveyanas, rogorc upatrono say-
dars, sxvani daepatronebian. Sromasa da garjas, cod-
nasa da xerxs veravin-Ra gauZlebs, Tu Sroma da garja,
codna da xerxi ar mivagebeT, win ar davaxvedreT, win ar
davuyeneT. varT ki yovelive amisaTvis mzad? an gvet-
yoba raSime, rom yovelive es viciT da vemzadebiT?..~.
Cveni axlandeli istoriuli situacia mniSvnelo-
vanwilad im istoriuli viTarebis msgavsia, romelSic
iliam qveynis modernizaciis programa SeimuSava da mis
xorcSesxmas Seudga _ iSleba Zveli, gamofituli sis-
tema (erT SemTxvevaSi batonymoba, meoreSi _ socia-
lizmi), iwyeba kapitalizmis damkvidreba, progresis xe-
lisSemSleli maSinac iyo da axlac aris feodaluri
cnobierebis da cxovrebis yaidis atavizmi... logikuri
iqneboda, Cveni reagirebac aseT istoriul viTarebaze
im inteleqtualuri da praqtikuli reagirebis msgavsi
yofiliyo, romelic iliam moaxdina Tavis Tanadroul
istoriul garemoebebze. magram yvelaferi swored lo-
gikis sawinaaRmdegod warimarTa da ar moxda garda-
uvalad moaxloebuli Ria ekonomikuri da socialur-
38
politikuri sistemis srulfasovnad danergvisTvis
aucilebeli mkveTri orientireba modernizebul Sro-
maze da cnobierebis racionalizaciaze, anu namdvili,
aradeklaraciuli orientireba dasavleTze. amis gare-
Se ki, rogorc ilia gvafrTxilebs, kapitalisturi kon-
kurencia sasikeTos arafers gviqadis. am rTul amoca-
nas saqarTvelom feodaluri sulis amofrqveviT upasuxa.
misi cnobiereba miTebis da iluziebis, sakraluri sityve-
bis, simboloebis da ritualebis warmosaxviT samyaros Se-
efara da iq daemala daZabuli Sromis da gonebrivi aqti-
vobis aucileblobas. aRorZinda Zveli, mamapapuri, fe-
odaluri cxovrebis praqtika _ ambiciebis gaafTrebu-
li Sexla, klanebis SuRli, iaraRis da Zalis kulti,
qveynis daqucmaceba, maRalfardovani fuWsityvaoba...
Zneli saTqmelia, ramdenad moaxerxebs qarTuli sa-
zogadoeba meToduri Sromis da ganaTlebuli, raci-
onaluri cnobierebis kultivirebas. amisTvis aucile-
belia im Zalis aRorZineba, romelsac ilia yvelaze
cxovelmyofelad miiCnevda. es aris Rirsebis grZnoba,
Tavmoyvareoba _ is, rac, erTi ucxoeli mwerlis TqmiT,
cxovrebas gemos aZlevs. swored Rirsebis grZnobaa ilias
òTaraanT qvrivSi~ warmoCenili Sromaze dafuZnebuli
eTikis RerZi. ilia Rirsebis grZnobas `RvTaebrivs~
uwodebs, misi fiqriT, `rogorc sxivi mzisgan, yvela ni-
Wi da madli adamianisa, sulieri Tu xorcieli, am
grZnobidan warmomdinarebs da yovelive isev ukan
mierTmeva, viT Tavis dasabams~.
pirovnuli Rirsebis grZnoba, Tavmoyvareoba CvenSi
amRvreuli da damaxinjebulia, ampartavnobis, pativmo-
yvareobis, egoisturi TavmoTneobis mier aris STanTq-
muli. xolo erovnuli Rirsebis grZnoba gadagvarebu-
lia cru, iluziebze damyarebul siamayed, romlis usa-
fuZvlobac axla yvelas Tvalwin tragikulad gamoaSka-
ravda. magram iqneb Cvens mier gancdilma nacionalurma
sircxvilma gamoaRviZos Rirsebis grZnoba rogorc zne-
obis, gonierebis da SemoqmedebiTi Sromis masazrdoebeli
sawyisi _ Segvabrunos iliasken, anu gagvaxedos win.
1993
39
orgvari cnobiereba
zogadad SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom ilia WavWavaZis

patriotuli ideali iyo saqarTvelo rogorc Tavisu-
fali, civilizebuli, evropeizebuli qveyana; xolo
konkretulad Tu vilaparakebT, mis prozaSi gamokve-
Tilia orgvari cxovrebis yaida da cnobierebis wyoba,
romelTagan erTi mTlianad ewinaaRmdegeba da gamo-
ricxavs qveynis evropeizaciis geziT ganviTarebas,
meore ki am geziT svlis mamoZravebelia.
sinamdvilisadmi evropul damokidebulebas arsebi-
Tad is gansazRvravs, rom dasavleli adamiani Tavis-
Tavis da cxovrebis aRmSenebeli da gardamqmnelia. misi
yofiereba realobis mizanmimarTuli Secvlis, gaumjo-
besebis sistematuri cdaa, radgan igi Tvlis, rom es
realoba mudmiv srulyofas saWiroebs. dasavleli ada-
miani energiulad eswrafis bunebrivi da socialuri
garemos mowesrigebas, marTvas, raTa igi TavisTvis uf-
ro keTilmyofeli da Sesaferisi gaxados. yovel
SemTxvevaSi, renesansis epoqidan mokidebuli dasavle-
li adamiani swored aseTi Cans, Tumca amis fesvebi
ufro Rrmaa...
Zneli warmosadgenia sinamdvilisadmi amgvari damo-
kidebulebis ufro sruli uaryofa, vidre ilia WavWa-
vaZis `kacia-adamianis?!~ personaJebis arsebobaa: mouw-
yobeli da mouwesrigebeli yofa da sacxovrebeli ga-
remo, romelsac mis mimarT adamianis ukiduresi dau-
devrobis daRi adevs; ucvleloba, erTis da imaves gau-
Tavebeli gameoreba, roca droc TiTqos uZravia; uqmi
da modunebuli, uenergio sicocxle, romlis sifu-
turoves avsebs xorcieli tkboba, gancxroma, SeiZleba
iTqvas, àRmosavluri hedonizmi~, oRond iseTive uxeSi
da primitiuli, rogoric aris yvelaferi, rasac mwe-
rali TaTqariZeebisTvis damaxasiaTeblad miiCnevs.
cxovrebisadmi dasavluri, aqtiuri damokidebule-
ba saTaves iRebs gonebis primatidan, romelmac sabo-
lood Tavisi cxadi gacnobiereba da aRiareba raci-
onalizmSi da ganmanaTleblobaSi pova. gonebaa aqti-
40
uri, moZravi, sinamdvilis wvdomis, gagebis da amdenad
dauflebis daJinebiT mcdeli. gonebis raobaa maradi-
uli maZiebloba, ukve miRweuliT daukmayofilebloba,
sisrulisken Seusvenebeli ltolva. `fausturi adami-
anis~ gonebis mousvenrobaa ukufenili evropis soci-
aluri da kulturuli cxovrebis aqtiur-dinamiur xa-
siaTSi, intensiur SemoqmedebaSi, SromaSi, romelmac
sinamdviles gonebis moTxovnebis Sesatyvisi Tvisebri-
oba da saxe unda mianiWos.
ilia WavWavaZe rogorc racionalisti da ganmanaT-
lebeli Tavisi satiris Zireul Temad ugunurebas ir-
Cevs da Tavisi gmirebis samarcxvino dacemulobis pir-
velmizezs ugunurebaSi xedavs. `kacia-adamianis?!~ per-
sonaJebisTvis upirvelesad swored gonebis sizantea
niSandoblivi da maTi fizikuri inertuloba, mZime da
umoZrao materialuroba maTive gonebrivi uZraobis
mxatvruli gansxeulebac aris. TaTqariZeebis mTeli
arseboba sruliad araracionaluria da, avtoris
TvalTaxedviT, pirvel rigSi amiT aris damaRoneblad
komikuri. moTxrobis gmirebi TiTqos buranSi, mTvle-
marebaSi arian Cafluli. maT moSlili aqvT kavSiri re-
alur, cocxal sinamdvilesTan, ar gaaCniaT misi saRad
aRqmis da gaazrebis unari. isini Caketili arian yalbi
tradiciuli Sexedulebebis, crurwmenebis, iluziebis
_ gonebiT da sinamdvilis logikiT daudasturebeli
warmodgenebis moCvenebiT samyaroSi, romelsac namdvi-
li samyarosgan yru, sqeli kedeli mijnavs.
moTxrobis personaJebis cnobiereba `miTosur-poe-
turia~, `magiuria~. am cnobierebas SeiZleba eWvmiuta-
nel WeSmaritebad miaCndes zRapruli istoria xe cno-
badisas zurmuxtis nayofis Sesaxeb, romelic did sa-
xelmwifoTa Soris cilobis sagania da qveynad arev-da-
revas iwvevs. ymebis momaval gaTavisuflebas es cnobie-
reba imiT xsnis, rom mzes gveleSapi Semoexvia, radgan
adamianebis codvebma imata _ zogierTi mebatone uRi-
rsad iqceva, tradicias Ralatobs da vaWariviT moge-
bas eZebs. sakuTar uSvilobasac, rogorc gvaxsovs,
TaTqariZeebi zemiwieri Zalebis wyromas Tu boroti
41
sulebis xrikebs miaweren da am ubedurebisgan Tavda-
saxsnelad `magiur~ saSualebebs iyeneben. sinamdvilis
movlenebs Soris realuri mimarTebebis, mizez-Sede-
gobrivi kavSirebis danaxva da gageba maT ar SeuZliaT
da sruliad araidumali ambebi `jadosnur-mistiku-
rad~ aixsneba. amgvari araracionaluri azrovnebis ni-
muSia, vTqvaT, luarsabis mier batonymobis gamarTle-
bac RvTis nebaze miTiTebiT da im utyuari sabuTiT,
rom adamianis xelis TiTebic ki RmerTma araTanabari
zomis Seqmna.
moTxrobaSi komizms xSirad badebs personaJebis az-
rovnebis alogikuroba, maT mier gamomJRavnebuli lo-
gikuri dasabuTebis uunaroba, maTi àzrebis~ da am
àzrebis~ dasamtkiceblad moSveliebuli `faqtebis~,
àrgumentebis~ Seusatyvisoba. amis klasikuri magali-
Tia cnobili `buzebis epizodi~, sadac sinamdvilis
elementaruli logikis vergagebaa gamasxrebuli. aseve
cnobil pasaJSi, romelic kulinariis sakiTxebze ka-
maTs eZRvneba, gamWvirvalea aramxolod TaTqariZeTa
interesebis simdable, aramed agreTve cnobierebis
garkveuli, araracionaluri wyoba, kamaTis sagnis ar-
CevaSive rom vlindeba _ ar SeiZleba imis logikuri
argumentireba, Tu romeli kerZia `kerZebis mefe~, an
romeli Tevzi _ `Tevzebis mefe~, es `poetur-pirobi-
Ti~ warmodgenebis sferoa. amitom àrgumentad~ gvev-
lineba gmirebis Wirveuli subieqtivizmi, romelsac
jiutad ar surs ukan daxeva.
es gamamxiarulebeli viTareba arc ise mxiaruli
daskvnebis gamotanisken gvibiZgebs. racionaluri az-
rovneba gulisxmobs sinamdvilis kanonebis da obieqtu-
ri wyobis adekvatur aRqmas, moiTxovs adamianis arse-
bobis realobasTan SeTanadebas, igi subieqts garkveul
sazRvrebs uwesebs. xolo racionaluri azrovnebis ga-
nuviTarebloba realisturi aRqmis sisustes moaswa-
vebs da infantilurad Jinian subieqtivizms gasaqani
eZleva. gonebis umoqmedoba da siRatake, gonebis kont-
rolis ararseboba aadvilebs qvena grZnobebis da vne-
42
bebis, moqiSpeobis, jibris, Suris galaRebas, rogorc
es TaTqariZeebis cxovrebaSia.
`kacia-adamianis?!~ personaJTa cnobierebaSi gaba-
tonebul crurwmenebs Soris ganaTlebis da codnis _
sistematuri gonebrivi aqtivobis SiSnarevi aTvalwu-
nebac aris. aseve Clungi aTvalwunebiT uyureben isini
Sromas. moTxrobis personaJebs CveviaT warsulis ga-
nusjeli idealizacia, romelic mJRavndeba, magali-
Tad, aseT absurdSi _ adrindeli dro imiT jobs aw-
myos, rom maSin saZraxis saqmeebs ukeTesad aCumaTebd-
nen. yvelaferi, rac axal civilizaciasTan aris dakav-
Sirebuli, maT `magiur~ da konservatul cnobierebas
saxifaTo jadoqrobad, eSmakis manqanebad warmoesaxeba
(ase aRiqvamen qalaqis cxovrebas). cnobiswadili, raime
siaxlis gaazrebis moTxovnileba am daxSul cnobiere-
baSi ar iZvris.
TaTqariZeebis arsebobis erT-erTi burjia cru-
rwmena, rom uxeSi Zaladoba aucilebelia wesrigisTvis
_ amaze metyvelebs kolorituli epizodi, sadac ugu-
nuri egzekucia _ ymebis dawiokebaa aRwerili, agreTve
luarsabis da darejanis gauxunari Segonebani imis
Taobaze, rom ymebi mudam SiSSi unda amyofo, Torem
Tavs gauvaT... erTi moazrovnis mtkicebiT, Zaladobis
absoluturi efeqtianobis uryevi aRiareba, adamianze
gonivruli, damarwmunebeli sityviT zemoqmedebis nac-
vlad ZaladobisTvis upiratesobis miniWebac iyo aRmo-
savluri samyaros CamorCenis, gaxevebis mizezi. da TaT-
qariZeebic xom arsebiTad aRmosavlelebi, azielebi
arian...
araadekvaturia, iluzorulia moTxrobis mTavari
personaJebis warmodgena sakuTar Tavze: rogorc ver
xedaven realobas, aseve ver xedaven TavisTavs realo-
baSi. maTi dabinduli, burusSi CaZiruli goneba uZlu-
ria realisturad aRiqvas da gansajos maTive raoba,
SesaZleblobebi da amis Sedegad Tavs iCens komikurad
gadaWarbebuli TviTSefasebani, Tavmomwoneoba, rac
uzomo kvexnaSi da qadilSi gamoixateba. isini amJRavne-
ben gansakuTrebul `niWs~ Seiqmnan, ganimtkicon da
43
SeinarCunon iluziebi, yvelaferi warmoidginon ise,
rogorc maTTvisaa xelsayreli _ sakmarisia movigo-
noT uSvilobiT aRZruli peripetia da misi damagvir-
gvinebeli iluzoruli gamarjveba, romlis aRsaniSna-
vadac xalisiani dResaswauli ewyoba. maTze damatyve-
veblad moqmedebs qeba da pirferoba, radgan es tkbili
iluziebis SenarCunebaSi exmarebaT da advilad mosat-
yueblebi arian, imitom, rom adamiani yvelaze metad im
tyuils ijerebs, romelic mis Tavismotyuebis survils
Tanxvdeba.
gonierebiT arc moTxrobis danarCeni personaJebi
gamoirCevian, Tumca zogierT maTgans aqvs patara eSma-
kuri Wkua, romelic mxolod sxvebis gabriyvebis da ra-
Racis gamorCenis unarSi vlindeba.
TaTqariZeebis cnobierebis wyobas ilia WavWavaZe
gviandeli, ukve gamofituli feodalizmis socialur
struqturasTan akavSirebs, mis maxinj nayofad warmog-
vidgens. magram TaTqariZeTa saxeebi socialur Sina-
arsTan erTad garkveuli epoqis qarTuli mentalobis
momcvelia, rasac moTxrobis avtori TviTon
gvaniSnebs.
ilias mier Seqmnil satirul saxeebs mniSvnelovne-
bas da sicocxlis xangrZlivobas uwinaresad swored
maTSi gamoxatuli mentalobis buneba aniWebs. TaTqari-
Zeebis yofiTi cxovrebis wesis da empiriuli xasiaTis
zogierTi niSani SedarebiT ioli Sesacvleli (Tu Sesa-
niRbavi) aRmoCnda, maTi cnobierebis gvianfeodaluri
wyoba ki ufro gamZle gamodga da mniSvnelovanwilad
jerac daurRvevelia.
amis mTavari mizezi ase ikveTeba _ ilia WavWavaZis
mier energiulad wamowyebuli ganmanaTlebluri suli-
eri revoluciis gagrZelebas da gaRrmavebas, kapita-
listuri ekonomikis da socialuri urTierTobebis
ganviTarebis paralelurad, unda moyoloda qarTuli
cnobierebis racionalizacia, magram igi CaaxSo marq-
sistulma moCvenebiTma racionalizmma, sinamdvileSi
kvlavindeburad `miTologiam~, `magiam~. is aRzrdis da
amkvidrebs cnobierebas, romelic ar aris orientire-
44
buli samyaros adekvatur aRqma-gagebaze da ar wyalobs
racionaluri azrovnebis iseT kriteriumebs, rogori-
caa sicxade, realizmi, mizanmimarTuloba, logikuri
Tanmimdevruloba, kritikuloba... aseTi kriteriume-
biT aRWurvili cnobiereba xelaRebiT, myari safuZv-
lis gareSe arafers irwmunebs an uaryofs.
racionalizmsac axlavs garkveuli safrTxe: is Se-
iZleba mowydes cocxal sinamdviles da gauCndes yov-
lisSemZleobis pretenzia; iqces sqematur doqtrinio-
robad, realobisgan ganyenebul utopizmad, an dacil-
des humanizms da gamJRavndes rogorc emociuri siRa-
ribe da simSrale, usulgulo pragmatizmi, sinamdvilis
da adamianisadmi momxmarebluri damokidebuleba... mag-
ram yovelive es sxva msjelobis Temaa. amJamad sxva
yvelaferze metad swored Cveni naklebad racionalu-
ri cnobiereba gveRobeba win, gviZnelebs demokratiu-
li sazogadoebis da saxelmwifos Seqmnas, ramdenadac
dasavluri demokratiis formirebis erT-erTi ZiriTa-
di wanamZRvari swored dasavluri racionalizmi iyo,
xolo axla misi simkvidris erT-erTi ZiriTadi
garantia.
racionalizmi ar cnobs apriorul, gonebiT da
cdiT Seumowmebel WeSmaritebebs, romelTa wvdomis da
flobis monopoliis daweseba da miTviseba avtorita-
ruli mmarTvelobis mier warmoadgens mis ideolo-
giur samagrs; igi gulisxmobs sinamdvilis SemecnebiTi
aTvisebis procesis usasrulobas, rac arsebobis uf-
lebas aniWebs azrovnebis pluralizms, aRvivebs Semwy-
nareblobas; is iqceva sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis opti-
maluri mowyobis sawindrad, ramdenadac sinamdvilis
racionaluri daufleba moiTxovs gonebis principebis
_ WeSmaritebis, samarTlianobis, adamianis (rogorc
gonieri arsebis) Tavisuflebis da bednierebis _
xorcSesxmas da sazogadoebis Sesabamis organizebasac;
sinamdvilisadmi racionaluri mimarTeba SesaZlebels
xdis individTa interesebis urTierTSexamebas, goniv-
ruli TviTSezRudvis wyalobiT TviTeuli individis
Tavisuflebis Tanaarsebobas sxvebis TavisuflebasTan.
45
Tavisufali sazogadoebis yvelaze mtkice sayrde-
nia racionaluri, Tavisufali Sroma, romelic xels
uwyobs Sesaferisi sulieri wyobis mqone adamianis
Camoyalibebas.
ilia WavWavaZe eZiebda aseTi tipis adamians qarTul
sinamdvileSi, man icoda, rogori unda yofiliyo igi.
òTaraanT qvrivis~ gmirebSi vxedavT mis idealur ni-
muSs, romelic metnaklebi mxatvruli srulfasovnebiT
aris realizebuli (qvrivis saxe gacilebiT ufro
sisxlsavsea, vidre giorgis saxe). am gmirebis yofiere-
bis saZirkveli Sromaa, pirad sakuTrebaze damyarebu-
li Tavisufali, racionaluri Sroma. adamianebis Sefa-
sebis mTavari da uSeRavaTo sazomic maTTvis keTil-
sindisieri Sromis, nayofieri aqtivobis unaria. Sromas
efuZneba maTi Sinagani damoukidebloba, Rirsebis ga-
maxvilebuli grZnoba da samarTlianobis mZafri moT-
xovnileba, Tavisi adamianuri uflebebis dacvis SemZ-
leoba, agreTve sxvaTa kerZo sakuTrebisadmi pativis-
cema da moqalaqeobrivi Segneba.
moTxrobis mTavari personaJebi, upirvelesad oTa-
raanT qvrivi, arsebiTad imave eTikis ganmaxorcieleb-
lebi arian, romelsac maqs veberi `protestantul Sro-
mis eTikas~ uwodebs da `kapitalizmis sulis~ gaCenis da
damkvidrebis mZlavr faqtorad miiCnevs. igi moiTxovs
meTodur sibejiTes, yairaTianobas, sifxizles, yofa-
cxovrebis da meurneobis gonivrul reglamentirebas,
organizebas. vfiqrobT, saWiro ar aris moTxrobis Se-
sabamisi monakveTebis vrclad ganxilva imis dasadas-
tureblad, Tu ramdenad damaxasiaTebelia nawarmoebis
gmirebisTvis amgvari eTika (niSandoblivia Tundac is,
rogor gegmazomierad anawilebs qvrivi Tavis Semosa-
vals). oRond maT Tvisebebs ar ganekuTvneba iseTi
burJuaziuli mankiereba, rogoric xelmoWerilobaa.
oTaraanT qvrivs mwerali qristianuli qvelmoqmedebis
saTnoebiTac ajildoebs, romelsac is garegnuli
siuxeSiT avlens, raTa mowyalebis mimRebs Rirsebis
grZnoba da damoukidebeli arsebobis moTxovnileba
gauRvivos.
46
veberi protestantuli Sromis eTikis realizebas
gansazRvravs rogorc `saero asketizms~. ilias gmiric
pirquSi puritani qalia, cxovrebis simZimesTan brZo-
laSi da tanjvis moTmenaSi asketiviT gamkacrebuli,
Tavisi grZnobebis da survilebis asketuri simtkiciT
damaurvebeli.
es morwmune adamiani, TaTqariZeebisgan gansxvave-
biT, fatalistur pasiurobas mkveTrad uaryofs da
imeds pirvel rigSi sakuTar gonebaze da qmedebaze
amyarebs. fxizeli da basri goniereba, sruli realizmi,
simarTlis, Tundac sastiki simarTlis danaxvis wadili
da unari megzurobs mas cxovrebaSi. misi cnobiereba
racionaluria _ iluziebiT, crurwmenebiT Seuborka-
vi, cxadi azris da miznis gamomkveTi, myari logikis
mimyoli, kritikuli da TavisTavadi. ilias gmirs aRi-
zianebs yovelive, rac gonebas adunebs da sinaTles
aklebs. TviTon iliasac xom gansakuTrebiT gonebis
Zili aRizianebda.
racionaluri, gonebas dandobili cnobierebis
formireba racionaluri da Tavisufali Sromis safuZ-
velze, avtonomiuri pirovnebis gonivruli aqtivoba
isaxeba ilia WavWavaZis SemoqmedebaSi qveynis aRorZi-
nebis da ganviTarebis pirobad. amgvar Tvalsazriss
ukeTesi alternativa axlac iseve ara aqvs, rogorc
ilias dros ar hqonda.
1992
47
gzajvaredinze
axali qarTuli, realisturi prozis erT-erTi pir-

veli nimuSi `mgzavris werilebi~ amave dros qarTuli
lirikuli prozis erT-erTi pirveli nimuSic aris. am
nawarmoebis centraluri figura avtoria, ufro zus-
tad ki, lirikuli gmiria, romlis STabeWdilebebi, gan-
cdebi, fiqrebi gaivlis Cvens Tvalwin da nawarmoebis
mxatvrul organizms qmnis. warmogvidgeba pirovnebis
sulieri samyaros dinamiuri da daZabuli suraTi.
cocxali emociuroba, mRelvareba, SeiZleba iTqvas,
dramatizmi msWvalavs `mgzavris werilebs~. igi ar daiy-
vaneba ilia WavWavaZis mwerluri Tu moqalaqeobrivi
poziciis erTmniSvnelovan formulirebebze. aranak-
leb sayuradReboa subieqturi, intimuri gancda da az-
ri, romlidanac es formulirebebia aRmocenebuli da
romelic Sesulia kidec maT SedgenilobaSi.
zogad mniSvnelobasTan erTad subieqtur-pirov-
nul Sinaarss vpovebT Tergis da myinvaris, dRis da
Ramis saxe-simboloebSi.
`mgzavris werilebis~ lirikuli gmiri gzajvaredin-
zea, arsebiTi arCevanis winaSea. cxovrebis da Semoq-
medebis or tips, or SesaZleblobas, romelTa Sorisac
man arCevani unda gaakeTos, upirveles yovlisa Tergi
da myinvari ganasaxierebs. ori pozicia abstraqtulad
ki ar upirispirdeba erTmaneTs, abstraqtulad ki ar
xdeba erTis uaryofa da meoris WeSmaritebis aRiareba,
aramed _ lirikuli gmiris gulSi da gonebaSi. marTa-
lia, misi simpaTia mkveTrad aris gadaxrili ori SesaZ-
leblobidan erT-erTis mxares, magram arCevanis aqti
garkveuli siZnelisganac ar aris dazRveuli.
davakvirdeT am pasaJs: `daRamda, magram me mainc
stanciis gareTa var da daJinebiT yuracqvetili gone-
bas vadevneb Tergis TavzexelaRebuli denis xuilsa.
yvela dadumda da Sen ar sdumob, Tergo! merwmuneT, me
mesmis am xmagakmendils qveyanaSi Tergis dauCumari Ci-
vili. arian adamianis cxovrebaSi imisTana wuTni mar-
toobisa, roca bunebas Sen TiTqo Sensas agebineb da igi
48
Tavisas Sen gagebinebs. amitomac SegiZlian sTqva, rom
martoobaSic arsad marto ara xar, hoi, orfexo cxo-
velo, romelsac adamians geZaxian. am Rames vgrZnob,
rom Cemis fiqrebisa da Tergis Civilis Sua aris raRac
idumali kavSiri, aris raRac Tanxmoba. guli mitoks da
mklavi miTrTis. risTvis? dros davacaloT amis pasu-
xis gacema~.
Tergi aq axleburad warmodgeba, moulodnelad sa-
xes icvlis _ dRisiT es saxe gmirulia. `daloca
RmerTma isev Tavzed xelaRebuli, giJi, gadareuli,
Seupovari da daumonavi mRvrie Tergi. Savi kldis gu-
lidam gadmomskdari modis da mobRavis da abRavlebs
Tavis gareSemosa. miyvars Tergis zariani xuili, gama-
lebuli brZola, drtvinva da vai-vaglaxi~. sxvagan li-
rikuli gmiri ase mimarTavs Tergs: `Seni Weqa-quxili,
Seni zariani xmauroba, Seni SfoTva da foTva, Seni
gauTavebeli brZola qva-klde-RresTan, TiTqos Seni
ganieri wadili Sens viwro sawolSi ver moTavsebulao.
bevri ram sagulisxmoa SenSi, Cveno daumonavo Tergo,
Sens Zlevamosils da Seupovars denaSia~. mimzidvelia,
STamagonebelia Tergis heroikuli ieri, Tergis ro-
gorc brZolis da daudgromlobis, energiuli moZrao-
bis xati. misi mSveniereba misi simZlavre da simZafrea.
am aqtiuri arsebobisgan ganuyofelia SeWirveba. `Ter-
gi saxea adamianis gaRviZebulis cxovrebisa, amaRel-
vebeli da Rirssacnobi saxec aris: mis mRvrie wyalSi
sCans mTelis qveynis ubedurebis nacartuta~. magram es
SeWirvebac heroikulia, igi Tergis amayi da Zlieri
xmauriT, `drtvinviT~ aris gamJRavnebuli.
RamiT ki Tergis heroika qreba da mas elegiuroba
enacvleba. dRisiT mebrZoli da meamboxe Tergi RamiT
Civis im mousvenrobis, SfoTvis gamo, romelic misi
xvedria. Civili tkivilisgan daRlis, Taviseburi si-
sustis gamovlenaa. ase gamoxatuli tkivili ufro ga-
SiSvlebuli da xelSesaxebia, vidre heroikuli tanjva.
tkivils, romelic Tergis `dauCumarma Civilma~ gaamxi-
la, Camoclili aqvs efeqturi forma, sanaxaobrioba.
samagierod Tergis Rameuli xma Tavisi lirikuli
49
siwrfeliT da aRsarebiTobiT srulad da Seuferavad
avlens tkivilis mTel siRrmes, simwares.
Tergis Civils da lirikuli gmiris fiqrebs Soris
Tanxmoba niSnavs, rom es gmiri gamaxvilebulad grZnobs
misTvis sasurveli da TergiT gansaxierebuli aqtiuri
cxovrebis simZimes da mtkivneulobas. mdinaris Civili
mas misi momavali arsebobis siZneles umJRavnebs. ilias
lirikul gmirs uCndeba ganwyoba, winaTgrZnoba, ro-
melsac axlavs mRelvareba, sisuste, SiSi. ras moaswa-
vebs aseTi ganwyoba, momavalSi gairkveva. `guli mitoks
da mklavi miTrTis, risTvis? dros davacaloT amis
pasuxis gacema~.
drom marTlac gasca am kiTxvas sastiki pasuxi...
magram aseTi fiqrebis da gancdebis miuxedavad li-
rikuli gmiris miswrafeba aqtiuri cxovrebisken ucv-
lelia da es miswrafeba axla ufro faseulia _ liri-
kul gmirs ukeTesad aqvs gacnobierebuli, ris arCevas
apirebs da mainc am mSfoTvare, tkivilian yofnas am-
jobinebs, romlis saxe-simbolodac Tergis gverdiT
dRec gvevlineba. `momeciT me naTeli da mousvenari
dRe Tavisi tanjviTa, wvalebiTa, brZoliTa da vai-vag-
laxiTa~. magram Semdeg SiSi, eWvi kvlav Cndeba. `Sevsxe-
diT cxenebze da wamovediT stefanwmindidam. ukanask-
nelad Sevxede myinvars. igi rogorRac didkacurad ib-
Rvireboda Tavis simaRlidam. aman amiria im diliT
damSvidebuli goneba. gulma kvlav tokva damiwyo da
mklavma TrTola. srulis mZulvarebiT movaSore Tva-
li myinvaris didebulebasa da ufro didis pativis-
cemiT gamoveTxove mis fexTa qveS gagiJebiT mavals
Tergsa~.
rogorc vxedavT, lirikul gmirs igive SiSi da uRo-
noba, mRelvareba moicavs, romelmac Tergis Civilis
mosmenisas Seipyro. fsiqologiuri mdgomareobis igi-
veobas mowmobs misi gamomxatveli frazis gameoreba:
`guli mitokavs da mklavi miTrTis~ _ `gulma kvlav
tokva damiwyo da mklavma TrTola~. mRelvareba imiT
aris gamowveuli, rom myinvari kidev erTxel Seaxsenebs
ilias lirikul gmirs cxovrebis sakmaod momxiblav
50
wess, romelic gulisxmobs socialuri yofis tkivile-
bis da sazrunavisgan, saWirboroto problemebisgan ga-
ridebas, yoveldRiurobisgan ganyenebas, maradiuloba-
ze da ara konkretul droze orientirebas. aqtiuri
cxovrebisadmi RamiT gancdilma SiSma, rogorc Cans,
ukvalod ar Caiara da amitom myinvaris mizidulobis
ZalisTvis winaaRmdegobis gaweva axla ufro Znelia. ai,
ram àuria~ goneba `mgzavris werilebis~ gmirs. mas
kvlav eZaleba SiSi imisadmi, rac myinvariviT amaRlebu-
li da ganyenebuli arsebobis antiTezaa _ mSfoTvare
sazogadoebrivi cxovrebisadmi. magram orWofobas da
sisustes nebisyofa axSobs da ukve sabolood, gadaW-
riT xorcieldeba arCevani imis sasargeblod, rasac
qveynis sasicocxlo interesebi moiTxovs.
myinvars Tavisi mimzidveloba aqvs `mgzavris weri-
lebis~ lirikuli gmirisTvis. Tergis da myinvaris da-
pirispireba arc ise martivi da sworxazovania, rogorc
erTi SexedviT gveCveneba. es ar aris usulo ritori-
kuli figura. am saxe-simboloebiT zogadi principebis
garda gamoxatulia adamianuri arCevanis aqti, rome-
lic moklebuli ar aris tkivils. es savsebiT buneb-
rivia _ ilias lirikuli gmiri sityvebiT ki ar Ta-
maSobs, aramed sakuTar momavals gansazRvravs, saku-
Tar beds wyvets. sazogadoebrivi cxovrebisgan gand-
goma Tu masSi aqtiuri monawileoba ilias pirovnuli
dilemaa. `mgzavris werilebSi~ gadawyvetili es dilema
ufro safuZvlianad `gandegilSi~ wydeba.
ilia WavWavaZis sulieri siZlieris, misi moqala-
qeobrivi da SemoqmedebiTi poziciis simyaris sawinda-
ri is ki ar aris, rom misTvis ucxoa eWvi, aramed is, rom
igi eWvebs da orWofobas nebisyofis simtkiciT, rwme-
niT da azris sinaTliT igeriebs.
51
***
`mgzavris werilebis~ lirikuli gmirisTvis Tergis
Civilis gagoneba ucnauri movlenaa, bunebis da
adamianis iSviaTi, gansakuTrebuli kontaqtis Sedegia.
kidev gadavikiTxoT es striqonebi: àrian adamianis
cxovrebaSi imisTana wuTni martoobisa, roca bunebas
Sen TiTqos Sensas agebineb da igi Tavisas Sen gage-
binebs. amitomac SegiZlian sTqva, rom martoobaSic
arsad marto ara xar, hoi, orfexa cxovelo, romelsac
adamians geZaxian. am Rames vgrZnob, rom Cemis fiqrebisa
da Tergis Civilis Sua aris raRac idumali kavSiri,
aris raRac Tanxmoba~.
bunebis da adamianis aseTi sulieri urTierTkav-
Siris idea romantikuli msoflmxedvelobis kuTvnile-
baa. mis safuZvels Seadgens bunebis rogorc suliT da
azriT aRsavse cocxali mTlianobis aRqma. ase aRiqvam-
da bunebas, magaliTad, baraTaSvili: `mrwams, rom ars
ena ram saidumlo uasakoTac da usulT Soris, da uc-
xoveles sxvaTa enaTa ars mniSvneloba maTis saubris!~.
romantikosebi Tvlian, rom bunebis sulis wvdoma, misi
metyvelebis mosmena da gageba, masTan Sinagani dialogi
da urTierTgandoba SesaZlebelia. buneba maTi mesai-
dumlea, aq egulebaT is, ris povnac adamianebSi uWirT
_ utyuari WeSmariteba, namdvili sulieri Tanaziaro-
ba, Tavisi fiqrebis da grZnobebis gamoZaxili. `bune-
baSi yvelaferi suls enaTesaveba da sulis Tanxmieria,
is yvela simReras pasuxs aZlevs, is eqoa da xSirad
pirveli iwyebs imis mReras, rasac me vfiqrob...~ _
ambobs, magaliTad, erTi romantikosi mwerali...
aseTi Tvalsazrisi gasagebs xdis, ratom aris buneba
romantikuli gmiris TavSesafari: igi bunebaSi aRar
aris marto, igi ganmartoebulia. Tu martooba mZime da
usiamovnoa, ganmartoeba, piriqiT, sasurveli mdgoma-
reobaa, Sinaganad savse da nayofieri. bunebis meoxebiT
martooba ganmartoebad gardaiqmneba.
ilias lirikuli gmiric bunebasTan ìdumali kavSi-
riT~, `TanxmobiT~ martoobisgan Tavisufldeba, Tanam-
52
grZnobels da Tanamoazres poulobs, es ki tipiuri
romantikuli situaciaa.
mas axlavs romantizmis iseTi niSandoblivi atri-
butic, rogoric Ramis saxea.
`Ramis saxes romantikul xelovnebaSi orgvari mniS-
vneloba aqvs. erTi mxriv, Rame aris yofierebis pirquSi
xasiaTis simbolo. misi siSave samyaros bneli kolo-
ritis gamoxatulebaa. mdabali da civi samyaro TiTqos
wyvdiadiT aris dafaruli. Rame gamouvali, pesimis-
turi gancdebis Tanxmieria. Rameuli peizaJis fonze
trialdeba saSinelebebi, adamianebis cxovrebaSi erevi-
an Semzaravi imqveyniuri Zalebi, xdeba koSmaruli dana-
Saulobebi, iRviZebs usufTao sindisis qenjna... meore
mxriv, dRis usaxur cxovrebas RameSi gaurbian. Rame
axdens samyaros winaaRmdegobebis vualirebas, ukmari
harmonia Seaqvs samyaroSi. RamiT aexdeba cxovrebas
saburveli, romelic WeSmaritebas gvimalavs, qreba
TvalismomWreli sinaTle, samyaros namdvili arsi ki
Tavisi siSiSvliT warmogvidgeba. adamianis suli inti-
murad exeba qveynierebis sulier arss, masSi cocxl-
deba da iRviZebs dRis zedapiruli cxovrebis mier Cak-
luli grZnobebi~ (v. vanslovi, romantizmis esTetika).
am Sexedulebis sailustraciod romantikuli poe-
ziis oriode qrestomaTiuli nimuSi gavixsenoT. Tavis
erT leqsSi Rameuli harmoniis aseT suraTs qmnis ler-
montovi: ` ,
. .
~.
samyaros RvTaebrivi wesrigi, romelic dRisiT uCi-
naria, RamiT TvalsaCino xdeba. marTlac, àdamianis su-
li intimurad exeba qveynierebis sulier arss~. mis wi-
naSea ara mkvdari da utyvi materia, aramed goniT da
metyvelebiT dajildoebuli qmnileba.
Ramis saSineli saxe ki SegviZlia davinaxoT, vTqvaT,
tiutCevis leqsSi `dRe da Rame~. `
,
!~.
53
Rame samyaros gonebiT miuwvdomel, iracionalur
siRrmeebs aSiSvlebs da am gaugebari uZirobis pirispir
adamians uzomo SiSi ipyrobs.
iliaseul Ramis saxeSi am fenomenis orivenairi
romantikuli gaazrebaa SeTavsebuli. igi harmoniulic
aris da saSinelic. garegnulad aq harmonia sufevs _
adamiani uaxlovdeba bunebas, raRac idumali ZaliT
mis enas igebs, mis suls wvdeba; martooba gadalaxulia.
amitom saxis zedapiri mTlianobaSi sakmaod wynaria,
magram mis miRma Rameuli STabeWdilebebiT aRZruli
SiSia mimaluli.
ilia erTianad uaryofs yovelive amas, uaryofs
romantikul msoflgagebas da esTetikas.
uaryofis mTavari samizne, rasakvirvelia, Ramis
SiSmomgvreli iracionaluroba da idumalebaa _ gan-
zogaddeba lirikuli gmiris mier RamiT gancdili SiSi,
misi sakuTari sulieri gamocdileba. `hoi, bnelo Ra-
mev, mejavrebi Sen me! Sen rom ar daarsebuliyav qvey-
nisaTvisa, me mgonia, rom naxevari ubedurebac adamia-
nisa qveyanazed ar iqneboda. SenTa movlenaTa dasces
pirvelad Tavzari adamianis gonebasa da daafrTxes igi.
mas aqeT SeSinebulsa gza Tavisi ver upovnia, _ da aha,
ibrZvis adamiani da dRevandlamde aTasSi erTsa Tavisi
erTxel damfrTxali goneba frTxolas ver gadauCve-
via. ai mizezi qveynis ubedurebisa~. romantikul msof-
lgagebasTan kamaTSi mkvidrdeba racionalisturi, go-
nebis Zalis rwmenaze daSenebuli msoflmxedveloba.
gonebam Tavi unda daaRwios SiSs garemomcveli samya-
ros winaSe da Tavisi SesaZleblobebi ganaxorcielos,
adamianis cxovrebis gezismimcemad iqces _ aseTia
Ramisadmi mimarTuli inveqtivis gamWvirvale Sinagani
azri. swored es azri ganasxvavebs Ramis saxis ilia-
seul interpretacias im romantikuli Tvalsazrisis-
gan, romlis mixedviTac Rame samyaros namdvili bu-
nebis _ bneli iracionalurobis anareklia da amitom
misi saSinelebis Zleva SeuZlebelia, mas mxolod ganic-
dian da Wvreten. iliasTvis ki Ramis saSinelebas ara
aqvs substancia, igi SeiZleba gaqres da unda gaqres ki-
54
dec. es moxdeba Tu ara, imazea damokidebuli, daneb-
deba Tu moereva SiSs goneba. ilia TiTqos mecnierulad
ganmartavs Ramis fenomens, mis raobas da `qveynis ube-
durebis mizezs~ adgens _ racionalisturia aramarto
ilias zogadi pozicia, aramed azrovnebis wesic.
Ramis saxes TandaTan Sordeba yovelgvari roman-
tikuli iracionalizmi, metafizikuri ganzomileba, is
realisturi SinaarsiT ivseba. `hoi, bnelo Ramev, mejav-
rebi Sen me. Senis kalTis qveSa, vin icis, ramdeni gabo-
rotebuli mteri adamianisa exla Tavs imalavs? vin
icis, am bnel fardis qveS, romelic exla Cems Tvals
Camoafare, ramdeni mWedveli da mtarvali qveynisa
sWedavs borkilTa adamianis bedis SesaWedad?~. ilias
ganmanaTlebluri SexedulebiT, gonebis daTrgunulo-
ba, umecreba tiranebis mokavSirea, maTi batonobis gan-
mamtkicebelia. adamians emuqrebian ara idumali, ara-
med savsebiT realuri socialuri Zalebi da Rame maT
simbolurad gamoxatavs.
amasTanave irRveva Ramis romantikuli harmoniac,
Rameuli simSvide da myudroeba, zmanebebi gafantulia.
`wariReT es bneli da mSvidobiani Rame Tavisi ZiliTa
da sizmrebiTa...~. es gasagebic aris, `mSvidobianoba~
xom moCvenebiTi da zedapirulia, saSinelebis SemniRb-
veli. daSinebuli gonebis umweoba samyaros winaSe ba-
debs iluziebs da ilia uaryofs Rames rogorc ilu-
ziebis mSobels. `Sen (Rame) xar xelis Semwyobi im xelo-
bisa, romelsac TvalTmaqcobas eZaxian da romelic
adamianis damfrTxal gonebasa ubedurebas bedniere-
bad aCvenebs xolme~. yvelafers, rac sinamdviles gva-
Sorebs, rac mas idealizebulad warmogvidgens, arse-
bobis ufleba erTmeva. sinamdvilis mkacrad realistu-
ri xedva, iluziebisgan Tavisufleba iliasTvis erTad-
erTi swori poziciaa. es pozicia `mgzavris werilebis~
dasawyisSive ikveTeba, sadac mwerali ironiulad SeniS-
navs: àmboben: . kvam-
lis sitkboebazed ki ukacravad, da siamovnebazed ki
imas mogaxsenebT, rom kvamli friad sasiamovnoa... imis-
Tvis, rom kvamli Tvals efareba da marTlWvretas uS-
55
lis... oh, mamulis kvamlo, marTla-da tkbili da sasia-
movno xar: xandaxan ise agvibam Tvalebs xolme, rom Cven
Cvens sakuTar ubedurebasac vera vxedavT~. cxadia,
`marTlWvretas~ Rameuli iluziebic verafriT
daexmareba.
iracionalizmTan da idumalebasTan erTad ilia
emijneba romantikul individualizms. rogorc davina-
xeT, mis lirikul gmirs bunebasTan idumalma siaxlo-
vem martooba Seuvso, martooba sulierad savse gan-
martoebiT Seucvala, magram Semdeg aRmoCndeba, rom es
iluziaa, sruliad arasakmarisi da aradamakmayofile-
belia. `daRamda, miswyda adamianis fexis xma, miswyda
adamianis morWmuli xmauroba, aRar ismis misis daRli-
lis zrunvisa da wadilis guguni, qveynis tkivilma dai-
Zina, adamiani aRara Cans Cems garSemo. vai, ra carielia
es savse qveyana uadamianod!~. Rame intimuri cxovrebis,
sakuTar TavSi CaRrmavebis, martoobis Tu ganmarto-
ebis droa, rodesac adamiani mowyvetilia sociums. am
dros igi Wvretas eZleva, uSualod da faqizad ukav-
Sirdeba samyaros da Tavisi Tavis arss. amitom RamiT
romantikuli individualizmi gasaqans poulobs.
ilia uars ambobs ganmartoebaze socialuri cxov-
rebis sasargeblod. igi uars ambobs agreTve pasiur
romantikul mWvretelobaze aqtiuri moqmedebis
sasargeblod.
romantizmTan ilias dapirispirebis simkveTres
cxadyofs aseTi kontrastic.
`nuTu dila gardauvalia?~ _ SeSfoTebiT kiTxu-
lobs novalisi `himnebSi Ramisadmi~. magram swored is,
rac romantikoss aSfoTebs, iliasTvis damaimedebelia.
`daRamda, magram ar vici, ras viqmodi, rom imedi ara
mqondes kvlav gaTenebisa. sicocxle sicocxledRa
eRireboda?.. miyvars, bunebav, Seni dawyobiloba, rom-
lis meoxebiTac yoveli Rame Tendeba xolme~. `himnebSi
Ramisadmi~ naTqvamia: `vinc igema dafaruli, vinc idga
msoflios umaRles, sasazRvro mwvervalze da Caixeda
dabla, Seucnobel siRrmeSi, Ramis sabudarSi, WeSma-
ritad, igi ar dabrundeba miwier oromtrialSi, qveya-
56
naSi, sadac maradiuli gangaSia da batonobs sinaTle~.
ilias lirikuli gmiri ki TiTqos am azris gasabaTileb-
lad zurgs aqcevs `Ramis sabudars~ da brundeba `miwi-
er oromtrialSi~.
ilia mosinjavs romantikul pozicias, mcire xniT
ikavebs kidec am pozicias, Semdeg ki mTlianad uaryofs
mas. romantizmTan polemikaSi ayalibebs igi Tavis
mrwamss. es aris kamaTi literaturul-kulturul
tradiciasTan, romelic, ra Tqma unda, saqarTveloSic
arsebobs. kerZod, Ramis esTetikis gamovlinebaa gri-
gol orbelianis `saRamo gamosalmebisa~, `Rame~ an
baraTaSvilis `SemoRameba mTawmindaze~, Tumca es
poetebic upiratesobas aniWeben da mZafrad mieltvian
sinaTles _ qarTuli mxatvruli azrovnebis saerTo
tendencia aqac Tavs iCens. grigol orbeliani wers: `vi-
Ta RameSi gzasa mavali hgrZnobs idumalad siamovnesa,
odes varskvlavi dilis win msrboli mkrTolvarebs ze-
cas laJvardovansa da moaswavebs dResa naTelsa~. xo-
lo baraTaSvilis leqsi, romelSic daisis mTeli mSve-
niereba da idumalebaa nagrZnobi, mTavrdeba paradoq-
sulad _ bindis gamrRvevi sinaTlis natvriT.
magram Ramis saxe qarTul romantizmSi aris da masSi
romantizmis araerTi mxare mJRavndeba _ iraciona-
lizmi, bunebis kulti, individualizmi, WvretiToba,
rac metnaklebad qarTveli romantikosebis Semoqmede-
baSic SeimCneva. amdenad imis miuxedavad, rom ilia maT-
Tan bevri ramiT memkvidreobiTad aris dakavSirebuli,
polemika maTkenac aris mimarTuli; magram ara uSua-
lod da ara upiratesad _ ilias mxedvelobaSi uwi-
nares yovlisa aqvs zogadad romantizmi rogorc speci-
fikuri msoflgageba da esTetikuri sistema.
romantizmTan ilias mimarTeba ar aris erTgvaro-
vani, radgan TviT romantizmic ar aris erTgvarovani
da ilias masSi, bunebrivia, izidavs maZiebeli azri,
meamboxuri suli, rasac `mgzavris werilebSi~ baironi
ganasaxierebs. romantizmis garkveuli tendenciebi ki
iliasTvis miuRebelia, radgan isini Seurigebel wina-
57
aRmdegobaSia mis socialur-erovnul da esTetikur
poziciasTan.
gava dro da ilia WavWavaZis mier uaryofili esTe-
tika ganaxlebuli saxiT qarTul simbolizmSi gacxad-
deba. galaktion tabiZe, romlis poeziac mniSvnelovan-
wilad Rameuli poeziaa, ityvis: `gana SuaRames ara aqvs
Tavis ganumeorebeli silamaze, rogorc magaliTad
mzis amosvlas?~; xolo Tavis simbolistur Semoqmede-
biT kredos ase Camoayalibebs: àxal stilSi aris bun-
dovaneba da am nislSi Zlivs gasarCevad irevian cru-
morwmunoebis sanTlebi, uZilo Rameebis saSiSari aCr-
dilebi, saSineli Rameebi, sulieri qenjna, romelic iR-
viZebs sul mcireoden xmaurobaze, saocari ocnebebi,
romlebic gaukvirdeboda dRis sicxades...~.
1987
58
zneobrivi dilema
SurisZiebis istoria, romelic `glaxis naambobSia~

moTxrobili, banaluri iqneboda, garTulebuli rom ar
iyos seriozuli eTikuri problemebis gaazrebiT.
ilias es nawarmoebi dRemde sainteresoa Tavisi su-
lier-moraluri koliziebiT da zneobrivi koncefci-
iT, mwerlis gamaxvilebuli eTikuri TvalTaxedviT da
mgrZnobelobiT, romelic masSi vlindeba.
moTxrobis Sinagan, azrobriv dramatizms gansazRv-
ravs da mis ideur-zneobriv koncefcias ayalibebs
mRvdlis saxis da gabrielis bedis urTierTmimarTeba.
is, rasac mRvdeli qadagebs, Seicavs gabrielis cxov-
rebis zneobrivi gagebis kriteriums. Tavis mxriv
gabrielis Tavgadasavali mRvdlis miswrafebebis rea-
lobasTan Sesabamisobis gamocdaa.
ori mTavari principia mRvdlis qadagebaSi _ ada-
mianis Rirseba da moyvasis Tavdadebuli siyvaruli.
mRvdeli gabriels pirvel rigSi imas Caagonebs, rom yo-
veli adamiani RvTis Svilia da amdenad Rirsebis mqone
da Tanasworia. Tanasworobas, Tavisi epoqis erT-erT
yvelaze gavlenian ideas, ilia qristianul mrwamsze
afuZnebs. `yvelas gulSi, _ eubneba gabriels mRvdeli
_ batonia Tu yma, me var Tu Sena, _ RvTisagan an-
Tebuli cecxli anTia, is cecxli ar unda gavaqroT, Tu
gvinda, rom pirnaTlad SeveyaroT Cven gamCensa~. Rir-
sebis grZnoba, romelsac mRvdeli gabriels uRvivebs,
mis adamianur bunebas Rrmad SeeTviseba.
Rirsebis grZnoba moyvasis siyvarulisgan ganuyo-
felia _ adamianis Rirsebis safuZveli is aris, rom mas
moyvasis siyvarulis da samsaxuris unari RmerTisgan
aqvs miniWebuli. mRvdeli piradi magaliTiT da emo-
ciuri sityvis, Segonebis ZaliT gabriels qristianuli
siyvarulis momxibvlelobas aziarebs. unda iTqvas,
rom Tumca mRvdlis saxeSi Warbadaa didaqtikur-rito-
rikuli elementebi da igi sworxazovnad idealizebu-
lia, mainc mas aqvs mxatvruli simarTle, romelsac
59
upirveles yovlisa qmnis metyvelebis wrfeli, guliTa-
di toni, metyvelebis suliereba da siTbo...
mRvdlisgan gabrieli moyvasis siyvaruls SeiTvi-
sebs aramarto rogorc movaleobas, aramed upiratesad
rogorc Rrma sulier moTxovnilebas. moyvasis siyva-
ruli, TanagrZnoba, samsaxuri, misTvis Tavganwirva
gabrielis mowodebad iqceva.
amitom patimrobidan daxsnili gabrieli Zneli di-
lemis winaSe aRmoCndeba: erTi mxriv, moyvasis qristi-
anuli siyvaruli, Tanalmoba da erTguleba, misi ada-
mianuri Rirsebis dacva, rac am SemTxvevaSi, gabrielis
gagebiT, Tavisi damcirebuli da gawiruli axloble-
bisTvis SurisZiebas gulisxmobs; meore mxriv, aseve
qristianuli zneobrivi kanonebi, romlebic adamians
adamianis kvlas ukrZalavs da mtris patiebas avalebs.
am dilemis gadaWrisas gabrielis cnobiereba qris-
tianul zneobas paradoqsulad gardatexs da igi uZa-
ladobis da mimteveblobis nacvlad moyvasis da saku-
Tari adamianuri Rirsebis Tundac momakvdinebeli Za-
ladobiT dacvas miiCnevs qristianis valad.
magram SurisZiebis Semdeg gabriels tanjavs fiqri,
sworia Tu ara mis mier borotebis Camdenis sikvdiliT
dasja RvTaebrivi samarTlis TvalsazrisiT da RvTis
samsjavro aSinebs. Tumca es ar niSnavs, rom igi ina-
niebs. rogor vlindeba monanieba analogiur viTare-
baSi, Cans Sileris `yaCaRebis~ SurismaZiebeli gmiris
mimarTvaSi RmerTisadmi: `Cemnair or adamians SeeZlo
samyaros zneobrivi wesrigis mTeli Senobis dangreva!
Seiwyale patara biWi, romelmac gadawyvita daeswro
Seni samsjavrosTvis! Senia Surisgeba da Sen miageb. Sen
ar gWirdeba adamianis xeli~. sinanuliT Sepyrobil am
personaJs axsendeba bibliuri formula, romelic Su-
risZiebas ara adamianis, aramed RmerTis prerogativad
saxavs. xolo ilias gmiri TavisTavs aniWebs uflebas
gansazRvros, rogori adamianis mkvleloba ar iqneba
`didi codva~ da am uflebas bolomde ar Tmobs.
eWvis, tanjvis da SiSis miuxedavad gabrieli mainc
miiCnevs, rom misi qmedeba mRvdlis mier misTvis naqa-
60
dagebi qristianuli moZRvrebis Sesatyvisia. mRvdlis
kiTxvas, Tu ram gariya da dasca igi, sikvdilis win is
amayad pasuxobs: ìm cecxlma, romelic yvelas RvTisa-
gan gulSi gvinTia, rogorc Sen erTxel mibrZane~.
mRvdlisTvis gabrielis xvedri gansakuTrebulad
mtkivneuli unda iyos, radgan es xvedri imaze metyve-
lebs, rom qristianuli moralis aRzeveba batonymobis
pirobebSi iluziaa...
avtoris Rrma simpaTia da TanagrZnoba gabrieli-
sadmi aSkaraa, magram misi damokidebuleba nawarmoebSi
wamoWrili SurisZiebis dilemisadmi aseve aSkarad
gamoxatuli ar aris. SesaZloa, es damokidebuleba mi-
niSnebuli iyos imiT, rom ziarebis mouTmenlad mom-
lodine SurismaZiebeli uziarebeli kvdeba...
Tumca mTavaria, rom moTxrobaSi SurisZiebis Sefa-
seba siuJetis mTeli mxatvruli logikiT aris
gamokveTili.
arsebiTia is garemoeba, rom daTiko patimrobidan
inkognitod aTavisuflebs adamianebs, romlebic misi
mtrebi arian da safiqrebelia, ar daindoben. imas, rom
daTikos savsebiT Segnebuli aqvs Tavisi moqmedebis mo-
salodneli Sedegebi, mowmobs misi sikvdiliswina dia-
logi gabrielTan. `mainc Senis xeliT movkvdi! gaxsovs,
maSin rom giTxari: sanTel-sakmeveli Tavis gzas ar
dahkargavs-meTqi, aki ar dahkarga... _ risTvis dagvix-
seni?.. _ vera hxedav? ai, am dRisTvisa~.
patimrebis damxsneli daTiko am adamianebis mimte-
veblobis imeds itovebs, magram mzad aris imisTvisac,
rom SurisZiebis samizne iyos. misi moulodneli sasi-
keTo qmedebis motivi sinanulze, sindisis qenjnaze
metad aristokratuli Rirsebis grZnoba Cans, romelic
man Selaxa, roca gabrieli motyuebiT daaWerina.
daTikom Tavisi Rirsebis mimarTac Secoda da upirve-
lesad am Secodebis gamosyidva unda. mas surs daamt-
kicos, rom ar eSinia gabrielis, daadasturos Tavisi
vaJkacoba (amitom nanobs sikvdilisas, rom gabriels
`niSanic ver daasva~, ùsaxelod moekvlevina~).
61
daTiko kvdeba mkvlelis mimarT upiratesobis Seg-
nebiT. mas aqvs kidec moraluri upiratesoba, radgan
gvian, magram mainc gamoiCina aristokratuli sulis
sifarTove, misma mowinaaRmdegem ki qristianuli pati-
eba ver SeZlo. `mSvidobiT da gamarjvebiT, gamarj-
vebulo gabriel!~ _ ironiulad JRers es sityvebi,
radgan sinamdvileSi gabrieli damarcxebulia. momakv-
davi dascinis SurismaZiebels, romelsac marcxi agema:
`tuCebzed iseTi Rimi SerCa, TiTqo daicinebao. hm,
siciliT mokvda, tiriliT naSobi~.
gabrielis SurisZieba fuWi aRmoCndeba, daTikos mo-
ulodneli moraluri saqcieli, sikvdilisTvis mzad-
yofna da sikvdilTan mSvidi Sexvedra mas zneobriv
sazriss aclis. SurisZieba dakninebulia daTikos uS-
foTveli sikvdilis da momakvdavi gabrielis SfoTvis
kontrastiTac. isic mravlismetyvelia, rom kaci, rom-
lis arsebobis mTavari impulsi Rirsebis grZnoba iyo,
sicocxles amTavrebs rogorc `glaxa~, maTxovari.
Tu poemaSi `ramdenime suraTi anu epizodi yaCaRis
cxovrebidan~ gmirebi, romlebic usamarTlobis pasu-
xad sisxls Rvrian, romantizebulebi arian, `glaxis
naambobSi~ amgvari romantika adgils ver povebs. saer-
Todac ilias socialur-eTikuri poziciis Sinagani di-
namika revoluciuri radikalizmidan qristianuli hu-
manizmisken aris mimarTuli.
poemisgan gansxvavebiT moTxrobaSi nebismieri
mkvleloba Sefasebulia qristianuli moralis Tval-
sazrisiT _ rogorc codva (`kacis kvla, rac unda iyos,
mainc codvaa~). problema aq is aris, SeiZleba Tu ara
mkvlelobis codva gamarTlebuli iyos Tundac iseTi
faseulobebis dafuZnebis aucileblobiT, rogoricaa
moyvasis siyvaruli, adamianis Rirseba, samarTlianoba.
es problema Soreulad exmianeba XIX saukunis rusul
literaturaSi tragikuli siRrmiT gamJRavnebul di-
lemas _ dasaSvebia Tu ara kaciskvla didi Rirebule-
bebis da miznebis gansaxorcieleblad.
ilias wams, rom adamianis sicocxle xelSeuxebeli
faseulobaa, radgan TviT zneobrivad ukiduresad deg-
62
radirebul adamianSic ar SeiZleba mTlianad aRmofxv-
rili iyos moraluri sawyisi, mTlianad Camqrali iyos
`RvTisagan anTebuli cecxli~; amitom Tavisi tanjuli
gmirisadmi mwvave TanagrZnobis miuxedavad ver amarT-
lebs mis SurisZiebas. arsebiTad es aris sikvdiliT
dasjasTan ilias dapirispirebis pirveli gamoxatuleba.
ilias zneobrivi poziciis simarTle gansakuTrebiT
sagrZnobi da cxadi xdeba, roca `samarTliani~ mkvle-
lobis moralur normad revoluciur-totalitaruli
damkvidrebis tragikul Sedegebs viTvaliswinebT me-
oce saukuneSi.
1987
63
`yovlad Zlieri mSveniereba~
mwuxare filosofoss uwodebda kita abaSiZe ilia

WavWavaZis gandegils. marTlac, ilias gmiri moazrov-
ne, samyaros da adamianis raobaze dafiqrebuli kacia,
romelsac garkveuli msoflmxedveloba aqvs - igi pesi-
mistia, Tvlis, rom miwieri arseboba, cxovreba Tavisi
arsiT boroteba da codvaa. es Tvalsazrisia misi gan-
dgomis wanamZRvari, gandgomis sxva, piradul-biogra-
fiuli motivebi poemaSi ar Cans. is gandegilia imitom,
rom cxovrebas aRiqvams rogorc erTian da yovlis-
momcvel borotebas; gandegiloba Rrma pesimizmis
Sedegia.
`... ganSorebia, viT codvis sadgurs,
viT sameufos borotisasa,
sadac marTali gzas ver auqcevs
gansacdelsa mas eSmakisasa;
sad codva kacsa sdevnis dRe da Ram,
viTa mparavi da mtacebeli.
sad, rasac hxadis marTali marTlad,
mas umarTlobad hqmnis codvis xeli;
sad ryvna, wawymeda da Ralatia,
sadac Zma hxarobs sisxlsa Zmisasa,
sad cili, zakva Zulebada hxdis
wminda siyvaruls moyvasisasa.
ganSorebia am wuTisofels,
sad yovli niWi macdurebaa,
sad TviT siturfe da saTnoeba
eSmakis maxe da cdunebaa~.
meoce saukunis erTi poeti ambobs, rom `cxovreba is
adgilia, sadac cxovreba SeuZlebelia~. ase fiqrobs
gandegilic. misi azriT, amqveyniur arsebobaSi maRali
sulieri, eTikuri Rirebulebebi ganuxorcielebelia;
aq yvela faseuloba ganwirulia saimisod, rom gadag-
vardes da antifaseulobad iqces: samarTlianoba _
usamarTlobad, siyvaruli _ siZulvilad, sikeTe _
borotebad; yvelaferi cdunebas warmoadgens, yvela-
64
feri codviT aris wabilwuli, maT Soris mSvenierebac
(`TviT siturfe~); isic borotebisken ubiZgebs adamians
`borotis sameufoSi~; miwieri sinamdvile, adamianis
amqveyniuri yofa eSmakeulia da ara RvTaebrivi.
aseTi pirquSi msoflxedva bunebrivad karnaxobs
ilias gmirs cxovrebas gaecalos, mTlianad aramiwieri
sinamdvilisken Sebrundes da masTan miaxloebaze iz-
runos; `borotis sameufoSi~ sulis xsna ar xerxdeba,
sulis siwmindis da simaRlis miRweva SeiZleba mxolod
am qveynis moZulebiT da misgan gandgomiT.
poemaSi am msoflmxedvelobrivi modelis da masze
damyarebuli adamianuri arsebobis wesis rRvevaa
warmosaxuli.
`gandegili~ msoflmxedvelobrivi tragediaa, tra-
gediaa adamianis, romelsac mrwamsi daemsxvra.
poemaSi asketis msoflmxedvelobrivi krizisi faqi-
zad aris motivirebuli. radikaluri asketizmis uar-
yofa xorcieldeba avtoris sagangebo miTiTebebis,
ganmartebebis, gansjiT-analitikuri Carevebis gareSe,
avtoris tendenciis gamouaSkaraveblad. nawarmoebis
koncefcia gacxaddeba mxatvruli sinamdvilis obieq-
turi logikiT, saxeTa metyveli SexamebiT da Sepiris-
pirebiT, qveteqstebiT, miniSnebebiT.
`gandegilSi~ moqmedebis kvanZis ganaskvas, berTan
mwyemsi qalis misvlas win uswrebs aseTi pasaJi:
`mze gadaxrili jer kidev srulad

mTisa gadaRma ar dasuliyo
da mTis wverzed, viT cecxlis borbali
irgvliv sxivgaSliT anTebuliyo.
cisa laJvardi, viT nakverCxali,
wiTlad da yviTlad mzisgan hRuoda,
da gamsWvaluli misiT Rrubeli
Sors aTas-ferad sxivebSi hTrToda.
ama ubiwo diadis xilviT
wartyvevnil iqna ganyenebuli
da viT cxovels xats RvTis didebisas
Sescqerda mzesa gancvifrebuli~.
65
mSvenieri sanaxaoba Tvals stacebs gandegils, niv-
Tieri, materialuri samyaros ucnauri silamaze xib-
lavs da, rac mTavaria, am silamazeSi igi RmerTis si-
diadis gamovlinebas xedavs. amqveyniur, xilul mSveni-
erebaSi, grZnobad silamazeSi Cans RmerTi da gande-
gils aocebs es; Turme nivTieri SeiZleba RvTiuri
iyos, nivTieri sinamdvilis mSveniereba RvTaebrivia,
mSveniereba RvTis `cxoveli xatia~.
Znelia imis Tqma, rom gandegili acnobierebs yove-
live amas, magram es Rrma emociuri STabeWdileba swo-
red aseT azrs moaswavebs, aseTi azris Canasaxs Seicavs,
romelic Semdeg gaRvivdeba da gamoikveTeba.
asketis mrwamss pirveli, Znelad SesamCnevi, magram
sabediswero bzari aq uCndeba, aq iwyeba gandegilis
ideuri marcxis motivireba.aqve Semodis nawarmoebSi
mSvenierebis Tema, romelic mwyemsi qalis gamoCenisas
kidev ufro Zlierad aJRerdeba. gandegils kvlav uC-
veulo silamaze warmoudgeba.
`TviT madls trfobisas rom moesurvos

xorcsxmulad vlena odesme qveynad,
ukeTess saxes ver inatrebda
Tavis sicxovlis gamomsaxvelad.
maSinac vin sTqvas, _ vin vis amSvenebs,
madli am saxes, Tu saxe madlsa!..
TviT Suri, mtroba ver upovida
qals mSveniersa verafers naklsa.
mis TvalTa elviT, RawvTa SuqfeniT,
gul-mkerdis rxeviT vin ar aTrToldes!..
daxe mis tuCTa!.. TiTqo TviT trfobas
Tvis nazi kocna zed darCenodes~.
qalis silamaze miwieria, xorcielia da igi Tavisi

miwierebiTve imdenad srulyofilia, rom religiur-
sakraluri cnebiT gamoxatuli maRali da cxovelmyo-
feli Zalis _ siyvarulis `madlis~ mTeli sisavsis
damtevia; xorcieli silamaze araTu biwieri da cod-
vili ar aris, aramed `madliT~ aris mosili. beri jer-
66
jerobiT arc amas icnobierebs, magram aseTi azris
gamRvivebeli, pirvelis msgavsi emociuri STabeWdile-
ba axlac mZafria. qalis silamaze iseve aocebs gande-
gils, rogorc mSvenieri mze _ RvTis xati: `gasaocari
raRac Sveneba gandegils Tvalwin warmoedgina~ _ `da
viT cxovels xats RvTis didebisas Sescqerda mzesa
gancvifrebuli~. igi amjeradac iseve moxibluli da
datyvevebulia, rogorc mzis xilvisas: `da ucodvelis
gulistkiviliT qals SeaCera tyveqmnili Tvali~ _ àma
ubiwos diadis xilviT wartyvevnil iqna ganyenebuli~.
qalis silamaziT gandegilis moxibvla Semzadebuli da
gaadvilebulia mzis Casvlis RvTaebrivad mSvenieri
suraTis Wvretisas miRebuli mZlavri STabeWdilebiT.
gandegilis arseba ukve Riaa silamazisTvis, igi ukve
endoba nivTier silamazes, radgan RvTaebam swored
xilul, grZnobad mSvenierebaSi gaumJRavna Tavisi Tavi.
amitom aris, rom is dayveba qalis mSvenierebis zemoq-
medebas da winandeburad ar fiqrobs, rom `TviT si-
turfe da saTnoeba eSmakis maxe da cdunebaa~.
`vis ar moimxrobs, moinadirebs

yovlad Zlieri mSveniereba!
Tqmula _ mxecic ki gaafTrebuli
mis win datkbeba da dawynardeba.
da dauwynarda Zals mSvenebisas
igi mwirica mwyrali, gulmSrali,
da ucodvelis gulistkiviliT
qals SeaCera tyveqmnili Tvali~.
mravlismetyvelia fsiqologiuri detali _ ùco-

dvelis gulistkiviliT~. erotiul ltolvas mwyemsi
qalisadmi gandegili ar ganicdis, igi mxolod mojado-
ebulia qalis mSvenierebiT da tkivils grZnobs imis
gamo, rom es araCveulebrivi silamaze misi arsebobis
miRmaa darCenili, rom misi cxovreba aseTi silamazis
gareSe mimdinareobs.
rogorc vxedavT, gandegilis Sinagan samyaroSi Se-
samCnevi Zvrebi xdeba, asketis msoflmxedvelobis sa-
67
fuZveli Setortmanebulia. qalTan dialogSi igi ar-
sebiTad ganiaraRebuli ebmeba. saubrisas gamoaSkarav-
deba da dasruldeba is, rac manamde daiwyo. kamaTSi
gandegilis ioli damarcxeba ganpirobebulia imiT, rac
dialogs win uZRoda da Tan axlavs kidec, im STabeW-
dilebebiT, romlebic mwiris suls ase aRelveben.
mwyobri mxatvruli logika vlindeba imaSi, rom
qalis alaparakebisTanave kvlav Cndeba mzis saxe.
`lamazi iyo am dRis saRamo,
ra-rig Svenoda mze damavali!
Sevxede Tu ar im mzes, im casa,
gavSterdi, veRar movsxlite Tvali.
RvTis saxesaviT gars Suqmosxmuli
mTis wverzed didi mze brwyinvalebda
da sakvirveli is sanaxavi
TvalTana erTad gulsa mtacebda...
magram ras izam, modi, guls uTxar,
_ kargs sanaxavze nu xar-Tqo xarbi!..~
qali iseve aRiqvams mzis Casvlas, rogorc gandegi-

li _ mzis mSvenierebaSi RvTis xats xedavs da moxib-
lulia saocari silamaziT. amave dros is Seafasebs Ta-
vis STabeWdilebas da midis daskvnamde, romelsac mwi-
ris STabeWdilebac moicavs potenciurad _ miswra-
feba am RvTaebrivi silamazisken bunebrivia, ar aris
aRsakveTi.
es azri kidev ufro mkafiod Camoyalibdeba maSin,
roca qali ukve ara farul, aramed pirdapir kamaTs
gaumarTavs asketur msoflmxedvelobas.
`... miTqvams: iq yofna

ras argebs sulsa?
gana swyins RmerTs, rom kaci Sehxaris
qveyanas, RvTisve dabadebulsa?
vfiqrobdi: neta maS risTvis morTo
ese lamazad wuTisofeli?
gana misTvis, rom adamianma
SeaCvenos da aiRos xeli?~.
68
aseTia qalis mTavari argumenti _ ar SeiZleba uar-
sayofi da mosaZulebeli iyos is, rac RvTis Seqmnilia
da TviTonac RvTiuria, RvTaebrivad mSvenieria.
amas eyrdnoba qalis momdevno argumenti: ucnauri
da gaugebaria im sulieri kavSirebis gawyveta, rom-
lebic adamians axloblebTan aerTebs da romlebSic
uTuod aris sikeTis da siyvarulis sawyisi.
`... ar gagondeba arc mama, deda,

an Zma, anu da, an saxli, kari?
nuTu mis dReSi ara gyolia
mokeTe, gulis Sematkivari?!~.
gandegilis cnobierebaze Zlier STabeWdilebas ax-

dens isic, rom qali mas uSualod da damajereblad
uCvenebs adamianuri axloblobis, guliTadi, siyvaru-
liT gamsWvaluli adamianuri urTierTobis siZvirfa-
ses. amgvar urTierTobas asaxierebs mwyemsi qalis da
misi mamis urTierTdamokidebuleba, romelic Tavisu-
falia egoizmisgan, romelSic mTavari meore adamianze
uangaro zrunvaa _ SeuZlebelia aseT siyvarulSi
RvTiuri sawyisi ar davinaxoT da miviCnioT, rom igi
eSmakis mier adamianebisTvis dagebuli xafangia. es
ewinaaRmdegeba gandegilis mrwamss, rom amqveyniuri
sinamdvilis substancia borotebaa da yovelgvar sike-
Tes, siyvaruls boroteba nTqavs.
rac mTavaria, axla igi imitom veRar moiSveliebs
Tavis pesimistur Tvalsazriss, _ miwieri arseboba
`borotis sameufoa~_ rom TviTonve ixila, rogor
vlindeba RvTaeba amqveynad, Tanac mis winaSea iseve
mSvenieri arseba, rogoric RmerTis xatad warmoCenili
mzea. igi TviTonve xedavs da ganicdis imas, rasac qali
umtkicebs _ mzis xatis da qalis silamaze amqveyniuri
yofnis RvTaebrivi arsis cocxali gansaxierebaa. lo-
gikuri, oRond sakmaod martivi argumentebi, romlebic
mas daupirispires, swored amis gamo xdeba mougeriebe-
li. is, rom RmerTma èse lamazad morTo wuTisofeli~
da amdenad wuTisofelze xelis aReba gaumarTlebelia,
69
gandegilisTvis ganyenebuli msjeloba ki ar aris,
aramed uSualod aRsaqmeli, TvalsaCino sinamdvilea.
aseT Setevas asketuri mrwamsi ver uZlebs.
`... ra giTxra Svilo?
yvelaze ufro suli tkbilia,
igi tyve aris wuTis-soflisa
da eg yoveli mis borkilia.
_ maS vinc qveynad varT, yvela wavwydebiT,
veRar davixsniT verafriT sulsa?
_ xsna yvelgan aris... xolo gza xsnisa
eseTi mergo me... ubedursa...~.
gandegili erTxel kidev gaibrZolebs, amqveyniuro-
bas sulieri swrafvebis damabrkoleblad acxadebs,
magram ara yovlismomcvel borotebad, rogorc adre;
misi radikaluri Tvalsazrisi aq Serbilebulia. amave
dros igi arapirdapir aRiarebs, rom `sulis~ garda
sxva ramec aris Zvirfasi (`yvelaze ufro suli tkbi-
lia~ _ es aris pasuxi qalis naTqvamze: àn Sen rogor
sZleb uwuTisoflod! mere ici ki ra-rig tkbilia!~).
mTavari mainc is aris, rom gandegili iZulebulia
cnos _ `xsna yvelgan aris~. axla misTvis cxadi xdeba,
rom isini, vinc amqveyniuri cxovrebiT cxovroben, ar
`wawydebian~, rom miwieri sinamdvile RvTiuri arsis
mqonea da ara eSmakeuli `borotis sameufo~; xsnis gza,
romelsac adgas, ar yofila erTaderTi da xsnis sxva
SesaZleblobis fonze gansakuTrebiT sagrZnobia misi
siZnele, martoobis, usixarulobis simZime.
ase irRveva gandegilis pirquSi mrwamsi, ase aRmo-
aCens igi, rom amqveyniuri sinamdvile arasworad Seu-
fasebia da amis gamo cxovrebis wesis arCevaSic Semcdara.
asketur msoflmxdvelobas amarcxebs `yovlad Zli-
eri mSveniereba~, romlis RvTaebrivi warmomavloba da
arsi gandegils mzis xatma gaumJRavna da romelic Sem-
deg qalis saxiT gamoecxada. igia asketizmis sawinaaRm-
dego upirvelesi, ZiriTadi argumenti, dadasturebu-
li, gaSlili da azris sicxademde miyvanili qalis
logikuri argumentebiT.
70
gandegilis Sinagan samyaroSi Zvelis uarmyofi axa-
li WeSmariteba ikveTeba. magram misTvis metad mtkiv-
neulia imis daTmoba, rac didi xnis manZilze wamda, ra-
sac amdeni sulieri energia Sealia da TiTqos miaRwia
kidec mizans. asketuri mrwamsi gandegils sisxlxorc-
Si aqvs gamjdari da asketis nawrTobi nebisyofa mTeli
ZaliT aRudgeba win axladSobil WeSmaritebas, cdi-
lobs mis CaxSobas.
oRond qalis araCveulebrivi mSvenierebis xibls
gandegili Tavs ver aRwevs. es mSveniereba kvlav RvTa-
ebasaviT amSvidebs; grZnobac, romelic qalisadmi uC-
ndeba, amaRlebulia da Tu gandegilma jer miwieri si-
namdvilis RvTiuroba aRmoaCina, axla araCveulebri-
vad mSvenieri miwieri arsebis mimarT gaCenili am
grZnobis RvTiuroba xdeba misTvis gasagebi; sulis
RvTaebrivi aRzeveba, romelsac imqveynad moelis,
Turme amqveynadve SesaZlebelia.
`rogor iwamos da ra daarqvas

am jer ar-cnobils sitkboebasa?
Tu codva aris, egre rada hgavs
sulisTvis aRTqmul ukvdavebasa?~.
es msoflmxedvelobrivi Zvrebi gzas uxsnis gande-

gilis ltolvas, eziaros qalis xorciel silamazes.
magram kvlav amoqmeddeba asketis zeadamianuri ne-
bisyofa, asketuri mrwamsis mZlavri iaraRi da mwiri
axerxebs Tavis Sekavebas, magram simSvides veRar moi-
povebs. saSvelad RvTismSobels mimarTavs, magram misi
xati mwyemsi qalis saxes iRebs _ RvTaebrivad mSveni-
eri, RvTaebrivi grZnobis aRmZvreli qali gandegilis
sulier samyaroSi RvTaebis adgils ikavebs, rac misi
msoflmxedvelobrivi metamorfozis bunebrivi dasas-
rulia, asketuri cnobierebis TvalsazrisiT ki imis
niSania, rom gandegilma saSineli codva Caidina da
RmerTisTvis sasurveli aRar aris. amasve niSnavs isic,
rom sxivi locvans veRar daiWers.
71
qalisadmi xorcieli ltolvis aRkveTas gandegili
axerxebs. misi Secodeba ufro seriozulia _ man Si-
naganad irwmuna axali WeSmariteba, romelic uaryofs
asketur ideas. am Secodebis simZimes ver uZlebs igi.
arsebiTad gandegilis asketur sulier konstitu-
ciaSi sicocxlisunarianobas inarCunebs mxolod aske-
zaSi gawvrTnili nebisyofa, romelsac Tavisi monapov-
ris daTmoba ar unda.
`nuTu iZlia! ara da ara!..

mis sasoeba ar dauZlurdes
da raca swyurda aqamde mis suls,
igive unda bolomde surdes!..~.
mtkice nebisyofiT aRWurvili asketuri cnobiereba

codvianad saxavs qalsac da mTel wuTisofelsac, Tum-
ca gandegilis Sinagani gamocdileba sruliad sapiris-
piros metyvelebs. asketis nebisyofa imdenad mZlavri
gamodgeba, rom axal WeSmaritebas Trgunavs, xolo
TviTon, moklebuli sazriss, romelic axali WeSmari-
tebis mier ukve gabaTilebulia, am sazrisis magivrobas
ver gawevs.
`gandegili~ tragikuli nawarmoebia. fiqroben, rom
mis tragizms qmnis `xorcis~ da `sulis~ Seurigebeli
konfliqti. magram es imas niSnavs, rom konfliqti gai-
azreba TviT asketuri msoflmxedvelobis kategori-
ebiT _ am cnebebiT gandegili aRniSnavs mis arsebaSi
SebrZolebul Zalebs. sinamdvileSi, rogorc davina-
xeT, gandegili xorcis sisustis msxverpli ar aris.
xorcieli ltolva mas uCndeba bolos da niadags po-
vebs misi cnobierebis krizisis Sedegad. tragikuli ko-
liziac warmoiSoba personaJis sulier samyaroSi ori
msoflmxedvelobrivi principis dapirispirebis gamo -
_ asketur ideas upirispirdeba Tvalsazrisi, romlis
mixedviTac amqveyniuri sinamdvile Tavisi arsiT RvTa-
ebrivia, rasac mowmobs misi mSveniereba _ RvTis xilu-
li xati; amdenad es sinamdvile ar aris uarsayofi, mis-
ken swrafva ar aris codva, piriqiT, umaRlesi sulieri
72
moTxovnilebebis da Rirebulebebis xorcSesxma masSia
SesaZlebeli. magram am axal WeSmaritebas mtkiced dam-
kvidreba ar uweria, radgan Zalian Zlieria isic, rac
mas brZolas umarTavs _ asketuri TviTSegneba, aske-
turi neba. es sawyisebi Tanabari Zalisaa da pirovnebis-
Tvis Tanabrad mniSvnelovania, amitom maTi Sejaxeba
mTavrdeba TviT pirovnebis ganadgurebiT.
aristoteles gansazRvrebis Tanaxmad, tragikuli
gmiris ubedureba Sedegia ara misi mankierebis da sim-
dablis, aramed mis mier daSvebuli Secdomis. gandegi-
lis tragikuli Secdoma, tragikuli brali msoflmxed-
velobrivia _ man SecdomiT Seafasa amqveyniuri arse-
boba rogorc totaluri boroteba da mTlianad uaryo
igi. am Secdomis gacnobierebas gardauvalad moyveba
misi daRupva. daRupvis aucileblobas gansazRvravs
tragikuli personaJis buneba _ is ukompromiso maqsi-
malistia, romelsac veraferi gaunelebs mrwamsis
msxvrevis tkivils.
tragikuli xelovneba tanjvis da TanagrZnobis xe-
lovnebaa. `tragikuli TavisTavSi moicavs usasrulo
Semwynareblobas~ (kirkegori). avtoric TanagrZnobiT
da SemwynareblobiT ekideba Tavis didbunebovan, suli-
eri ZaliT gamorCeul gmirs. misTvis dasanania, rom am
gmiris Sinagani energia tragikuli Secdomis gamo
fuWad daixarja, ukvalod gaqra.
***
ilias `gandegilSi~, gansxvavebiT floberis `wminda
antonis cdunebisgan~ an zolas àbat mures Secodebis-
gan~, ar aris antiqristianuli, antireligiuri tenden-
cia. aq asketuri idealis uaryofa xdeba qristianuli
msoflmxedvelobis safuZvelzeve (qristianobis farg-
lebs ar cildeba WeSmaritebis Zieba tolstois `mama
sergiSic~). rogorc mkvlevari g. kalandariSvili Se-
niSnavs, `mwyemsma qalma mwiris senakSi moitana gulubr-
yvilo da wrfeli, xalxis mier guliT da ndobiT miRe-
buli religia, gamotarebuli saukuneebSi~.
73
damaxasiaTebelia, rom pirquSi asketuri msoflga-
gebis mcdaroba `gandegilSi~ danaxulia swored xalxis
TvaliT da es ilias Semoqmedebis saerTo kanonzomi-
erebas Seesabameba. `mgzavris werilebSi~ ubralo ada-
miani ambobs mwerlis sanukvar saTqmels; `glaxis naam-
bobSi~ da òTaraanT qvrivSi~ xalxia zneobrivi idea-
lis Semnaxveli; moTxrobaSi `sarCobelazed~ gulubr-
yvilo glexis TvalTaxedviTaa aRqmuli da Sefasebuli
sikvdiliT dasjis simaxinje...
ilias mier asketizmisTvis dapirispirebuli sicoc-
xlismoyvare msoflmxedveloba, romelsac amqveyniuri
sinamdvilis arsad RvTiuri sikeTe da mSveniereba esa-
xeba, axlosaa `vefxistyaosnis~ gammsWvalav msoflga-
gebasTan _ boroteba ararsia, amqveyniuri samyaros
arsi aris sikeTe da mSveniereba, romelic RvTaebrivia
Tavisi warmomavlobiT da bunebiT; amdenad adamianebis
amqveyniuri moTxovnilebebi da swrafvebi arsebiTad
RvTaebrivia da maTi ganxorcieleba amqveynadvea
SesaZlebeli.
rusTavelis poemaSi da optimistur, amqveyniuri si-
lamazis moyvare da damfasebel nacionalur msofl-
aRqmaSi poulobs ilia WavWavaZe asketizmis damZlev
pozitiur mrwamss.
yvelaferi is, rac `gandegilSi~ asketizmis daZle-
vaze iTqva, unda Seivsos aucilebeli ganmartebiT:
ilias poemaSi marcxs ganicdis ara bermonazvnuri ide-
ali saerTod, aramed asketizmis ukiduresi forma, ro-
melic gulisxmobs amqveyniuri realobis absolutu-
rad uaryofiT Sefasebas da, aqedan gamomdinare, misgan
srul ganapirebas, yovelgvar adamianur urTierToba-
Tagan garidebas. amitom aris, rom nawarmoebis dasaw-
yisSi da finalSi mTavar gmirTan Sepirispirebulia be-
rebis krebuli, romelsac gandegilisgan ganasxvavebs
SemoqmedebiTi, aRmSeneblobiTi mizanswrafva _ igi
miudgomel adgilas RvTis taZars amkvidrebs. es aris
moyvasis qristianul siyvarulze dafuZnebuli Zmoba,
romlis arsebobis SesaZleblobasac gandegilis unu-
geSo Tvalsazrisi gamoricxavs _ mis mier wuTisoflis
74
mitovebis mTavari motivi swored is aris, rom `cili,
zakva Zulebada hxdis wminda siyvaruls moyvasisasa~.
gasagebia, rom is, berebis Zmobis wevrTagan gansxvave-
biT, `sul martod-marto dayudebula~...
asketizmis ukiduresi forma ilias mxatvruli in-
teresis sagnad iqca misi zogadi msoflmxedvelobrivi
aspeqtebis gamo, romlebic Sordeba garkveuli kultu-
rul-istoriuli movlenis sazRvrebs. es aris pesimizmi
da ukiduresi individualizmi.
`gandegilis~ analizisas, Cveulebriv, pesimizmi _
ukiduresi individualizmis wanamZRvari _ yuradRe-
bis gareSe rCeba xolme da Zneldeba imis damajereblad
warmoCena, rogor marcxdeba poemaSi gandegiloba,
farTo gagebiT radikaluri individualizmi _ pesi-
mizmis Sedegi. ilias mxatvruli azrovneba ki logiku-
rad Tanmimdevrulia da nawarmoebSi uwinares yovlisa
swored pesimisturi msoflgagebis rRvevaa warmoCeni-
li, rac pesimizmis Tanmxleb radikalur individua-
lizmsac aclis safuZvels.
Tavisi azrTawyobiT da mizandasaxulobiT `gande-
gili~ bunebrivad da Rrmad aris dakavSirebuli qarT-
veli xalxis erovnul-kulturul amocanebTan, romle-
bic XIX saukunis meore naxevarSi gamoikveTa: erovnuli
aRorZinebis cda nayofieri SeiZleba mxolod maSin
iyos, Tu igi emyareba pozitiur msoflmxedvelobas,
pozitiur Tvalsazriss samyaros da adamianis Sesaxeb;
xolo Tu samyaro absoluturi borotebaa, Cixia, am
cdasac yovelgvari azri ekargeba; pesimizmi da uki-
duresi individualizmi, cxadia, qveynis ukeTes da
TviTmyofad momavals ver Seqmnis, saamisod aucile-
belia optimisturi msoflmxedveloba, rwmena, rom
samyaros, adamianis yofnas aqvs naTeli sazrisi, keTili
arsi; aucilebelia optimisturi mrwamsiT nasazrdoebi
socialuri aqtivoba.
am aucileblobis karnaxiT aris dawerili ilias
`gandegili~.
1987
75
akaki wereTeli
Rirsebis aRsadgenad
,,gamzrdelSi, baTusTan safar-begis stumrad misv-

lis scenaSi aris aseTi metafora: safari xumrobiT ise
iqceva, TiTqos ucxoa, sagangebod ifaravs saxes da
baTu mas ver cnobs _ safar-begi Secvlilia, mas axla
sxva saxe aqvs, baTusTvis dafaruli da ucnobi.
safar-begs zneobriv saxes zia-xanumTan urTierTo-
ba ucvlis, umRvrevs. safari ukve uzneobis gzazea
damdgari (zia-xanumis davaleba qurdobis da yaCaRo-
bisken ubiZgebs), am gzas miyavs baTus ojaxSi da im
borotebamde, romelsac iq Cadis.
safar-begis da zia-xanumis urTierTobaSi mTavaria
am adamianebis TavmoTneoba da pativmoyvareoba. mama-
kacebis gulis dapyrobiT, imiT, rom maT Tavis nebaze
aTamaSebs, zia-xanumi, sabediswero qalis tipis gansa-
xiereba, pativmoyvareobas da Zalauflebismoyvareobas
ikmayofilebs, tkbeba sakuTari momxibvleli ZaliT da
misi safar-begTan damokidebulebac amgvaria. Tumca
verc zia-xanumisadmi safaris damokidebulebas miviC-
nevT namdvil siyvarulad, masac pativmoyvareoba amoZ-
ravebs _ gamorCeuli qalis yuradRebis da simpaTiis
mopoveba misTvis sapatioa. safars rom zia-xanumi mar-
Tla uyvardes, is ver Caidenda imas, rac baTus ojaxSi
Caidina. safaris grZnoba namdvili rom ar aris, amas
mowmobs mis mier zia-xanumis davalebis sxvisTvis da-
kisrebac _ igi apirebs sxvisi gakeTebuli saqme miiwe-
ros, anu gulwrfeli ar aris qalis winaSe.
safaris Selaxuli morali megobarTan mis urTier-
Tobasac ayalbebs _ zia-xanumis davalebis Sesrule-
baSi daxmarebis TxovniT faqtobrivad safari baTus
uzneo saqmis, qurdobis Cadenas avalebs, TviTon ki arc
iRebs monawileobas am saZraxisi da saxifaTo Canafiq-
ris ganxorcielebaSi. safaris damokidebuleba baTu-
76
sadmi angarebiania, gamoyenebiTia. yovelive es Seamza-
debs mis srul moralur kraxs.
gansxvavebiT zia-xanumis da safaris urTierTobis-
gan, romelic damyarebulia egoizmze da pativmoyva-
reobaze, sicrueze, baTus da nazibrolas siyvaruli
namdvilia, wrfelia da amitom masSi egoizmis da Tav-
moTneobisTvis, sicruisTvis adgili ar rCeba. nazi-
brolas moralurad ar SeuZlia SeiniRbos baTus wina-
Se, daumalos momxdari, xolo baTus damokidebuleba
colisadmi cxadyofs mis Tavisuflebas egoisturi
siamayisgan, TavmoTneobisgan. baTus urTierToba col-
Tan aRazasadmi joyolas delikaturobas gvaxsenebs.
baTus da nazibrolas siyvaruli umZimes gansacdels
uZlebs, radgan WeSmaritia.
zneobrivi gansacdeli, romelic baTus xvdeba wi-
lad, mas marto misi siyvarulis dangreviT ki ara,
sakuTari ZiZiSvilis mkvlelad qceviTac emuqreba. is
axerxebs amis Tavidan acilebas imiT, rom sjis cod-
vils ara fizikuri angariSsworebiT, aramed dandobiT,
sjis sindisis qenjniT da sircxviliT, amarcxebs,
Trgunavs mas Tavisi moraluri simaRliT. SesaZloa,
gansacdelisTvis Tavis Rirseulad daRwevas baTus
uadvilebs is, rom man momxdari mis mier Cadenili
qurdobis samarTlian RvTaebriv sazRaurad CaTvala _
baTus saubari colTan safuZvels gvaZlevs, ase vifiq-
roT (`yovelgvari mosavali kacis Tavze uneburi,
RvTis risxvaa...~).
baTus winaSe Tavs Sercxvenilad safar-begis garda
haji-usubic grZnobs, romelsac baTum safaris piriT
arsebiTad is SeuTvala, rom zneobrivi Sefaseba unda
mieca aramarto safaris samarcxvino saqcielisTvis,
aramed sakuTari samarcxvino mdgomareobisTvisac, ro-
melSic aRmoCnda rogorc safaris aRmzrdeli. es kaci
ki Tavisi arsebobis azrs, mTel Tavis Rirsebas swored
aRmzrdelobaSi xedavs. baTus mier gamoCenili sulgr-
Zeloba, misi zneobrivi simaRle kidev ufro damTr-
gunvels xdis haji-usubisTvis safaris sulmdablobas,
kidev ufro umZafrebs mas sircxvilis grZnobas. igi
77
ver egueba, rom aseTi Rirseuli kacis TvalSi damci-
rebuli Candes. baTus winaSe sircxvilis Camorecxvis
da Rirsebis aRdgenis survili ubiZgebs haji-usubs
TviTmkvlelobisken, es aris misi qcevis realuri fsi-
qologiuri motivi. Tu es motivi mxedvelobis miRma
dagvrCeba, SeiZleba haji-usubis TviTmkvleloba mxat-
vrulad naklebad damajerebeli, `Teatralur-afeqta-
ciuri~ mogveCvenos.
2005
78
vaJa-fSavela
humanizmis ganwiruleba
`stumar-maspinZlis~ dasawyisSi joyolas da zviada-

urs Soris TiTqos konfliqti unda warmoiSvas, magram
ase ar xdeba da es erTaderTi arSemdgari, CanasaxSive
Camqrali konfliqtia am sastiki konfliqtebiT savse
poemaSi.
konfliqtis Tavidan acileba joyolas damsaxure-
baa. moulodnelia gulisxmiereba da sulis siuxve, ro-
melsac joyola iCens ucnobi xevsuris mimarT _ joyo-
lasTvis yoveli adamiani, misi erovnebis da sarwmu-
noebis miuxedavad, upirveles yovlisa swored adamia-
nia; misTvis zviadauri ar aris mteri ubralod imis
gamo, rom is xevsuria; igi xevsurTa mTel modgmaSi
mtrebs apriorulad ar xedavs da es uCveuloa im sam-
yaroSi, romelSic dapirispirebul sazogadoebaTa ur-
TierToba `mtris xatzea~ damyarebuli. amiT ganiara-
Rebuli zviadauri dayveba joyolas nebas da did risks
wevs, stumrad midis Tavisi mtrebis banakSi.
qistur TemSi nebismieri xevsuris stumrad miyvana,
Tundac is qistebis gamorCeuli mteri ar iyos, uc-
nauri, gamomwvevi saqcielia. rogorc Cans, Tavisi am-
gvari araordinarulobis gamo joyola TemisTvis ad-
rec Znelad dasamorCilebeli adamiani iyo (mogviane-
biT Temi masze ambobs: `winad xom bevrjer agvria~). es
aris imis mizezi, rom Temi Tavidanve ar endoba mas,
iniRbeba, xrikebs mimarTavs masTan urTierTobaSi. Te-
mis da joyolas urTierTdamokidebulebaSi adreve
arsebuli daZabuloba zviadauris gamo uceb ifeTqebs,
mwvave konfliqtSi gadaizrdeba.
joyolas adamianuri bunebis sirTule Cans im mora-
luri grZnobebis mravalgvarobaSi, romlebic mas zvia-
daurTan akavSirebs maTi xanmokle, magram Rrma ur-
TierTobis safuZvelze. simpaTiis da sulieri naTesa-
obis grZnobis garda es aris movaleobis grZnoba _ man
79
unda uzrunvelyos am adamianis xelSeuxebloba, rome-
lic TavisTan stumrad TviTon waiyvana; es aris Ta-
nagrZnoba, sibraluli: joyolas umZims imis xilva, ro-
gor jabnian bevrni erT, umweo mdgomareobaSi Cavard-
nil adamians (ùiaraRos awvalebT, guli rasa hgrZnobs
Tavada~); es aris sircxvilis grZnoba _ joyolas
rcxvenia zviadauris Tavis TanatomelTa qcevis gamo,
miTumetes ar surs TviTon Seelaxos Rirseba zviadau-
ris TvalSi, raime iseTi gaakeTos, rac zviadauris
winaSe moralurad daakninebs.
nawarmoebSi yvelaze didi zneobrivi gansacdelis
pirispir joyola aRmoCndeba. am gansacdelma mas SeiZ-
leba daakargvinos is, rac uZvirfasesi aqvs: pirovnuli
saxe, Rirseba, Sinagani Tavisufleba da damoukideblo-
ba, humanuroba. mTeli samyaro imisken ubiZgebs joyo-
las, rom gawiros zviadauri, yvelaferze metad ki is,
rom Tu ase moiqceva, socialuri moralis Tvalsazri-
siT marTali iqneba, ramdenadac zviadaurma moatyua,
Tavisi vinaoba daumala. magram arCevanis gakeTebisas is
emorCileba ara socialur morals, aramed mxolod sa-
kuTar pirovnul zneobas, yurs ugdebs mxolod sakuTa-
ri sindisis, Rirsebis grZnobis, adamianurobis uRrmes
xmas da gadarCeba rogorc zneobrivi pirovneba.
joyola zneobriv gamocdas uZlebs maSinac, roca
aRaza umxels, rom zviadauri daitira. aRazas aRsare-
baze joyolas pasuxSi arsebiTia is, rom joyola _
damoukidebeli da Rirseuli pirovneba _ pativs cems
meore adamianis damoukideblobas da Rirsebas; mkacri,
uxeSi samyaros mkvidri, mtkice da Seupovari joyola
amasTanave sulierad faqizia, daxvewilia da ar iWreba
sxvis intimur samyaroSi, aRiarebs am samyaros xelSe-
uvalobas (`me ra gamge var magisa?~). es aris adamianis
mier sxva adamianis Tavisuflebis aRiarebis umniSvne-
lovanesi gamoxatuleba qarTul literaturaSi.
joyolas buneba, morali da msoflxedva dogmebiT
da crurwmenebiT SeuzRudavia, misTvis sulis simaRle
zogadadamianuri siqvelea (`diacs mudamac uxdeba
glova vaJkacis kargisa~).
80
joyolas pasuxSi Cans misi Rrma siyvaruli aRaza-
sadmi, radgan WeSmariti siyvarulis erT-erTi Zireuli
niSani sayvareli adamianis damoukideblobis aRiare-
baa. joyola rom bolomde ar ijerebs Sin dabrunebuli
aRazas naambobs, es ar aris colisadmi misi undoblo-
bis gamovlineba _ mas surs, rom aRaza savsebiT gulax-
dili iyos mis mimarT, arafers umalavdes da erTmane-
Tis winaSe sruli gulaxdilobis, siwrfelis es moT-
xovnilebac Rrma siyvarulis niSania.
sulieri siRrmiT da sifaqiziT, iseve rogorc pi-
rovnuli avtonomiiT da sakuTari principebisTvis Ta-
vis gawirvis unariT joyola axlosaa aluda qeTe-
laurTan, Tumca aludas Sinagani samyaro mainc ufro
rTulia, mtkivneuli fiqriT, azriT ufro mdidaria.
aluda did sulier cvlilebebs ganicdis, axal reli-
giur da eTikur faseulobebs miakvlevs, rasac joyo-
laze ver vityviT _ is, rom mowinaaRmdege eTnosis
warmomadgenlebi `rjulZaRlebi~ da araadamianebi ar
arian, rac aludam Zlieri Sinagani Zvrebis Sedegad
aRmoaCina, joyolasTvis Tavidanve da TavisTavadve
cxadia. joyolas adamianuri arsi ki ar icvleba, aramed
vlindeba daZabul situaciebSi.
sulis sirTulis, sifaqizis miuxedavad joyola
monoliTuri pirovnebaa, romelsac bolomde myarad
wams sakuTari poziciis siswore TemTan konfliqtSi.
misgan gansxvavebiT aRazas Sinagan ZalasTan erTad
sisustec axasiaTebs, is rogorc qali ufro metad aris
damokidebuli sxvebis, sazogadoebis azrze, rac misi
saxis mxatvruli simarTlis da individualurobis
sayrdenia. aRaza TavisTavSi atarebs Temis cnobiere-
bas, mis TvalTaxedvas da am TvalTaxedviTac aRiqvams
da afasebs sakuTar fiqrebs, gancdebs, qmedebebs. Temis
SiSi, Temis winaSe sircxvili mas Tavisi Sinasamyaros
siRrmidan eZaleba da tanjavs, fantasmagoriis saxes
iRebs da ase atydeba Tavs. misi sulieri Tavisufleba,
mokluli zviadaurisadmi misi TanagrZnoba da mzrun-
veloba miTufro namdvili da faseulia, rom xorcs
isxams didi Sinagani winaaRmdegobebis gamovlis, konf-
81
liqtebis gadatanis xarjze. aRazas saSineli martooba,
mis mier Tavisi saqcielis monanieba, am saTuTi arsebis
umweoba da sasowarkveTa avi, ulmobeli samyaros pi-
rispir, romelsac mdinaris sazareli xati asaxierebs,
yvelaferze ufro mtkivneulad gvagrZnobinebs amqvey-
nad humanisturi Rirebulebebis da idealis tragikul
ganwirulebas. poemis personaJTa Soris yvelaze mra-
valferovani emociebis aRmZvreli aRazas saxea _ es
aris aramarto simpaTia da aRtaceba, aramed mwvave sib-
raluli da dananebac. aRazas bunebas da xvedrs irek-
lavs ufskrulis piras amosuli pirimzis xati _ cxov-
rebis sisastike ganadgurebiT emuqreba faqiz adamia-
nurobas, keTilSobil, mSvenier adamianur grZnobebs
da miswrafebebs.
Tu joyola da aRaza Zneli zneobrivi arCevanis wi-
naSe dgebian, _ rogor moeqcnen kacs, romelsac maT
umaspinZles, is ki maTi uaxloesi adamianis mkvleli ga-
modga, zviadauris winaSe martivi arCevania _ gardau-
vali sikvdilis pirispir simtkicis SenarCuneba an su-
lieri dacema. realurad aseTi alternativa zviadau-
risTvis arc arsebobs. imisTvis, rom saSualeba ar mis-
ces Tavis mtrebs aramarto fizikurad, aramed sulie-
radac moklan, mas mxolod is Wirdeba, iyos vinc aris _
Zlieri, uSiSari, mtris moZule meomari. SesaZloa,
zviadaurs Sinagani Zala da gamZleoba Semata joyolas
Tavganwirulma erTgulebam mis mimarT; sxva rom ara-
feri iyos, igi joyolas ver CamorCeba vaJkacobaSi, mis
TvalSi ver Seircxvens Tavs. zviadauris saxe yvelaze
ufro heroikulia da yvelaze naklebad tragikulia
nawarmoebSi.
zviadauris sikvdilis epizodSi ufro rTulad
gamoikveTeba masis saxe, romelic joyolas ojaxze Tav-
dasxmisas erTmniSvnelovnad warmoCndeba rogorc ag-
resiuli, SurisZiebis JiniT Sepyrobili brbo. zvi-
adauris msxverplad Sewirvis scenaSi vlindeba, rom
qistTa TemisTvis mtris siZulvili, mterze SurisZieba
uzenaesi da Seuvali religiur- eTikuri kanonia (`mag-
ram mters mtrulad moeqe, TviTon ufalma brZanao~) da
82
misi SeuTavsebloba humanur principebTan Seadgens
kidec nawarmoebis gamouval, tragikul konfliqts.
am scenaSi masa agresiis da SurismaZieblobis garda
mtris vaJkacobis dafasebis da Tavisi qmedebis gamo
sinanulis gancdis unarsac avlens. magram igi advilad
ixSobs keTilSobil impulsebs imiT, rom sakuTar TavSi
kvlav mtris siZulvils aRvivebs _ vaJa xedavs, rom
masas zneobrivi ganwmenda da gardaqmna, sindisis kar-
naxiT arseboba ar SeuZlia; es SeuZlia mxolod avto-
nomiur pirovnebas; xolo masa amgvar pirovnebaTa ze-
gavlenis wyalobiT Tu ganicdis sasikeTo zneobriv
cvlilebas. zviadauris mokvlis epizodi cxadyofs di-
di, destruqciuli fizikuri da fsiqikuri ZaliT aR-
Wurvili masis uZlurebas Rirseuli pirovnebis winaSe.
Rrma pirovnebaTaSorisi Tanaziarobis da erTguli
solidarobis umaRles faseulobad dasaxva `stumar-
maspinZels~ genetikurad `vefxistyaosanTan~ akavSi-
rebs. `stumar-maspinZelSi~, iseve rogorc rusTavelis
poemaSi, eTnikuri gansxvavebuloba xels ar uSlis ada-
mianebs, swrafad gadalaxon siucxove imis wyalobiT,
rom erTbaSad grZnoben sulier naTesaobas erTmaneT-
Tan da erTmaneTisTvis Seucvlelad Zvirfasebi xde-
bian. `stumar-maspinZelSi~ tragikuli kuTxiT garda-
texili, amqveynad ganuxorcielebeli saxiT warmodgeba
adamianTa sayovelTao, universaluri solidarobis da
siyvarulis ideali, romelic `vefxistyaosanSi~ xorc-
Sesxmul da Zlevamosil realobad gvevlineba.
2005
83
gamaerTianebeli tanjva
adamianis sulieri feriscvaleba, romelic vaJa-

fSavelas àluda qeTelaurSia~ warmosaxuli, ucnau-
ria Tavisi radikalurobiT _ gamocdili, mravali
mtris momkvleli meomari, mtruli eTnosis da sarw-
munoebis mimarT fanatikuri siZulviliT da zizRiT
gaJRenTili kaci morigi mxedruli faTerakis Semdeg
ucabedad imsWvaleba adamianTa modgmis erTianobis
SegnebiT da universaluri religiurobiT; SeiZagebs
cxovrebis agresiul wess, sisastikes, sisxlisRvras,
rac manamde aramarto sruliad bunebrivi iyo misTvis,
aramed siqveledac eTvleboda, da mkacri tradicie-
biT, dogmebiT Semosaltuli, erTsaxovani sazogado-
ebis organuli elementi damoukidebel, humanur pi-
rovnebad gardaiqmneba...
da mainc, ucnaurobis miuxedavad aludas feris-
cvaleba mTlianad damajerebelia. rogor miiRweva es?
raRac xdeba araCveulebrivi, rac aludas cnobierebas
ise Secvlis, rom maszec SeiZleba iTqvas `gvelis mWa-
melSi~ mindias Sesaxeb naTqvami: àxalad suli Caedga,
axalad xorci aesxa, gulis xedva da Tvalebis, rogorc
yrus da brmas gaexsna~. raRac gansakuTrebuli impul-
sia aucilebeli imisTvis, rom mkvlels mokluli _
ùrjulo~, TiTqmis araadamiani _ ise Zlierad Seeb-
ralos da Seuyvardes, rom `Tavis lamaz Zmad~ miiCnios
igi.
aludas metamorfozis Ziri is aris, rac man mucal-
Tan orTabrZolisas igrZno. mkvlevarebi xazs usvamen
imas, rom aluda moxibla mucalis vaJkacobam da ase
dainaxa mterSi adamiani, Tavisi msgavsi. mucalis vaJka-
coba marTlac did STabeWdilebas axdens aludaze, mag-
ram es ar unda iyos aludas Sinagani gardaqmnis mTavari
stimuli.
imis garda, rom aluda da mucali erTnairad Zlie-
ri, uSiSari da Seupovari mebrZolebi arian, isini erT-
nair Seurigeblobas da mZulvarebas iCenen mowinaaRm-
degis sarwmunoebis mimarT. am niSniT maTi paradoqsu-
84
li msgavseba imdenad srulia, rom TiTqos erTmaneTis
oreulebad aqcevs mtrebs. orTabrZolis paralelu-
rad mimdinare sityvier duelSi maTi replikebi abso-
luturad urTierTmsgavsia. yvelaze metad am repli-
kebs amsgavsebs mimarTva `rjul-ZaRlo~ _ aluda da
mucali erTi da imave sityviT gamoxataven erTnair,
Seuwynarebel da zizRian damokidebulebas mtris re-
ligiisadmi. es saSineli sityva tyviasaviT zuzunebs da
tyviebis moZraobas sdevs Tan.
`... _ ara gWirsaa, rjul-ZaRlo?! _ mucali eubne-
boda. _ nu ggonav, mWirdes, rjul-ZaRlo, ymasa gu-
danis jvrisasa... _ ar mogxvdaua, rjul-ZaRlo? _ isev
eZaxis imasa. _ mucals ara sWirs, rjul-ZaRlo, namtv-
revs maSlida kldisasa...~.
mucalTan orTabrZolis Semdeg aludas msoflxed-
vaSi momxdari gardatexis Sinaarss upirvelesad imis
Secnoba Seadgens, rom adamianebis gamijvna _ rjulia-
nebad da urjuloebad, RmerTis madliT mosilebad da
RmerTisgan moZulebulebad, srulfasovnebad da ara-
srulfasovnebad _ arasworia. da aluda am daskvnas
akeTebs imis safuZvelzec, rom misi da mucalis damo-
kidebuleba erTamaneTis religiisadmi savsebiT msgav-
sia, erTnaiaria: mucali iseve sastikad icavs Tavisi
sarwmunoebis upiratesobas da Zuls mtris religia,
rogorc aluda icavs Tavis erTaderT WeSmarit rjuls
da Zuls mucalis religia; mtrebis poziciaTa es ab-
surduli msgavseba, erTgvarobaa samyarosTan aseTi mi-
marTebis sisworeSi damaeWvebeli, misi Semaryeveli.
SatilSi dabrunebuli aluda xevsurebs mouTxrobs
mucalTan brZolis ambavs da misTvis mtkivneuli gasax-
senebelia, rom mucali Tavisi sicocxlis ukanasknel
wamsac rjuls uginebda mas: `suls ar aclida amosvlas,
kidev mixsena rjulia~. aluda TavisTavs cnobs mucal-
Si, Tavis mcdar TvalTaxedvas cnobs mucalis TvalTa-
xedvaSi _ man xom TviTonac araerTxel zustad aseve
augad uxsena rjuli mucals. amitom mosdevs uSualod
amas dakanonebul TvalsazrisSi Rrma daeWvebis da
amasTanave axali mrwamsis konturis gamomkveTi aludas
85
gansja: `Cven vityviT, kacni Cvena varT, martoT Cven
gvzrdian dedani; Cvena vscxondebiT, urjuloT kuprSi
mielis qSenani. amis TqmiT vwaramaraobT, RvTisSvilT
ukeTes ician. yvelani marTals amboben, gana vinaca
hfician?!~.
aqeTken aludas cnobierebas, upirvelesad ki qve-
cnobierebas kidev ufro mZlavrad warmarTavs agreTve
sxva ram, rac mucalTan orTabrZolisas ixila da gani-
cada. es aris mucalis agonia.
literaturismcodneebs SemCneuli aqvT am momentis
gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelovneba (Tamaz Cxenkeli,
guram asaTiani). es mniSvnelovneba dasturdeba imiT,
rom aluda Tavidan ver icilebs mogonebas mucalis
sikvdilis Sesaxeb _ igi dramatulad gaxmiandeba alu-
das saubarSi xevsurebTan, mtkivneulad amotivtivdeba
aludas sizmarSi.
riT aris es momenti sagangebo mniSvnelobis mqone,
rogor aZlevs impulss aludas feriscvalebas?
`mucals ar swadis sikvdili, fers ara hkargavs
mglisasa. mahglejs, daifevs wylulSia mwvanes balaxsa
mTisasa~.
ai, es suraTi axsendeba xolme Semdeg aludas _ is
dauviwyaria imis gamo, rom saSineli sicxadiT aCens si-
cocxlis umZafres wyurvils, nebas da sikvdilis aseve
umZafres arndomas, sastik sasikvdilo tanjvas. muca-
lis uCveulo, sasowarkveTili Jesti _ balaxis mogle-
ja da WrilobaSi Cafena _ sulisSemZvrelia, masSi erT-
baSad xdeba xiluli sicocxlesTan ganSorebis tkivi-
lis ganuzomeli siRrme. da es araCveulebrivad mety-
veli, tragikuli Jesti daanaxebs da agrZnobinebs
aludas, _ pirvelad mis cxovrebaSi _ ra sazarelia
sikvdili, sicocxlesTan gayra. amitom igi igrZnobs
imasac, ra saSinelebaa sicocxle waarTva sxva adamians,
iyo mkvleli. xolo yovelive es miTufro mkveTrad
ganicdeba aludas mier, rom kvdeba masaviT Zlieri ada-
miani, gamorCeuli meomari.
swored am mZime STabeWdilebiT aris siRrmiseulad
motivirebuli, masTan kavSirSia bunebrivi da gasagebi
86
aludas Sinagani metamorfozis iseTi arsebiTi mxare,
rogoricaa kaciskvlis, sisxlisRvris SezizReba.
mtrobaze, agresiaze, sisxlian SurisZiebaze damyare-
buli cxovrebisadmi aludas zizRi mJRavndeba mis koS-
marul xilvebSi da sizmarSi. mucalis mokvlis Semdeg
Satilisken mimaval aludas adamianebis agresiuli ar-
seboba ase warmoesaxeba: `visac mteroba moswyurdes,
gaaRos saxlis karia, sisxl daigubos keraSi, TviTonac
Sigve mdgaria. Rvinodac imas dahlevdes, puradac mo-
saxmaria. pirjvari daiwerodis, miTam saydarSi aria.
sisxlSia hqondes qorwili, iq daiweros jvaria, daipa-
tiJos stumrebi, daamwkriodis jaria, sisxlSi daigos
logini, gverds daiwvinos calia, bevri iyolos Svile-
bi, bevri vaJi da qalia. iqve saflavi gaTxaros, iq
daimarxos mkvdaria. Sen ro sxva mahkla, Senc mogkvlen,
mkvlels ar SaarCens gvaria!~.
aseTia uwinaresad TviT aludas cxovreba, agreTve
misi yvelaze mosalodneli dasasruli da amaze mas
mucalis mokvlis Semdeg exileba Tvali. es Semzaravi
xilvebi bunebrivad aRmocendeba im kacis qvecnobiere-
baSi, vinc axlaxan mokla sxva kaci, sicocxlesTan gan-
Sorebis tanjvis mowme gaxda da SeaZrwuna mkvlelobis
codvam. aludas koSmari am mwvave gancdebis uSualo
anareklia.
sizmarSi ki aludas, romelic kvlav salaSqrod was-
vlas, anu sisxlisRvris, kaciskvlis gagrZelebas api-
rebs, TavisTavi adamianis xorcis mWamelad evlineba;
kaciskvla esaxeba mas kaciWamiobad da es dakavSire-
bulia mucalis mokvlis, misi agoniis saSinel xsovnas-
Tan. èrT wams xel vinam damtaca, tari Camidva xanj-
risa. Savxeden, mucali iyo, tanT ecva jaWvi rvalisa,
gulzed emCniva niSani me-d imis brZolis wamisa, efina
natyviarSia lega safevi brZamisa. klded idga, gautex-
lada, creml ar Camosdis Tvalisa. minda sikvdili, ar
vkvdebi, mamkalo, miTxra xvewniTa. Tqven dagrCeT wuTi-
sofeli, me ki wavide qveyniTa, daZeRiT, xevsurT Svi-
lebo, laSqrobiT, xmlebis qneviTa~.
87
mucali sizmarSi Cndeba im saxiT, romelic aludas
zaravs _ WrilobaSi Cafenili balaxiT, rac kidev erT-
xel agrZnobinebs aludas, rom igi mucalisTvis sasikv-
dilo tanjvis mimyenebelia, misi sicocxlis momspobia.
es grZnoba autaneli simZimiT Trgunavs aludas: muca-
li mas xelSi xanjals udebs da rogorc gawafuli da
sisxlmowyurebuli mkvlelisgan, sikvdils iTxovs
misgan (aq, albaT, momakvdavi mucalis mier aludasTvis
Tofis datovebaa gardatexili). ase rom, sizmarSi
aludam xelmeored unda Caidinos is, rac ase awamebs,
xelaxla unda moklas mucali, romlis agonia, sulT-
mobrZaobis tanjva TiTqos usasrulod grZeldeba,
aRar mTavrdeba (`minda sikvdili, ar vkvdebi~). aq reli-
efurad Cans, ra Rrma tkiviliT ganicada aludam muca-
lis agonia, rogor awuxebs, rom mucalisTvis sicocx-
lis wamrTmevia.
sizmarSi nanaxi mucali arsebiTad gansxvavdeba
namdvilisgan. realobaSi `mucals ar swadis sikvdili~,
simwriT, tanjviT ebRauWeba sicocxles da momakvdavic
agrZelebs brZolas, sizmarSi ki igi TviTon eZebs sikv-
dils, raTa sxvebs (xevsurebs) dautovos es samyaro _
sisxlisRvris asparezi. aludas sizmarSi momxdari mu-
calis gardasaxvis es zedmiwevniT zusti kontrastu-
loba realobis mimarT imas mowmobs, rom orTabrZo-
lisas aluda gulistkiviliT amCnevs momakvdavi mowi-
naaRmdegis mier sicocxlis mZlavri nebis gamovlenas,
sikvdilisgan mis mZlavr ganzidvas.
aluda aramarto TviTon ganicdis zneobriv kaTar-
ziss, aramed mucalsac ufro akeTilSobilebs, amaR-
lebs. ar Rirs iseT sicocxleze gamwarebiT moWideba,
iseT sicocxlesTan ganSorebis gamo tanjva, iseT si-
cocxleSi monawileoba, romlis arsic `laSqrobiT,
xmlebis qneviT ZRomaa~, kaciWamiobaa _ aseTia mucalis
sizmriseuli metamorfozis azri. mucali aq aludas
oreulia, romelic mis idumal saTqmels ambobs, misi
Sinasamyaros saukeTeso sawyiss _ sindiss ganasaxie-
rebs. isini erTni arian, erT arsebas qmnian. ase axlo-
beli gaxada mucali aludasTvis misi sasikvdilo tanj-
88
vis gaziarebam. es gaziarebuli tanjva TavisTavSive,
Tavis arsebaSive aRmoaCeninebs aludas mcnebas àra kac
hkla~, ganaSorebs mas kaciskvlis sazarel codvas.
mucalTan aludas sulieri gamTlianeba sizmram-
dec, cxadSic mJRavndeba. aluda uambobs xevsurebs,
rogor mokvda mucali:
`...mkerdze nakravma tyviama gaunaZoZa gulia, naty-
viars brZamiT ifevda, isre dalia sulia~.
didi tkivili, TanagrZnoba gamosWvivis aludas
TxrobaSi. gansakuTrebiT sityva `gaunaZoZa~ aRiWur-
veba tkiviliani eqspresiiT. aluda Sinaganad ganicdis
mucalis kvdomas, Sinaganad SeigrZnobs imas, rac ar
SeiZleba fizikurad SeigrZnos an dainaxos _ rogor
uglejs mucals tyvia guls. aludaze, rogorc Cans,
mZafri emociuri zemoqmedeba moaxdina sasikvdilod
daWrili mucalis ganwirulma SeZaxilmac: `gulSi
mWirs, gulSi, rjul-ZaRlo~. es SeZaxili imasve gamoxa-
tavs, rasac Wrilobidan sisxldenis Sekavebis sasowar-
kveTili cda _ sicocxlesTan gayris simwares.
Sopenhaueris Tvalsazrisis mixedviT, TanagrZnoba,
Tanalmoba yvela adamianis siRrmiseuli erTianobis
intuituri wvdomaa; TanagrZnobis sazrisi imis uSualo
ganWvretaa, rom sicocxlis neba, romlis Seferxeba da
daTrgunva iwvevs tanjvas, adamianebSi erTiania,
saerToa.
sicocxlis wyurvili, neba da am nebis aRkveTis tan-
jva, romelic vlindeba mucalis sulisSemZrav agonia-
Si, mucalis vaJkacobasTan erTad, agrZnobinebs alu-
das momakvdavTan Sinagan erTianobas, arsismier naTe-
saobas da msgavsebas. amis gamoa, rom mucalis sikvdi-
lisTanave, TanagrZnobis cremliT misi datirebisas,
aluda mas Tavis msgavs srulfasovan adamianad aRia-
rebs _ `vaJkaco, Cemgan moklulo, RmerTma gacxovnos
mkvdaria~ _ da ar asrulebs mis mimarT marjvenis moW-
ris uadamiano wess. ùrjulos~, `rjulZaRlis~ cxone-
ba swored imas niSnavs, rom isic iseTive RvTisSvilia,
rogoric aluda, rom oriveni ekuTvnian adamianTa er-
Tian modgmas, romelsac erTi RmerTi hyavs. Semdeg
89
aluda am gumaniT nagrZnob, jer kidev mkafiod gaucno-
bierebel da ganuzogadebel WeSmaritebas ukve mkveT-
rad gaazrebuli da ganzogadebuli saxiT gamoTqvams
xevsurebTan dialogSi (`Cven vityviT, kacni Cvena
varT...~), xolo sabolood `Tavis lamaz Zmas~ uwodebs
mucals; anu igi uaxloesi adamianiviT Seiyvarebs mters
da SeZlebs Taviseburad Seasrulos gansakuTrebiT
Znelad Sesasrulebeli qristianuli mcneba: `giyvar-
deT mterni Tqvenni~.
sicocxlis neba da sikvdilis tkivili adamianTa
uRrmesi, yvelaze universaluri Tvisebebia. vaJa-
fSavela wers: `bunebas Tavisive kanoni aqvs kacTa cxov-
rebisaTvis damyarebuli... mTeli kacobrioba, Cveni
planetis mcxovrebni, ramdenime modgmad ganiyofebian,
xolo modgmani erebad. yovelive eri Sesdgeba adamia-
nebisagan, romelnic ganirCevian isev erTierTmaneTi-
sagan saxierebiT, gonebrivi da sulieri TvisebebiT.
saerTo Tvisebac sufevs maT Soris, da ara marto erTi
eris individebs, aramed mTels xmeleTis mcxovrebTac
SegviZlian upovnoT saerTo ram, ai, Tundac, magali-
Tad, siyvaruli sicocxlisa da mwuxareba sikvdilisa
gamo...~.
upirvelesad sicocxlis sayovelTao nebasTan da
sikvdilis sayovelTao tragikulobasTan _ mTeli
kacobriobisTvis saziaro fenomenebTan SexebiT aRmoa-
Cens aluda ùrjulo~ mterSi adamians, aRmoaCens ada-
mianTa erTianobas da yvelasTvis erT, qristianulad
kacTmoyvare RmerTs, romlisTvisac eTnosis da
konfesiis ganurCevlad yvela adamiani Zvirfasia. es
aqcevs aludas Sinaganad Tavisufal, sulierad Rrma
pirovnebad.
1996
90
sxva simarTle
Tumca `baxtrioni~ vaJa-fSavelas erT-erT saukeTe-

so epikur nawarmoebadaa miCneuli da mas àluda
qeTelauris~, `stumar-maspinZlis~, `gvelis mWamelis~
gverdiT ayeneben, mainc igi, Cveulebriv, izolirebu-
lad, am poemebis arsebiTi da Rrma saTqmelisgan mowy-
vetilad aris xolme ganxiluli. rogorRac ise gamo-
dis, rom raki poema patriotul grZnobas da ideas
gamoxatavs, mis azrobriv wyobaSi saintereso bevri
araferia.
sinamdvileSi `baxtrionis~ azrobriv-mxatvruli
koncefcia sakmaod rTulia da vaJas yvelaze mniSvne-
lovani poemebis koncefciaTa msgavsad dayrdnobilia
iseT urTierTSepirispirebul zneobriv-msoflmxedve-
lobriv kategoriebze, rogoricaa daundobloba da
sibraluli, sazogadoebrivi Tavdacvis, TviTSenarCu-
nebis interesebi da moraluri ideali, humanizmi, masa
da avtonomiuri pirovneba. oRond `baxtrionSi~, sxva
poemebisgan gansxvavebiT, am sawyisebs Soris tragiku-
li kolizia ar warmoiSoba. maTi urTierTmimarTebis
daZabuloba Serbilebuli da araTvalSisacemia Zleva-
mosili saerTo-saxalxo SekavSirebis monumentur su-
raTSi; magram Tumca winaaRmdegobebi Senelebulia,
isini harmonizebuli ar aris.
orgvarad warmodgeba `baxtrionSi~ masa.

erTi mxriv, es aris zneobrivi mizniT gamTliane-
buli xalxi. mas warmarTavs miswrafeba, ixnas qveyana da
Tanamemamuleebi tanjvisgan, damcirebisgan, Tavisuf-
leba da Rirseba daubrunos maT. vaJa qmnis adamianTa
erTsulovnebiT aRvsebis, erTi keTilSobili vnebiT
gamsWvalvis didebul, amaRlebul xats.
xalxis mTavari gamamTlianebeli Zala religiuro-
baa _ Zalian intensiuri, RvTaebis didi siaxloviT gan-
mcdeli. es RvTaeba ganyenebuli da transcendenturi
ki ar aris, aramed TiTqos am xalxis sxeulSi binadrobs
da misi cocxali sulia, nebaa. es aris `nacionaluri
91
RmerTi~, romelic idealuri meomris saxiT warmoidgi-
neba da rogorc mfarveli da winamZRoli TiTqos xi-
luladac evlineba xalxs. am RvTaebasTan ziareba iw-
vevs saerTo enTuziazms da mkafio gamoxatulebas ani-
Webs xalxis Sekrul nebas. axla es xalxi Tavganwirvis-
Tvis mzadmyofia, individTa kerZo, viwro interesebi
qreba da yvela zeindividualur, zneobrivad Rirebul
mizanswrafvas emorCileba. rogorc masis fsiqologiis
mkvlevarebi aRniSnaven, swored TavganwirvisTvis
mzadyofna da individTa egoizmis daZleva warmoadgens
masis pozitiur Tvisebas. aseT masas vaJa aRtacebuli
TanagancdiT warmosaxavs.
masobrivi religiuri eqstazis, xalxis zeaweuli
erTsulovnebis warmoCenas mosdevs SesaniSnavi medita-
ciuri wiaRsvla.
`netavi cecxli ciuri, visac ki gulSi hnTebia, jer
ar gauqres, Tu gaqres, isivac amohgznebia! mkvdaria
ugrZnobi kaci, usazarlesi mkvdarzeda, miT rome
sicocxle udgas salis yinulis taxtzeda. ar ebraleba
moyvasi, mis win ro acvan jvarzeda, ise mokvdeba, ver
Sedges erT wams trfobisa mTazeda, Sors aris, metad
Sors aris daSorebuli mazeda. WaobSi aris Cafluli,
vicnob mowamluls xmazeda. sazarelia dadgoma ugrZ-
nobelobis gzazeda!~.
Tu es lirikuli monologi Tavisi dasawyisiT uSu-
alod exmianeba mis win daxatul masis religiuri aR-
mafrenis suraTs, monologis momdevno monakveTSi Tav-
sdeba poemis problemuri centri, gamxelilia poemis
mTavari Sinagani Tema _ sibraluli da Seubraleb-
loba. epizodebi, romlebic moyveba am lirikul-medi-
taciur pasaJs, masSi moniSnul poemis siRrmiseul Te-
mas ireklavs.
masis ganwyobileba sruliad uecrad da moulodne-
lad icvleba. moulodnelobis STabeWdilebas isic aZ-
lierebs, rom religiur enTuziazms erTvis xalxis aR-
frTovaneba mTaTa vaJkacuri silamaziT, amayi mxedru-
li ieriT. da ai, masis aseTi amaRlebuli da wminda gan-
92
wyoba ucbad imRvreva eWviT _ Tavisi bunebiT masa ara-
myari, swrafad cvalebadia.
ase imitomac aris, rom igi advilad eqvemdebareba
Cagonebas. xoSareulis mier kvirias gauCinarebis gamo
gamoTqmuli eWvi erTbaSad gadaedeba mas da sul cota
xnis win amaRlebulad ganwyobili xalxi moRalatis
mxilebas iwyebs. e. kanetis SexedulebiT, `masis sicocx-
lis yvelaze mkveTrad SesamCnev niSnebs ganekuTvneba
erTi ram, rasac devnis impulsi SeiZleba vuwodoT.
igulisxmeba gansakuTrebuli agznebadoba, mrisxane ga-
Rizianeba maT mimarT, vinc erTxel da samudamod cxad-
deba mtrad~. ganusjelad da naCqarevad sdebs xalxi
kvirias bralad moRalateobas, gamyidvelobas. `_ ra
gaigeba, iqneba briyvma gagvyidos fulzeda, fici gate-
xos usircxvod, xeli aiRos rjulzeda, cocxlad dagv-
marxos, TviTonve miwa gvayaros gulzeda~. msjavri, ro-
melsac masa kvirias ganumzadebs, moraluri sikvdilis
tolfasia. xdeba pirovnebis Rirsebis daundobeli
xelyofa.
am viTarebaSi adamianis damcveli luxumia. misi go-
niereba da gulisxmiereba mkveTr kontrasts qmnis ma-
sis impulsurobasTan da pirovnebis mimarT ugrZnob-
lobasTan. luxumisTvis amosavalia ara faqti, SemTxve-
va (kviria sadRac gaqra), aramed pirovnebis individua-
loba: `kacs magis metad ver icnobT, magis met ar gaqvT
Snoeba?~. kvirias tragikul-winaswarmetyveluri, Rrma
aRsarebiTi gancdiT moTxrobili sizmris gulisxmie-
rad momsmens am adamianSi (romelsac Tavis gawirva aqvs
ganzraxuli) eWvi ar unda Seeparos. sizmars yvelani is-
menen, kvirias Sinagan bunebas ki mxolod luxumi wvde-
ba. luxumis TqmiT, aseTi sazizRari Ralati _ saku-
Tari xalxis saomrad gamoyvana da mtris xafangSi Set-
yueba _ umagaliTo da daujerebelia, xalxma ki es war-
moudgeneli ram advilad, yovelgvari safuZvlis gare-
Se irwmuna da daunaneblad abralebs adamians saSineli
danaSaulis Cadenas. luxumi arcxvens xalxs imis gamo,
rom igi erTsulovnebis da eqstazis didebul Jams mda-
bali eWvebiT bRalavs, `diacebri WorebiT~ Seuracx-
93
yofs bunebis sisaRes da sidiades. `rad ar gahxednebT,
briyvebo, Cvenis samSoblos gorebsa?!~.
luxumi xedavs, rom moRalatis Ziebis sarCuli SiSia
(`Tavis fiqridgam SemkrTalTa exlav mogkidaT cxro-
eba?~), romelsac dabneuloba da arev-dareva mosdevs.
luxumi ar dauSvebs movlenaTa aseT ganviTarebas, ise-
ve iolad aqcevs xalxs Tavisi zegavlenis qveS, rogorc
manamde _ xoSareuli. male xalxi acnobierebs, rom kvi-
ria tyuilubralod gaumetebia ase sastikad. `_ ara,
tyuilad nu vityviT, codos nu videbT kisrada, mSvil-
dze nu vagebT kvirias, nu vaTamaSebT israda!~.
luxumis sasikeTo zegavlena rom ara, masa pirovne-
bis ulmobeli SerisxvisTvis, èrTxel da samudamod
mtrad gamocxadebisTvis~ iyo momarTuli. luxumi
SeaCerebs ùgrZnobelobis gzaze~ damdgar xalxs.
ugrZnoblobis, Seubraleblobis Tema axlavs wiwo-
las ambavsac. brZolis velidan gaqceul wiwolas saza-
reli ZaliT atydeba Tavs sazogadoebis zizRi _ amie-
ridan is moraluri da socialuri TvalsazrisiT ara-
raobaa, sazogadoebisgan gariyulia. xalxis damokide-
buleba mis mimarT Zalian mkacria, magram samarTliani.
oRond simkacre ukve daundoblobad gvevlineba imis
Semdeg, rac wiwola Tavs CamoixrCobs da gamoisyidis
Tavis sisustes da Secodebas. bunebrivi da mosalod-
nelia, rom aman xalxis risxva daacxros, adamianebi
ufro lmobieri gaxados. magram xalxis guls verc bra-
leulis tanjuli sikvdili albobs da mis gvams igi
ZaRlebs ugdebs sajijgnad. `Tasi daRvares xatSia, ax-
los miudges arvina, wiwolas danaSauli aweulia camdi-
na, daamcro Cveni saxeli, mTels laSqars guli atkina.
arc vin samares gauTxris, arc vin Seukravs kubosa, mar-
tom itiros dedama, cremli win daigubosa!~. wiwolas
dedis moTqmaSic ufro sircxvili da Svilisadmi sim-
kacrec ki igrZnoba, vidre Svilis sikvdilis simware,
radgan is iZulebulia glovis drosac angariSi gau-
wios Temis Seuval ulmoblobas. am SemTxvevaSi Temis
Sesaxeb SeiZleba iTqvas, rom mas àr ebraleba moyvasi,
mis win ro acvan jvarzeda~. erTaderTi kaci, romelic
94
Sinaganad ar gaiziarebda xalxis gasastikebul damoki-
debulebas Tavisi Secodebis sikvdiliT gamomsyidveli
adamianisadmi, luxumia, omis Semdeg gauCinarebuli.
`baxtrionSi~ zustad, danawevrebulad aris gaazre-
buli da warmoCenili, ris wyalobiT axerxeben mTiele-
bi iranelebis batonobisgan kaxeTis daxsnas, ra ganapi-
robebs mTielTa sazogadoebis gansakuTrebul siZlie-
res. misi sawindari specifikuri da Temis monoliTad
Semkvreli religiurobis garda aris mkveTri socialu-
ri morali. igi, erTi mxriv, awesebs gmirebis da gmiro-
bis kults, ganuzomeli didebiT ajildoebs mxedrul
siqveles da Tavdadebas da amiT qmediT stimuls aZlevs
individs, iyos iseTi da moiqces ise, rom ase Zvirad-
Rirebuli socialuri aRiareba moipovos. meore mxriv,
mTielTa socialuri morali moicavs umkacres sanqci-
ebs individis mimarT socialuri movaleobis Seusru-
leblobisTvis autaneli zizRis, Sercxvenis da sazoga-
doebisgan mokveTis saxiT. es, rogorc davinaxeT, gul-
qvaobaSi da sisastikeSic SeiZleba gadaizardos, magram
TavisTavad, `baxtrionis~ mixedviT, aucilebelia, rad-
gan sazogadoebas TviTSenarCunebis Zalas matebs.
mTielTa morali amkvidrebs SurisZiebis kanons,
mtris mimarT gansakuTrebul, ulmobel siZulvils da
Seurigeblobas. es Zalian mZafrad Cans sanaTas, lelas,
kvirias saxeebSi. `baxtrionSi~ SurisZiebis Jini da
mtris daundobeli siZulvili bunebrivi, adekvaturi
emociuri pasuxia im uadamiano sisastikeze, romelsac
iranelebi iCenen saqarTveloSi da romelic poemaSi sa-
gangebod aris aqcentirebuli. Surisgebis es mwvave wa-
dili da siZulvili sabrZolo energiis, Tavganwirvis
unaris Semmatebelia. magaliTad, SurisZiebis wyurvili
ubiZgebs Tavganwirvisken lelas, Tumca isic saTqme-
lia, rom es wyurvili Tavis mxriv aRiZvreba TanagrZno-
biT axloblebis tanjvisadmi, xolo sanaTas SurisZi-
ebis wyurvili _ TanagrZnobiT qarTvelebis mTeli
mravalsaukunovani tanjva-wamebisadmi...
95
mtrisadmi siZulvilis, zizRis, misTvis samagieros
gadaxdis motivebi Tavs iyris da, SeiZleba iTqvas, gark-
veul ideologiad yalibdeba zezvas TvalsazrisSi.
luxumTan misi paeqroba rogorc TviT mis, aseve
luxumis bunebas arsobrivad avlens da sibralulis da
Seubraleblobis problemasac yvelaze dramatulad
wamoWris.
zezva igonebs, rogor àcxes qadada~ lekebi da ro-
gor mokveTa man erT leks Tavi. `_ Tavi gagorda miwa-
ze, tuCebm dauwyo kapuni, ityodi, sarekelasa wisqvil-
ze gaaqv rakuni. Sen Sagebrala urjulo, mogiwylianda
Tvalebi... uTuod, saiT enaxve, mogafurTxebdnen qale-
bi. me ar mebralvis, luxumo, mounaTlavi arodis, magaT
siwuntis naRveli yelSi duRiliT amodis. visac Cven ar
vebralebiT, Cven SevibraloT risada? sikvdili Tvi-
Ton ufalsa gauCenia mtrisada!~.
upirvelesad yuradRebas iqcevs, rom zezvas metyve-
lebis yaida iseTia, TiTqos laparaki adamians ar exe-
bodes. qadis cxoba, sarekelas rakuni wisqvilze _ le-
kebis mimarT naxmari es ironiuli gamoTqmebi imis ni-
Sania, rom zezva mters adamianTa modgmis miRma war-
moidgens, mteri misTvis usulo da knini sagnebis
tolfardia.
zezva tkbeba mtris damdablebiT da ganadgurebiT.
mteri mas zoologiur zizRs gvris, mis cnobierebaSi
amotvifrulia sazizRari, saZageli `mtris xati~. ùr-
julosadmi~, `mounaTlavisadmi~, anu faqtobrivad ara-
adamianisadmi damokidebuleba gamoricxavs raime huma-
nur grZnobas, masze ar vrceldeba sibraluli, raki is
TviTon Seubralebelia Cvendami. zezvas SefasebiT,
luxumis mier mtris Sebraleba saZraxisi da samarcxvi-
noa, radgan mtrisTvis gankuTvnilia ara sibraluli,
aramed mxolod sikvdili da es RmerTis nebaa _ mtri-
sadmi Seubralebloba, zezvas gagebiT, Seuvali reli-
giur-moraluri mcnebaa.
zezvas poziciis siswores adasturebs TviT cxov-
reba; mtris sisastike, misgan kaxeTis umowyalo akleba,
ramac mTielebi erTad Seyara qveynis saSvelad, utyua-
96
rad amtkicebs, rom zezva marTali iyo da aris; igi
niSns ugebs luxums. aseT fonze luxumi arafers Tu ve-
rafers pasuxobs zezvas. magram misi dumili marto
amiT ar aris gamowveuli da arc mxolod imiT, rom dam-
pyroblebTan didi, gadamwyveti brZolis win humaniz-
mis qadageba aSkara Seusabamobaa. mTavaria, rom Tavisi
dumiliT luxumi aRiarebs zezvas poziciis praqtikul
mizanSewonilobas _ zezvas sityva mtris siZulviliT
da zizRiT muxtavs saomrad gamzadebul jars da amiT
mis sabrZolo SemarTebas ganamtkicebs.
baxtrionis aRebis da mtris Zlevis, samarTliani
Surisgebis aRsrulebis suraTi swored zezvas sulis-
kveTebiT ixateba, mtrisadmi sisastike, mtris Seubra-
lebeli ganadgureba tkbobiT aris gancdili (àlazni-
sake wavida urjulos sisxlis Rvaria~; `gaswyvita Cven-
ma laSqarma mteri, uRmerTod dalia~; àivso TaTris
ZvlebiTa im baxtrionis aria, cixe-galavnad egeba, ise
gamravlda mkvdaria~...).
TiTqos ukve yvelaferi gairkva, zezvas Tvalsaz-
risma udavo da sruli gamarjveba moipova, luxummac
TiTqos uxmod cno mtris Sebralebis gaumarTlebloba,
daeTanxma imas, rom misi acremleba mtris sikvdilis
gamo samarcxvinoa. es motivi TiTqos savsebiT amoiwura
da gaqra...
magram poemis finali am moCvenebiTad martiv gark-
veulobas aqarwylebs da nawarmoebis konceptualur
Sinaarss aRrmavebs, afaqizebs.
poemis miTosuri finalis Sesaxeb damkvidrebulia
Sexeduleba, rom gvelis mier momakvdavi luxumis ga-
darCenis mxatvruli mniSvneloba patriotuli Tavda-
debis ideis gandidebaa. es idea aq uTuod unda vigu-
lisxmoT, magram am saxis saTqmelis masze dayvana aRa-
ribebs mis poetur sazriss da, Sesabamisad, mTlianad
nawarmoebis sazrissac.
finaluri pasaJi erTianad da TvalsaCinod aris da-
fuZnebuli Seubraleblobis da sibralulis siRrmise-
ul Temaze.
97
vaJa aq warmosaxavs sibraluls rogorc universa-
lur da saswaulmoqmed Zalas, romelic Zlevs TviT
TiTqosda totalur borotebas. igi gvevlineba iseT
idumal fenomenad, rogoradac mas Sopenhaueri axasia-
Tebs. sastik mxecSi ucnaurad iRviZebs sibraluli,
romelic mis mTel arsebas eufleba. `bevris codvebis
moqmedsa gadaubrunda guneba, ra sibraluliT imsW-
valvis misi gveluri buneba!~.
am idumalebiT mocul aqts garkveuli motivireba
mainc aqvs. TanagrZnobis pirveli impulsi monstrs
uCndeba momakvdavi, sulTmobrZavi adamianis xilvisas,
sasikvdilo tanjvis winaSe, romelSic ukiduresi sim-
kveTriT vlindeba adamianebis da saerTod yvela coc-
xali arsebis Zireuli da tragikuli naTesaoba. amgva-
radve aRiZvreba aludas sibraluli mucalisadmi, aRa-
zas sibraluli zviadaurisadmi, TviT luxumis sibra-
luli mokluli lekisadmi; da momakvdavisadmi gaCeni-
li gvelis sibralulic iseve gadmoiRvreba cremlebad,
rogorc am gmirebis da, kerZod, luxumis aseTnairadve
aRmocenebuli sibraluli (`Tan mkerds usvelebs mxe-
darsa cremlebis CamodeniTa~).
ra Tqma unda, ar aris SemTxveviTi, rom gvelis sas-
waulebriv sibraluls iwvevs swored luxumi _ adami-
ani, romelic sibralulis uCveulo unars amJRavnebs.
TiTqos miniSnebulic aris, rom gveli, adamianis fanta-
ziis mier sibrZniT aRWurvili, Seicnobs luxumis bu-
nebas, mis did sikeTes da es uRrmavebs TanagrZnobas
(`zed daaSterda sneulsa Tavis gveluri saxiTa, dasc-
qeris sulis mabrZolsa gulis mzaravis TvaliTa. da-
fiqrda gveli Zlierad, guli evseba braliTa~). Tumca
asec rom ar iyos, mainc safiqrebelia _ luxums gvelis
idumali TanagrZnoba ergo imitom, rom TviTon is
TanagrZnobis araCveulebrivi niWiT aris aRsavse.
magram mTavari is aris, rom gvelis sibraluli,
iseve rogorc luxumis (aludas, aRazas) TanagrZnoba,
mtrisken aris mimarTuli, mtrobis TiTqosda gauvali
zRudis gamrRvevia. gveli, vaJas daxasiaTebiT, àdamis
tomis mteria~, rac Zvel, cnobil kulturul tradici-
98
as Seesatyviseba. gvelis arsebaSi ucnaurad gaRvivebu-
li sibraluli adamianis mimarT, anu misadmi mtruli
modgmis warmomadgenlis mimarT ewinaaRmdegeba da
problematurs xdis zezvas erTi SexedviT absolutu-
rad urRvev logikas: `visac Cven ar vebralebiT, Cven
SevibraloT risada? sikvdili TviTon ufalsa gauCenia
mtrisada!~.
`baxtrionis~ finali `stumar-maspinZlis~ dasasru-
lis msgavsia: orivegan cxovrebaSi gamjdar mtrobas,
agresias, sisxlis wyurvils da sisastikes fantasti-
kur-miTosur, idealur sferoSi gadaZalavs Tanagr-
Znoba da solidaroba.
saerTodac `baxtrionis~ koncefcias met naTels
fens rogorc `stumar-maspinZlis~, aseve àluda qeTe-
lauris~ azrobriv struqturasTan Sedareba. am poemeb-
Si, rogorc aRniSnaven, ori simarTle Seetakeba tragi-
kulad erTmaneTs _ sazogadoebis TviTSenarCunebis
aucilebloba da pirovnebis universalur-humanistu-
ri morali. mtrul garemocvaSi arsebuli, mudmivad sa-
omar viTarebaSi myofi sazogadoeba, romelic `mtris
xatis~ pirispir aris mobilizebuli, ver eTviseba zo-
gadkacobriul zneobas, gamorCeul pirovnebaTa cnobi-
erebaSi rom ibadeba. arsebiTad aludas da joyolas
maTi sazogadoebebi swored `mtris xatis~ damsxvrevis
cdas ar apatieben, ramdenadac mniSvnelovanwilad
mtrisadmi rogorc araadamianisadmi zoologiur si-
Zulvils da zizRs emyareba am sazogadoebaTa simkvid-
re (ori simarTle ibrZvis `gvelis mWamelSic~, magram aq
mainc Taviseburi viTarebaa).
cxadia, `stumar-maspinZelSi~ da àluda qeTelaur-
Si~ tragikulad Sejaxebul, SeuTavsebel simarTleTa-
gan avtoris simpaTia avtonomiuri pirovnebis morals
ekuTvnis rogorc ufro maRali rangisas, rogorc
srulfasovans.
`baxtrionSi~, am nawarmoebTagan gansxvavebiT, vaJa
uSualod aCvenebs sazogadoebis TviTSenarCunebisTvis
gamiznuli, SezRuduli da ulmoblobamde mkacri mo-
ralis efeqtianobas. dampyroblebze mopovebul gamar-
99
jvebaSi misi wili arsebiTia. amitom ufro maRali da
farTo, ufro faqizi zneobrioba ukan ixevs `mtris
xatze~ damyarebuli moralis winaSe da maTi konfliq-
turi Sejaxeba ar xdeba. magram `baxtrionSic~, rogorc
sxva poemebSi, avtonomiuri pirovnebis es universalu-
ri da faqizi zneobrioba vaJasTvis mainc Rirebuleb-
rivad uzenaesia. vaJas Rrma sulieri wyurvilis dao-
keba mxolod mas SeuZlia.
`baxtrionis~ avtors aRafrTovanebs qarTvelebis
mier sastiki mtris damarcxeba, magram kidev ufro meti
faseuloba mis TvalSi TanagrZnobis, humanizmis mier
sisastikis da mtrobis damarcxebas aqvs.
1995
100
`gvelis mWameli~ _
`mowiweba sicocxlis mimarT~
`gvelis mWamelis~ mTavari gmiri bunebis enas euf-

leba, bunebis idumal Sinagan arsebobas wvdeba. ras xe-
davs mindia bunebaSi, ras eubneba buneba Tavisi eniT,
rogoria bunebis arsi, romelsac mindia ganWvrets _ am
kiTxvebis dausmelad da maTze pasuxis gaucemlad ne-
biT Tu uneblieT mindias sibrZnes daviyvanT imis mix-
vedris unarze, romeli mcenare risi wamalia da a. S.,
anu daviyvanT grZneulebaze. sinamdvileSi es sibrZne
ufro Rrmaa da grZneuleba mxolod misi garsia.
mindia upirveles yovlisa imas igebs, rom bunebaSic
arsebula sixaruli da tanjva, iseve rogorc adamiane-
bis cxovrebaSi. èsmis dReidan yoveli, rasac frin-
velni galoben, an mcenareni, cxovelni rodis ilxenen,
wvaloben~. mindia xdeba bunebis sixarulis da tanjvis
Tanaganmcdeli, amitom mis sibrZnes didi sixarulic
axlavs da didi mwuxarebac. is mindias bednierebasac
agrZnobinebs da yofierebis tragizmsac.
ra badebs, bunebaSi, kerZod, tanjvas, saidan war-
modgeba igi?
bunebaSi tanjvis gamomwvevia sikvdilis SiSi, si-
cocxlis gaqrobis winaSe Zrwola. mindias mTavari aR-
moCena is aris, rom yvelafers, rac bunebaSi arsebobs,
adamianis msgavsad surs sicocxle da zaravs sicocx-
lesTan ganSoreba. roca mindia xeebis moWras daapi-
rebs, isini tirils, Civils iwyeben; xe, romelsac mindia
culs Semokravs, emudareba mas: `nu momklav, Cemo
mindiav, nu damibneleb mzesao~.
oRond aq jer kidev ar Cans, rom mindias mier bu-
nebaSi sikvdilis winaSe Zrwolis aRmoCenas avtori sa-
gangebo interesis da fiqris sagnad aqcevs, gansakuT-
rebul, konceptualur mniSvnelobas aniWebs. es cxadi
xdeba sxvagan, nawarmoebis erT-erT yvelaze mniSvnelo-
van da dramatul pasaJSi, sadac Temis da mindias kon-
fliqtis ukiduresi gamwvavebaa naCvenebi: mindias Tvis-
tomebi mis mier mcenareTa da cxovelTa mospobis cod-
101
vad Seracxvas gaumarTleblad, Tavisi arsebobisTvis
mavned miiCneven da bunebis saidumlos wvdomis mindia-
seul unars sulac cru gamonagonad acxadeben. axla
unda gamoirkves, marTla SeuZlia Tu ara mindias bu-
nebis Sinacxovrebis gageba da sworia Tu ara misi Tval-
sazrisi, rom mcenareebis da cxovelebis xocvaze ada-
mianebma xeli unda aiRon. mindia amtkicebs Tavis si-
marTles _ ara msjelobiT, Teoriuli argumentebiT,
aramed bunebis siRrmeSi wvdomis unaris uSualo
gamovleniT.
mindia raRacas daJinebiT uyurebs da tiris. SekiTx-
vaze, ra atirebs, is pasuxobs: `_ ager im Citebs yurs
vugdeb, _ TiTiT uCvena Citebze (orni frTebCamoSve-
bulni ifnis qveS isxdnen sipebze), _ erTi meores uam-
bobs sikvdilis ambavs Svilebze; marcxniT mjdomare
dedaa, marjvniske _ ambis mTxrobeli. Tqvens mters,
rom gulmoklulada Svilebsa tiris mSobeli~. Citebs
exla-Ra Sescqeris xevsurTa kreba srulia, CitTagan
erTi im drosa, TiTqos mohsvlodes rulia, sipidan
dabla daeca da ganuteva sulia. romeli mokvda orTa-
gan, amis gageba rjulia!~.
kritikul situaciaSi, roca mindias sibrZne eWvqveS
aris dayenebuli, mkveTrad gamJRavndeba am sibrZnis
arsi _ bunebis qmnilebebisTvis sikvdili, sikvdilis
elda aranakleb SemaZrwunebelia, vidre adamianebis-
Tvis; buneba amiT adamians enaTesaveba. magaliTad, bu-
nebaSic arsebobs imis msgavsi ram, rac adamianur samya-
roSi dedaSviluri grZnobaa, Svilis sikvdiliT gamow-
veuli gamanadgurebeli tkivilia.
raki TemisTvis aSkara gaxda mindias sibrZne da
xalxma TvalnaTliv dainaxa, rom sikvdilis saSinelebas
bunebis qmnilebebi adamianTa msgavsad da, SesaZloa,
kidev ufro mZafradac ganicdian, amas TiTqos unda
moyves Temis mxridanac mcenareTa da cxovelTa mos-
pobaze xelis aReba _ ar SeiZleba mokla is, visac Sen-
saviT surs sicocxle da SensaviT aSfoTebs sikvdili.
magram ase ar xdeba. `darwmundnen imis codnaSi, saqme
win edva yvelasa, magram nagrZnobsa guliTa gonebiT
102
hSvelen verasa: balaxsac sTiben, nadirs hkvlen, SeSiT
anTeben kerasa. qaTmis xorcs ra SeaZulebs, Tqvenve
miTxariT, melasa?!~.
imas, rom mindias sibrZnis arss bunebis gammsWvala-
vi sicocxlis nebis da sikvdilis SiSis wvdoma Seadgens,
isic mowmobs, Tu rogor kargavs igi naTelxilvis
unars: roca mindia Ralatobs Tavisi grZnobismieri, in-
tuituri codnis arsidan uSualod gamomdinare prin-
cips _ cocxal arsebaTa arkvlis princips, anu roca
mas aRar surs yuradiRos is, rasac bunebis qmnilebebi
eubnebian, _ rogor surT sicocxle da rogor aSinebT
sikvdili _ buneba munjdeba misTvis.
nawarmoebSi yvelgan, sadac konkretulad gamoisa-
xeba buneba, sicocxlis neba da sikvdilis SiSi misi
Zireuli Tvisebebia. asea epizodSic, sadac naCvenebia
ucnauri ram _ rogor eqstazurad mkis mindia yanas
imis miuxedavad, rom man TavisTavs aRukveTa cocxal
arsebaTa kvla. es paradoqsi imiT aixsneba, rom puris
TavTavebs aSinebT aramarto sikvdili saerTod, aramed
kidev ufro metad uazro sikvdili rogorc fuWi ar-
sebobis dasasruli. mindia aseTi sikvdilisgan ixsnis,
axal sicocxles aniWebs maT, _ aniWebs imas, rac wyu-
riaT _ ramdenadac SesaZleblobas aZlevs emsaxuron
sicocxlis gagrZelebas da gaZlierebas, ukvalod da
unayofod ar gaqrnen. àra, me momWer, mindiav, nu mto-
veb, Seni kvnesame!~ àra, me, _ sxva gaiZaxis, _ ufro ma-
Sinebs zeca me. patara nislic rom vnaxo, CamoviSlebi
taniTa, vai, Tu setyva movides, yeli gamomWras daniTa~.
sxva ufroc hyviris: `nu mwirav, ixare Tavis janiTa!~
...yanasa setyva aSinebs, _ kacT usazrdood darCena,
Torem viT namgals, setyvasa siT SeuZlia waxdena?!
kacT sargod Tavsa hzogaven TavTavni oqrosferani, ar
swadiT oxrad lpebodnen, hkenkavdnen yvavni, Zerani.
mitom Cqaroben momkasa, erTad Jivian yvelani, hsurT
purad iqcnen, saWmelad, rom miTi gaZRnen mSierni~.
mindias mier danaxul bunebaSi zneobrivi sawyisi,
zneobrivi grZnobebi da moTxovnilebebi vlindeba _
ara ubralod sikvdilis arndoma, aramed amaod daRup-
103
vis SiSi, sxvaTa sicocxlis Svelis survili. rogorc
mindia grZnobs bunebis tanjvas, sikvdilis winaSe Zrwo-
las, aseve bunebis qmnilebebi (yovel SemTxvevaSi, zogi-
erTni) grZnoben adamianebis tanjvas, maTdami damuqre-
bul sikvdilis safrTxes. aramarto mindia TanaugrZ-
nobs bunebas, aramed xdeba isec, rom bunebac TanaugrZ-
nobs adamians, mzad aris Seewiros mas da amiT tanjva da
sikvdili aaridos. is yvavilebi, mindias rom amcnoben,
Tu ra sneulebebis samkurnalod gamodgebian, Tanaugr-
Znoben adamianTa sasikvdilo tanjvas da sakuTari si-
cocxlis sisavses wiraven maTi sasicocxlo Zalis aR-
dgenas. `Turme zneda sWirT yvavilTa, oRond ewamlon
sneulTa, sicocxliT gafufunebuls arad agdeben sxe-
ulTa; salxinod hsaxven, kacT sargod, Zval-xorcTa Ca-
morRveulTa~. yvavilebs ar aSinebT, piriqiT, Svebas
gvriT aseTi sikvdili, romelic arsebiTad arc aris
yofnis dasasruli, aramed sxva sicocxlea, axal si-
cocxled gardasaxva da sicocxlis nakadSi kvlav mo-
nawileobaa. yvavilTa survili, tanjvis da sikvdilis-
gan ixsnan adamianebi, igive sicocxlis nebaa, oRond
zneobrivad gakeTilSobilebuli, romelsac SeuZlia
sikvdilis tanjvis sxvebisTvis asaSoreblad uari
Tqvas TavisTavze da sxvaTa sicocxlisTvis TavisSe-
wirviT axali, ufro srulfasovani xorcSesxma moipo-
vos. ase rom, bunebazec SeiZleba iTqvas is, rasac vaJa
erT werilSi adamianze ambobs: `TiTqos kacs sicocxle
yvelaze metad uyvars, magram rom xSirad sikvdilSi
kaci sicocxles hpoulobs? bunebac amas albaT imitom
Caadeninebs kacs, rom imisTvis sikvdili, rac kacs
uyvars da ebraleba, igive sicocxlea~.
mindia, rogorc vxedavT, bunebaSi aRmoaCens si-
cocxlis nebas da xaliss (gansakuTrebuli sisavsiT igi
ixateba gazafxulis dadgomis suraTSi: `roca ki ga-
zafxuldeba, gamoiRviZebs qveyana, silaRe, simxiarule
daseirnoben yvelgana...~); aRmoaCens sicocxlis wyurvi-
lisgan ganuyofel sikvdilis SiSs da arndomas, rac
bunebas adamianTan anaTesavebs. am naTesaobis mxatvru-
li gamosaxva gaRrmavebuli da gamZafrebulia imiT,
104
rom bunebaSi warmoCndeba sicocxlis nebis da sikvdi-
lis SiSis aramarto instinqturi gamovlinebebi, ara-
med am fenomenTa ufro rTuli, zneobrivi Sinaarsis
Semcveli formebic.
***
vaJa-fSavelas prozaSi gamosaxuli bunebis samyaro
arsebiTad mindiasTvis damaxasiaTebeli `gulis xed-
viT~ danaxuli da gagebuli samyaroa. is, Tu rogor
aRiqvams bunebas mindia, gamokveTilia aramarto `gve-
lis mWamelSi~, aramed vaJas moTxrobebSic. iseve ro-
gorc `gvelis mWamelSi~, vaJas prozaSic bunebis arsi
sicocxlis wyurvili da sikvdilisgan ganzidvaa. am
elementarul da amasTanave Zireul ZalTa warmoCena
gansazRvravs upirveles yovlisa vaJa-fSavelas pro-
zisTvis niSandobliv simartivis da siRrmis ucnaur
Serwymas.
vaJas moTxrobebSi bunebis qmnilebebi sicocxles
ganicdian rogorc Zvirfas saCuqars, nazad da vnebia-
nad arian Seyvarebuli sicocxleze da miT ufro Zli-
erad natroben xangrZliv arsebobas, rac ufro mwvaved
grZnoben sikvdilis safrTxes, rac ufro eldisdamce-
mia maTTvis aryofnis SiSi.
òh, adamianebo!.. ara hgrZnobT, rom Cvenc gviyvars
Tavisufleba, ara hgrZnobT Tqvenis Seubralebelis
guliT, rom Cvenc gviyvars sicocxle~ _ ambobs `Svlis
nukris naambobis~ gmiri, romelic mudam SeSfoTebiT
moelis sikvdils; `didxans sicocxles danatrebul~
ias SiSs gvris sikvdilis xilva; mTis wyaro sizmarSi
TavisTavs damSrals xedavs _ masac sikvdili akrTobs;
quCis vedrebaSic sicocxlis wyurvili da sikvdilis
SiSia gamJRavnebuli: `mzeo, damxede, wvimav, damname!
kldeo maRalo, Seinaxe Cemi fesvebi, sicocxles nu
daukargav, nu amomTxri, nu amomagdeb!.. dambadebelo,
Seminaxe unayofo kldezed dakidebuli quCi...~; aseve
irems, `radgan cocxalia, uyvars sicocxle~, magram
arasdros asvenebs sikvdilis safrTxe; klde Civis:
105
`ramdenic meti momwydeba (lodebi) gulidan da Caile-
weba jurRmulSi, imdenad me sikvdils vuaxlovdebi,
ukvdavebis motrfiale, msasoebeli mTeli Cemi arse-
biT~; verxvi yurs ugdebs yvavilebs, romlebic `mudam-
Jams sicocxleze saubrobdnen, mzesa da dedamiwas
hlocavdnen da RmerTs evedrebodnen: `RmerTo, nu
mogviReb male bolos, didxans gvacocxleo!~. aseTi ma-
galiTebi moyvana kidev mravlad SeiZleba.
vaJas prozaSi, `gvelis mWamelis~ msgavsad, bunebas
zneobrivi ieri aqvs _ masSi Tavs iCens sikeTis uqmne-
lad, unayofod gaqrobis SiSi, sxvaTa sasikvdilo tanj-
vis Tanaziaroba, sxvaTa sicocxlis dacvis survili...
vaJas moTxrobebSi, Cveulebriv, adamiani yrua bune-
bis enisadmi. adamianebs fiqradac ar mosdiT yuri miug-
don bunebis enas da Cawvdnen imas, rac am eniT gamoiTq-
meba. maT ubralod ver warmoudgeniaT, rom aseTi rea-
loba arsebobs da amitom bunebis mimarT sastikebi, mo-
Zaladeebi arian. erT moTxrobaSi xis fesvebi yvebian,
rogor mospo `Seubralebelma~ kacma maTi Svili _ mu-
xa. `...culiT dauwyo Wra; imas ar esmoda Cveni da Cveni
Svilebis kvnesa. culs rom gvcemen, Cven vkvnesiT da
Tqven ki, kacni, amas `rakuns~ eZaxiT. gadmogvdis sisxli
da Tqven Cvens sisxls `xis wvens~ uwodebT...~.
Tumca zogjer adamiani axerxebs Tvalaxelili da
smenagaxsnili iyos bunebis mimarT, gaigos, Tavis enaze
`Targmnos~ bunebis ena, vTqvaT, SaSvis an bulbulis ga-
loba, kvlav sicocxlis siyvaruls da sikvdilis ar-
ndomas rom gamoxatavs (`bunebis mgosnebi~).
vaJa-fSavelas erT komizmiT Seferil moTxrobaSi
aRwerilia monadiris sizmari, romelSic igi da misi
msxverpli rolebs ucvlian erTmaneTs. imisTvis, raTa
igrZnos, Tu ra codvas Cadis, roca cxovelebs xocavs,
ras niSnavs cocxali arsebis mokvla, monadirem TviTon
unda gamocados sikvdilis saSineleba, TviTon unda
ganicados, rogor ewameba sikvdilis winaSe myofi...
sxva moTxrobaSi momakvdav frinvels Seibralebs da
Seifarebs TviTonac sikvdils miaxloebuli, `didi
tanjva-vaebis mnaxveli~, yvelaze sayvarel adamianTa
106
sikvdilis gadamtani kaci... ase rom, adamianma imdenad
SeiZleba igrZnos bunebis qmnilebebis sikvdilismieri
tanjva, ramdenadac is TviTon gamocdis sikvdilis
satanjvels.
mindia swored aseTi mtkivneuli gamocdilebis mqo-
ne adamiania.
gamoTqmulia azri, rom mindia qajebTan tyveobaSi
tanjvis gamovliT moipovebs naTelxilvis unars.
es saintereso azri Sevsebas moiTxovs _ tanjvaga-
movlili mindias mier mopovebuli naTelxilvis unari
upirvelesad bunebis qmnilebaTa tanjvis gaziarebis
unaria. bunebaSi tanjvis gamomwvevi ki, rogorc davina-
xeT, sikvdilis saSinelebaa, risi wvdomac Seadgens
mindias sibrZnis arsebiT Sinaarss. da nawarmoebSi war-
moCenilia, rom am sibrZnes, bunebis sikvdilismieri
tanjvis Tanagancdis niWs mindia iZens sikvdilTan uSu-
alo SexebiT, SejaxebiT.
literaturismcodneebs garkveuli aqvT, rom miTo-
suri TvalsazrisiT mindias tyveoba qajebTan niSnavs
qvesknelSi, anu sikvdilis qveyanaSi yofnas, rac auci-
lebelia iniciaciisTvis, magiur codnasTan ziarebisTvis.
unda vifiqroT, rom vaJa-fSavela miTosuri xatova-
nebiT, simbolikiT mindias Sinagan, sulier da zneobriv
gamocdilebas gviCvenebs, romlidanac misi sibrZne iSva
_ mindiam gamocada sikvdili, is sikvdilis Semcnobi
kacia.
magram qajebTan mindias tyveobis ambis gadmocemi-
sas mwerali ufro konkretuladac aRbeWdavs Tavisi
gmiris sikvdilTan Sexvedras, romelic saTaves aZlevs
mis sibrZnes: dausrulebeli tyveobiT sasowarkveTili
mindia Tavis mokvlas cdilobs da am mizniT gvelis
xorcs Wams. bunebrivi iqneba Tu vigulisxmebT, rom
TviTmkvlelobis cdisas Seicnobs mindia sikvdils,
ukiduresi uSualobiT da sisruliT igrZnobs, ra aris
sikvdili da ase iZens sibrZnes, romlis arsi imis ganWv-
retaa, rom amqveynad yoveli arseba sikvdilis saSine-
lebiT itanjeba da wyuria sicocxle _ vinc Rrmad
icis sikvdili, man aseve icis sicocxlis nebis siZlie-
107
re, sicocxlis siZvirfase... sikvdilis wvdoma aramar-
to sibrZnesTan ziarebis gzaa, aramed am sibrZnis Ziri-
Tadi Sinaarsic.
nawarmoebSi sikvdili da sibrZne faqtobrivad gai-
givebulia. naTelmxilvelad qceulma mindiam `Seigno,
Wama gvelisa qajTagan iyo zmaneba. sibrZne aCvenes
gvelada, rom hzizReboda saWmelad~. amgvarad, avtors
aqcentirebuli aqvs, rom gvelis Wama simboloa da am
simbolos azri sibrZnesTan ziarebaa. simboluri mniSv-
nelobis mqone `zmanebis~ miRma ki realurad mxolod is
Cans, rom mindia ìgemebs~ sikvdils, ramdenadac gvelis
xorcis Wamas igi TviTmkvlelobis saSualebad miiCnevs
da rom swored sikvdilis es Secnobaa sibrZne.
sikvdilis pirispir myofi mindias Sinagani samyaro,
qvecnobiereba SeiZreba da manamde Cveulebriv adamian-
Si iRviZebs araCveulebrivad maxvili intuicia, umZaf-
resi Tanagancdis unari, Zlieri, intensiuri warmosax-
va. mas gaexsneba `gulis xedva~, romelic daanaxebs, rom
sikvdili sazarelia yovelive cocxalisTvis da amitom
bunebis mimarT Zaladoba rogorc mkvleloba unda
aRikveTos.
mindias _ ubralo xevsuris naTelmxilvelad qce-
vis ambavSi gamosWvivis vaJa-fSavelas yvelaze mniSvne-
lovan, mTavar nawarmoebTa fundamenturi, ganmeoreba-
di azrobriv-siuJeturi struqtura: sikvdilTan dra-
matuli Sexvedra siRrmiseulad avlens personaJTa bu-
nebas an stimuls aZlevs maT pozitiur sulier-zneob-
riv feriscvalebas. gavixsenoT _ mucalTan samkvdro-
sasicocxlo orTabrZola, mucalis sikvdilis xilva da
Rrma gancda, sikvdilis tragikulobis aRmoCena aZlevs
biZgs aludas Sinagan metamorfozas; mTel Tavis pirov-
nul Rirsebas aCens joyola kritikul viTarebaSi, ro-
melic mis axladSeZenil megobars aSkara sasikvdilo
safrTxes uqmnis; zviadauris sikvdilis tkiviliani aR-
qma uCveulo sulier siRrmes, sifaqizes da siZlieres
gamoamJRavnebinebs aRazas; luxumis agoniis Semxedvare
urCxulis arsebaSi saswaulebrivi gardaqmna xdeba,
Rrma sibraluli aRmocendeba; SedarebiT naklebmniSv-
108
nelovan poemaSi `gogoTur da afSina~ sikvdilTan Sex-
vedris motivi reliefurad ar ikveTeba, magram misi mo-
naxazi mainc SeimCneva _ gogoTurTan saxifaTo Seta-
kebis Semdeg xdeba afSinas zneobrivi feriscvaleba.
`gvelis mWamelSic~ vaJas poeturi eposis es myari
da arsebiTi motivia xorcSesxmuli.
***
`gvelis mWamelSi~ miniSnebulia vaJa-fSavelas mxat-
vruli `bunebismetyvelebis~, bunebis vaJaseuli mxatv-
ruli aRqmis da gansaxierebis saTave _ swored is, rom
buneba adamianTa samyaros msgavsad aRsavsea sicocx-
lis nebiT da sikvdilis tkiviliT, edeba safuZvlad
bunebis anTropomorful warmosaxvas, aqezebs vaJas
fantazias, sxva adamianuri niSnebic Sematos bunebas...
bunebas da adamians anaTesavebs agreTve enismqoneo-
ba da es momentic bunebis anTropomorfuli warmosax-
vis sayrdenad gvevlineba. `rac ki ram daubadia ufals
sulier-usulo, _ yvelasac Turme ena aqvs, ara yofila
urjulo~. enis, ufro sworad, enebis arseboba bunebaSi
ar auqmebs sulierTa da usuloTa gansxvavebas, ro-
gorc erTi SexedviT SeiZleba mogveCvenos. aq arc is
igulisxmeba, rom bunebis ena iseTivea, rogoric adami-
anis ena, rom es aris ena adamianuri enis mniSvnelobiT:
poemaSi `mTaTa erToba~ buneba daxasiaTebulia ro-
gorc ùen-piro~, anu rogorc swored adamianur enas
da metyvelebis unars moklebuli. magram buneba mety-
velia arapirdapiri azriT _ eqspresiulia, raRacis
gamomTqmelia. bunebis qmnilebaTa Sinagani arsi gareg-
nulad gamoixateba garkveuli ieriT, xatiT, moZrao-
biT, xmiT _ garkveuli niSnebiT. am niSnebis erToblio-
baSi, anu Tavisebur enaSi ganfenilia bunebis sazrisi,
neba, miswrafeba, sixaruli, tkivili da amis wyalobiT
aris SesaZlebeli bunebis wvdoma-gageba _ hermenevti-
kis erT-erTi amosavali principi is aris, rom gagebis
SesaZleblobas ena iZleva. vaJas SemoqmedebaSi bunebis
109
enis adamianur enaze `Targmnis~ sistemuri cdaa gan-
xorcielebuli.
vaJa-fSavelas TvalsazrisiT, bunebis enis da, Sesa-
bamisad, bunebis saTqmelis gageba SeiZleba, Tu adami-
ani bunebasTan urTierTobas amyarebs siyvaruliT, Ta-
nagrZnobiT, gulisxmieri intuiciiT, gamZafrebuli
warmosaxviT. roca asea, bunebac guls aRebs adamianis-
Tvis, ndobiT axedebs mas Tavis Sinagan arsebobaSi. ma-
Sin aRmoCndeba, rom buneba àra yofila urjulo~.
bunebis am daxasiaTebaSi konceptualuri azria Se-
kumSuli da mis naTelsayofad unda gaviTvaliswinoT,
ra mniSvnelobis Semcvelia ùrjulos~ saxe vaJas Se-
moqmedebaSi: ùrjulo~ aris is, vis sicocxlis nebas da
uflebas ar unda vaRiarebdeT, visi sasikvdilo tanjva
ar unda gvaRelvebdes, vinc sruliad ucxoa CvenTvis,
arafriT ar gvgavs da amdenad misi gageba ar SegviZlia
da ar gvinda; anu ùrjulos~ mimarT ara gvaqvs da arc
unda gvqondes eTikuri damokidebuleba rogorc RvTis
da zneobis gareSe arsebulisadmi. amitom `gvelis mWa-
melis~ mTavari gmiris mier imis aRmoCena, rom buneba ar
aris ùrjulo~, niSnavs _ bunebis mimarT unda damk-
vidrdes eTikuri damokidebuleba, Semwynarebloba, Ta-
nagrZnoba, araagresiuloba. mucalis Rirsebis da amas-
Tanave misi sasikvdilo tanjvis da sicocxlisken
swrafvis mxedveli aluda aseve aRmoaCens, rom igi àra
yofila urjulo~ da eTikuri damokidebulebis Rirsia.
bunebis vaJa-fSavelaseuli xedva da gaazreba, iseve
rogorc vaJas Semoqmedeba saerTod, farTo kultu-
rul-istoriul konteqstSi ganxilvas saWiroebs. amje-
rad mokled SeiZleba iTqvas, rom bunebis vaJaseuli
xedva mniSvnelovanwilad Tanxvedrilia qristianul
TvalsazrisTan, romlis mixedviTac pirveli adamianis
codviTdacemis Semdeg bunebac dacemulia, sikvdils
emoneba da amis gamo itanjeba, pavle mociqulis TqmiT,
`gminavs da kvnesis~. is adamianTan erTad elis sikvdi-
lisgan mxsnels... bunebisadmi mindias damokidebuleba
gvagonebs induri religiuri azrovnebis princips
àxinsas~, romelic gulisxmobs cocxal arsebaTa arkv-
110
las, maTTvis zianis miuyeneblobas... vaJa-fSavelas Se-
moqmedebis analizi bevr aseT sakiTxs wamoWris da isi-
ni, cxadia, sagangebo Seswavlas moiTxovs. aq maTgan
erTs SevexebiT.
SeiniSneba arsebiTi msgavseba vaJa-fSavelas msofl-
mxedvelobas da albert Svaiceris filosofiur-eTi-
kur koncefcias Soris.
Svaiceri Tavis moZRvrebas uwodebs `mowiwebas si-
cocxlis mimarT~ da mis ZiriTad princips ase ayali-
bebs: `me var sicocxle, romelsac surs sicocxle sxva
sicocxleTa Soris, romelTac CemsaviT surT sicocx-
le~. Svaiceri miiCnevs, rom yvelaze elementaruli da
aSkara ram, rasac adamiani TavisTavSi da Tavis irgvliv
awydeba, aris sicocxlis neba, romelic yvelaSi da yve-
laferSi erTgvaria Tavisi arsiT. am ubralo da naTel
WeSmaritebas unda daemyaros, Svaiceris azriT, eTika.
`rogorc Cemi sicocxlis neba moicavs vnebian swrafvas
sicocxlis gagrZelebisken... da SiSs sicocxlis nebis
ganadgurebis da misi idumali damdablebis winaSe, ro-
melsac, Cveulebriv, tkivils uwodeben, aseve damaxasi-
aTebelia es momentebi sicocxlis nebisTvis, romelic
Cems garSemo arsebobs, imis miuxedavad, gamoiTqmeba es
neba Tu munji rCeba. amdenad eTikuria is, rom me Tana-
bari mowiwebiT vekidebi rogorc Cems sicocxlis nebas,
aseve nebismier sxva sicocxlis nebas. swored es aris
zneobis mTavari principi. sikeTe aris is, rac emsaxu-
reba sicocxlis SenarCunebas da ganviTarebas, boro-
teba _ rac anadgurebs an aferxebs sicocxles~. es eTi-
ka ar ifargleba adamianTa samyaroTi, bunebazec
vrceldeba _ adamiani WeSmaritad zneobrivia mxolod
maSin, roca mowiwebiT aRiqvams da ufrTxildeba TviT
yvelaze patara, TiTqosda umniSvnelo, naklebRirebul
sicocxles, Tavs ikavebs misi dazianebis da mospobisgan.
vaJa-fSavelas mrwamssac zustad gamoxatavs formu-
la `mowiweba sicocxlis mimarT~. is, rac Svaiceris moZ-
Rvrebis fundaments warmoadgens, vaJasTvisac Zireuli
WeSmaritebaa: `yvela da yvelaferi, sadac ki Tvali da
yuri miuwvdeba adamians, gvelaparakeba Semdegs: me co-
111
cxali var, cocxali da minda kvlav vicocxlo; sicocx-
le Cemi unda iyos dausrulebelio~. erTnairia vaJa-
fSavelas da Svaiceris eTikuri Tvalsazrisic, rome-
lic am pirveladi WeSmaritebidan aris amozrdili _
yoveli sicocxle gasafrTxilebelia.
`gvelis mWamelis~ mTavari gmiris msgavsad albert
Svaiceri mkurnali iyo, aramarto qadagebda `mowiwebas
sicocxlis mimarT~, aramed praqtikuladac iRvwoda
sicocxlis SesanarCuneblad da gasaZliereblad. igi
misTvis ucnobi literaturuli personaJiviT cdilob-
da Seesustebina sicocxlis nebis Semborkavi da damTr-
gunveli agresiuloba, tkivili, sikvdili.
1997
112
daviT kldiaSvili
igavi TavkerZobis Sesaxeb
arsebobs nawarmoebebi, romlebSic mxolod litera-

turis istorikosTa sareanimacio procedurebis way-
lobiT bJutavs sicocxlis naperwkali.
daviT kldiaSvilis `samaniSvilis dedinacvali~,
cxadia, aseT procedurebs ar saWiroebs, igi droTa
ganmavlobaSi bunebriv sicocxlisunarianobas ar kar-
gavs. am sicocxlisunarianobis sawindris Sesaxeb kidev
erTxel dafiqreba, albaT, zedmeti ar unda iyos.
`samaniSvilis dedinacvalze~ msjelobisas tragi-
kulis da komikuris cnebebi gamoiyeneba, oRond tragi-
kuli gagebulia yoveldRiur-yofiTi azriT, ùbedu-
rebis~ mniSvnelobiT.
sinamdvileSi daviT kldiaSvilis moTxroba Seicavs
tragikulis rogorc specifikuri esTetikuri katego-
riis zogierT moments.
is, rasac platon samaniSvili Seejaxeba, arsebiTad
aris istoriuli kanonzomiereba, romelic xels mouca-
ravs aznaurTa fenas, magram es daundobeli istoriu-
li aucilebloba movlenilia ara uSualod, aramed ro-
gorc bediswera.
bediswerasTan adamianis Sejaxebis motivi ki tragi-
kuli motivia. man yvelaze sruli gamovlena pova berZ-
nul tragediaSi, xolo gansakuTrebuli simkveTriT
xorci Seisxa sofokles òidipos mefeSi~.
aq bunebrivad Cndeba skeptikuri kiTxva _ ra SeiZ-
leba hqondes saerTo kldiaSvilis uRimRamo personaJs
didebulebiT mosil tragikul gmirebTan, romelTac
amaRlebuli fiqri, zraxvebi da Rrma vnebaTaRelva
gamoarCevT?
tragikuli gmiris arsebiTi Tvisebaa is, rom igi,
Seqspiris sityvebs Tu moviSveliebT, `mozRvavebul
ubedurebasTan~ aris SebrZolebuli da rogori Rimi-
113
lismomgvrelic unda iyos amis Tqma, platon samaniSvi-
lic erTgvarad `mozRvavebul ubedurebas~ ebrZvis.
tragikuli gmirisTvis damaxasiaTebelia agreTve,
rom igi nebiT Tu uneblieT Tavad aRasrulebs garda-
uvals, sakuTari qmedebiT axorcielebs bedisweris mis-
Tvisve mkacr ganaCens. tragikul personaJs platoni am
niSniTac uaxlovdeba.
platons Taviseburad yvelaferi zustad aqvs gaTv-
lili da dagegmili, magram mainc xdeba is, rac TiTqos
yvelaze naklebad unda iyos mosalodneli, ris armo-
saxdenadac man amdeni iwvala; bedisweram platonis
uneblie daxmarebiT Tavisi gaitana.
bedisweris motivs daviT kldiaSvili Tavisi perso-
naJebis yofiT-Cveulebriv saubarSi Tu fiqrSi `Seapa-
rebs~: ègeba marTladac es qali mamamisis bedi unda
iyos?! marTla ra aris, aba, rom Tavidanve am qals uxse-
neben da yoveli garemoeba ise ewyoba, rom usaTuod am
qalis mxsenebeli xvdeba yvelgan, TiTqos gangeb piri
SeekraT amaze!.. xom aravin icoda? mas xom erTi sityvac
ar dascdenia Tavisi saidumlos Sesaxeb gverdevaniZes-
Tan _ TviTon iman axsena da aqo es qali... qorwilidan
saxlSi brundeboda, magram mainc aqeT wamovida... aq
movida da, TiTqo gangeba iyos, es qvaSaviZe daxvda da
imave qals urCevs da aZalebs!.. ras miaweros?.. ese um-
niSvnelod rava iqneba, rava xdeba es ambavi?! egeb
marTla RmerTi aniSnebdes da gaWirvebuls daxmarebas
aZlevdes, eweodes, saqmes uadvilebdes, bedze
uTiTebdes!~.
platonis Tavgadasavali bedisweris mier adamianis
gamasxrebaa. bedis ironiis motivis wyalobiT `samaniS-
vilis dedinacvali~ warmodgeba aramarto konkretuli
drois da garemos, konkretuli socialuri fenis war-
momadgenelTa yofis amsaxvel suraTad, aramed igava-
dac adamianuri TavkerZobis da misi sasjelis Sesaxeb.
ironiul-komikur igavad aqcevs `samaniSvilis dedi-
nacvals~ is, rom tragikuli elementi aq Tanmimdevru-
lad iSleba.
114
amgvari elementis Semcvel situaciaSi moqceulia
`patara adamiani~, romelic tragikuli gmiris, `sul-
didi qmnilebis~ msgavsad raime sayovelTao faseulo-
bas, princips ki ar amkvidrebs TavganwirviT, sakuTari
kerZo, ubadruki miznis miRwevisTvis Tavis damamci-
reblad codvilobs. swored am egoisturi SezRudu-
lobiT da uRirsobiT, Tavisi adamianuri da aznauruli
Rirsebis gaTelviT imsaxurebs igi bedis dacinvas (Tav-
kerZobis gamo bekinac isjeba).
tragikuli motivi _ adamiani bedisweris pirispir
_ xorcSesxmulia misTvis sruliad Seusabamo, damam-
dablebel, anekdotur fabulaSi _ Svili mamis maWank-
lobas kisrulobs, berw sadedinacvlos daeZebs. ulmo-
beli bediswera platon samaniSvils evlineba savsebiT
demiTologizebuli saxiT _ rogorc erTi sawyali
qvrivi dedaberi.
bediswerasTan adamianis Sejaxebis tragediuli mo-
tivi CanasaxSive profanirebuli da komizebulia: pla-
toni viTom eurCeba, sinamdvileSi ki gaurbis beds.
moTxrobis komizmis siRrmiseuli safuZvelia is, rom
mTavari personaJis cdebi, gaeqces bedisweras, swored
bedisweris aRsrulebaa. komizmi aqveiTebs da mTlianad
nTqavs tragikul moments.
qarTuli sinamdvilis dakninebis mowmobaa, rom `sa-
maniSvilis dedinacvlis~ mxatvrul realobaSi tragi-
kuli motivi aucileblad sakuTari Tavis parodiul
uaryofad unda iqces, rom am realobaSi misi adekvatu-
rad gamovlena SeuZlebelia.
`samaniSvilis dedinacvalSi~ ZvelisZveli tragiku-
li modeli komikurad mdare, srulebiT aragmirul da
arapaTetikur sinamdvileSi damiwda, rac niSandoblivi
aRmoCnda Semdgomdroindeli mxatvruli azrovnebisTvis.
Tumca nawarmoebis bolos komizmic qreba, specifi-
kurad tragikulic aq araferi Cans, _ protagonisti
ar iRupeba da araCveulebriv tanjvasac ar ganicdis,
arc didi faseulobebi da idealebi imsxvreva _ TiT-
qos mxolod Cveulebrivi ubedureba rCeba, anu `trage-
dia~ yoveldRiuri gagebiT.
115
magram `samaniSvilis dedinacvlis~ finalSi aris
reducirebuli namdvili tragediis natexic _ iRupeba
adamianis suli, misi sindisi; sikeTes platonis arse-
baSi axSobs daundobloba, gaborotebul sulSi ibadeba
SurismaZiebluri kiTxva:`me Semibrala vinmem?~. pla-
tons ar SeuZlia daTmoba, beds damorCileba, amis sa-
fasuri ki misi zneobrivi sikvdilia.
1982
116
faruli Sinasamyaro
sinamdvilis warmosaxva krizisis fazaSi niSandob-

livia daviT kldiaSvilis realizmisTvis, rac upirate-
sad gulisxmobs feodaluri faseulobebis rRvevis
xedvas gaRaribebuli aznaurebis yofaSi. magram qarTu-
li sinamdvilis Sinagan kriziss gamoxatavs mwerali im
nawarmoebebSic, sadac misi mzera gadanacvlebulia
maTze, vinc qarTveli xalxis yvelaze mravalricxovan
fenas Seadgenda _ soflis ubralo mkvidrebze, gle-
xebze. aq dramatulad aris naCvenebi qarTveli adami-
anis mier Tavisi tradiciuli orientiris, cxovrebis
qristianuli gagebis, qristianuli moralis uaryofa.
`SerisxvaSi~ Cveulebrivi da sakmaod umniSvnelo
yofiTi konfliqti mTavari gmiris aramartiv, mkveTr
xasiaTs gamoamzeurebs da misi sulieri dramis biZgis-
mimcemi xdeba.
mTavari personaJis da soflis konfliqts Tu da-
vakvirdebiT, davinaxavT, rom personaJis pasuxi konf-
liqtur situaciaze ar aris Sesaferisi, Tanazomadi:
usamarTloba, Tundac igi sazogadoebas namdvilad
hqondes Cadenili, ar aris im zomis, rom masze aseTi
reagireba mosalodneli iyos. saqme ar exeba materia-
luri an moraluri TvalsazrisiT raRac gansakuTre-
buli mniSvnelobis mqone raimes. miwis im nakveTze,
romelzec sofeli gzas gaiyvans, kacias keTildReoba
ar aris damokidebuli, xolo wyena, sofelma nebiT Tu
uneblieT rom miayena, bunebrivi iqneboda droTa
ganmavlobaSi mainc ganelebuliyo imis SegnebiT, rom
sofels sxva saSveli ar hqonda. wregadasulia kacias
javri, gakerpeba, SurisZiebis Jini _ amis realur
mizezs bevrad gadametebuli. misi gaborotebuli am-
xedreba yvelas da yvelafris, TviT RmerTis winaaRm-
deg gamowveulia misive mwvave egocentrizmiT.
TavisTavze maRal ìnstancias~ kacia ar cnobs _
arc sazogadoebis nebas da interesebs, arc samarTals
da kanons, arc RmerTs. igi TviTonaa WeSmaritebis er-
TaderTi mflobeli, mxolod man icis, ra aris simarT-
117
le da samarTlianoba; RmerTis samarTlianobis, metic,
arsebobis aRiarebis piroba xdeba mis mier socialuri
samarTlianobis aRsruleba ise, rogorc am adamians
warmoudgenia sworad; yvelaferi ise unda iyos, ro-
gorc kacias surs, TviT RmerTis neba mis nebas unda
daemTxves. qristianuli cnobiereba darRveuli da amo-
pirqvavebulia: imis nacvlad, rom RvTis nebas, zneob-
riv mcnebebs emorCilebodes, moTxrobis gmiri Rmer-
Tisgan moiTxovs morCilebas, Tavisi simarTlis damow-
mebas da Tavis mterze Surisgebas. cxadia, TviT Suris-
Ziebis wyurvils da RvTisgan mtris dasjis jiut, ga-
avebul moTxovnas qristianobasTan saerTo araferi
aqvs, mtris xatze gadacema SeniRbuli warmarTuli
magiaa.
RmerTis mimarT kacias amboxi TiTqos ar aris mok-
lebuli Tavisebur principul safuZvels _ misi az-
riT, RmerTi movalea dasajos damnaSave, raTa adamia-
nebs codvis da madlis gasarCevi TvalsaCino da ucdo-
meli sazomi hqondeT. magram RmerTisadmi wayenebuli
es pretenzia, kulturaSi dadasturebuli RmerTTan
brZolis seriozul gamovlinebaTagan gansxvavebiT, si-
namdvileSi ar gvevlineba raime sayovelTao humanis-
turi faseulobis dacvad, aRZrulia mxolod sakuTari
Jinis dakmayofilebis Seupovari moTxovnilebiT, usaz-
Rvro TavnebobiT. Tu kacias amboxs SevudarebT vaJa-
fSavelas mier warmosaxul pirovnebis msoflmxedve-
lobriv dapirispirebas sazogadoebasTan da tradici-
ul gaqvavebul religiasTan, kidev ufro cxadi iqneba
am personaJis protestis masazrdoebel impulsTa ego-
centruli warmomavloba.
RmerTisadmi kacias urCoba sulieri wamebiT icvle-
ba, magram es tanjvac imas mowmobs, rom moTxrobis
gmiris religiuri cnobiereba gamrudebulia _ mas ara
aqvs monaniebis Zalis rwmena da RvTisgan patiebis mi-
Rebis imedi. kacias Tanasoflelebis Segnebac arsebi-
Tad araqristianulia, masSic aRmofxvrilia Semwyale
da mimtevebeli qristianuli RmerTis saxeba: isini
Tvlian, rom kacias datirebiT RmerTs gaanawyeneben.
118
moTxrobis mTavari saTqmeli SemWidroebulia
mRvdlis qadagebaSi, romelic kacias moqmedebis gaaz-
rebas da Sefasebas Seicavs. èrTob ucnauri xasiaTisa
varT... buzs ar gadavifrenT xandaxan Tavze... Tu ram
davijineT, imis gadaTqmas sikvdils varCevT, Tundac
mtyuanic viyveT... guliswyromas xom sazRvari ara aqvs
xSirad... uTuod Cvens nebaze unda iqnes yvelaferi da
Tu ise ar iqna, saSualebasac aRar varCevT, oRond ki
survili avisruloT... daTmena ra aris... xSirad arc ki
gvinda vicodeT. da ai, sadamdis mivyavarT amnair Cvens
xasiaTs... TviT RmerTsac ki vebrZviT... kaci wmindans
ebrZvis, ratom Cems nebaze ar gaiareo, ratom Cemi neba
ar aasruleo... ai, sadamdis midis Cveni ugunuri gu-
liswyroma... damSviddiT, Svilebo, iswavleT moTmineba...~.
es gansja xels uwyobs nawarmoebSi moTxrobili ara-
ordinaruli SemTxvevis ganzogadebas, misi azrobrivi
diapazonis gavrcobas; moTxrobis personaJis dramas
erovnuli xasiaTis TaviseburebaSi aqvs Zlieri wanamZ-
Rvrebi. `Serisxva~ gvimxels saukuneebis mijnaze qarT-
veli adamianis tradiciuli religiur-zneobrivi cno-
bierebis daSlis gaRrmavebas da, Sesabamisad, misi Tvi-
Tnebobis gamZlavrebas, TviTnebobis, romelic grigol
robaqiZes qarTvelisTvis umTavres safrTxed miaCnda.
`Serisxva~ daviT kldiaSvilis erT-erTi pirveli na-
warmoebia da TiTqos cota gaubedavad, SeboWilad aris
dawerili. masSi SedarebiT naklebia is wvrilmanebi da
niuansebi, romlebiTac daviT kldiaSvili, Cveulebriv,
ase aferadovnebs Tavis naxats.
samagierod ufro gvian Seqmnili, ideur-problemu-
ri TvalsazrisiT `Serisxvis~ monaTesave moTxroba `mi-
qela~ Sesrulebulia zedmiwevniT faqizi da zusti niu-
ansirebiT. moTxrobis stili plastikuri gamokveTi-
lobis da moculobriobis mqonea, amave dros es plas-
tika fsiqologizebulia, sulierebis gamtaria. moTx-
robas mosavs mkafiod sagrZnobi atmosferuli garsi,
misi mwuxare, moqufruli tonaloba gadmomdebi ZaliT
aris aRbeWdili.
119
iseve rogorc kacia, miqelac tradiciuli religi-
ur-zneobrivi msoflgagebisgan gandgomilia, Tumca
mas `Serisxvis~ gmirisgan gansxvavebiT marTlac didi
gasaWiri adgas, TiTqmis mTeli mravalricxovani ojaxi
amouwydeba. Tavidan moxucis sayrdeni am ubedurebaSi
RmerTis rwmena da morCilebaa, qristianuli moTmine-
baa. magram ojaxis kidev erTi wevris avad gaxdoma miqe-
las moTminebas ukargavs, mis sulSi raRac ucnauri
ryeva iwyeba. es kaci, avtoris daxasiaTebiT, `Cumi, yuCi,
bus msgavsi ... romelic gulgrilad ekideboda yvela-
fers, rac mis garSemo xdeboda~, manamde uxilav, namd-
vil saxes aCens. miqelas cnobierebaSi mZafri procesi
aRiZvreba, romlis arssac mwerali mwyobr formulad
Seamkvrivebs: `masSi TiTqos gaiRviZa SigniT damalulma
adamianma Tavisi grZnobebiTa da wadilebiT~.
`grZnobebi~ da `wadilebi~, romlebic moTxrobis
gmiris aqamde farul, axla ki gamomJRavnebul Sinasam-
yaros euflebian, erTi SexedviT, mxolod ojaxis sru-
li ganadgurebis SiSi da am sazareli safrTxis Tavidan
acilebis survilia. magram Tu davukvirdebiT, aRmoCn-
deba, rom miqelas SeSfoTebas amis garda aqvs siRrmise-
uli motivic _ ojaxis amowyvetis SesaZlebloba upir-
veles yovlisa imiT aforiaqebs, rom TviT mis suls sik-
vdilis Semdeg amqveyniuri mzrunveli aRar eyoleba,
TviT misi individualuri arsebobis imqveynad damkvid-
rebas da gagrZelebas dabrkoleba eqmneba; da miqelas
amqveynad memkvidre Wirdeba, raTa misi ojaxi ar moSa-
los da, rac mTavaria, àqedan~ mis ìqaur~ sicocxles
Seewios. am kacis mTavari mamoZravebeli rom es metad
Zlieri motivia, moTxrobaSi araerTxelaa miniSnebuli.
amgvar miniSnebebs Soris yvelaze xazgasmuli nawarmo-
ebis finalSia moqceuli da gmiris moqmedebis warmmar-
Tav motivs saboloo, Semajamebeli garkveulobiT amJ-
Ravnebs. Tavis jansaR SviliSvilze, vis gadarCenasac
cdilobs, miqela ambobs: ìs kargad meyolos da me misi
Wiri wamiRia!.. misi Wiri wamiRia!.. Cemi sulis macxoneb-
lis _ da moxucebulma isev Rrmad amoioxra. _ misi Wi-
ris sanacvlo viyve, Cveni sulis macxoneblis!..~. raki
120
ojaxis micvalebulTa da pirvel rigSi ki misi sakuTa-
ri `sulis macxonebeli~ uvneblad eguleba, moxuci Ta-
vis moaxloebul sikvdilze aRar wuxs.
miqelas rwmenis raoba, rom saiqios gadasaxlebul
suls miwieri samyarodan mzrunveloba da xelSewyoba
usaTuod esaWiroeba, konkretuli saxiT warmoCndeba
imaSi, Tu rogor eSurebian adamianebi Tavisi micvale-
bulebis saiqio bedis gagebas miqelas avadmyofi Svi-
liSvilisgan, spidonasgan, romelic TiTqos imqveyni-
dan erTi wlis vadiT aris dabrunebuli. isini naRv-
loben, xom araferi akliaT, xom araferi awuxebT gar-
dacvlilebs ùgunur~ da `miuxdomel~ WirisufalTa
mizeziT. Zneli warmosadgeni ar aris, rogori iqneba im
sulis sikvdilisSemdgomi xvedri, romelsac saerTod
ar rCeba Wirisufali. es unugeSo perspeqtiva awvalebs
miqelas. ucnauria aseTi religiuroba, magram Tavisi
sulisTvis uSfoTveli da myari imqveyniuri arsebobis
uzrunvelyofis mZafri moTxovnileba aiZulebs miqe-
las, aRar iyos RvTis sikeTis imedad da TviTon iRonos
rame. miqelas RmerTs aSorebs TviTSenarCunebis awria-
lebuli instinqti.
Sexeduleba, rom gardacvlilis mdgomareoba saiqi-
oSi ase arsebiTad aris damokidebuli mis mimarT am-
qveyniur mzrunvelobaze, qristianobis gayalbebaa. es
aris SeniRbuli materializmi: fuZiseulia miwieri sam-
yaro, imqveyniuri cxovreba ki ubralod misi gagrZele-
ba da Sors gadatanaa. crurwmena sadinars aZlevs miqe-
las metismetad mwvave TviTSenarCunebis wadils.
RmerTis morCilebaze da moTminebaze xels rom
iRebs, miqela wydeba qristianul zneobas, iviwyebs
gulmowyalebas, Sebralebas. misi gezismimcemi axla
brZolis da gadarCenis moralia, romelmac Sebraleba
ar icis, igi moiTxovs sisastikes, sxva adamianis gawir-
vas. TviTgadarCenisken, sakuTari `mes~ samudamo dam-
kvidrebisken ltolva miqelas did energias aZlevs da
daZabuli moqmedebisken ubiZgebs. da misi moqmedeba
adamianis qristianobamdel, warmarTul msxverplSe-
wirvas gavs. qristianuli morali efuZneba yoveli ada-
121
mianis rogorc RvTisSvilis unikaluri faseulobis
Segnebas; qristianuli TvalTxedviT, nebismieri adami-
anis sicocxle gasafrTxilebelia da ridis Rirsia, da-
uSvebelia misi saSualebad gamoyeneba raime (Tundac
maRali) miznis misaRwevad. amis sapirispirod miqela
adamians wiravs gvaris, modgmis, ojaxis gadasarCenad,
romelic araTu amqveynad gaagrZelebs mis sicocxles,
aramed misi imqveyniuri srulfasovani arsebobis sawin-
daric iqneba. igi moqmedebs, ase vTqvaT, `bunebrivi ga-
darCevis~ principiT _ Zlierebi da jansaRebi unda ga-
darCnen, xolo sustebi unda daiRupon, ZlierTa ke-
TildReobas emsxverplon.
Tavis SviliSvilebSi miqela ver xedavs TviTmyofad,
ganumeorebel adamianebs, cocxal sulebs. misTvis isi-
ni arsebiTad Taviseburi obieqtebi arian, romelTagan
erTi, avadmyofi, misi miznis asrulebas xels uSlis,
xolo meore, jansaRi _ piruku, xels uwyobs. es gansaz-
Rvravs moxucis sxvadasxvagvar damokidebulebas Svi-
liSvilebisadmi. jansaRi SviliSvili misi arsebobis
gagrZelebis erTaderTi imedia da amitom mas Tbilad
ekideba, es bavSvi utilitarulad aris misTvis Zvirfa-
si. maxvili fsiqologizmiTaa Sesrulebuli pasaJi, sa-
dac miqela ojaxidan gaxiznul janmrTel SviliSvils
moinatrebs da masTan midis: miqelas TiTqos ar sjera
misi arseboba da mZafrad surs Tavisi imedis ganmasaxi-
erebeli sakuTari TvaliT ixilos kargadmyofi, xeli
Seaxos, raTa TviT imedis safuZvlianoba irwmunos; im-
denad Zlieria es survili, rom gzaSi SviliSvili
elandeba.
Sekavebuli, uxmauro dramatizmiT da sulisSemZra-
vi xelSesaxeblobiT aris gamosaxuli miqelasTvis dab-
rkolebad qceuli da ojaxidan mokveTili, sasikvdi-
lod gawiruli avadmyofi bavSvis martooba, fizikuri
da Sinagani tanjva. xolo misi damRupveli bunebis sti-
qiis suraTi TiTqos metaforulad adamianebis cxovre-
bis da samyaros sisastikes, ugunurebas gamoxatavs.
ver vityviT, rom miqela srulebiT ar wuxdes Tavisi
daundoblobis gamo, rom misTvis srulebiT ucxo iyos
122
sibralulis grZnoba. misi amgvari grZnobebi ase Tu ise
mainc gamoJonavs, yovel SemTxvevaSi, bavSvis sikvdilis
Semdeg. magram es ver gadafaravs imas, rac moTxrobaSi
mTavaria _ tradiciuli religiuri da moraluri
mrwamsisgan adamianis daSorebas da amis kanonzomier
Sedegebs: sisastikes, damokidebulebas adamianisadmi
rogorc usulo obieqtisadmi, saSualebisadmi, ris
miRmac TviTSenarCunebis Seukavebeli instinqti
ikveTeba.
avtori, romlis msoflgancda da stili ver iguebs
moralur msjavrmdeblobas, arc miqelas ganikiTxavs,
es gasastikebuli adamiani misTvis upirveles yovlisa
mainc sacodavi arsebaa. igi am personaJs, iseve rogorc
Tavisi personaJebis umetesobas, xedavs damTrgunvel
garemoebebze damokidebuls, materialuri siduxWiris,
gonebrivi sibnelis, instinqtis sacecebSi umweod
momwyvdeuls da Rrmad, mtkivneulad TanaugrZnobs mas.
sibralulis, lmobierebis gansakuTrebuli niWi vaJa-
fSavelasTan anaTesavebs daviT kldiaSvils. magram
Semwynarebloba, Tavisi gmirebis sacodaobis saTuTi
gancda xels ar uSlis mwerals cxadad gaarCios erTma-
neTisgan maTi codva da madli.
Tu daviT kldiaSvilis moTxrobaSi TviTSenarCune-
bis jiuti neba, romelsac adamiani sxva adamianis sasik-
vdilod gametebamde miyavs, qristianuli eTikis pozi-
ciidan aris gancdili da gagebuli rogorc codva,
zneobrivi danaSauli, igi daaxloebiT imave periodis
ucxour literaturaSi sruliad sxvagvari, biologis-
turi da `zekacobis~ damamkvidrebeli interpretaciis
saganic gamxdara. amis nimuSia jek londonis proza,
sadac yvelanairi saSualebiT sicocxleze magrad mo-
Wideba, `bunebrivi gadarCeva~, modgmis faseulobrivi
upiratesoba individuumis mimarT warmoisaxeba ro-
gorc bunebis da sazogadoebis universaluri da nor-
maluri kanoni. aseT fonze kidev ufro TvalsaCinoa
daviT kldiaSvilis msoflaRqmis qristianul-humanis-
turi safuZvlebi.
123
imis msgavsi sulier-zneobrivi situacia, rogoric
`SerisxvaSi~ da `miqelaSi~ saxierdeba, daviT kldiaSvi-
lis sxva nawarmoebebSic aris aRbeWdili. `msxverplSi~
tradiciuli moraluri cnobiereba darRveulia da
adamianebs erTmaneTis agresiuli TviTnebobisgan ara-
feri icavT; RmerTis morCilebis da moTminebis mora-
lis sicocxlisunarianoba daSretili Cans piesaSi
ùbedureba~: piesis personaJebi gaWirvebas pasiuri
moTminebis nacvlad aqtiur qmedebas da solidarobas,
erTgvar `gonivrul egoizms~ upirispireben, magram so-
lidaroba moklebulia cocxal TanagrZnobas, egoizmi
`gonierebaze~ bevrad Zlieri aRmoCndeba, sazogadoe-
bas ganxeTqileba xleCs da iRvreba sisxli _ xdeba
ufro didi ubedureba, vidre is iyo, romelsac TiTqos
win aRudgnen. am igavisebur piesaSi TiTqos Cveni Tana-
medroveobac irekleba...
`SerisxvaSi~ da `miqelaSi~ xorcSesxmulia daviT
kldiaSvilis SemoqmedebisTvis niSandoblivi siuJetu-
ri modeli _ aqtivoba gasaWirisgan TavdasaRwevad da
misi Sedegi, romelic Tavdapirvel mdgomareobaze ga-
cilebiT uaresia (asea imave ùbedurebaSi~, `samaniSvi-
lis dedinacvalSi~...). aqtivoba, romelic zneobas
gverds uqcevs, sulieri simrTelisTvis mavnea.
qarTveli adamianis individualizmi miT ufro kar-
gavs zomierebas, rac ufro cildeba Tavis tradiciul
regulators, qristianul msoflgagebas da morals.
did sulier da socialur gansacdelTa epoqis damdegs
es saxifaTod gazrdili daSoreba daviT kldiaSvilma
utyuari realizmiT cxadyo.
1992
124
vasil barnovi
dacemebi da zeaRsvlebi
TiTqos ar aklia aRiareba da dafaseba vasil

barnovs, misi prozis Seswavlac unayofo, rasakvirve-
lia, ar yofila, magram mwerlis vrceli Semoqmedebis
is nawili, romelsac Tanamedrove mkiTxvelis cocxali
interesis gamowveva SeuZlia, gamorCeuli da aqtuali-
zebuli ar aris. amis mizezi isic Cans, rom kritikis
yuradReba ZiriTadad mipyrobili iyo barnovis msofl-
mxedvelobisken, romelic filosofiuri da religiuri
azrovnebis Zvel tradiciebzea aRmocenebuli da Ta-
visTavad marTlac sayuradReboa, xolo mTavari, esTe-
tikuri kriteriumi mas naklebad hqonda momarjvebuli.
barnovis saukeTeso moTxrobebSi filosofiur-re-
ligiur ideebs isrutavs saxeobrivi stiqia, intuituri
da gancdili, originaluri mxatvruli xilva Zlevs
ilustraciulobas, sqematurobas; zogierTi esTeti-
kurad faseuli moTxroba ki saerTod ar aris mwerlis
filosofiur da religiur msoflmxedvelobasTan
uSualod dakavSirebuli. moTxrobebSi `suli mTvlema-
re~, `yvavilebSi~ da a.S., rogorc `Teoriis~ Semcvel
srulfasovan mxatvrul nawarmoebebs saerTod axasia-
TebT, doqtrina ki ar iyenebs mxatvrul saxes ilustra-
ciad, aramed piriqiT, cxovrebis mxatvruli xedva _
uSualo grZnobad-goniTi Wvreta iSveliebs ganyene-
bul ideas da amiT siRrmes Seimatebs, Tavis horizonts
Sors gadawevs. aq filosofiur-religiuri Tvalsazri-
si, sulTa gadasaxlebis (metemfsiqozis) Teoria gaxeve-
bul dominantad ki ar gvevlineba, aramed damxmare
orientirad barnovisgan ganuSorebeli sicocxlis
idumalebis grZnobisTvis.
xolo sicocxlis saidumlo barnovisTvis uwinares
yovlisa individuaciis saidumloa, individualuri xa-
125
siaTis da bedis gamocanaa. individualoba da xasiaTi,
mwerlis TvalTaxedviT, sabedisweroa.
`suli mTvlemareSi~ barnovi gansakuTrebiT aqcen-
tirebulad gamoxatavs individualobis idumalebas.
moTxrobis mTavari personaJis ucnauri ieri, xasiaTi
xatovani siuxviT da sisruliT inakvTeba.
gigola materiis uxeSad formirebuli, mZime da
zanti masaa, romelSic aseve zanti sulia Cakarguli;
erTaderTi qmedeba, romelic am tlanqi da dune cxo-
velis msgavs arsebas izidavs, miwis zelaa, Tixis damu-
Savebaa: is TiTqos bunebam amisTvis Caifiqra da Seqmna,
TiTqos TviTonac miwis stiqiidan aris warmoSobili da
mSobliur stiqias SeenivTeba. es inertuli da uwyinari
goliaTi sakuTari nebiT raime seriozuli konfliqtis
monawile ar gaxdeba. magram SeuZlebelia cxovreba did
borotebasTan Sejaxebis gareSe, romlis drosac
adamianis zneobrivi bedi wydeba. am aucileblobas
verc gigola acdeba; colis aqtivobis Sedegad, rome-
lic qmris antipodia, _ msubuqi, gamrje, mousvenari _
is misTvis bunebriv arsebobis wess wydeba da qalaqSi
gadainacvlebs, sadac zneobrivi gansacdeli elis: mas,
erT-erTi dawesebulebis keTilsindisier darajs,
kinaRam kaci Semoakvdeba...
erTi SexedviT, es personaJi metafizikuri Zalebis,
gangebis sakuTar nebas moklebuli saTamaSoa. am STa-
beWdilebas badebs barnovis poetikisTvis damaxasiaTe-
beli gaupirovnebeli, idumali dialogi, romelic exe-
ba gigolas sulis warsul da momaval xvedrs _ wina
cxovrebaSi igi romeliRac didi cxovelis sxeulSi
saxlobda, Semdgom arsebobaSi ki ufro dawmendili gan-
xorcieldeba. magram amis Sesaxeb mainc kategoriulad
ar aris laparaki dialogSi, romelic moTxrobis mTa-
vari gmiris saxes da siuJets kosmiur-maradiuli yofi-
erebis anarekliT amdidrebs.
sinamdvileSi gigola TviTon aris Tavisi bedis Se-
moqmedi _ is yurad iRebs `gafrTxilebas~, alRoTi
wvdeba SemTxveuli ambis azrs: Tu borotebisgan saime-
dod ar moizRudavs Tavs, SeiZleba sulierad daiRu-
126
pos. codvis kvlav Cadenis safrTxis SegrZneba mis Sina-
samyaros Searyevs da nel-nela, mtkivneulad aamoZra-
vebs. is, rac gigolas fsiqikaSi sabolood mkafio saxes
iZens, aris azri isev miwis stiqiasTan mibrunebis
Sesaxeb, romelic misi bunebis instinqturi ltolvidan
ibadeba. Tu Tavidan igi am stiqias sruliad gaucno-
biereblad erwymis, bolos ucdomeli alRoTi grZnobs,
rom es aris erTaderTi ram, riTac Tavis daniSnulebas
axorcielebs, ris gareSe arsebobac borotebasTan aax-
loebs. Tu manamde gigolas sizante, sizarmace TiTqos
codvisgan instinqturi Tavdacvac iyo, axla is Sinaga-
nad xedavs, ra aaridebs codvas. arsebiTad igi zneob-
riv arCevans akeTebs _ borotebas gaurbis da amoic-
nobs Tavis erTaderT mowodebas, romlis Sesruleba
borotebisgan Tavdaxsnas iseve uadvilebs adamians,
rogorc sakuTari mowodebis SeusruleblobiT uadvi-
lebs igi borotebas TavisTavze batonobas. sikeTis da
borotebis msoflio `balansSi~ gigola sikeTes
Seemateba.
moTxroba Tavis xibls mniSvnelovanwilad dakar-
gavda, mas rom ar dasTamaSebdes avtoris Rimili, _
keTilmosurne da Semwynarebeli, oRond amasTanave
ironiuli _ romelic gvimxels, rom Tumca moTxrobis
gmiri absoluturi faseulobis mqonea rogorc ganu-
meorebeli individualoba, is mainc patara da sabra-
loa; misi xvedri keTilic aris da ubadrukic; igi erT-
droulad aris kosmosis maradiuli wrebrunvis auci-
lebeli da metismetad mcire elementi.
Tavis primitiul gmirSi da mis martiv Tavgadasa-
valSi barnovi Wvrets samyaros arsebiT tendenciebs da
sawyisebs: unikalur individuacias da sayovelTao
xvedrs, suls da materias, aucileblobas da Tavisuf-
lebas, sikeTes da borotebas. `suli mTvlemareSi~ or-
ganulad aris Sexamebuli yofiTi realizmis simyare,
gaucxoebuli groteskuli saxeobrioba, samyaros usas-
rulobis mistikuri gancda.
raRac imis msgavsi, rac `suli mTvlemareSi~ gigo-
lasTvis miwis zelaa, `vaSlebis~ gmirisTvis, rogorc
127
moTxrobis saTauric gvaniSnebs, aris vaSlebis uzomo
siyvaruli, saerTod mucelRmerToba. individualobis
Tavisebureba aq ufro realisturad aris gaazrebuli
rogorc bavSvobaSi formirebuli da ramdenadme
socialurad determinirebulic (moTxrobis personaJi
xelmokle ojaxis Svilia da gaWirvebac uviTarebs
kuriozul sixarbes). dro ver exeba am individualobis
arss, birTvs, icvleba misi socialuri statusi, cxov-
rebis garegani forma, magram dauZleveli rCeba uc-
nauri vneba, romelic am ukve respeqtabeluri kacis
TiTqosda bednier yofas farulad bzaravs. personaJis
individualobis erTi SexedviT uwyinari Tviseba be-
diswerasaviT mourevelia da Taviseburad marTlac
sabediswero aRmoCndeba: ojaxis samarcxvino saidum-
lod iqceva da ojaxuri konfliqtebis amouwuravi way-
roa; moTxrobis gmiris coli zizRs grZnobs qmris mi-
marT, Tumca amas saguldagulod malavs. efeqturia
uCinari Sinagani realobis gamomzeurebis xerxi: saTa-
kilo saidumloTa gamJRavnebaSi katalizatoris rols
TamaSobs mTxrobeli, romlis mier waqezebuli moTx-
robis gmiri megobrul vaxSamze yovelgvar sanovages
da gansakuTrebiT vaSlebs musrs gaavlebs. nawarmoebis
xalisiani da naTeli iumori mTlianobaSi pirquS xasi-
aTs iRebs, sasacilos da TavSesaqcevis miRma gamouva-
li adamianuri ubedureba imaleba.
moTxrobaSi `Rimi damRupi~ groteskulad aris ga-
mosaxuli bedisweriT dadaRuli individualobis mqone
adamiani, samyaros arsSi datanebuli disharmoniis,
tragikomikuri sawyisis xorcSesxma. `buneba oxunjia,
uyvars winaaRmdegobis moTavseba erT fargalSi, erTsa
da imave pirovnebaSi erTmaneTis uarmyofeli xorcisa
da sulisa. iRimeba buneba arsTa Zalebis aseTs SeTama-
Sebazed. _ da eg misi Rimili Zvirad ujdeba qmnilebas~.
moTxrobis personaJis tragikomedia is aris, rom mis
mouxeSav sxeulSi faqizi suli binadrobs, romelic mo-
naTesave qalur suls eZebs, magram am ltolvas uxer-
xulad da komikurad, amave dros avad, sabediswerod
128
eRobeba win misive Seuferebeli, mouqneli sxeulebrivi
garsi.
kidev ufro usixaruloa moTxrobis `yvavilebSi~
gmiris xvedri. adamianuri tanjvis iseT gamWriax, amas-
Tanave emociur xedvas da warmosaxvas, rogoric am
moTxrobas gamoarCevs, bevrgan ver vipoviT Cvens
prozaSi.
nawarmoebis mTavari gmiris sulieri cxovrebis gad-
mocema STambeWdavia aramarto daZabuli eqspresiulo-
biT, aramed analitikuri sabasriTac. igi vlindeba ro-
gorc calkeul dakvirvebaTa utyuarobaSi, aseve suli-
er mdgomareobaTa kanonzomieri cvlis warmoCenaSi.
ubeduri SemTxvevis gamo patara gogonas kuzi uCn-
deba _ raRac umowyalo Zala babucas sxeuls, cnobie-
rebas, mTel arsebobas TiTqos marwuxSi moimwyvdevs da
yvelafris deformirebas axdens. mis tanjvas gansakuT-
rebiT Znelad asatans xdis is damamcirebeli Sefaseba,
romelsac adamianebi an uxeSad umJRavneben, an maT
mzeraSi gamosWvivis; mainc ebRauWeba macdur imeds,
sazogadoebaSi normaluri adamianis statusi moipo-
vos, romelsac erotiuli ltolvis gaRviveba uZlie-
rebs _ axladgaRviZebuli es ltolva bednierebis mi-
sawvdomobis rwmenas Causaxavs adamians. amas saSineli
gamofxizleba da Rrma melanqoliaSi CaZirva mosdevs...
xelovnuri yvavilebis keTeba babucas ubedurebis
atanaSi Svelis, magram TandaTan am saqmianobisas mis
arsebaSi dafaruli warmosaxvis mdidari niWi gamomze-
urdeba, romelic meqanikur Sromas Semoqmedebad aq-
cevs, amasTanave qals erTgvar avtomiTs Seaqmnevinebs
da WeSmaritebad warmouCens: wina cxovrebaSi man masze
Seyvarebuli adamiani TviTmkvlelobamde miiyvana da am
codvis sasjelia babucas simaxinje da tanjva. sakuTar
xilvaTa namdvilobis dajerebis aseTi unari aqvs Se-
moqmeds, xelovans. ase rom, moTxrobis personaJi Sve-
bas da sicocxlis sazriss povebs Tavisi individualu-
ri SemoqmedebiTi mowodebis aRmoCenis da realizebis
wyalobiT.
129
sulTa gadasaxlebis idea aq warmogvidgeba ara av-
toris mza mrwamsad, aramed TviT gmiris mier gamotan-
jul ocnebad, nugeSad. personaJis metafizikuri xil-
vebi WeSmaritia mxatvrulad, mkacrad Sepirobebulia
misi bedis da xasiaTis logikiT. am xilvaTa mxatvruli
simarTle umTavresad is aris, rom maTSi babucas ube-
durebis mizezad wina cxovrebaSi mis mier gamovlenili
qedmaRloba warmoisaxeba, xolo moTxrobaSi aRbeWdi-
li misi tanjva gamwvavebulia swored gansakuTrebuli
siamayiT.
moTxrobaSi Tavs iCens orsamyarovneba, romelic
romantizmisTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli _ magaliTis-
Tvis gavixsenoT hofmanis proza, sadac yoveldRiuri
sinamdvilis miRma jadosnuri samyaro gadaiSleba...
romantikuli orsamyarovneba mJRavndeba `ganask-
vil simSic~. moTxrobis gmirs mwvave sulieri krizisis
momentSi vxvdebiT. mis sasowarkveTil SfoTvas gvim-
xels dialogi arapersonificirebul xmasTan _ liri-
kuli prozis erT-erTi efeqturi nimuSi barnovis li-
rizmiT gajerebul SemoqmedebaSi. nawarmoebis gmirs
kaeSans auSlis arsebobis sazrisis dabindva, socialu-
ri cxovrebis moyirWeba, adamianebSi da sicocxlis fa-
seulobaSi daeWveba, rac mTavaria, aryofnis SiSi, mara-
diuli samyarosgan gaucxoeba.
daZabuli da idumali lirikis eqo wvdeba realis-
tur-yofiT scenebsac, romlebSic gadmocemulia
mTxrobelis Zvel, glaxakad qceul megobarTan Sexved-
ra, mis duxWir ojaxSi stumroba... sacodavi adamianebis
es ubadruki samyofeli brma qalis, Taviseburi medi-
umis wyalobiT mTxrobelisTvis iqceva romantikul
meore samyarod, TavSesafrad, sadac gardasulTa aCr-
dilebs uaxlovdeba da misi Rrma sevda da martoobis
grZnoba cxreba. oRond aqac, iseve rogorc `yvavileb-
Si~, metafizikurs da masTan ziarebas mxatvruli pi-
robiTobis ieri aqvs: es mTxrobelis sulieri wyurvi-
lis xati ufroa, vidre ueWveli realoba.
moTxrobaSi `soko, soko~ xeibari axalgazrda kaci
damTrgunavi yoveldRiurobis gverdiT Svebismomgv-
130
rel poetur-romantikul samyaros aRmoaCens da bune-
bis samefos Tavisufal mkvidrTagan ubralo WeSmari-
tebas SeiTvisebs _ amqveynad gaCena nebismier SemTx-
vevaSi RvTis saCuqaria. moTxrobis personaJi bunebis
qmnilebebTan erTad da maT msgavsad iwyebs arsebobas
_ amao survilebis gareSe, upretenziod da Tavisuflad.
am moTxrobis romantikuli gmiris antipodia iro-
niiT daxatuli `Sinaur mterSi~. bunebaSi mas araferi
izidavs da xiblavs, bunebasTan siaxlove yofiT uxer-
xulobebs uqmnis, sofelSi SeCveul komforts mokle-
bulia; moklebulia prestiJul sazogadoebas, pativs
da sxva siamovnebebs, gasarTobebs, imas, rac mis arse-
bobas Seadgens da TviTkmayofilebas aniWebs. Cinovni-
kur-meSCanuri fenis warmomadgenlis standartuli
cxovrebis wesi TiTqos sagangebod aris mogonili imis-
Tvis, rom adamiani raimeze seriozulad ar dafiqrdes
da Rrmad araferi igrZnos; misi daniSnuleba TiTqos is
aris, rom sulier sicarieles gadaefaros. xolo so-
felSi aseTi safarveli ar arsebobs da moTxrobis gmi-
ris gamofituloba SiSvldeba. es aris usulgulo ada-
miani, romelsac ar gaaCnia sxvisi ubedurebis gancdis,
TanagrZnobis unari. xolo ubedurebas, romlis mowmec
is xdeba, ucnauri saxe aqvs _ fsiqikurad travmirebu-
li kaci, gakotrebuli vaWari Tavisi uiRblobis mize-
zis xorcSesxmas xedavs moSlil gramofonSi, mas aRiq-
vams Segnebul arsebad, vinc ganzrax uwyobs sabotaJs
da ebrZvis am arsebas rogorc borot bedisweras.
moTxrobis mTavari gmirisTvis es tragikomikuri sana-
xaoba iqceva gasarTobad, autaneli mowyenilobis gam-
qarveblad; TviTonac gamosadegi aRmoCndeba vaWris-
Tvis rogorc cocxali reklama... mainc mTavari perso-
naJis arsebaSi ganadgurebul adamianTan Sexvedra usi-
amovno naleqs tovebs, qveSecneulad SeaSfoTebs mas da
is cdilobs mexsierebidan amoiSalos SeSlilis saxe:
mis keTilmowyobil da utkivilo, komfortul mikro-
samyaroSi araviTar ubedurebas disonansi ar unda She-
qondes, mas arafrad Wirdeba imis codna, rom arsebobs
131
bedis ulmobeli, adamianis cxovrebis damangreveli
dartymebi...
adamianTa gaucxoeba bunebisgan, gaucxoeba sakuTa-
ri adamianuri arsisgan da erTmaneTisgan, maTi momxma-
rebluri urTierTdamokidebuleba, adamianis arsebo-
baSi teqnikis rolis sabediswero gaZliereba, gasarTo-
bis da sanaxaobis gamudmebuli Zieba _ es motivebi
moTxrobas meoce saukunis cxovrebis niSandoblivi
tendenciebis gamosaxulebad aqcevs.
Tu `Sinauri mtris~ gmiris sulieri defeqti ugrZ-
noblobaa, àRdgomis codvaSi~ adamianis bunebis manki-
ereba Tavisi ufro aqtiuri, arsebiTad demonuri gamo-
vlinebebiT warmogvidgeba. sxarti, basri siuJetis meS-
veobiT warmoiqmneba Wrili, romelSic uCveulo sicxa-
diT Cans dafaruli, SeniRbuli adamianuri impulsebi
_ erTmaneTSia gadaxlarTuli da erTmaneTs kvebavs
Suri, SurisZiebis wyurvili, mdabali cnobismoyvareo-
ba, avi, sadisturi sixaruli, aRZruli sxva adamianis
Tavmoyvareobis SelaxviT, erotiuli sixarbe...
maT Soris gansakuTrebulad Zlieri da saSineli
sxvisi damcirebiT da tkiviliT sadisturi tkbobaa,
radgan igi adamianis sulis iracionalur SreebSi yve-
laze Rrmad aris fesvgadgmuli. am iracionaluri Za-
lis ganmasaxierebeli demoni amarcxebs angarebis gan-
masaxierebel demons, radgan angareba, sxvisi gasaWiris
momgebianad gamoyenebis survili iracionalur siRr-
mes moklebulia, SedarebiT ufro zedapiruli da
Cveulebrivia.
bneli impulsebis winaSe mTavari personaJis umweo-
bis mizezi qristianobisgan misi gaucxoebaa, ris gamo-
xatvasac amZafrebs mkveTri kontrasti _ demonuri
vnebebi personaJs aRdgomis dResaswaulze eufleba.
aRdgomis dResaswaulis garSemo aigeba agreTve `sa-
paseqo namcxvris~ siuJeturi da azrobrivi struqtu-
ra. moTxrobis personaJebis cxovrebaSi am dResaswa-
uls araviTari maRali Sinaarsi aRar aqvs _ arc qris-
tianuli, sulier-zneobrivad gamakeTilSobilebeli da
arc winaqristianuli, siyvarulis da nayofierebis
132
kultTan, vitaluri Zalebis sagazafxulo ganaxlebas-
Tan dakavSirebuli. amgvar Sinaarss meSCanuri gare-
modan aZevebs gastronomiul-kulinariuli materia-
lizmi, wvrilmani pativmoyvareoba da usulo erotika,
warmarTuli erotiuli kultis parodiuli naSTi. es
Tavisi zedapiriT yofiTi da saxumaro moTxroba ar-
sebiTad maradiulobas daSorebuli adamianis daknine-
bis maxvilgonivruli dacinvaa.
ucnaurad simuqegadakruli iumori, tragikomikuri
tonaloba, individualuri xasiaTis da bedis gamocana-
Ta groteskuli warmoCena da adamianis sulis dacemaTa
Tu zeaRsvlaTa maradiulobis rakursiT Wvreta is
ZiriTadi Tvisebebia, romlebic barnovis moTxrobebis
erT wyebas mxatvrul srulfasovnebas da sicocxlis-
unarianobas aniWebs.
1992
133
wamebuli RmerTi
Tavisi msoflxedva vasil barnovma gansakuTrebuli

mxatvruli sisavsiT gamoavlina romanSi `trfoba wame-
buli~. mwerlis religiuri, zneobrivi da esTetikuri
ideali am romanSi ikveTeba adamianuri bunebis realo-
basTan tragikul SejaxebaSi, adamianis sulis mraval-
gvar moZraobaTa mkveTri aJRerebiT; Zlieri adamiane-
bis vnebaTaRelva ixateba Zlieri sityviT da Semoqme-
debiTi agznebiT.
romanis avtori miwieri da amavdroulad amaRlebu-
li siyvarulis kultis Tayvanismcemelia. aseTi siyva-
ruli misTvis warmoadgens dedamiwaze RvTaebrivis
gadmofenas, mis yvelaze adekvatur gamomJRavnebas da
uzenaesi sikeTis, WeSmaritebis, mSvenierebis ganxorci-
elebul sinTezs.
mwerlis es Tvalsazrisi da masTan dakavSirebuli
miwieri silamazis sakralizacia, rogorc SeniSnulia,
axlosaa platonizmTan da saerTod antikur msoflgan-
cdasTan. misi saTavea aseve samyaros renesansuli aRq-
ma, `vefxistyaosani~. SesamCnevad exmianeba igi ilia
WavWavaZis `gandegilis~ koncefcias.
aSotis da Suqias siyvaruli romanSi warmosaxulia
rogorc Cveulebrivi cxovrebis miRma arsebuli ro-
mantikuli savane, TavSesafari, romelSic aRmofxvri-
lia boroteba Tavisi mravalgvarobiT da xorcieli
tkbobac sulieri aRmafreniT aris ganwmendili; daZ-
leulia egoizmi da Seyvarebulebi erTmaneTSi poveben
Tavisi arsebis srulqmnas. aSotis da Suqias siyvaruli
TiTqos pirvelyofil codvas Zlevs da edemSi dabru-
nebad iqceva. barnovi `himnografiuli~ maneriT gamoxa-
tavs amaRlebuli siyvarulis metafizikas.
romanSi aSotis saxe or planSi iSleba, romlebic
ewinaaRmdegeba erTmaneTs _ erTi mxriv, igi naCvenebia
socialuri cxovrebis aspeqtiT, rogorc qveynis mesve-
uri. is zedmiwevniT Seefereba Tavis statuss da xalxis
TvalSi gmiria, zekacia. es plani swored xalxis Tval-
sazrisis gamtaria, aq mefe garedan da Soridan danaxu-
134
li moCans. meore mxriv, aSots vxedavT Signidan, Ta-
visTavis winaSe darCenils _ sulieri SimSiliT gawame-
buls, mgrZnobiares da martosuls; mas wyuria siTbo,
TanagrZnoba, uangaro yuradReba, misi faruli lirizmi
da silbo sazrdos da gamomJRavnebas saWiroebs. pir-
vel planSi is warmogvidgeba apologeturi matianis Tu
saraindo eposis personaJad da Warbad idealizebulia;
romanis Sesabamisi monakveTebi gaWianurebuli da nak-
lebad sainteresoa; magram idealizeba nawilobriv
funqciuria: igi kontrastulad amkveTrebs meore
plans, sadac mefe pirovnul-Sinagan ganzomilebaSi
warmoCndeba da xalxiseul, Taviseburad swor, magram
zerele aRqmas avtoris analitikuri xedva, natifi li-
rizmi da TviT personaJis meditaciebi, Sinagani mono-
logebi cvlis.
aSots ar SeuZlia icxovros pativmoyvareobis ama-
ra, is WeSmarit siyvarulze ocnebobs. dedofals, pi-
riqiT, aqvs mZlavri da xarbi pativmoyvareoba da ar
SeuZlia da ar surs siyvaruli. niSandoblivi detale-
biT gamoisaxeba guranduxtis civi miukarebloba, misi
gorozi sulis mousvenari ltolva kidev ufro meti
Zlierebis da pativis moxveWisken. aseT adamians, bu-
nebrivia, ar SeuZlia misces aSots is, rasac igi mTeli
arsebiT eswrafis: àmaod eZebda sip qvazed naz yvavils
turfa gazafxulisas~. aSotTan dedofals urTierTo-
ba aqvs rogorc mxolod mefesTan, rogorc socialuri
rolis SemsrulebelTan da daJinebiT moiTxovs misgan,
srulyos es roli.
romanis ideur arss uSualod ukavSirdeba guran-
duxtis specifikuri religiuroba. qveynisTvis da me-
fis ojaxisTvis sasikvdilo gansacdelis dros, kriti-
kul situaciaSi mJRavndeba dedoflis religiurobis
raoba _ igi, vinc gangebisgan movlinebulad Tvlis
Tavs saqarTvelos gasaerTianeblad, RmerTs codvaTa
mitevebas ki ar Txovs, aramed uwyreba, radgan qristia-
nebs mfarveloba moaklo da mahmadianebs gaamarjvebi-
na; mxolod sajarod acxadebs gansacdels RvTis samar-
Tlian risxvad da xalxs mouwodebs sinanulisken. ro-
135
gorc vxedavT, dedoflis qristianoba sxvebisadmia
momTxovni da ara sakuTari Tavisadmi; is mas Wirdeba
rogorc Tavisi nebis damkvidrebis, adamianebis damor-
Cilebis saSualeba. guranduxtis aseTi mimarTeba re-
ligiasTan gansakuTrebiT mkveTrad iCens Tavs, rode-
sac igi aSotis da Suqias kavSiris Sesaxeb Seityobs. de-
doflis sulieri SfoTva mravalelferiani fsiqolo-
giuri analiziT aris gadmocemuli _ saSinelia am me-
tismetad amayi adamianis Seuracxyofili Tavmoyvareo-
bis tanjva. mas sevda, gulistkivili ar eufleba axlo-
beli adamianis sulierad dakargvis gamo, imas ar ufiq-
rdeba, mxolod xorcieli gatacebaa Tu raRac metia
aSotis da Suqias urTierToba da TviTonac xom ar aris
Tavisi siciviT am urTierTobis warmoSobis mizezi... is
TavisTavSi ar ixedeba, TavisTavs arafers mokiTxavs.
qristianul sindisierebasTan erTad verc qristianu-
li moTmineba, Tviniereba eTviseba mis xasiaTs: dedof-
lis arsebas savsebiT msWvalavs SurisZiebis vneba. raTa
mtrebis ganadgurebisken misi swrafva kanonieri iyos,
maT eSmakeulebad Seracxavs, magram eSmaks emsgavseba
TviT is RmerTi, romlisganac igi daJinebiT moiTxovs
Tavisi Seuracxmyofelebis mimarT SurisZiebas da
romelsac despotad warmoidgens. `_ amaod moiwvev,
dedofalo, Semoqmeds: yovlad keTilisagan ar egebis
Suquris mospoba sixarulis momniWeblisa, saxierisagan
ver SeiZleba Caqroba silamazisa... uxme RmerTs sas-
tiks, ufals mrisxanes, sinaTlis mqrobels, sikvdilis
damrgvels... vinc cecxliT daswva aTaseulni Tavisuf-
lebis dasaxvis gamo... mas Seevedre, sastiksa mflobels
sastikis guliT. _ RmerTsa sastiksa Tu TviT satanas?
_ meufes sastiks, gina belzebels bnelTa mflobels!~.
ai, am daundobeli, SiSismomgvreli RmerTis msaxur-
Ta Soris poulobs guranduxti mokavSireebs. grigoli
da Tebronia acxadeben, rom satanur codvas ebrZvian
qristianobis da saxelmwifos umaRlesi interesebis
dasacavad _ raTa mefis codvam rogorc umsgavsma ma-
galiTma xalxis zneoba ar garyvnas da qveyanas, rome-
136
lic mahmadianuri agresiisgan icavs Tavs, religiur-
sulieri Zala ar Seusustdes.
barnovi aqac, rogorc aSotis saxis kveTisas, orfe-
nian suraTs qmnis, or plans gamoyofs _ oficialurs
da Sinagans, romelic uCumrad warmarTavs imas, rac ze-
dapirze xdeba. sajarod gacxadebuli motivebis miRma
Sefarulia Zlieri egoisturi impulsebi, romelTa ga-
momzeureba ar SeiZleba, romlebmac SeniRbulad unda
imoqmedon. oRond grigoli da Tebronia trivialuri
farisevlebi ar arian. es adamianebi aiZuleben Tavis-
Tavs daijeron, rom marTlac keTil, saRvTo saqmes
aRasruleben. maT ar undaT simarTle icodnen sakuTa-
ri Tavis Sesaxeb da Tu gulis siRrmeSi es simarTle
mainc ician, axerxeben daiviwyon moqmedebisas. Tavisi
aqtivobis saeWvo xasiaTs, mis saCoTiro motivebs rom
grZnoben, miTufro ficxad aRiZvrebian satanasTan sa-
omrad da aRtkinebiT, egzaltaciiT iyrueben sindisis
xmas... am personaJebis sulier cxovrebaSi gamosWvivis
fenomeni, romelsac Tanamedrove fsiqologia racio-
nalizacias uwodebs. saerTod, `trfoba wamebuli~ me-
oce saukunis dasawyisis qarTuli prozis TvalsaCino
movlenaa upirvelesad swored garTulebuli fsiqo-
logizmiT.
TviTeul personaJs, romelic aSotis da Suqias siy-
varulis winaaRmdeg amxedrdeba, Tavisi maluli stimu-
lebi aqvs saamisod, magram es stimulebi sabediswerod
gadaexlarTeba erTmaneTs da mrisxane Zalad iqceva.
grigolis da aSotis bavSvobisdroindeli metoqeo-
ba da Suri erTmaneTis mimarT gansakuTrebiT Rrma
kvals grigolis arsebaSi tovebs. aqedan mokidebuli
misi mamoZravebelia faruli survili, radac unda
daujdes gautoldes da aRematos kidec aSots, iyos
ufro didi sulierebis sferoSi, vidre aSotia saxel-
mwifoebrivi saqmianobis sferoSi. mefis karze aRsazr-
delad ayvanili bavSvi damcirebas grZnobs ufliswu-
lis gverdiT Tavisi meorexarisxovani mdgomareobis
gamo da am damcirebis kompensirebis moTxovnileba
grigols daZabuli qmedebisken, Tavdauzogavi Sromis-
137
ken ubiZgebs, nebisyofas uaRresad ukaJebs. igi eswra-
fis RmerTTan siaxloves, wmindanur srulyofilebas,
oRond amave dros surs iqces amqveyniur saTayvanebla-
dac, amqveynad ukvdavyos Tavisi saxeli. pativmoyvare-
obaa grigolis energiis dauSreteli masazrdoebeli
da is garkveulwilad axerxebs am Zalis SemoqmedebiT,
aRmSeneblobiT aqtivobad sublimirebas. grigolis
pativmoyvareobas avtori am kuTxiT Semwynareblurad
uyurebs _ raki adamiani RvTis msgavsebaa, mas aqvs
ukvdavebis wyurvili, sakuTari individualobis iseTi
zrdis wadili, romelic RvTaebriv sisrules emsgav-
seba; mwerlis amgvar Tvalsazriss renesansuli suli
msWvalavs, iseve rogorc mis siyvarulis koncefcias;
igi moicavs adamianis SemoqmedebiTi SesaZleblobebis
rwmenas _ ukvdavebis moTxovnileba did saqmeebSi da
qmnilebebSi ganivTdeba; grigolis SemoqmedebiTi
aqtivobac daZabuli da produqtiulia.
grigols rogorc qristians Segnebuli aqvs pativ-
moyvareobis saZraxisoba, magram TavisTavSi mis aRmof-
xvras ki ar cdilobs, aramed RmerTisgan pativmoyva-
rul miswrafebaTa Sendobas elis da imedovnebs, rom
maT Zalas sasikeTo moRvaweobaSi gadaadnobs. Tumca
pativmoyvareobis SemoqmedebiT energiad savsebiT gar-
daqmna, misi savsebiT uvnebelyofa ar xerxdeba.
pativmoyvareoba ise Rrmad aris gamjdari grigolis
arsebaSi, rom mis garegnul Tavmdablobasac sarCulad
dayveba _ saeklesio ierarqis didebaze is uars imitom
ambobs, rom mxolod wmindanis dideba aiyvans yvelas-
Tvis, maT Soris mefisTvisac miuwvdomel simaRleze...
grigoli kompromisze midis Tavisi pativmoyvareo-
bis, gandidebisken swrafvis winaSe, im ltolvis winaSe,
romelic qristianuli TvalsazrisiT satanuria da
romlis daTrgunva aris morwmunis da miTufro asketis
mudmivi sazrunavi. raki qristianoba satanis da ada-
mianis dacemis mizezad gamrudebul Tavisufal nebas,
Tavnebobas da TavmoTneobas miiCnevs, igi uwinaresad
swored am sawyisTan brZolas saxavs aucileblobad. s.
averincevis TqmiT, `qristianul asketikaSi, saboloo
138
angariSiT, amosavalia `morCilebis~ da `TviTnebobis~
dapirispireba, neoplatonur asketikaSi _ sulis da
materiis dapirispireba~.
grigoli askezas naklebad mimarTavs TavmoTneobis
dasaZlevad da Tavisi mtkice nebisyofis mTel Zalas
xorcieli ltolvebis aRkveTas axmars. rac ufro didi
da Zlieria misi faruli pativmoyvareoba, miT ufro
sastikad axSobs igi xorcielebas da uaxlovdeba Tavis
mizans, wmindanis simaRlis miRwevas. magram mTavari is
aris, rom wmindanoba mizania ara TavisTavad, aramed
imdenad, ramdenadac igi Tavisi simaRlidan amqveyniu-
robaze mbrZaneblobs. miwieri samyaros uaryofa am
samyaroze Teokratiuli batonobis SesaZleblobis
momniWebelia.
xorcis damTrgunavi Tavgametebuli asketuri Rvaw-
lis Sesaxeb grigoli eubneba Tebronias: ìs aris gza
cxovrebisadmi dausrulebelisa, igive mauflebs me
qveyniur ZalTa zedan yovelgvarTa. kargad Seigne:
igive mauflebs me yovelTa qveyniurTa ZalTa zedan!
Senc gauflebs, Cemo kargo~; nebisyofis gamowrToba
xorcieli swrafvebisadmi dapirispirebis sisastikeSi,
TavisTavze batonobis unaris srulyofa sxvebis damo-
rCilebis wanamZRvaria. mkacri TviTaRkveTa grigolis-
Tvis sakuTari Zalauflebis damkvidrebis saSualebaa.
Tebronia, misi siyvaruli Wirdeba grigols, raTa
xorcTan brZolas simwvave Sematos da Tavisi nebac
ufro metad gamobrZmedos, siyvarulis msxverplad Se-
wirviT RvTis winaSe Tavisi Rvawli gaadidos. grigo-
lisTvis Tebronia TiTqos cdispiria, romelzec Za-
lebs mosinjavs _ TavisTavze da sxvebze batonobisas.
aRwevs kidec sawadels, Tavsac imorCilebs da qalis
nebasac Tavisi mZlavri gavlenis areSi samudamod
moamwyvdevs.
Tebronias uaryofil, tanjul siyvaruls mwerali
gamosaxavs rogorc emociaTa mravalferovan gamas,
imeds da sasowarkveTas Soris meryeobis wamebas, ro-
melic agresiul impulsebsac moicavs. Tebronia asketi
xdeba ara RmerTis siyvarulis, RmerTTan sulieri
139
miaxloebis wyurvilis ZaliT, aramed imis gamo, rom
moSurne mtrobiT da zizRiT iJRinTeba misTvis miuwv-
domeli miwieri siyvarulis da bednierebisadmi, ro-
melsac codvad mxolod imitom Tvlis, rom TviTon mas
ar xvda wilad.
Tebronia da grigoli, TavisTavSi rom sastikad
ixSoben miwier survilebs, Tavis irgvlivac imave si-
sastikiT lamoben maT amoZirkvas. es ar aris ucnauri,
radgan adamianis siRrmiseuli mimarTeba sakuTari
Tavisadmi da sxvebisadmi, rogorc e. fromi ganmartavs,
arsebiTad erTgvarovania. gaugebari ar aris isic, rom
grigolis da Tebronias warmodgenaSi arsebuli Rmer-
Ti aRar aris lmobieri da gulmowyale, ganuzomeli
siyvaruliT aRsavse qristianuli RmerTi, `romels
sibraluliT evseboda guli adamianis tanjvis xilva-
zed da mzad iyo Seendo yovelTvis, yovelTaTvis~.
sinamdvileSi isini Tayvans cemen `macxovars kacTa
sisastikisagan Seqmnils, ugulos, romels gznebul
koconzed ahyvanda yvela, vinc eaxleboda mas ara
rogorc mona usityvo mis win mZrwolare~. RmerTze
warmodgenis raoba gezs aZlevs rogorc RmerTisadmi,
aseve TavisTavisadmi da sxvebisadmi adamianis damoki-
debulebas, mis faseulobebs da mizanswrafvebs. Tu
adamians RmerTi SiSismomgvrel tiranad esaxeba, xolo
sakuTar Tavs misi nebis mediumad miiCnevs, bunebrivia,
is Zalauflebaze da batonobaze iqneba orientirebuli
da Tavis zeciur kerps emsgavseba. swored ase for-
mirdeba grigolis da Tebronias msoflmimarTeba.
mefis sasiyvarulo kavSiris mxileba da darRveva
xelsayrel saSualebad iqceva grigolis da Tebronias
faruli zraxvebis realizaciisTvis. dgeba maTi moRva-
weobis kulminaciuri momenti, roca sakuTari Zalebis
sruli mobilizeba da demonstrireba unda moaxdinon,
Tavisi Zalaufleba savsebiT da mtkiced daamyaron,
mware marcxi agemon mefes da... siyvaruls, romelic
TavisTavSi ase daundoblad gasrises, daundoblad,
magram ara daunaneblad da es gamaborotebeli sinanu-
140
lic aiZulebT Suri iZion maTze, visac didi siyvaru-
lis bedniereba ergo.
romanis personaJebs Soris grigolis saxe yvelaze
rTulia. Tavisi msoflgagebis WeSmaritebaSi es Rrmad
darwmunebuli kaci drodadro eWvis mtkivneul Sete-
vebs ganicdis, SiSobs, xom ar uaryo Tebronias siyva-
rulis saxiT TviT RmerTis amqveyniuri gamocxadeba...
aseTi eWvi eZaleba mas, roca Suqias daatyvevebs da
monasterSi miyavs; grigoli mZlevelic aris da Zleu-
lic, mbrZaneblobs qalze da amave dros ixibleba mi-
siT, Sinaganad gatexilia orWofuli fiqriT... magram
daeWveba mZlavri nebisyofiT CaixSoba da is ver arbi-
lebs grigolis moqmedebis simkveTres. mis mier Suqias
sulieri da faqtobrivad fizikuri iZulebiTac sasax-
lidan gamoyvanis da monasterSi gamomwyvdevis aqti
arsebiTad tiranulia. metoqeobis da gandidebis, bato-
nobis maluli vnebebi, TviTdarwmunebuli Seuwynareb-
loba satanurad miCneulisadmi da misi yvelanairi sa-
SualebiT ganadgurebis Jini bunebrivad gasruldeba
ZaladobiT, codvilad Seracxilis sulze da sxeulze
ZalmomreobiT; qristianoba, siyvarulis da Tavisuf-
lebis religia, inkviziciad, Tavis sapirispiro movle-
nad gardaiqmneba.
mefes SuqiasTan ZaliT ganSoreba sulierad axevebs,
es ki mahmadianobisgan Seviwroebul qveyanas umeTau-
rod tovebs _ garegnulad saxelmwifos sakeTildRe-
od ganxorcielebul aqts swored saxelmwifosTvis sa-
ziano Sedegi moyveba. grigoli, zneobis egzaltirebu-
li damcveli, gakvirvebiT acnobierebs, rom rac Rmer-
Tis nebis Sesatyvisad warmoedgina, realurad Zalze
Sorsaa qristesgan, misi lmobierebis da mimteveblo-
bisgan; acnobierebs, rom marTebulia codvisadmi win-
aRdgoma ara sisastikiT, aramed adamianisadmi qriste-
seburi TanagrZnobiT; sisastikes, Zalmomreobas mxo-
lod adamianisTvis Tavisuflebis warTmeva SeuZlia da
ara misi WeSmaritebasTan miyvana, RmerTs ki surs, rom
adamiani Tavisufali iyos da WeSmaritebasac Tavi-
suflad eziaros... axla grigoli imasac naTlad xedavs,
141
ra didi wili udevs qristianuli lmobierebisgan mis
dacilebaSi TavmoTneobas da pativmoyvareobas, rom-
lis nayofad mxolod did da keTil saqmeTa xilvis
imedi hqonda.
magram es gamofxizleba nagvianevia, radgan xorcie-
lebis fanatikuri siZulvili arsebobs mdabiuri, ganu-
viTarebeli cnobierebis donezec da waqezebulia swo-
red sarwmunoebriv winamZRolTa mier. monazoni ivdiTi
grigolis da Tebronias arsis primitiuli da Semza-
ravad hipertrofirebuli xorcSesxmaa, romelsac lo-
gikur dasasrulamde, mSvenieri da saTno qalis bar-
barosul mospobamde miyavs maT mier wamowyebuli da-
undobeli brZola. Seuwynarebloba, ideologiuri ag-
resia momakvdinebel fizikur agresiaSi gadaizrdeba.
brZolis moTaveebis, grigolis da TebroniasTvis es
moraluri kraxia _ asketebi, sulieri siwmindis da
gmirobisken mZafrad mswrafveli adamianebi saSineli
codvis pasuxismgeblobas kisruloben. maT maqsima-
lizms aSotis gasastikebac moyveba, xolo sarwmunoe-
bis da eklesiis avtoriteti, imis nacvlad, rom ganm-
tkicebuliyo, ilaxeba, rac simbolurad gamoixateba
romanis finaliT _ Suqias Zmebis mier aSotis taZarSi
mokvliT.
sakuTari Secdomis da misi samwuxro Sedegis mtkiv-
neuli sicxadiT gacnobiereba grigols tragikul pi-
rovnebad warmogvidgens. magram is mainc ver axerxebs
Tavis Seupovar arsebaSi umTavresi qristianuli siqve-
leebisTvis _ lmobierebis da TavmdablobisTvis adgi-
lis povnas. samyaro misTvis bolomde rCeba keTilis da
borotis gaafTrebul kveTebad. `raindi iyo is mebr-
Zoli eklesiisa da vin sTqva brZolaSi lmobiereba?!~.
nebis da poziciis aseTi Seuryevloba grigolis figu-
ras pirquS didebulebas matebs.
grigoli da Tebronia TiTqos marTal saqmes, qris-
tianuli zneobis ganmtkicebas emsaxurebian, am msaxu-
rebis rezultati ki antiqristianulia, risi pirvelmi-
zezic maTi usiyvarulobaa. siyvaruli rogorc urTi-
erTltolva maT TavisTavSi jvars acves, magram maTSi
142
Cakvdeba saerTod siyvarulis niWic, siyvaruli adamia-
nisadmi, moyvasisadmi, romelic RmerTisadmi siyvaru-
lis utyuari, metic, erTaderTi sazomia. isini asketebi
siyvarulis xarjze arian, mTel Tavis religiur arse-
bobas amyareben siyvarulisgan daSretil xriok niadag-
ze, energias da STagonebas poveben ara siyvarulSi,
aramed imis Seurigebel siZulvilSi, rasac satanurad
Tvlian. usiyvarulobis gamo maTTvis mTavari xdeba
sakuTari Zalauflebis nebis dafuZneba, rac adamianis
mimarT ulmoblobiT miiRweva.
maT xelSi, romelsac siyvaruli ar warmarTavs,
qristianuli zneobrivi kanonebi, RmerTis da kacis
cocxali siyvaruli rom udevs safuZvlad, iqceva ada-
mianis damTrgunav, gaxevebul da usulo konstruq-
ciad, uxeS iaraRad, romliTac klaven siyvaruls, kla-
ven RmerTs. roca yovelive amas viTvaliswinebT, Se-
samCnevi xdeba, rom romanis saTauri marto aSotis da
Suqias tragikul siyvaruls ki ar gulisxmobs, aramed
siyvarulis rogorc amqveynad movlenili RmerTis
wamebasac.
nawarmoebSi namdvil qristianul faseulobebs, ada-
mianis siyvaruls, TanagrZnobas da gulmowyalebas, Sem-
wynareblobas ganasaxiereben epizoduri, magram dasa-
maxsovrebeli personaJebi _ kaTalikosi, monazoni Te-
mistio; udrtvinvelad swiravs Tavs RmerTs da qveyanas
episkoposi timoTe, Cumi, ubralo beri... Tavisi bunebiT
qristiania TviT Suqia, romelic yvelas mimarT keTil-
mosurnea da romelsac suls ar umRvrevs mediduroba;
da bolos, nawarmoebs kacTmoyvaruli qristianuli su-
liT aTbobs avtoris lirikuli monologebi, komenta-
rebi, CanarTebi.
`trfoba wamebulis~ centralur konfliqts da
mxatvrul sazriss qmnis avtoritaruli da humanistu-
ri religiurobis dapirispireba. pirveli adamians
SiSiT qeds moadrekinebs da araraobad aqcevs, mis Ta-
visuflebas, sulieri potenciis realizacias boWavs da
adamianze batonobisTvis gamoiyeneba; meore adamianis
individualobisadmi pativiscemas, Tavisuflebis da
143
bednierebisken misi swrafvis bunebriobis aRiarebas da
adamianis maRali, RvTiuri Rirsebis dafasebas emyare-
ba. romanis mixedviT, qarTveli xalxis msoflgancda
ewinaaRmdegeba avtoritarul religias da religiuro-
bis humanistur tips mieltvis. `qarTveli sjulis moy-
varuli iyo, misTvis Tavdadebuli, magram Tvis RmerT-
Tan urTierTobaSi uarsa hyofda sastik wesebs; laRad
moqmedebda winaSe RvTisa, rogorc mamis win, romli-
sadmi pativi da siyvaruli Rrma aris, Zrwola ki dak-
ninebul-damcirebuli. uyvars qarTvels Tavisi meufe,
xolo alRoTi icis, rom SiSi uaryofs yovel siyva-
ruls, gare gandevnis mas~.
aseTi msoflmxedvelobrivi motivebi da problema-
tika iqvemdebarebs romanSi istoriul realobas da
istoriuli pirovnebebis, grigolis da Tebronias saxe-
ebic amis Sesabamisad _ konceptualizebulad warmod-
gebian. maT monumentur figurebSi warmoCndeba avto-
ritaruli tipis adamiani. am figurebSi, erTi SexedviT
Tanamedroveobas sruliad mowyvetili rom arian, obi-
eqturad (avtoris mizandasaxulobisgan damoukideb-
lad) meoce saukunis, mZvinvare avtoritarizmis epoqis
sulieri fizionomiis nakvTebi icnoba.
arsebobs garkveuli Tanxvedra barnovis romans da
meoce saukunis evropuli literaturis zogierT mov-
lenas Soris. avtoritarulad religiuri adamianis sa-
xes qmnis fransua moriaki romanSi `fariseveli~. bri-
jit piani qristianuli zneobis Tavgamodebuli damcve-
lia, RvTis nebis ukompromiso damamkvidrebelia, mag-
ram es sinamdvileSi am adamianis sakuTari nebis damk-
vidrebaa, garSemomyofi adamianebis moraluri tero-
rizebaa, maTze batonobaa, riTac misi ampartavnoba da
TavmoTneoba nayrdeba. man rogorRac yovelTvis zus-
tad ìcis~, ras moiTxovs RmerTi adamianebisgan da Tav-
dajerebulad, uxeSad iWreba maT intimur cxovrebaSi,
aseTi Carevis Sedegebi ki tragikulia. misi RmerTi
iseTivea, rogoric TviTon aris _ siyvarulis unars
moklebuli, Seubralebeli zedamxedveli. bolos mas
TviTonve Sezaravs Tavisi usiyvarulo, moyvasisadmi
144
ugrZnobeli da Seuwynarebeli RvTismosaobis codvili
nakvalevi... moriakis TvalTaxedva qristianul huma-
nizms eyrdnoba.
Sexebis momentebi aqvs barnoviseul grigolis saxes
JorJ bernanosis romanis `satanis mzis qveS~ mTavar
gmirTan. donisans, Tavisi Tavisadmi uSeRavaTo askets,
romelic sicocxlis azrs satanasTan heroikulad Tav-
ganwirul da sastik brZolaSi povebs, aRar SeuZlia uy-
vardes, ar ezizRebodes adamianebi, romlebSic veRara-
fers xedavs satanuri simdablis garda da misi me-
tismeti sicxare codvis amoZirkvisas axalgazrda qals
Seiwiravs. boroteba sxva SemTxvevaSic Zlevs donisans
sakuTar sagangebo misiaSi misi dajerebulobis gamo da
kvlav matulobs adamianuri tkivili da ubedureba.
Tavis titanur personaJs bernanosi Saravandeds ar
aclis, magram imasve aCvenebs, rac barnovis romanSi
davinaxeT _ ramdenad iolia humanisturi orientacii-
sgan acdena da swored borotebis gaZliereba imis aR-
mofxvris maqsimalisturi da fanatikuri cdisas, rac
satanur borotebad daisaxeba.
1992
145
niko lorTqifaniZe
saerTo elferi
niko lorTqifaniZes dawerili aqvs araerTi Tavise-

burad momxiblavi, keTilSobilebiT da sifaqiziT savse
nawarmoebi, sadac Sors da mkrTalad moCans miwa, cxov-
reba, adamiani...
miTufro gasakviria ukiduresad fxizeli realiz-
mi, romliTac niko lorTiqfaniZis moTxrobaTa erTi
nawili gamoirCeva da romelic gansakuTrebiT mkafiod
istoriul Temaze Seqmnil nawarmoebebSi vlindeba.
niko lorTqifaniZe lirikuli bunebis mweralia, na-
tif, rbil lirikul melodias gaadevnebs Tavis nawar-
moebebs, xolo misi mravali miniatura mTlianad
mgrZnobiare sulis lirikuli JReraa.
magram istoriul moTxrobebSi niko lorTqifaniZe
uaryofs lirizms, intimur-subieqtur tonalobas.
`mrisxane batoni~, `JamTa siave~, `raindebi~ uCveu-
lo obieqtivizmiT xasiaTdeba _ vgulisxmobT aramxo-
lod imas, rom mwerali faravs Tavis subieqtur gan-
wyobas, ar amxels Tavis tendencias; am nawarmoebTa gan-
sakuTrebul obieqtivizms kidev ufro metad gansazR-
vravs is, rom avtori ar kisrulobs megzuris da ganm-
marteblis rols (anda naTelia, rom aseTi roli mas
naklebad izidavs); ukuagdebs vrcel avtoriseul aRwe-
rilobebs, saguldagulo da gabmul, Tanmimdevrul av-
toriseul Txrobas; aq iSviaTad Tu vnaxavT avtoris
mier mowodebul personaJTa daxasiaTebebs, imasac
metismetad Zunws; mwerali ar gvTavazobs gmirebis
`savizito baraTebs~...
niko lorTqifaniZis es moTxrobebi aRiqmeba reaq-
ciad prozaSi aRweriTi da TxrobiTi komponentebis si-
Warbis winaaRmdeg. mwerali Segnebulad iswrafis gan-
devnos an ukiduresad SezRudos yvelaferi is, rac, mi-
si rwmeniT, xels uSlis prozas iyos ufro kompaqturi,
146
moqnili da sinamdvilis TviTmdinarebis meti uSualo-
biT aRmbeWdveli.
epikuri siuxve, sisavse da safuZvlianoba aSkarad
ar aris istoriul moTxrobaTa sayrdeni mxatvruli
principi. magram mas enacvleba ara lirikuloba, aramed
prozis Sinagani wyobis miaxloeba dramasTan, prozis
mkveTri dramatizacia _ aseTi daskvna SeiZleba gamo-
vitanoT pirveli dakvirvebis Semdeg.
literaturaSi gardaqmnebi yovelTvis sruli mxat-
vruli simarTlis dasamkvidreblad xorcieldeba da am
SemTxvevaSic asea. istoriuli triptiqis avtori neba-
yoflobiT uCinardeba, raTa TviT sinamdvilis xedebi
gadagveSalos Tvalwin, TviT sinamdvile ametyveldes
da SevxvdeT mas TiTqosda xelovanis dauxmareblad, mi-
si mediumobis gareSe.
da marTlac, niko lorTqifaniZem ucnaurad moaax-
lova warsuli, TiTqos ki ar Seqmna istoriis suraTi,
aramed ubralod farda gadawia da mis miRma gardasuli
yofa amoZravda. `mrisxane batoni~, `JamTa siave~, `rain-
debi~ dokumenturobis STabeWdilebas aRZravs.
amave dros mwerlis SemoqmedebiTi manera arsebiT
cvlilebebs ar ganicdis: fragmentuloba, wyvetili,
mqrqalad moniSnuli xazebi, myife, gabneuli kompozi-
cia... sruli naturalurobis, namdvilobis STabeWdi-
leba miRweulia ara wvrilmanTa, detalTa naturalis-
turi daxvavebiT, ara mxatvruli energiis daZabviT da
gamomsaxvelobis gamZafrebiT, aramed funjis Zaldau-
tanebeli, nebieri da iSviaTi monasmebiT.
vrcel nawarmoebebSi da sxvaganac niko lorTqifa-
niZis fragmentuli, texili manera, romelic impresio-
nistuli warmomavlobis Cans, Zalian gavs imas, rac ki-
noxelovnebaSi montaJis saxeliT aris cnobili.
`kadrebi kinoSi ar gaiSlebian Tanmimdevrul wyebad
_ kadrebi enacvlebian erTmaneTs. aseTia montaJis sa-
fuZveli. isini monacvleoben ise, rogorc erTi saleq-
so striqoni, erTi metruli mTlianoba icvleba meo-
riT _ zust sazRvarze. kino axorcielebs naxtomebs
kadridan kadrisken, rogorc leqsi _ striqonidan
147
striqonisken... arsebiTad kadri mniSvnelovania ro-
gorc mxolod `warmomadgeneli~: mocemulia xolme ara
im scenis yvela kadri, romelsac gmiri ixsenebs, aramed
mxolod detali _ erTi kadri. saerTodac, kadri ar
amowuravs ama Tu im fabulur viTarebas, aramed gvev-
lineba mxolod mis `warmomadgenlad~ kadrTa urTi-
erTmimarTebaSi~ (iuri tinianovi, kinos safuZvlebis
Sesaxeb).
niko lorTqifaniZis poetikis Taviseburebas mniSv-
nelovanwilad swored montaJi, `kadrebis~ naxtomuri
monacvleoba qmnis.
gavixsenoT lorTqifaniZiseuli nusxebi, romleb-
Sic saerTo stiluri tendencia yvelaze aSkarad mJRav-
ndeba: `jamebiT xarSo... meriqifeebi... doqebi... kaTxe-
bi... suni da oxSivari moxarSulisa da Semwvarisa; jer
kidev Cumi sma; gamalebuli Wama...~. amgvari nusxis Tv-
iTeuli elementi arsebiTad warmoadgens calke
`kadrs~, romelic msxvili planiT aRibeWdavs garkve-
ul gamosaxulebas da yoveli `kadri~ mxolod niSania,
`warmomadgenelia~ ama Tu im fabuluri viTarebis, ar
amowuravs mas. niSanTa moZraoba ki swrafi da
naxtomuria.
es principi metnaklebi simkveTriT vlindeba, mag-
ram gamWolia. mwerali xSirad uecrad wyvets pasaJs,
kvecavs dialogs, suraTs, gverds uvlis gardamaval
fazebs da erTbaSad, Semzadebis gareSe warmoaCens moq-
medebis ganviTarebis gviandel etapebs. ai, erTi damaxa-
siaTebeli nimuSi: `_ daewie stumrebs! leCxumel ba-
tons xom icnob, imas miarTvi jer es wigni; Tu ar mii-
Ros, es dambaCa miarTvi da moaxsene, dagviwyebia-Tqo...
_ ki, batono. _ biWi didxans ar dabrunebula. igi aT-
valierebda wignis suraTebs, waikiTxa sayvareli taepe-
bi da mere daewia ZunZuliT cxenosnebs. _ miarTvi? ki,
batono. _ ra giTxra? _ araferi, batono, mxolod wig-
ni ukanve miboZa...~.
Zalze naTlad Cans kompoziciis montaJuri agebu-
leba epizodidan epizodze, scenidan scenaze naxtomur
gadasvlebSi. ucabedad, motivirebis gareSe Cndeba
148
axali segmenti, ufro zustad, misi Suaguli, erTi Se-
xedviT nebismierad SerCeuli nawyveti. calkeuli su-
raTebi uwyvet rigad ki ar ganlagdebian, maraosavoT ki
ar iSlebian, uSualo logikur gagrZelebas da dasru-
lebas ki ar poveben momdevno suraTebSi, aramed Tavi-
suflad da àrakanonzomierad~, myisierad cvlian erT-
maneTs rogorc kinematografSi.
TvalTaxedvis aseTi winaswarganuWvreti, TiTqosda
spontanuri gadanacvlebebi avseben sinamdvilis TviT-
moZraobis iluzias, aZliereben naturalurobis
STabeWdilebas.
mwerali montaJurad warmarTavs sakuTriv Txrobis
processac _ dawvrilebiTi, amomwuraobaze orienti-
rebuli Txrobis gaSlis nacvlad sauwyeblis natexebs
moabnevs. `kadrebis~ monacvleobiT sxartad da mkveT-
rad aRibeWdeba ambavi, romelic Tavis emociur saxes
TiTqos msxvili planiT gviCvenebs:
`gavidnen welni.
Sinaurma da gareulma qurdebma gaaRataka glexoba.
aznaurni ajanydnen.
mezoblebma jer gaaoxres, moiTareSes da bolos
mTlad miiTvises cixe, saxl-kari...
TviT coli, erTguli coli, pirvelad ZaliT gata-
cebuli, xasaT daisva Tedom...~.
istoriul moTxrobaTagan gansxvavebiT `Tavsafri-
an dedakacSi~ am xerxis meToduri gamoyenebiT mTeli
mxatvruli realobis gammsWvalavi lirikuli, naRvlia-
ni fiqris ganwyobacaa gaRvivebuli, konkretizebuli
TxrobiT Seuvsebel sivrces elegiuri poezia avsebs...
montaJi, wyvetilebi, kinoTxrobisTvis damaxasiaTe-
beli dinamizmi, siuJetis naxtomebrivi ganviTareba,
rac suraTze Riobebs tovebs, istoriul moTxrobebSi
moulodnelad intensiurs xdis xedviTobas.
`mrisxane batoni~, `JamTa siave~, `raindebi~, SeiZle-
ba iTqvas, isea Sesrulebuli, rom naxmari ar aris arc
erTi feri, saRebavi _ ferwera specifikuri mniSvne-
lobiT, anu samyaros ferebiT gamosaxva ucxoa am nawar-
moebebisTvis. magram kidev ufro sagulisxmoa is, rom
149
maTSi, Tu davukvirdebiT, ar aris warmosaxuli sagnob-
rivi, nivTieri sinamdvile, romlis erT-erTi maxasia-
Tebelic feri iqneboda. aq praqtikulad ar aris port-
retebi, peizaJebi, interierebi, TiTqmis sruliad ar
aris aRbeWdili garemo, sadac personaJebi cxovroben
da moqmedeben _ isini TiTqos cariel sivrceSi moZ-
raoben. mwerali ar cdilobs TvalsaCinod, konkretu-
li niSan-Tvisebebis gamorCeviT da grZnobad-materia-
luri sisavsiT daxatos xiluli, xelSesaxebi samyaro.
grafikuli monaxazic didi iSviaTobaa, araTu sityvie-
ri ferwera am cnebis farTo gagebiT _ sinamdvilis
ieris sityvaSi gacocxleba.
es miTufro ucnauria, rom istoriul nawarmoebeb-
Si, Cveulebriv, gansakuTrebuli adgili eTmoba land-
Saftebis Tu epoqis anturaJis, vTqvaT, personaJTa
tanisamosis aRweras...
rogori mkveTri, `JReradi~ saRebavebiT, grZnobadi,
xorcieli detalebis rogori TavmoyriT SeiZleboda
daxatuliyo Tundac vaxtangis da cicinos daxocvis
Semzaravi suraTi `mrisxane batonSi~, magram mwerali
sisxlis arc erTi wveTiT ar Rebavs mas _ igi fizikuri
qmedebis ZiriTad fazebs aRnusxavs da dinamiurad mia-
devnebs erTmaneTs.
amgvari stili specifikur TvalsaCinoebas qmnis _
mkiTxvelis warmosaxva iZabeba da maxvildeba, uneburad
cdilobs `xarvezTa~ Sevsebas. aseTi xilvadoba, buneb-
rivia, naklebad materializebulia, aq mTavaria Sinaga-
ni xedvis unaris TviT mobilizeba.
saxviTi planis simwire istoriul moTxrobebSi sa-
gangebod gamiznulia: is, rom stilis mier gverdavli-
lia sinamdvilis, cxovrebis mTeli fenebi, badebs gu-
lis SemkumSavi sicarielis, ganZarculobis, siduxWi-
ris gancdas, gvaiZulebs mtkivneulad vigrZnoT am
cxovrebis gapartaxeba Tu gaSiSvlebuli sisastike.
aseve, istoriul triptiqSi sinamdvilis feriTi as-
peqtis gauCinareba gansazRvravs imas, rom gamosaxuli
realoba erTi, erTaderTi elferiT aRbeWdili, bindSi
CaZiruli da TalxiT mosili warmogvidgeba. simuqis am
150
TiTqmis fizikurad mkafio SegrZnebas kidev ufro am-
Zafrebs sxva garemoebac _ niko lorTqifaniZis isto-
riul tiloebze ar aris sinaTlis wyaro, mis mier Seq-
mnil mxatvrul sinamdviles araferi anaTebs, aq deda-
miwas cidan Suqi ar wvdeba; adamianebi TiTqos bnels Ca-
unTqavs, isini TiTqos wyvdiadSi ugzoukvlod
rialeben.
niko lorTqifaniZe `Zvel matianeSi aRwerili rome-
lime namdvili SemTxvevis beletrizacias ar axdenda,
igi ar qmnida uSualod raime istoriul qronikaze age-
bul nawarmoebs, aramed saqarTvelos istoriis ramde-
nime monakveTidan miRebul STabeWdilebas asaxavda da
maSindeli istoriuli sinamdvilis saerTo elferis
aRdgenas cdilobda~ _ wers simon Ciqovani.
ase, am saSualebebiT gamosaxa mweralma gardasuli
cxovrebis mkacri tonaloba, mianiWa mas iSviaTi mxatv-
ruli mTlianoba da xelSesaxebloba.
1982
151
tiranis saxecvaleba
Tu Zvel literaturaSi qristianobisTvis wamebul

personaJebs vxedavT, bolo saukuneebis literaturis
personaJTa nawili ewameba imis gamo, rom qristianobas
mowyda. gviandeli literaturis zogierT personaJs
codvilobis, cdomilebis da urwmunobis `martvili~
SeiZleba vuwodoT.
urwunobiT suldamZimebuli, mravali codvis Camde-
ni, sastiki tirani, romelsac niko lorTqifaniZe xa-
tavs `mrisxane batonSi~, bolos uecrad qristianul as-
kezas tvirTulobs da Tumca levanis gardaqmna ucnau-
ri da gaugebari Cans, sinamdvileSi mis mier Tavisi
gamrudebuli cxovrebis erTbaSad uaryofa fsiqolo-
giur-mxatvrulad savsebiT marTali da aucilebelia.
adamianebs Soris tirani, albaT, yvelaze Sors aris
qristesgan, misi yvelaze `srulyofili~ antipodia,
radgan Zalmomreoba da daundobloba yvelaze metad
upirispirdeba qristianul siyvaruls da gulmowyale-
bas. cnobierad Tu gaucnobiereblad tirani eswrafis
RmerTs Seenacvlos, TviTon iqces uzenaes arsebad,
romelic adamianTa beds ganagebs. amitom RmerTi tira-
nisTvis `xelisSemSlelia~, is RmerTisgan aucileblad
unda gaTavisufldes (Tundac Tavs RvTis nebis ganma-
xorcieleblad acxadebdes). Rrmad kanonzomieria, rom
saxarebaSi upirvelesad swored tirani _ herode mo-
Cans qristes sapirispiro polusze, gaafTrebiT
mtrobs qristes, ewinaaRmdegeba amqveynad mis movline-
bas. meore saxarebiseuli tirani, pirvelis mosaxele,
ioane naTlismcemlis mkvleli, mTeli Tavisi arsebiT
_ usiyvarulobiT, garyvnilebiT, ZaladobiT, Seubra-
leblobiT _ qristianobisadmi absoluturi siucxo-
vis gansaxierebaa.
`mrisxane batonSi~ SeiniSneba ioane naTlismcemlis
mkvlelobis bibliuri istoriis literaturul inter-
pretaciaTa anarekli (kritikaSi miuTiTeben floberis
`herodiadaze~ da uaildis `salomeaze~). magram niko
lorTqifaniZis ZiriTadi Canafiqri da saTqmeli Tavi-
152
seburia, qristianuli msoflgagebis da faseulobebis
arsis organul wvdomaze dafuZnebuli.
`mrisxane batonSi~ vxedavT, rom tirans bevri ram
SeuZlia, magram ar SeuZlia is, rac yvelaze mTavari da
faseulia _ namdvili siyvarulis gancda da meore ada-
mianSi misi gaRviZeba. vidre borotebis gzas daagdeb-
des, levani marcxdeba am gzaze, kargavs qals, romlis-
Tvisac tiranis antagonistis zneobrivi sisufTave, si-
keTe Rrmad momxibvleli da demonuri vnebebisgan gama-
Tavisuflebeli aRmoCndeba. sikeTis mimzidvelobis wi-
naSe tiranis mTeli Zalmosileba da sisastike uRonoa
_ mas SeuZlia sikeTe fizikurad daTrgunos, magram
mis substanciur, arsismier WeSmaritebas da momxib-
vlelobas ver anadgurebs.
adamianuri yofierebis siRrmiseul ganzomilebaSi
borotebis, agresiis, uxeSi materialuri Zalis uZlu-
rebis danaxva aiZulebs `mrisxane batonis~ mTavar
gmirs, Sebrundes sikeTis saTavisken, RmerTisken.
2004
153
yalbi miTis rRveva
yvelasTvis cnobilia, rom diqtaturis pirobebSi

simarTle, rogorc wesi, dums, xolo sicrue gamayrueb-
lad xmaurobs. magram maSinac ki, roca amis gakeTeba
TiTqmis SeuZlebeli iyo, CvenSi iqmneboda calkeuli
nawarmoebebi, romlebSic antitiranuli paTosia
gamovlenili.
moTxrobaSi `qeduxrelni~ niko lorTqifaniZe nar-
Taulad aRbeWdavs Tavis Tvalsazriss sastik droze,
romelSic cxovreba mouxda.
legendas suramis cixeze igi am drois Sesatyvis si-
uJetur da azrobriv-emociur struqturas aniWebs.
`qeduxrelni~ sakmaod TvalsaCinod aireklavs Tavis
Tanadroul realobas _ nawarmoebi iwereboda 1938-44
wlebSi _ xelisuflebis represiulobas, xalxis uuf-
lebobas da wamebas, siRaribes, oms... es iwvevs folklo-
ruli Tu literaturuli tradiciis mkveTr gadasinjvas,
rasac ukve is moaswavebs, rom niko lorTqifaniZe uars am-
bobs fabulis geografiul SemosazRvrulobaze _ moTx-
robaSi surami ar ixsenieba. sivrcis (da drois) loka-
lizaciis uaryofa Seesabameba mwerlis miswrafebas,
simboluri mniSvneloba misces ambavs, igavi Seqmnas misgan.
`qeduxrelnSi~ deklarirebulic aris gamijvna le-
gendis literaturuli versiisgan, daniel WonqaZis
`suramis cixisgan,~ sadac Tqmuleba arsebiTad saSine-
li qaluri SurisZiebis motivzea dayvanili _ mTxro-
beli, saxalxo mTqmeli iwunebs legendis mwignobrul
variants da acxadebs, rom yvelaferi sxvanairad iyo,
ise, rogorc igi gviambobs. mas aqvs kidec amis ufleba,
radgan TviTon icxovra imgvar sinamdvileSi, rogoric
mis mier naambob TqmulebaSia warmoCenili. mTxrobelis
da gayiduli tyve gogonas Tavgadasavali am sinamdvi-
lis raobas gamoxatavs _ adamianis sicocxle ukidure-
sad gaufasurebulia, mis beds Wirveuli SemTxveviToba
atrialebs; uzneoba normalur movlenadaa qceuli da
TiTqos arc gamoirCeva cxovrebis Cveulebriv mdinare-
baSi, iseve ar imsaxurebs sagangebo yuradRebas, ro-
154
gorc sxva SeCveuli movlenebi, vTqvaT, sunTqva an sia-
ruli. da mweralic odnav komikurad Seferili uSfoT-
veli toniT gadmogvcems Tavisi gmirebis cxovrebis
peripetias, romelic bednierad sruldeba _ isev SemT-
xveviTobis, amjerad bednieri SemTxveviTobis ZaliT.
moTxrobis eqspoziciur nawilSi niko lorTqifani-
Ze yofiTi realizmis meTodiT aRbeWdavs im sinamdvi-
lisTvis tipiur istorias, romelic Semdeg legendur-
igavuri saSualebebiT warmoisaxeba. amasTanave mTxro-
belis piriT xalxi gamoTqvams Tavis azrs da miswrafe-
bebs. epoqis tragikuli gamocdilebis miuxedavad mwe-
rali mainc imedovnebs, rom xalxis gonierebis da zne-
obrivi grZnobis sruli daClungeba SeuZlebelia.
saxalxo mTqmelis TvalTaxedva moTxrobaSi SeTav-
sebulia sxva, avtorisTvis Sinaganad mainc ufro orga-
nul TvalTaxedvasTan. mwerals nawarmoebSi Semoyavs
axalgazrda arqiteqtori, ganaTlebuli, moazrovne da
dakvirvebuli kaci, dRevandeli gagebiT inteligenti.
igi Svelis avtors, miuaxlovdes gamosasaxvel samya-
ros, Tavisi sulieri gamocdileba, fiqri ufro Tavi-
suflad gaazavos masSi.
ucxoeTSi saswavleblad wasuli ediSeri samSoblo-
Si brundeba _ Cveni saukunis mravali qarTveli inte-
ligentis, maT Soris niko lorTqifaniZis biografiis
qarga gvecnoba. nawarmoebSi qveynis mdgomareoba met-
wilad am gmiris gaaxlebuli, cnobismoyvare mzeriTaa
aRqmuli. bevri ram akvirvebs da eCoTireba, afiqrebs
ediSers.
mis aryofnaSi SemoRebuli wesis Tanaxmad pirvelad
mefesTan unda gamocxaddes. sasaxles raRac ucxo ieri
aqvs. `didia da ulazaTo, _ fiqrobda ymawvili, _ mZi-
med daswolia miwas. ar hgavs Cvenebur nagebobas _ na-
Tels, msubuqs da garemosTan Sexamebuls. masala metia
daxarjuli, vidre Sedegia miRweuli, nafiqri ufroa
didebis STabeWdilebis mosaxdenad, vidre Seqmnilia
gulisnadebis gamosaxatavad~. aseTi mouxeSavi, pompe-
zuri arqiteqturuli stilis cnobac Zneli ar unda
iyos CvenTvis.
155
kidev ufro Semacbunebelia is, rac ediSers am mZime
da uSno Senobis SigniT dauxvdeba. sasaxleSi SiSi, me-
fis monuri morCilebaa damkvidrebuli, uniWobas da
pirferobas darCenia asparezi; xolo namdvili ostati
sazarlad aris dasjili, radgan uars ambobs cixis Se-
nobaSi cocxali adamianis Cakirvaze. ganwirulis gabe-
dulebiT eubneba igi mefes simarTles imis Taobaze,
ratom iSleba cixe. `_ ra giSlis xels? _ Tqven ... sZags
yvelas es Tqveni cixe, hgoniaT, rom mtris magier Sig
maTve CaaxrCobT...~.
qveynis sisustis namdvili mizezi xelisuflebisad-
mi xalxis siZulvili da undoblobaa. tiranuli saxel-
mwifos ganmtkiceba xalxs afrTxobs, radgan amiT misi
tanjva mxolod imatebs. xalxis aseTi ganwyobaa moTx-
robis erT-erTi gamWoli motivia, es ganwyobaa araerT-
xelaa naCvenebi. mefis da xuroTmoZRvris konfliqti
xalxis fantazias ase warmoudgeba: `yvelaferi miuxlia
pirSi Tamamad, dalagebiT, xalxs yvelaferi SeuZlia, oR-
ond Seni ar swamso. ver amourCevia, Sen, Sinauri mtarvali
sjobixar, Tu saTareSod mosuli ucxo mterio. mefes di-
legSi Caugdia... iq gvelebia, Turme, koWebamde wyali
swvdeba, saxeze virTxebi daudis... dabrmavebula kidec,
magram ver daiTanxma mefem mainc, cocxali kaci saZir-
kvelSi moaqcios~; anda am dialogs movusminoT: `ramde-
nia axla CvenSi qvrivi da oboli, zogi tyved aris wayva-
nili, zogi mohkles, magram bevri dilegsa da sakanSi
lpeba. _ magas ar ityvi?.. Seniani rom gtanjavs _ isaa
cecxli! ver gaarCev, vin sjobia, Sinauri Tu gareuli _
gind mgels SeuWamivar da gind mglisfer ZaRls~.
xalxi gaTiSulia xelisuflebisgan, gareSe mterze
ukeTesi ar gonia igi da ar cdeba: arsebiTi gansxvaveba
ar aris despotiis mier daTrgunul da ucxoelebis
mier dapyrobil qveyanas Soris. ucnauri ar aris, rom
cixes ugulod aSeneben `naqiravebi da modenili~ adami-
anebi, romlebisTvisac es araa da verc iqneba sakuTari
da sisxlxorceuli saqme, radgan qveyana maT ar ekuTv-
niT. qveynis baton-patroni sxvaa da xalxis Tavdadebis
monapovarsac is miiTvisebs, Tavis sakeTildReod gamo-
156
iyenebs da, gaZlierebuli, kidev ufro daundobeli
iqneba qveSevrdomebisadmi. xalxi xvdeba amas da, buneb-
rivia, cixes simtkice akldeba.
sxvanairia mefis logika: `lmobierebis~ bralia, rom
sxva qveynebisgan gansxvavebiT, sadac sisastikes ar eri-
debian, àm qveyanas angrevs da awiokebs yoveli gamvle-
li~; saxelmwifos simtkicis misaRwevad arsebobs er-
TaderTi saSualeba _ ukiduresi, araadamianuri sisas-
tike; mxolod cocxali kacis dataneba miscems cixes
saWiro simagres.
suramis cixis legendaSi niko lorTqifaniZem aqtu-
aluri simbolika aRmoaCina _ saxelmwifos Senoba
aigeba adamianis sisxliT gaJRenTil saZirkvelze, igi
iarsebebs sastikad natanji adamianis sicocxlis fa-
sad. sainteresoa, rom msgavsi saxe gamoxatavs epoqis
arss platonovis cnobil `qvabulSic~.
dasanania, rom zogierT xelovans legenda Cakirul
adamianze am simbolikis gareSe, aRmosavluri egzoti-
kis Wrel saburvelSi gaxveuli warmoesaxeba... Tumca
TviT veluri sisastike, romelic aq Tavs iCens, marT-
lac àRmosavluria~. àseTi sisastike arc Seefereba
qarTvelis xasiaTsa da sxva Cveulebebs~ _ mefis gada-
jerebas cdilobs SeZrwunebuli ediSeri, romelsac
cixis ageba daakisres. magram mefes aseTi ram ar miaCnia
saSinelebad da mwerali migvaniSnebs, rom misi despo-
turi reJimi ucxoa qarTveli xalxisTvis: mefe gamahma-
dianebulia, Tavisi xalxis zneobis uarmyofelia. am mo-
tivirebis damajerebloba is aris, rom igi kulturul-
istoriul realobas eyrdnoba _ mahmadianuri samya-
rosgan rom ganizidebodnen, qarTvelebis imasac eswra-
fodnen, aeSorebinaT maTTvis miuRebeli saxelmwifo-
ebrivi wyobileba _ aRmosavluri despotia. ar aris SemT-
xveviTi, rom moTxrobaSi `Cakirvis ideis~ Tavgamodebul
adeptad warmodgenilia nalekari _ yofili mahmadiani...
niko lorTqifaniZe guldasmiT akvirdeba, amowmebs
qarTul sulierebas da cdilobs gaarkvios, aris Tu
ara masSi iseTi Sreebi, romlebic mefis saSinel Cana-
fiqrs SeiZleba asazrdoebdes.
157
ediSeri monawileobs religiur dResaswaulSi da
gaocebulia, `rom TviT viTom mlocvelni Tavis codvas
ki ar inaniebdnen, aramed Tavis gaWirvebis mospobas,
simSvides, bednierebas mosTxovdnen RvTaebas. aq ar iyo
arc moskovSi nanaxi gulze mjiRis kvriT codvis aRsa-
reba, arc italiis uaryofa aqauri cxovrebisa, arc ka-
maTi mlocvelTa Soris sarwmunoebaze. TviT dedabrebi
mxolod wuTiT SeCerdebodnen eklesiis karebis win,
anTebdnen Taflis sanTlebs da saswrafod modiodnen,
rom ebaasnaT, garTuliyvnen, Tavisi ojaxuri ambebi ga-
daecaT unaxav nacnobebisTvis da gaegoT maTi ambavi~.
Tu am dakvirvebas vendobiT, qarTuli religiuroba
moklebulia midrekilebas fanatizmisken, daundobeli
TviTgvemisken (rac iolad SeiZleba Semotrialdes
sxvaTa gvemad); mas ar itacebs ganyenebuli Ziebebi, arc
miwieri samyarosgan ganiltvis; piriqiT, RmerTisgan
swored amqveyniur bednierebas iTxovs da moelis. ra-
sakvirvelia, mwerals mxedvelobis areSi aqvs is, rac
ufro tipiuria koleqtiuri cnobierebisTvis da ara
movlenebis mTeli mravalgvarovani simravle; mTava-
ria, rasTan SedarebiT ras aniWebs eri upiratesobas,
ras rogor afasebs, sad miuCens adgils Tavisi Rirebu-
lebebis sistemaSi; ra ufro metad aris xalxisgan mosa-
lodneli da ra _ naklebad. xolo xalxisgan, romlis
religiuri grZnoba aseTi amqveyniuri da eqscesebs
garidebulia, romlisTvisac ar aris damaxasiaTebeli
gonebis damabnelebeli fanatizmi, araa mosalodneli
adamianis Cakirvis sastiki ritualis keTilmyofelo-
bis dajereba da ganxorcieleba.
qarTuli religiurobis bunebaze niko lorTqifani-
Zis dakvirveba, cxadia, ar aris yovlismomcveli, magram
unda vifiqroT, rom istoriul procesSi gamokveTili
misi arsebiTi Tviseba aq moxelTebulia. amgvari reli-
giuroba, albaT, arc mTlad unakloa, oRond qimeruli
ideebis da brma sisastikis gamRvivebeli ar aris. niko
lorTqifaniZe marto `qeduxrelnSi~ ar iCens interess
erovnuli religiurobis mimarT, mis adamianurad ara-
158
mkacr xasiaTs da aseve adamianur sisusteebs igi rbili
iumoriT gamosaxavs moTxrobaSi èpiskopozi nadirobaze~.
erovnuli cnobierebis wyobaa gacxadebuli eklesis
ierSic, romelsac ediSeri dResaswaulisas akvirdeba.
mwerali qmnis qarTuli eklesiis dasamaxsovrebel
mxatvrul daxasiaTebas. `gansacvifreblad aris SerCe-
uli adgili SenobisTvis, TiTqos Tan Sezrdili iyos
mTasTan. iseTive nazi, msubuqi, iseTive mxiaruli da sa-
daa... es ar aris SiSisagan Seqmnili codvaTa mosanani-
eblad, aramed siyvaruliT da aRtacebiT mSvenier bu-
nebisadmi. mas arc gaqceva unda caSi, arc gaurbis si-
naTlesa da haers, aramed stkbeba mzis sinaTliT, mTva-
ris SuqiT, mwvane WalebiT, yvavilebis surnelebiT da
Soreuli zRviT.~
sicocxlis da silamazis moyvare, xalisiani msofl-
aRqmis xatia es nageboba. misi amSenebeli xalxisTvis
ucxoa Seucnoblis winaSe iseTi Zrwola, sakuTari cod-
vilobis, simdablis iseTi damTrgunveli grZnoba, ro-
melic sazarel adamianur msxverplSewirvaSi ipovida
sadinars; ucxoa sipirquSe, romliTac es rituali
gamoirCeva.
nawarmoebSi gamosaxuli religiuri dResaswaulis
xasiaTi da atmosfero saero ufroa. RmerTi da wminda
giorgi, visac dResaswauli eZRvneba, TiTqos aRaravis
axsovs; xalxi erToba da mxiarulobs, sacirko sanaxao-
bas uyurebs, xelisuflebs amasxrebs (Tumca es dausje-
li ar rCeba). magram misi qristianuli suliereba mkafi-
od mJRavndeba mis eTosSi. adamianisadmi TanagrZnoba,
gasaWirSi myofis Sebraleba da daxmareba am xalxis re-
ligiuri gznebiT gancdili mrwamsia. `sofels ver ga-
aTbob, sofels ver Semosav, sofels ver daapureb. mag-
ram mSiers rom lukma ar gauwodo, ise nu gauSveb, tit-
vels xeli mainc ar daafaro, ise nu dastoveb, gayinuli
rom ar dazilo, ise nu daagdeb~. gulisxmierebaze ara-
nakleb niSandoblivi aq realizmia, imis codnaa, rom sa-
yovelTao keTildReoba miuRwevelia; is ki SesaZlebe-
lia, yovelma kacma imdeni sikeTe gaakeTos, ramdensac
gawvdeba. rogor gansxvavdeba aseTi TvalTaxedva maqsi-
159
malizmisgan, romelic mTeli qveynierebis gabedniere-
baze mcire mizans ar cnobs...
sxva eris Tu sarwmunoebis warmomadgenelTa mimarT
qarTvelebis Semwynarebloba moinadirebs nalekars,
romelic adre saqarTveloSi sayaCaRod dadioda. daR-
lilic aris es xalxi amdeni Zaladobisgan, sisxlis-
Rvrisgan: dResaswaulze Sekrebilebi SiSiT adevneben
Tvals Tokze mosiarule jambazs, ar undaT sisxliani
sanaxaobis mowme gaxdnen.
niko lorTqifaniZis prozaSi qarTuli sinamdvile
calsaxovnad ar warmodgeba da arc misi mrude nakvTe-
bia vualirebuli, magram `qeduxrelnSi~ mwerali xed-
vas mimarTavs ara erovnuli cxovrebis konkretul-is-
toriuli Wrilisken, aramed eris tradiciulad Camo-
yalibebuli msoflgagebis birTvisken. da masSi igi ver
poulobs wesad danergili, religiuri kultis rangSi
ayvanili sisastikis Zirebs, romelsac sasargeblo Tvi-
sebebi miewereba...
xelisuflebi amaxinjeben nalekaris ideas _ mis mi-
er gagonili gadmocema gulisxmobs adamianis ara Za-
liT Cakirvas, aramed nebayoflobiT msxverplgaRebas.
esec saSinelebad miaCnia ediSers, magram gaWris nale-
karis argumentebi. `Tu misi survilia, mokvdes, erTi
dRiT adre Tavis nebiT, Tu ori dRiT gvian bunebis
kanoniT... ar aris didi gansxvaveba da ubedureba. odnav
meti tkivili xorcisa da meti araferi...~; Tavganwiru-
li xom samaradiso pativs moixveWs. xalxi ar iviwyebs,
Tayvans cems Tavdadebulebs. igi yveba legendas gmir-
ze, romelic martodmarto jiutad angrevs kldes da
natexebisgan mTas agebs _ xalxis TavSesafars. magram
mere `xalxs isev daatyda Tavze gareSe mterze ufro
saSineli ubedureba~ _ tirania. igi legendaSi warmod-
genilia mefe-monstrad, romelic Cvili bavSvebis tvi-
niT ikvebeba da Tavdadebulis mier aRmarTul mTaze
aSenebul sasaxleSi fuZndeba: xalxis TavdadebiT ti-
rania sargeblobs, Semzarav Zalas iZens da xalxsve
tanjavs.
160
`sasaxleSi SeyvaniT yovel dRe SehyvandaT bavSvebi,
magram gamosuli ki aravin enaxaT. sasaxlis namdvili am-
bavi aravin icoda, magram xmebi Tavzars scemda qveya-
nas. yvelaze saSineli TiTqos is iyo, rom vinc sasaxlis
karibWes gadaacilebda, usastikesi sasjeliT, wamebiT
da jojoxeTiT emuqrebodnen: araferi wamogcdes, aq
rac naxo an gaigonovo, _ da isinic naxuliT gaStere-
bulni, ganagoniT gabruebulni, gadmodiodnen kiser-
moRrecilni, munjni da gaSterebulni. TviT Rrma sar-
dafebSiac xalxi cdilobda pirispir aravis Sexvedro-
da, rom, Tu saWiro gaxdeboda, eTqva, arc minaxavs, arc
ra gamigonia da, aba, vinc ar minaxavs, mas ras vetyodio.
elvis siswrafiT qreboda am samTavroSi yoveli Rimi
saxeze da Tvalebi mudam Secremlili rCeboda, tuCebis
kuTxeebSi ymawvilTac ki naoWebi gauCnda. aRar ismoda
araTu adamianTa galoba da simRera, TviT Citebmac ki
Seswyvites WikWiki da stvena, haeri damZimda, TiTqos
xeliT gasaxleCi gaxda da kaeSnis frinvelebma, sazari
Sexedulebis qimerebma, majlajunebma da urCxulebma,
ucnobma da unaxavma zlazvniT daiwyes haerSi foriaqi.
da roca yvelas imedi daekarga, yvela beds Seurigda da
yvela micvalebulTa sulebiviT rigSi Camdgari TviT
gaemgzavra saflavisken, gamoCnda viRac ymawvili _
qadagi...~.
es zRapruli fantasmagoria Zalian axlosaa realo-
basTan, sastiki epoqis utyuar anabeWds atarebs... Tum-
ca adamianebma ician, rom sikvdili ar acdebaT, ver be-
daven tiraniisTvis winaaRmdegobis gawevas. mainc aR-
moCndeba Tavganwiruli kaci, romelic mospobs urC-
xuls, aRmoCndeba deda, romelic Svils Sewiravs Tavi-
suflebas. Svarcis `drakonis~ asociacias iwvevs es
legenda.
tirania emxoba, mefe-urCxulis sasaxle ingreva.
swored am sasaxlis nangrevebze agebs xelisufleba ci-
xes _ tiraniis Zveli siZlieris restavrireba unda
isev xalxis Tavdadebis xarjze, Tumca iluzias qmnis,
TiTqos qveynis da xalxis usafrTxoebaze zrunavs.
161
uWirT ediSers da nalekars iseTi adamianis moZebna,
romelic nebayoflobiT Caekireba, miTumetes, rom is
unda iyos mdabio da arafrismqone, èrTperangiani~.
aseTebi ki ar Tvlian Tavs movaleebad qveynis da mTav-
robis winaSe, Tavganwirva aRzevebulebs moeTxovebaT
_ ase fiqroben isini. bolos mainc miagneben imas, vinc
mzadaa qveynisTvis Tavi dados. zurabis saxe mwerlis-
Tvis Cveuli eskizuri maneriT aris moxazuli, magram
misi Tavganwirvis fsiqologiuri wanamZRvrebi fiqsi-
rebulia _ esaa mamis, qveynisTvis Tavdadebuli kacis
magaliTi da martooba, romelsac samSoblos ubedure-
baze wuxili da fiqri avsebs.
zurabis Tavganwirva ar aris fanatikurad aRtkine-
buli da ugono. mas savsebiT bunebrivi eWvebi uCndeba
_ ixsnis ki qveyanas cixis aSeneba, anda kacis Cakirva
marTla ganamtkicebs cixes? nalekari am kiTxvebis pa-
suxs xalxis rwmenis, tradiciis anonimur avtoritetze
amyarebs. ase pasuxobs igi ufro adre ediSersac, rome-
lic Cakirvas ùgunurebas da sisuleles~ uwodebs. na-
lekari Tumca gulwrfelad dajerebulia Tavis simar-
TleSi, magram obieqturad igi exmareba xelisuflebas,
saSineli saqme xalxis saxels amoafaros, rac tiraniis
nacadi xerxia.
sxva eWvic awvalebs zurabs: `mefe rom Cvensave
xalxs apatimrebs... ar gvzogavs... Tu masve eqneba cixe,
ufro ar gazviaddeba da ufro ar dagvCagravs?~. buneb-
rivi da gonivrulia zurabis dedis kiTxvac: ès wyeuli
cixec raRad gvinda, Tu Sig CavikirebiT?~. nalekaris
gansja, rom garedan saimedod daculi qveyana Tavis
mmarTvelebsac alagmavs, arwmunebs zurabs Tavganwir-
vis aucileblobaSi.
xalxis pirveli reaqcia zurabis gadawyvetilebaze
gaognebaa, mis saR azrs es gonierebis sazRvrebis dar-
Rvevad warmoudgeba, magram Semdeg gaogneba aRfrTo-
vanebiT, enTuziazmiT da cixis mSeneblobaSi monawile-
obiTac ki icvleba. xalxi gamorCeuli siyvaruliT da
pativiscemiT ekideba qveynisTvis Tavdadebuls da, ra
162
Tqma unda, marTalia. magram es ar aris sruli simarT-
le, romelic sabolood gacxaddeba.
enTuziazmi manamde grZeldeba, vidre cocxlad Ca-
kirvis saSineli rituali daiwyeba. warmoudgeneli si-
sastikis naxva xalxs afxizlebs, saRad azrovnebis un-
ars ubrunebs. àris ki RmerTi?! Tu RmerTi iyos, amden
sacodaobas rogor uyurebs, gulxeldakrefili? mouS-
vas erTi cecxlis wvima da kupris niaRvari!~; àseTi
arc cixe minda da arc taxti!~; àmis yurebas, me wamiy-
vanon tyved, ara sjobia?!~. xalxis azri ubralo, goniv-
ruli da keTilia _ aseTi msxverplSewirva uRmerTo-
baa; ar arsebobs araferi ise mniSvnelovani, rac aseT
sisastiked Rirdes. sxvaTaSoris, analogiuri azria
gamokveTili suramis cixis motivze daweril kita meg-
reliZis literaturul zRaparSic; es nawarmoebi da
`qeduxrelni~ TiTqmis erTdroulad iqmneboda.
mainc xalxi pasiuri rCeba, sanam yvelafers naTels
mofens xuroTmoZRvari. `_ vinc TqvenTvis Tavs sdebs,
mas hqolavT?! Zvels Tqmulebas azraT hqonda, ueWve-
lia, gamoecada, aris Tu ara qveynisTvis Tavdadebuli,
Torem namdvili Cakirva vis sWirdeba?! es gadmocema
daiviwya kidec xalxma, rogorc veluri, da axla gin-
daT, isev aRadginoT! xom damtkicda, rom kidev aris
Tavganwiruli xalxi...~.
absurdulia viTareba, roca xalxis Tvalwin da
TiTqos xalxis gulisTvis sastiki wamebiT uazrod
kvdeba am xalxis saukeTeso Svili; is, rac xdeba, barba-
rosobis, arqauli sisastikis da ugunurebis aRorZine-
baa; gadmocemaSi ki WeSmaritia mxolod misi metaforu-
li mniSvneloba, romelic mdgomareobs Tavganwirvis
umaRlesi faseulobis damkvidrebaSi; Tqmulebis sit-
yvasityviT gageba da realizacia mTeli im kulturuli
gamocdilebis daviwyebaa, romelic velurobas aSorebs
adamians; gadmocemis arsi droTa ganmavlobaSi Seicva-
la, gakeTilSobilda, zustad ise, rogorc warmarTuli
sakerpo gardaiqmna qristianul eklesiad, romelic
moTxrobaSia aRwerili. `TviT eklesia xom marto tra-
pezidan Sedgeba. da Sig trapezi rom aris, es xom lodia,
163
msxverplis zed dasadebad da dasaklavad. hgavs, qris-
tianebs saZirkvelze Sesaferisi saydari auSenebiaT;
ase SeuerTebiaT Zveli da axali~.
aq isic miniSnebulia, rom qristianobam sisxliani
msxverpli gaauqma. man Zireulad Secvala da aamaRla
msxverplSewirvis idea _ RmerTs rames an vinmes ki
aRar wiraven, aramed, qristes msgavsad, sakuTar suls,
sicocxles.
adamianis msxverplad Sewirvis uaryofas da msxver-
plgaRebis axali idealis Casaxvas ukve Zvel aRTqmaSi
gvauwyebs abramis ambavi, romelsac RmerTi Svils moT-
xovs msxverplad, magram msxverplSewirva aRar gaxdeba
saWiro, raki aRmoCndeba, rom abrami Sinaganad mzad
aris misTvis. `qeduxrelnSi~ legenda cocxlad Caki-
rul adamianze iseT metamorfozas ganicdis, rom am
bibliur ambavs emsgavseba _ igi sisxliani ritualis
Sesrulebas ki aRar moiTxovs, aramed TavganwirvisTvis
mzadyofnas.
adamianis SenobaSi Catanebis rituali odesRac bev-
rgan unda arsebuliyo, savaraudoa, CvenTanac. jeims
frezers òqros rtoSi~ aRnusxuli aqvs XIX saukunis
saberZneTSi da transilvaniaSi SemorCenili Cveuleba
_ Senobis saZirkvelSi kacis Crdils àtanen~. rogorc
Cans, es adamianis msxverplad Sewirvis magiuri wesis gad-
monaSTia, romelic, albaT, gaTvlili iyo imaze, rom mok-
lulis ganrisxebuli suli mtrisgan daicavda Senobas...
niko lorTqifaniZis moTxrobaSi tiranias surs
aaRorZinos didi xnis win daviwyebuli, qristianobis
mier aRmofxvrili barbarosuli wesi, adamianis msxver-
plad mitana. Tavganwirvis fenomens tirania uzneo
manipulaciis sagnad aqcevs. magram qveyanas mainc Tav-
ganwirva ixsnis, cxadia, ara imiT, rac Cafiqrebuli iyo,
aramed gabedulebis impulsiT, romelsac igi xalxs ga-
dascems. xelisuflebis sisastikiT aRSfoTebul xalxs
zurabis araCveulebrivi Tavdadeba SiSs aviwyebs _ ti-
rania emxoba.
`qeduxrelnis~ koncefciis mixedviT, ubralo adami-
anebis zneobaze da gonierebaze bevrad aris damokide-
164
buli qveynis da qveyanaSi Tavisuflebis bedi; xalxSia
zneobriobis is maragi, romelic Tavganwirul gmirebs
aRmoacenebs. etyoba, moTxrobis gammsWvalavma demok-
ratizmma mouduna sifxizle `xalxis mtrebis~ gafaci-
cebiT maZiebel `xalxis megobrebs~.
arsebiTia is, rom zurabis Tavganwirva WeSmarit
azrs da gamarTlebas SeiZens, WeSmaritad sasikeTo Se-
degs gamoiRebs mxolod wamebuli, Tavdadebuli xu-
roTmoZRvris meoxebiT _ zneobrivad Zlieri xalxis
da inteligenciis erTianobaa, mwerlis TvalsazrisiT,
tiraniisgan gaTavisuflebis piroba.
niko lorTqifaniZe qristianobaze damyarebuli
qarTuli kulturis tradiciebis kvaldakval, Tundac
`meranis~ da ilia WavWavaZis Semoqmedebis faseulobri-
vi orientaciis kvaldakval, Tavganwirvas saxavs adami-
anis zneobriobis umaRles gamovlinebad. magram mis
winaSe axali, drois mier wamoWrili Zneli problemaa
_ SeunarCunos Tavganwirvas namdvil RirebulebebTan
kavSiri, gamoaaSkaraos antihumanuri miznebisTvis misi
cinikuri eqspluatacia. igi tiraniis winaaRmdeg mimar-
Tuli Tavganwirvis apologias qmnis.
Zveli legendis meSveobiT niko lorTqifaniZem Ta-
visi garemomcveli sinamdvile igavurad warmosaxa ro-
gorc civilizaciis regresi da barbarobisken ukuq-
ceva; uRmerTobis, uadamianobis, ugunurebis samefo,
sadac cxovrebas mZimed awevs yalbi miTi sisastikis ke-
Tilmoqmedi, aRmSeneblobiTi Zalis Sesaxeb. am miTs
arRvevs mwerali da arsebiTad antimiTs qmnis.
dRes `qeduxrelnisadmi~ Cveni damokidebulebis
ganmsazRvrelia aramarto niko lorTqifaniZis Cana-
fiqris originaluroba da azris simaxvile, aramed gan-
yenebul, ramdenadme sqematur da Zunw TxrobaSi Sefa-
ruli misi tkivili da protestis grZnoba, uimedo vi-
TarebaSi SenarCunebuli simxneve, mwerluri sindisi,
romelic simarTlis Ralats yvelaze araadamianur si-
tuaciaSic krZalavs.
1988
165
gabrZoleba
dasavlur samyarosTan SepirispirebiT gaixsneba

qarTuli cnobiereba niko lorTqifaniZis moTxrobaSi
`Selocva radioTi~ da es samyaro aq Zalian kritiku-
lad aris danaxuli. dasavleTisadmi kritikuli damo-
kidebuleba meoce saukunis 20-ian wlebSi sxva qarTve-
li mwerlebis mier Seqmnil nawarmoebebSic aSkaraa. am
damokidebulebas hqonda garkveuli obieqturi safuZ-
veli: dasavluri kapitalizmi maSin jer kidev sakmaod
uxeSi iyo; cxadia, arc dasavluri kolonializmi war-
moadgenda humanisturi idealebis xorcSesxmas; pirve-
li msoflio omis Semdeg dasavleTs aryevda Zlieri
politikuri da ekonomikur-socialuri winaaRmdego-
bebi, sulieri krizisi da faseulobaTa gamofitva,
cxovrebis standartizacia da vulgarizacia, rasac
ortega _ i-gaseti `masebis amboxs~ uwodebs; mainc yov-
elive amaze metad dasavleTisadmi negatiur ganwyobas,
rogorc Cans, warmoSobda is, rom saqarTvelo marto
aRmoCnda bolSevikuri ruseTis agresiis winaSe.
niko lorTqifaniZis mier warmosaxul dasavlur
samyaroSi fulis da materialuri simdidris kulti me-
fobs, usulgulo pragmatizmi gansazRvravs cxovrebis
atmosferos. am samyaros ganasaxiereben ironiulad ga-
riTmuli gvarebis mqone personaJebi evropeli heqs-
lei da amerikeli bromlei. heqslei cdilobs warmoC-
ndes ise, rogorc moiTxovs Zveli evropuli, aristok-
ratuli kultura (Zveli qarTulis msgavsi), warmodges
rogorc Rirsebis grZnobiT aRsavse, samarTlianobis
damcveli, siyvaruliT STagonebuli raindi, qalisTvis
uangaro mfarvelobis gamwevi jentlmeni. SesaZloa, Si-
naganad es roli mTlad ucxo arc aris misTvis, magram
ar SeuZlia Tanmimdevrulad iTamaSos igi, radgan masSi
mZlavrobs zneobrivad ganurCeveli swrafva simdidris
moxveWisken, gamomyenebluri damokidebuleba adamiane-
bisadmi, romelic jentlmenobas Tavis niRbad da
instrumentad aqcevs.
166
misgan gansxvavebiT amerikeli magnati bromlei òr-
fenovani~ ar aris, es gauTleli kaci, guSindeli kov-
boi ar TamaSobs da iniRbeba. igi bevrad aRemateba
heqsleis energiulobiT, nebisyofis simtkiciT da mi-
zanswrafulobiT. mas uxvad aqvs vitaluri Zalebi da
ar emuqreba buninis mier daxatuli amerikeli kapita-
listis, `san-franciskoeli batonis~ xvedri _ sicocx-
lisunarianobis daSretiT gamowveuli absurdulad
uecari sikvdili. niSandoblivia is, rom niko lorTqi-
faniZis amerikeli personaJi TandaTan civilizebuli
iers iZens, igi icvleba da izrdeba. tragedia, romelic
moTxrobaSi xdeba, swored misTvis gamodgeba sulierebis
gakveTili, is SeZlebs gaigos am tragediis mniSvneloba...
qarTveli aristokrati qali eli gordeliani evro-
paSi heqsleis raindul-romantikul siyvaruls mindo-
bili xvdeba, Semdeg ki aRmoaCens, rom es siyvaruli
crua, rom martoa da mis garSemo angariSis da anga-
rebis, praqticistuli racionalizmis sicive sufevs.
is sastiki sicxadiT xedavs, rogor umzadeben heqsleis
indoeli msaxuris, Tavisi batonis mier bromleisTvis
miyiduli raminos beds, Tavdadebuli erTgulebis una-
riT haki aZbas rom gvagonebs.
magram Tu TavisTavSi koncentrirebuli indoeli
protestis niSnad uxmaurod uCinardeba, eli gorde-
lianis protesti skandalur-eqscentrulia. saxifaTo
erotiul SouSi monawileoba, cekva gvelebiT elis
ajanyebaa usiyvarulobis da angarebis winaaRmdeg. igi
erTbaSad emijneba usulo sinamdviles, Tavis irgvliv
poetur-magiur sivrces Semowers da masSi mkvidrdeba.
eli dasavlelTa gamomTvlel racios upirispirebs
araracionalur gabedulebas, sicocxlis sasworze
Segdebas, maT saqmian sifxizles _ dionisur Trobas da
eqstazs, Tavdaviwyebas, maT nelTbil sasiyvarulo Ta-
maSebs _ sikvdilis zRvarze yofniT gamZafrebul ero-
tikas. gvelebiT cekva bunebis stiqiur ZalebTan, miwas-
Tan siaxlovis gamoxatulebaa. es arqauli, ritualuri
warmomavlobis mqone fenomeni Tavisi arsiT ewinaaRm-
degeba racionalistur-teqnicistur dasavlur civi-
167
lizacias, am civilizacias igi mxolod gasarTob sana-
xaobad qceuli SeiZleba SeuTavsdes.
eli gordelianis araordinaruli qmedebis mraval-
mniSvnelovan xatSi gamosWvivis qarTuli nacionaluri
msoflgagebis, kulturis arsebiTi sazrisebi: TviTSe-
wirvis, codvaTa gamomsyidveli msxverplgaRebis qris-
tianuli principi (romelzec moTxrobis epigrafic
migvaniSnebs); uRirsi sicocxlis aristokratulad ama-
yi ugulebelyofa (gavixsenoT `sjobs sicocxlesa naZ-
raxsa...~ an galaktionis striqonebi: `sikvdils me rodi
SevuSindebi, igi, Zma, mudam Cvens mxarezea, me meSinia
imgvar sicocxlis, sikvdils rom hgavs da uaresia~);
bedisweris winaaRmdeg iracionaluri amboxis paradig-
ma, araerTxel realizebuli saqarTvelos istoriaSi,
rogorc, magaliTad, 1924 wels, ramdenime wliT adre
niko lorTqifaniZis moTxrobis daweramde; `giJuri
ltolva~, aRbeWdili baraTaSvilis mier, romelsac
elis saxe nawarmoebSi asociaciurad ukavSirdeba.
qarTuli cnobierebis mTavar Tvisebad moTxrobaSi
ikveTeba saswaulis rwmena da molodini. es cnobiereba,
Spengleris klasifikaciis mixedviT, SeiZleba daxasi-
aTdes rogorc `magiuri suli~. misi gamovlinebaa elis
imedi, rom gvelebiT cekvisas sikvdils saswaulebri-
vad gadarCenili samSobloSi dabrunebas SeZlebs. `ma-
giuri sulis~ karnaxiT gamoaxmobinebs momakvdavi eli
saqarTvelodan Selocvas, romelmac mas sicocxle un-
da SeunarCunos. magram elis bedis saswaulebrivad sa-
sikeTo Semobruneba ar xdeba _ radio ar SeiZleba iyos
jadosnuri Zalebis gamtari, aRmosavluri `magiuri suli~
da dasavluri racio, teqnika erTmaneTs gamoricxaven.
Tavisi msxverplgaRebiT, ganwiruli heroikul-ar-
tistuli gabrZolebiT eli gordeliani maRldeba ga-
remomcvel usulobaze, aRidgens dakargul Rirsebas.
igi erotiul Sous nebiT Tu uneburad tragediad aq-
cevs da aaSkaravebs adamianisadmi momxmarebluri dam-
okidebulebis usaxur arss.
magram dasavlur civilizacias im mxareebTan er-
Tad, romlebsac eli tragikulad aprotestebs, aqvs
168
sxva, ufro Rrma da arsebiTi aspeqtic, romelic elis
SeumCneveli rCeba da romelze dayrdnobiTac mas SeeZ-
lo Rirsebis aRdgena tragikuli msxverplgaRebis gareSe.
heqslei Caagonebs elis, rom Tavisi bunebrivi mona-
cemebis, alRos da gonebis simaxvilis, gemovnebis way-
lobiT mas aqvs SesaZlebloba did warmatebas miaRwios
dasavleTSi, vTqvaT, rogorc msaxiobma. heqsleis anga-
reba amoZravebs, surs qali sakuTar kinobiznesSi Caa-
bas da amiT sargebloba naxos. elic aq swored anga-
rebas xedavs da amitom mtkivneulad aRiqvams da uar-
yofs heqsleis SeTavazebas. magram is ver Tu ar iaz-
rebs, rom am SeTavazebis miReba saSualebas aZlevs mas,
aRar iyos sxvis (anu heqsleis) kmayofaze, TviTon Seq-
mnas Tavisi arsebobis materialuri safuZveli, gaxdes
damoukidebeli da Tavisi bedis ganmsazRvreli. is, rac
qarTveli aristokratisTvis gaugebari da miuRebeli
aRmoCndeba, aris dasavluri civilizaciis fundamen-
turi principi _ Tavisufali individualuri TviTre-
alizacia. dasavluri samyaros siZlieris da nayofie-
rebis sawindaria is, rom am samyaroSi adamianebs mopo-
vebuli aqvT SesaZlebloba, gamoamJRavnon da ganaviTa-
ron Tavisi unarebi, SromiT da SemoqmedebiT daafuZ-
non sakuTari Rirseba da damoukidebloba. roca Tavi-
sufali individualuri TviTrealizaciis principi xo-
rcieldeba, cxadi xdeba, rom dasavlur civilizaciaSi
swored igia mTavari da ara uaryofiTi tendenciebi.
niko lorTqifaniZe ferebis gamuqebiT warmosaxavs
Tavis Tanadroul dasavleTs, magram mainc moniSnavs
masSi produqtiul, adamianisTvis gasaqanis mimcem saw-
yiss, romelic SemdgomSi ufro gamoikveTa da gaZlierda.
eli gordelianma tragediiT, sikvdiliT daamkvid-
ra Tavisi pirovnuli da erovnuli mniSvnelovneba, na-
cionaluri msoflgancdis radikalizebiT da mkveTri,
gamomwvevi demonstrirebiT daadastura sakuTari Rir-
seba. misTvis ucxo darCa TviTdamkvidrebis dasavluri
wesi, romelic naklebad romantikuli Cans, radgan yo-
veldRiuri, meToduri Sromis aucileblobas gulisxmobs.
5
2000
169
mixeil javaxiSvili
ideologia da xasiaTi
bevri qarTuli literaturuli nawarmoebi ar aRel-

vebs qarTvel adamians ise, rogorc mixeil javaxiS-
vilis `jayos xiznebi~, XX saukunis `qarTlis Wiri~ da
`bedi qarTlisa~.
am romanis ukiduresad mwvave saTqmeli kvlav da
kvlav gvaiZulebs fiqrs, daJinebiT gvTxovs yuradRebas.
vin aris Teimuraz xevisTavi, ratom marcxdeba ase
samarcxvinod, vis da ras ganasaxierebs igi _ ai, kiTx-
vebi, romelTa pasuxic rac SeiZleba mkafio da Sinaar-
siani gvinda iyos.
miCneulia, rom `jayos xiznebi~ aris alegoriul sa-
xeebze agebuli nawarmoebi da is, rac am azrSi igulisx-
meba, axloa simarTlesTan, magram, rogorc Cans, meti
sizustea saWiro.
unda gavixsenoT, rom alegoriuli saxe moklebulia
TavisTavad mniSvnelobas da Rirebulebas, igi mxolod
imis TvalsaCino nimuSs, magaliTs warmoadgens, rac
saxis miRmaa. `jayos xiznebis~ personaJebi ki iseTi msu-
ye saRebavebiT, ise ferxorcielad da reliefurad ari-
an daxatuli, ise energiulad, vnebiT da gatacebiT ga-
moyavs mwerals maTi nakvTebi, rom SeuZlebelia isini
gluv alegoriul figurebad aRviqvaT.
SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom es personaJebi satiruli
gadaWarbebis meTodiT Seqmnil, mkveTrad individua-
lizebul xasiaTebs warmoadgenen; amasTan erTad soci-
aluri da fsiqologiuri tipiurobis niSans atareben.
magram arc aseTi gansazRvrebaa savsebiT damakmayofi-
lebeli: Cven vgrZnobT, rom Sinaarsi, romelic romanis
personaJebSia ganxorcielebuli, ufro farTo da
zogadia, vidre literaturulma xasiaTma an tipma SeiZ-
leba moicvas.
`jayos xiznebis~ personaJebi _ uwinaresad Teimu-
razi _ ideologiis ganmasaxierebeli xasiaTebi arian
170
da swored amis wyalobiTaa, rom TviTon maTac da
mTlianad nawarmoebsac simboluri ganzomileba da
gamomxatveloba eniWeba.
amgvar personaJs, erTi mxriv, aqvs SexedulebaTa
garkveuli sistema, garkveuli ideologia, xolo meore
mxriv, igi rogorc xasiaTi Tavadaa imave ideologiis
gansxeuleba. xasiaTi iseTia, rogoric ideologias, mis
raobas Seferis.
Teimuraz xevisTavis individualoba misive msofl-
mxedvelobis satiruli metaforaa. xevisTavis pirov-
nuli arasrulfasovneba da siberwe xevisTavisve msof-
lmxedvelobis naklulovnebis saxeobrivi ukufenaa. xe-
visTavis pirovnuli marcxi im ideologiis kraxia,
romlis adeptic is aris da romelsac asaxierebs.
garkveuli ideologiis groteskulad utrirebuli
gamoxatulebaa jayos saxe, xasiaTic.
`jayos xiznebis~ siRrmiseuli kolizia ideologi-
uri koliziaa. mas ayavs romanSi aRbeWdili, droSi da
sivrceSi lokalizebuli, empiriuli konkretulobiT
da damajereblobiT warmosaxuli sinamdvile masStabu-
ri ganzogadebis xarisxSi.
ideologiur-msoflmxedvelobrivi planis meoxe-
biT mixeil javaxiSvili `jayos xiznebSi~ asaxuli mov-
lenis mizezs iZiebs, Zirebs wvdeba. jayos gamarjveba
kanonzomieria, gardauvalia, radgan umweoa msofl-
mxedveloba, romelic mas win unda aRdgomoda.
raSi mdgomareobs Teimurazis ideologiis arsi?
Teimuraz xevisTavi evropeistia, mas sjera axali
evropuli kulturis principebis da Rirebulebebis, _
gonebis, mecnierebis, ganaTlebis da codnis, ekonomi-
kuri, socialur-moraluri da politikuri progresis
_ romlebic dasabams ganmanaTleblobaSi iRebs.
xevisTavi darwmunebulia, rom goneba, azri ufro
Zlieria, vidre sinamdvile, rom sinamdvile azris kar-
naxiT moZraobs da viTardeba. `movifiqroT, movisaz-
roT~ _ akeria pirze Teimurazs; mas gonia, rom sakma-
risia WeSmariti azris gamokveTa da realoba xalisiT
aRasrulebs gonebis gadawyvetilebas. roca gamoirkve-
171
va, rom yvelaferi sxvanairadaa mowyobili, is gaogne-
buli rCeba.
àxali da cocxali cxovreba ara hgavda Teimurazis
da imis maswavlebel mwignobarTa naroSvars. xedavda am
ucnaurobas Teimurazi da gulubryvilod brazobda
imis gamo, rom cxovreba wignebs ar emorCileboda, arc
ki ekiTxeboda, da brZenTa nebadaurTvelad, Tavisi
gziT Tavxedurad miabijebda~.
Semdeg xevisTavi bolomde Seignebs Tavis ideolo-
giur kraxs da imedgacruebulis geslianobiT lapara-
kobs imaze, rac mis msoflmxedvelobriv orientirs,
ideals warmoadgenda. `_ ooh, RmerTo didebulo! neta
rodis ganibneva kacTa Soris es uudidesi crumorwmu-
neoba da maradiuli landi?! codna!.. ena!.. Segneba!.. Se-
mecneba!.. RmerTma rom adamiani gaaCina, progresis,
codnis da WeSmaritebis landi CasCara tikinasaviT...
dasCoCavs mas aqeT xuTi wlis kacobrioba xuT mil...
lion weliwads da amayad gaiZaxis: `codna! WeSmariteba!
Segneba! metyveleba!~... Tavisi Tavi qveynis batoni hgo-
nia da samyarosac ise epotineba, rogorc p... patara
bavSvi mTvares~.
adre ki Teimurazi xotbas asxamda gonebis, mecnie-
rebis monapovrebs, kopernikis, galileis, niutonis,
stefensonis did aRmoCenebs. TviTonac mecnierebis-
Tvis iRvwis: xan qarTuli kulturis istorias wers, xan
herbariums adgens, xan mwerebs agrovebs.
Teimurazis gansakuTrebuli Tayvaniscemis obieq-
tia luka paColis mier Seqmnili buxhalteria, yvela
amqveyniuri sikeTis safuZveli. ès qveyana buRalteri-
aze aris aSenebuli!.. sadac buRalteria ician, iq yve-
laferi ician: wesi, dis...sciplina, Sroma da momavali,
sadac ar ician, iq uwesoba, anarqia, arev-dareva da
wyvdiadi mefobs~.
sinamdvile, dawyebuli sameurneo sferoTi, racios
unda ujerebdes, sxvanairad sazogado bedniereba mi-
uRwevelia _ miaCnia Teimurazs.
racionalizmi, Teimurazis gagebiT, pirvel rigSi
swored materialuri kulturis ganviTarebisTvis aris
172
aucilebeli piroba, burJuaziuli keTilgoniereba,
yairaTianoba, angariSianoba materialuri progresis
sawindaria. materialuri progresis idea ki Teimuraz
xevisTavis msoflmxedvelobis fundaments Seadgens da
mas igi qristianobis adgilas ayenebs, religiis mniSv-
nelobas aniWebs.
`vaWrobisTvis da mrewvelobisTvis saWiroa didi
Taosnoba, garja da momWirneoba, ese igi oris Sovna da
erTis daxarjva, ese igi TavdaWerili, dinji da anga-
riSiani cxovreba, sulisa da xorcis disciplina, ese
igi Sroma da nebisyofa... ho, Sroma, isev Sroma da Sro-
ma! Sroma axali drois axali sarwmunoebaa, axali reli-
gia, qristianobaze ufro mZlavri, ufro saWiro da
sasargeblo~.
da Teimurazic emsaxureba am axal religias _ raci-
onalizms da materialur progress; ukve cxovrebisgan
uaryofili, mainc ar wyvets ganmanaTleblur moRvawe-
obas, avrcelebs codnas, leqciebs ukiTxavs glexebs
dasavluri mecnierebis da teqnikis saocrebebze, anda,
vTqvaT, miwis gapoxierebis racionalur meTodze.
amave dros xevisTavi arc ganmanaTleblobis huma-
nur socialur-politikur principebs iviwyebs: qada-
gebs Zmobas da mSvidobas, erTobas da Tavisuflebas.
rogorc ganmanaTlebluri idealebiT gamsWvalul
enTuziasts SeSvenis, Teimuraz xevisTavi msoflios
moqalaqea, mTeli qveynierebis bediT aris aRelvebuli,
gulTan axlos miaqvs Soreuli qveynebis ambebi. misi
fiqri kacobriobas dastrialebs Tavs. xevisTavi am
mxrivac evropaSi sakmaod didi xnis dawyebuli moZra-
obis gamgrZelebelia, romlis Sesaxebac albert Svai-
ceri wers: `progresisken miswrafeba, ase damaxasiaTe-
beli XVIII saukunisTvis, religiur crurwmenebTan er-
Tad nacionalur crurwmenebsac spobs. saukunis mowi-
nave adamianebi mouwodeben erovnuli CarCoebis
msxvrevisken da miuTiTeben kacobriobaze rogorc si-
dideze, romelsac idealebi unda SeeTanados~. Tumca
Semdgom Teimurazi kosmopolitizmsac eTxoveba: `me
173
rom Cemi siyvaruli da energia mTel kacobriobas gavu-
nawilo, Cems Zmas erTi memiliardedic aRar ergeba~.
kacobriobis arseboba, adamianTa sazogadoeba ra-
cionalur sawyiss unda daemyaros; roca mecnierebis
da ganaTlebis miRwevebiT SeiaraRebuli goneba mar-
Tavs realobas, mkvidrdeba gonivruli da samarTliani,
demokratiuli politikuri sistema, xorcieldeba ma-
terialuri progresi, xolo materialur progress da-
eSeneba zneobrivi progresi, miiRweva sayovelTao har-
monia, `mSvidoba, Zmoba, erToba da Tavisufleba~; ga-
marjvebas izeimebs humanisturi ideali, mokled, Txa
da mgeli erTad moZoven. da yovelive es aRsruldeba
Zaldautaneblad, realoba, ra Tqma unda, winaaRmdego-
bas ar gauwevs gonebismier principebs _ zogadad ase
warmodgeba Teimuraz xevisTavis kredo, misi utopiz-
mis elementebiT Sezavebuli ganmanaTlebluri ideo-
logia, Tu Tavs movuyriT yvelafers, rac amis Sesaxeb
pirdapir an narTaulad aris romanSi naTqvami.
aucilebelia iTqvas, rom mixeil javaxiSvili am
ideologias afasebs ara saerTod, aramed im saxiT, rom-
liTac man saqarTveloSi gaamJRavna Tavi, mwerali
mxatvrulad ikvlevs mis, ase vTqvaT, qarTul variants.
saqarTveloSi ki es ideologia gakotrda.
`rogor moxda aseTi ucnauri saswauli: zne-Cveule-
biT, suliTa da sisxliT aristokratma qarTvelma ro-
gor moaxerxa damyareba udemokratiules respubliki-
sa?.. Sua aziaSi meore Sveicariis Seqmna ganvizraxeT, xa-
xa! sasaciloa, magram satiralic aris es ambavi... Cven
Cven Tavsac vatyuebdiT da q...qveyanasac. esec Cveni
kudabzikur-aznauruli maimunoba gaxlavT... wambaZve-
lobis niWi... uudidesi saCuqaria, magram RmerTma ga-
daaWarba: Wkua dagvaklo da wabaZvis niWi naW...Warbevad
mogvca. Cvenc amitom davemsgavseT maimuns, sadac ar
gvyofnis sakuTari Wkua, mxneoba, gamZleoba da nebisyo-
fa, iq ucxoelTa wabaZviT vlamobT fons gasvlas da
lelos gatanas~.
Teimurazis ideologiis marcxs apirobebs am ideo-
logiis Tandayolili nakli _ cocxali sinamdvilis
174
zedapiruli gageba, misi mTeli sirTulis da winaaR-
mdegobriobis gauTvaliswinebloba; ganmanaTlebluri
idealizmi axdens konkretuli erovnuli realobis bu-
nebis, specifikis ugulebelyofas da mas CvenSi SeemTx-
veva daaxloebiT is, rac mis arqetips adre dasavleTSi
SeemTxva. `metismeti dajerebuloba gonierebis eWvSeu-
valobaSi badebs ganzraxvas, gatardes reformebi iqac
ki, sadac isini jer kidev ar aris sakmaod Semzadebuli
azris muSaobiT. aseTi warumatebeli cdebi mTavrdeba
CavardnebiT, romlebic xangrZlivad aferxeben wins-
vlas~; `progresis rwmenas ewera Sejaxeboda faqts, ro-
mlis winaSec igi sruliad moumzadebeli aRmoCnda. aqa-
mde mas brZola uxdeboda mxolod metad Tu naklebad
dromoWmul sinamdvilesTan. magram safrangeTis revo-
luciis da momdevno movlenebis periodSi is Seejaxa
stiqiuri ZalebiT mocul sinamdviles~ (a. Svaiceri).
xevisTavis bolo tirada imasac gvafiqrebinebs, rom
ideuri kredo, romelsac igi aRiarebda, misTvis orga-
nuli, sisxlxorceuli ar yofila da mimbaZvelobis na-
yofi ufroa, vidre bunebrivad, Sinagan winaaRmdegoba-
Ta gamovliT Sobili da gazrdili rwmena. es, ra Tqma
unda, ar niSnavs, rom Teimurazi vulgaruli fariseve-
lia, magram sakuTari ideologia mas ver aqvs im siRr-
miT gancdili da gaTavisebuli, rom igi WeSmarit rwme-
nad eqces da iseTi sulieri ZaliT aRWurvos, rogor-
sac rwmena iZleva.
Teimuraz xevisTavis sisuste uwinaresad sulis si-
sustea da igi gamowveulia aramxolod misi ideologi-
is sinamdvilisgan ganyenebulobiT, aramed imiTac, rom
es ideologia ver iZens Rrma da mtkice rwmenis sagnis
Tvisebas.
romanSi rwmenis da urwmunobis problema arsebiTia.
xevisTavis msoflmxedvelobrivi _ da amis Sedegad pi-
rovnuli, piradadamianuri _ kraxis mTavari mizezi
namdvili rwmenis uqonlobaa.
Teimurazis racionalisturi ideologiis Tavida-
Tavi aris aTeizmi da qristianobasTan dapirispireba.
rogorc vnaxeT, qristianuli religiis magivroba, Tei-
175
murazis fiqriT, progresis _ upirvelesad materia-
luri progresis _ idealma unda gawios. Tumca Sinaga-
nad qristianobas mTlad ar aris mowyvetili, mainc sak-
maod Sors aris misgan. amitom roca progresis ideali
_ rwmenis surogati da ara sakuTriv rwmena _ Seeryeva
(mwerali am idealis ngrevas araerTbaSad, etapobrivad
gviCvenebs), igi ufskrulis Tavze haerSi gamokiduli
aRmoCndeba.
`ver aviwie miwidan... wignma momtaca rwmenis suli da
mecnierebam damwyvita uflisadmi asafreni frTebi.
codnisa da iWvis Wiam ise damiRrRna goneba da gamomi-
fita suli, rom nivTier qveyanas erTi gojiTac ver
movswydi... codna da rwmena ver movarige, erTad ver Se-
vad..duRe da verc erTmaneTs davaSore. rwmenisa da ur-
wmunoebis orRobeSi gaviCxire da verc rwmenis saTaves-
Tan gavedi, veRarc ukan davbrundi~.
raTa rogorme gaeridos absoluturi nihilizmis
ufskruls, xevisTavi isev qristianuli `rwmenis saTa-
visken~ mieSureba. misi Semdgomi sulieri cxovreba da-
karguli religiuri idealis Ziebis niSniT warimarTeba.
nawarmoebSi fsiqologiuri gamWriaxobiT aris war-
mosaxuli Teimurazis sasowarkveTili cdebi, xelaxla
eziaros uaryofil da daviwyebul ideals. rac ufro
itanjeba Teimurazi, rac ufro mtkivneul dartymebs
iRebs sinamdvilisgan, romlis saSinelebazec Zalaune-
burad Tvali exileba, _ anu rac ufro aSkaravdeba
TeimurazisTvis mis adrindel SexedulebaTa uniada-
goba _ miT ufro metad cdilobs igi RmerTis rwmenis
mopovebas, qristianobis wiaRSi sayrdenis povnas; xolo
rodesac urwmunod Zalian gauWirdeba da raRacas
aucileblad unda CaebRauWos, naucbaTevad, saxelda-
xelod `moiqceva~. bunebrivia, naCqarevad agebuli re-
ligiuri TavSesafari swrafadve ingreva.
Teimuraz xevisTavis ubedurebis mizezTa mizezi is
aris, rom mas ar SeuZlia hqondes Rrma da WeSmariti
rwmena. xevisTavma Rrmad verc progresis ideali iwama,
verc _ qristianuli. urwmunobis vakuumSi ki Cndeba da
ibudebs jayo.
176
Tumca umjobesia isev Teimurazma gviTxras amis
Taobaze saTqmeli. `Cvenc rom semitebis rwmenis Zala
gvqondes, ukvdavni viqnebodiT. arc erT ers ara swams
iseTi simZlavriT Tvisi RmerTi, rogorc semit ebra-
els swams Tavis iegova da semit arabs _ Tavisi allah.
neta warmarTebi mainc vyofiliyaviT. warmarTebs ker-
pebi hyavdaT. isini loculobdnen zevss, iupiters,
cecxls, elvas da aTass cxadsa da uCinar RmerTs. war-
marTebs... viRac an raRac swamdaT, Cven ki urwmunoni
varT. q...qarTvel xalxs aRarc qriste swams, aRarc
mahmadi, arc iegova, arc budda da arc zevesi, arc
saerTod romelime RmerTi an eSmaki... Cveni uudidesi
ubedurebac swored is aris, rom eSmakic aRar gvwams.
visac eSmaki swams, imas raRac an v...vviRac swams, ese igi
_ mas hqonia rwmenis wyurvili da unari, ese igi _ mas
hqonia adamianis suli, ese igi _ TviTonac ukve ada-mi-
a-ni yofila, vinaidan mxolod suliT da rwmeniT ga-
nirCeva adamiani pirutyvisagan. Cven ki eSmakic aRar
gvwams, maSasadame, aRarc suli gvqonia da aRarc a-da-
mi-a-ni vyofilvarT~.
urwmunoba ganmanaTleblur principebTan da uto-
pizmTan erTad warmoadgens Teimuraz xevisTavis saxis
ideur Suaguls, xolo sakuTriv saxe, xasiaTi, xasiaTis
konkretuli Tvisebebi _ sulieri uRonoba, meryeoba
da unebisyofoba, Sinagani simSrale, garemomcveli si-
namdvilis da adamianebis mimarT sibrmave, mCate opti-
misturi ganwyoba da ioli enTuziazmi, frazioroba da
a.S. _ misi satirul-groteskuli proeqciaa. rasakvir-
velia, is, rasac Cven Teoriulad vacalkevebT, romanSi
organulad SenivTebulia.
msoflmxedvelobrivi plani, rwmena-urwmunobis Zi-
reuli Tema, idealebis da Rirebulebrivi orientire-
bis rRvevis, ganmanaTlebluri cnobierebis krizisis
èSmaki~ bolSevizms unda gulisxmobdes, magram statiis pirvelad

gamoqveynebis periodSi amis Tqma, cxadia, SeuZlebeli iyo, iseve
rogorc imaze laparaki, rom jayo bolSevizmis gansaxierebaa.
177
problemebi `jayos xiznebs~ epoqis sulieri cxovrebis
arsebiTi tendenciebis Tanxmiers xdis.
romanis msoflmxedvelobrivi problematika gan-
sazRvravs mis mxatvrul-stilur bunebas _ tragikomi-
kurobas da groteskulobas, radgan, rogorc SeniSnu-
lia, situacias, rodesac Zveli idealebi adamianis
TvalSi gaufasurebulia, xolo axali ar Cans, zedmi-
wevniT esadageba tragikomedia da groteski.
1985
178
àvtors asamarTleben gmirebi~
rodesac xangrZlivi pauzis Semdeg mixeil javaxiS-

vili literaturul Semoqmedebas daubrunda, misi
TvalTaxedvis SuagulSi istoriuli procesi moeqca.
aforiaqebuli epoqis tragediebi da farsebi, niSandob-
livi tipebi meoce saukunis 20-ian wlebSi mZlavrad
euflebian mwerlis warmosaxvas.
istoriuli procesis moZraoba da gezi, misi tragi-
kuli da amasTanave ironiuli arsia danaxuli mixeil
javaxiSvilis vrcel moTxrobaSi `lambalo da yaSa~.
iranis Zvel miwaze xdeba am moTxrobaSi gadmoce-
muli ambavi. adre Zlieri es saxelmwifo pirveli msof-
lio omis dros imdenad dasustebulia, rom faqtob-
rivad inglisis da ruseTis mier aris gayofili. iranis
bedic iseTia, rogoric sxva didi saxelmwifoebis da
imperiebis _ gardauvali daqveiTeba, daknineba, iqneb
gaqrobac. es bedi ewiaT im saxelmwifoebs, romlebic
iranis teritoriaze odesRac arsebobdnen _ midias,
asureTs, parTias. maT TiTqos monawileoba miiRes
msoflio istoriis sanaxobaSi da Semdeg sxvebma iZule-
biT daaclevines scena, raTa TviTon daesakuTrebinaT
igi. am kanonzomierebaSi mixeil javaxiSvili TiTqos
istoriuli optimizmis safuZvels poulobs _ yvela
Zalmomreobas Tavisi angariSis gamsworebeli gamouCn-
deba, magram es ucnauri, mware optimizmia, radgan Zal-
momreobas kvlav Zalmomreoba enacvleba.
`saarako raSebze midielTa aCrdilebi Sesxdnen da
ukuneTs gadaikargnen, xolo maT nacvlad urmiis tbas
donis cxenebi da tamboveli Ceqmebi dastrialebdnen da
im Ceqmebs, nebsiT da uneblieT, CanCaliT misdevdnen
aSurbanipalis, tigran didisa da vaxtang gorgaslanis
memkvidreni. da gogsa da magogs, haikanelebs da qardu-
elebs, donis cxenebsa da tambovur Ceqmebs kldidan
gakvirvebiT dascqerian qvis ficarze gamoWrili make-
donelis legionerebi, maTi frakielebi, bucefalebi
da sami gadarCenili berZnuli aso, à...os~ _ aleqsan-
dros... asiode wlis winaT im kldeze jer kidev iwvoda
179
Turme Svidiode sityva, `me aleqsandros... yovelive
aqauri emorCilebis nebasa Cemsa~. axla ki im kldis
mkerdidan is sami aso ise moismis, rogorc wyalwaRebu-
lis uimedo Zaxili: _ aa... o-o-o-o-os~.
yovlismZleveli dro aqarwylebs da dascinis impe-
riebis didebas da maTi mbrZaneblebis pretenziebs,
Tavdajerebas, medidur survilebs... istorias ar uy-
vars erTsaxeoba, gaxeveba, misi Jinia axlis qmna da daS-
la, uCveulo da ucxo konfiguraciebis Sedgena. isto-
riis samefo TiTqos maias samefoa, moCvenebis, iluziis,
umdgradobis qveyana. moTxrobaSi istoriis qameleonu-
ri bunebis plastikuri saxea aRmosavlurad msuye ko-
loritiT daxatuli urmiis tba, romelic `dReSi aT-
jer mainc icvlis iers da xazebs~.
istoriuli bedisweris damcinavi cvalebadobis ga-
movlinebaa, rom irani, yofili sastiki dampyrobeli,
TviTonaa dapyrobili, rom tradiciulad Semtev is-
lams mwvaved uteven, xolo qarTveli adamiani, visi sam-
Sobloc iranma saukuneebis manZilze tanja, dapyrobi-
lebis damcvelia.
moTxrobas araordinarulobas da mniSvnelovnebas
pirvel rigSi dapyrobili iranelebis da maTi mosarCle
qarTveli eqimis Seurigebeli antagonistis _ yaSa
lazares TvalSisacemi figura aniWebs.
es saxe enaTesaveba mixeil javaxiSvilis mier imave
periodSi Seqmnil jayos da rasputinis saxeebs. maT
msgavsad yaSa lazarec uzomod mdabali, tlanqi da ga-
umaZRaria, destruqciulia. am personaJebs mwerali
groteskis meTodiT gamosaxavs: mimarTavs bunebrivi
proporciebis mkveTr deformacias, cxoveluris da
paTologiuris moWarbebas, komikuris da sazarelis
Sexamebas _ komikuria maTi gonebis da sulis siRatake,
saSinelia maTi mZlavri mtacebluri instinqti.
paTologiuri personaJebi adrec hyavda mixeil ja-
vaxiSvils, magram `jayos xiznebSi~, `kvaWi kvaWantira-
ZeSi~, `lambalosa da yaSaSi~ paTologiis Cveneba ukve
epoqis arsis mxatvruli analizis saSualebaa.
180
yaSa lazares _ sadists _ mwerali akvirdeba ro-
gorc gansazRvruli politikuri, ideologiuri ten-
denciebis Tanmdev movlenas, maTi wyalobiT aRzevebul
tips.
sadistebi yovelTvis arsebobdnen da iarsebeben,
magram imisTvis, rom cxovrebas daepatronon, maT gan-
sakuTrebuli pirobebi da viTareba WirdebaT.
swored aseTia istoriuli viTareba, romelic moTx-
robaSia warmosaxuli.
ruseTis imperia Tavisi batonobis arealis gafar-
Toebas, iranSi fexis mokidebas eswrafis. am miswrafe-
bas emsaxureba rusuli eklesia, qristianuli religia
eqspansiis saSualebad gamoiyeneba. imperiis miznebs em-
saxureboda ruseTis eklesia qristianul qveynebSic,
xolo islamur samyaroSi igi, gasagebia, kidev ufro
Semtevi xdeba (cxadia, es rusuli qristianuli kultu-
ris mier Seqmnil sulier faseulobebs ar aqarwylebs).
iranSi ruseTis eklesiis emisari episkoposi pavle
ideologiuri aRWurvilobiT uzrunvelyofs imperiis
dampyroblur politikas, aRvivebs siZulvils da Se-
uwynareblobas ùwminduri~ mahmadianebis, `wupaki per-
sukebis~ mimarT. Tumca arc qristianobis aramarTlma-
didebluri mimdinareobebi sargebloben misi keTil-
ganwyobiT, radgan isinic Tavis mxriv sxva saxelmwifo-
ebis politikur miznebs axorcieleben, rusuli ekle-
siis msgavsad cdiloben Tavisi gavlenis qveS moaqcion
iranSi mcxovrebi aisorebi. es qristiani xalxi ki `damk-
vreli~ Zalaa mahmadianebTan brZolaSi. religia aq mxo-
lod Zalauflebis, batonobis instrumentia, profana-
cias ganicdis.
amgvar situaciaSi aisori mRvdeli yaSa lazare Ta-
visi mZvinvare energiulobiT, daundoblobiT, verago-
biT metad gamosadegia episkoposi pavles sistemisTvis,
ruseTis imperiis politikur-ideologiuri sistemis-
Tvis _ misi funqciaa aisorebis gadabireba da mahmadi-
anebis devna. da piriqiT, es sistema metad gamosadegia
yaSasTvis _ igi mas saSiS Zalas aZlevs, Zalauflebas
aziarebs.
181
yaSa naZiralaa, qurdi da mkvlelia da, cxadia,
qristianobasTan mas Sinaganad araferi akavSirebs, am
mtacebel arsebas saerTod ar SeiZleba raime serio-
zuli mrwamsi da idea hqondes. mis bunebas da statuss
Soris arsebuli Seusabamobac qmnis grotesks _ sadis-
ti mRvdeli, anaforiani jalaTi. is farisevelia, Tumca
SedarebiT naklebad SeniRbuli, vidre farisevlobis
Zveli ostatebi, molieris tartiufi an saltikov-
SCedrinis iuduSka.
magram amave dros, ra ucnauric unda iyos erTi Se-
xedviT, yaSa fanatikosia _ mas gaafrTebiT Zuls mahma-
dianebi. amaSi igi ar TvalTmaqcobs, saerTodac siZul-
vili, siyvarulisgan gansxvavebiT, aranamdvili da ara-
gulwrfeli iSviaTad aris. yaSas siZulvili mahmadia-
nebisadmi ìdeuria~, mis mier lambalos devnis Zireuli
motivi raime praqtikuli miznis miRweva ar aris. mTa-
varia, rom lambalo mahmadiania _ ùwminduri~, `Rori~,
`mahmadis ZaRli~. yaSa lazare `qristiania~ mxolod im-
denad, ramdenadac Seuwynarebeli da ulmobelia mahma-
dianebisadmi.
amiT igi drois avi niSania. XX saukunis sisxliani
tragediebis avtorebs da xorcSemsxmelebs ufro me-
tad gamoarCevdaT ara sakuTari pozitiurad miCneuli
ideis erTguleba da àRTqmul qveyanaze~ ocneba, ara-
med siZulvili da agresia imaT mimarT, visac maTi ide-
ologia mtrad saxavda, vinc am ideologias ar izia-
rebda, miTumetes upirispirdeboda. aseTebi iyvnen
`klasobrivi mtrebi~, arasaimedo inteligencia, anda
`rasis siwmindis~ ammRvrevebi...
mixeil javaxiSvilis mier warmosaxuli bneli, av-
xorci salosi rasputini mxolod im niSniTaa `qristi-
ani~, rom sastikad Zuls qristianuli ruseTis namdvi-
li Tu gamogonili mtrebi; episkoposi pavle, maRali
sazogadoebis garegnulad daxvewili kaci da moqnili
politikosi, amasTanave fanatikosia, rac vlindeba ara
qristianuli idealebis erTgulebaSi, aramed araqris-
tianebisadmi da ararusebisadmi gaborotebaSi, rome-
lic mas gonebas ubindavs da Seiwiravs.
182
arsebiTia is, rom yaSa lazares daucxromeli, Sxa-
miani siZulvili mahmadianebis mimarT misi kacTmoZu-
leobis gamomJRavnebaa, qristianobis dacvis motiviT
moCvenebiTad gamarTlebuli da nebadarTuli. kacTmo-
Zuleoba, antihumanuroba ubralod sxva sarwmunoebis
adamianebs irCevs obieqtebad, raTa ufro Tavisuflad,
xelgaxsnilad imoqmedos. sinamdvileSi yaSas agresiu-
loba usazRvroa, is sakuTar mamasac ar indobs. yaSas
aravin uyvars, arc qristianebi, Tundac Tavisi Taname-
mamuleebi, misma Zalauflebis wyurvilma Sebraleba
aravis mimarT ar icis; moTxrobaSi naTqvamia, rom Tu
daWirda, aisorebs uklebliv amoxocavs, sakuTari col
-Svilis CaTvliT. roca `Tavisianebs~, qristianebs em-
tereba, iaraRis didxans Zebna ar uxdeba, mzad aqvs ide-
ologiur quraSi nawrTobi maxvili _ araqristianeb-
Tan faruli kavSiris dabraleba. ase wamebs yaSa cils
qarTvel eqims, TiTqos igi qurTebis beladTan saidum-
lod aris dakavSirebuli.
yaSa lazare marjved flobs im meTodebs, romlebic
farTod gamoiyeneboda mixeil javaxiSvilis Tanadro-
ul politikur sinamdvileSi.
jaSuSoba, dasmena, provokacia, sinamdvilis utifa-
ri gayalbeba, braldebis SeTxzva _ aseTia yaSas arse-
nali. qurTebis da aisorebis Cveulebriv yofiT Sexla-
Semoxlas is qurTebis ajanyebad asaRebs, rasac sagan-
gebo samxedro operaciis ganxorcieleba da àjanyebu-
lebis~ darbeva moyveba; igi awyobs aisorebze mahmadia-
nebis Tavdasxmis inscenirebas da `damnaSaveebs~ ulmob-
lad sjian.
yaSas xasiaTis mZafri TvalsaCinoebiT gamomxatve-
lia misi triumfis suraTi. `TxuTmetis gminva yaSa
lazares Zlevamosilma kiJinma STanTqa. pirvelive dak-
vraze TviTonac ise aigrixa, TiTqos TxuTmetive joxi
im TaTrebis magivrad wiTel yaSas moxvedroda. mere
acqmutunda da axtunavda. grZel xelebs da mogrexil
fexebs ucnaurad iqnevda, wiTel wvers acancarebda da
giJiviT xiTxiTebda. jalaTebi rom joxebs aRmarTavd-
nen xolme, yaSa marjvena xels joxiviT ahfSekavda, Tvi-
183
Tonac aisveteboda da ucnaurad gaizrdeboda. jala-
Tebi rom joxebs daiqnevdnen, yaSa aSveril xels jo-
xiviT wamoiRebda da ise mZlavrad dauSvebda miwamde,
TiTqos erTi dakvriT mTel musulmanobas Tavs
uWeWyavdao...~.
saerTod, `wiTeli maimunis~ saxe gaSmagebuli moZra-
obiT da cofiani replikebiT ixateba, fsiqologiuri
analizis gareSe. yaSas Sinagani raoba mainc srulad
aSkaravdeba, Tundac mis karikaturul portretSi. igi
arsobrivad da mkveTrad mJRavndeba pasaJSic, sadac
yaSa bilwavs lambalos da misi mamis, maSadi izaTis mier
gaTxril Was: yaSas boroti daniSnuleba sicocxlis
wayroebis SebRalva, gauwmindurebaa. lambalo da maSa-
di izaTi, piriqiT, wylis mesaidumleebi arian da si-
cocxlesTan, bunebasTan maTi erTianoba asec aris
gamoxatuli. yaSa xrwnas avrcelebs Tavis garSemo, isi-
ni _ qmnian, sicocxlis zrdas exmarebian. lambalo upi-
rispirdeba yaSas rogorc ubralo, normaluri, dauma-
xinjebeli adamianuroba paTologiurobas da cxove-
lurobas. igi gulRiaa, alali, mxiaruli, sicocxlis,
adamianis da Sromis moyvare _ igi bunebrivia. Tbili,
msubuqi iumoriT gamosaxavs mwerali yaSas antipods.
yaSa cxovelmyofel bunebas, bunebriobas Telavs da
mxatvrulad logikuri, kanonzomieria, Tu rogor
kvdeba igi _ maSadi izaTis gvelebis mier misi dageslva
TiTqos bunebis sibrZnis SurisZiebaa moZaladis mi-
marT, TiTqos sicocxlis wylebis da nayofierebis
mcveli suli uxdis samagieros sikvdilis mTesvels.
eqims ar SeuZlia ar TanaugrZnos maSadi izaTis Su-
risZiebas, miTumetes, rom momakvdavi `RvTismsaxuri~
kvlav RvarZls anTxevs. mTxrobeli da masTan erTad
avtori zneobrivad amarTleben saSineli arsebis mos-
pobas; vinc adamianis saxes kargavs, urCxulad iqceva,
Sendobas ar imsaxurebs. aseTi poziciis mxatvruli da
eTikuri ucilobloba kidev ufro cxadi xdeba imis
gaTvaliswinebisas, rom yaSas an jayosnair totalurad
borot adamians Cveni literatura adre ar icnobda.
184
iranelebisadmi qarTveli eqimis keTilganwyobis
uSualo stimuli is aris, rom istoriis kaprizuli ne-
biT saqarTvelo da irani msgavs mdgomareobaSi aRmoCn-
dnen. mTxrobels amoZravebs simarTlis da samarTlia-
nobis bunebrivi grZnoba, romelsac aRaSfoTebs, rom
xalxs sakuTar qveyanaSi amcireben, aviwroeben; miTuf-
ro, rom qarTvelma adamianma icis, ra Znelad asatania
aseTi Zalmomreoba, icis Tundac TviT iranis `wyalo-
biT~ da gulgrili ver aris usamarTlobis mimarT. da is
uTanasworo brZolas marTavs Zalmomreobis sistemas-
Tan, win aRudgeba mZlavr politikur-ideologiur man-
qanas. amas avalebs sakuTari buneba da mrwamsi. igi ada-
mianebs afasebs ara ideologiuri, aramed eTikuri kri-
teriumiT. yaSasadmi da lambalosadmi mTxrobelis gan-
wyoba ganisazRvreba ara imiT, rom erTi qristiania da
meore mahmadiani, aramed imiT, rom erTi zneobrivad
jansaRi da agresiulobas moklebulia, meore _ zneob-
rivad maxinji da moZalade. sxva viTarebaSi igi aseve
daicavda qristians fanatikosi mahmadianis devnisgan.
mTxrobeli ambobs: `Tavdapirvelad adamiani var, merme
eqimi da bolos qristiani, an jer qristiani da Semdeg
eqimi~. es aris moraluri kriteriumis uzenaesobis aRi-
areba yvela sxva kriteriumis mimarT, rac swored qris-
tianuli kulturis monapovaria. Semwynareblobac imas
gulisxmobs, rom moraluri kanoni vrceldeba yvelaze,
Tavisianzec da gareSezec, rom damokidebuleba nebis-
mieri adamianisadmi, aRmsareblobis da sxva niSnebis ga-
nurCevlad, unda emyarebodes zneobriv mcnebebs.
qarTuli sulierebisTvis es WeSmariteba saidum-
los ar warmoadgens. sakmarisia iTqvas, rom igi mTeli
sisavsiT igrZno da Seicno vaJa-fSavelam. mixeil java-
xiSvilic zogadadamianuri moralis uzenaesobas, Semw-
ynareblobas afuZnebs _ fenomens, romelsac meoce
saukunem arnaxuli gansacdeli Seaxvedra.
adamianis Sefasebis mTavari sazomi gaxda misi ideo-
logiuri mrwamsi, socialur-klasobrivi, nacionalu-
ri, rasobrivi kuTvnileba da aman Seaviwrova zogadada-
mianuri moraluri kriteriumi _ `mtruli~ jgufebis
185
warmomadgenlebi faqtobrivad moikveTebian adamiane-
bis modgmisgan da maT ise eqcevian, rogorc araadami-
anebs, maT mimarT yovelgvari uzneobis Cadena gamarT-
lebulia. dadga yaSa lazareTa dro, romelTa daundo-
bel Seuwynareblobas ùcxoebisadmi~ agresiis da ba-
tonobis nebis amouwuravi rezervuari amaragebda `saw-
vaviT~. es tipi sxvadasxva garemoSi, bunebrivia, sxvada-
sxvagvar ideologiur Seferilobas Rebulobs. is SeiZ-
leba mogvevlinos, vTqvaT, rogorc amerikeli rasisti
persi grimi folkneris àgvistos naTelSi~, an rogorc
germaneli nacisti iudeani volfgang kopenis romani-
dan `sikvdili romSi~, magram misi arsi yvelgan erTna-
irad martivi da saSinelia. stiqiur ubedurebasaviT
gadaivlis igi dedamiwaze da Tavis nakvalevze cxed-
rebs tovebs. man icis Tu alRoTi grZnobs, rom àmqvey-
nad SeuzRudveli Zalaufleba marto sikvdils aqvs da
Zalauflebis namdvili gancdisTvis saWiroa mxolod
erTi ram _ mkvleloba~ (v. kopeni).
gansakuTrebiT Zlevamosili da damangreveli yaSa
lazares tipi mainc Cvens sinamdvileSi iyo.
mixeil javaxiSvils, gadmocemiT, uTqvams: `minda
erTi moTxroba davwero Temaze: Cemi romanebisa da
moTxrobebis gmirebi Cems oTaxSi Segrovdnen da sasa-
marTlo gamimarTes, avtors asamarTleben misi nawar-
moebebis gmirebi... ra dRes damayrian, vin icis, ramden
sayvedurs metyvian. me mgoni, saintereso Canafiqria.
rogorme amisaTvis movicli~.
am Canafiqrs moTxrobis nacvlad cxovrebaSi ewera
ganxorcieleba. personaJebma gaasamarTles avtori,
oRond sayvedurebs ar dajerdnen; ar apaties, rom man
isini adreve SeniSna da gaaSiSvla.
1989
186
Tvalisaxela
niSan-Tvisebebi, romlebic mixeil javaxiSvilis ni-

Wis arss Seadgens, tradiciulad ar dominirebs qar-
Tul mxatvrul azrovnebaSi. es aris midrekileba ada-
mianis saxis mkveTri deheroizaciisken, adamianis `SiSv-
lad~ xilvisken, cxovrebis xedvis xazgasmuli, mkacri
miwiereba, romelic aviwroebs amaRlebul-romantikul
sawyiss, am xedvis basri ironiuloba, susxiani skepti-
kuroba, qarTuli sinamdvilis kritikuli aRqma...
mixeil javaxiSvilis SemoqmedebiTi mowodeba simar-
Tlis daJinebuli, SeiZleba iTqvas, gasastikebuli maZi-
eblobaa, romelic mis TvalsawierSi moqceul yovelg-
var moCvenebiTobas da iluzias acamtverebs.
saerTod, realizmi SeiZleba ganisazRvros rogorc
siyalbeTa, moCvenebiTobaTa da iluziaTa gamoaSkara-
vebaze, gaqarwylebaze damyarebuli mxatvruli meTodi,
rogorc iluziebis damamsxvreveli mxatvruli inst-
rumenti. balzakis erT-erTi romanis saTauri `gamqra-
li iluziebi~, SesaZloa, gamodges realizmis formu-
lad, romelic erTnairad miesadageba adrindeli Tu
klasikuri realizmis nimuSebs, vTqvaT, `don kixots~ an
`madam bovaris~.
iluziebis realistur gaqarwylebaSi mixeil java-
xiSvili did simZafres, gabedulebas da ganuxrel Tan-
mimdevrulobas iCens. qarTul literaturaSi misi wina-
morbedi iluziebis gamqarwylebeli daviT kldiaSvi-
lia, oRond ufro lmobieri da Semwynarebeli.
iluziaTa miRma arsebuli, Tundac sastiki da sa-
zizRari simarTlis wvdomis moTxovnileba ayalibebs
mixeil javaxiSvilis msoflmxedvelobas da stils. mis
yvelaze mniSvnelovan nawarmoebTa erT wyebaSi ki rea-
lobis da iluziis Sejaxeba arsebiTi motivi Tu prob-
lemaa, personaJis saxis da siuJetis agebis warmmarTve-
li principia.
sistemuri simwyobriT da gamokveTilobiT mJRavn-
deba yovelive es moTxrobaSi `kurdReli~, sadac niuan-
suri fsiqologizmiT aris aRbeWdili dramatuli su-
187
lieri orTabrZola avadmyof qals da fsiqiatrs Soris,
romelic pacients fantastikuri iluziidan sinamdvi-
leSi abrunebs. iluzia, danaSaulis gausaZlisi grZno-
bisgan gaTavisuflebisken ltolvis nayofi, sakvirvel
simyares da gamZleobas avlens, magram kidev ufro
mtkicea eqimis realizmi, jiuti meTodurobiT rom aR-
mofxvris mas. eqimis Seupovroba da azarti ar sazrdo-
obs mxolod rTuli profesiuli amocanis gadawyvetis
da warmatebis miRwevis surviliT. am adamianis mcde-
lobas upirvelesad warmarTavs misi zneobrivi Tval-
Taxedva _ avadmyofur iluziaSi TavSefareba sulieri
da moraluri uZlurebis niSania; is gulisxmobs sicru-
es, Tavismotyuebas da moklebulia raime Rirebulebas,
radgan arafers, araras eyrdnoba; es aris gza adamianu-
robis sruli degradaciisken. eqimis realizmi Zalian
mkacria, garkveuli azriT sastikic, magram amave dros
humanuria, adamianis srulfasovnebaze zrunviT aris
nakarnaxevi. aseTivea TviT mixeil javaxiSvilis mxatv-
ruli xedva _ ukiduresad mkacri da humanuri.
eqimis mcdelobis zneobrivi sazrisi isic aris, rom
pacientis sinamdvileSi dabruneba axlobel adamianeb-
Tan misi gawyvetili sulier- moraluri kavSiris aRd-
genas moaswavebs. iluzia avadmyofi qalis gaucxoebu-
li egoizmis citadelad iqceva, saidanac igi Znelad
gamoyavs eqims.
mixeil javaxiSvili adamianis bunebis sisusteTa mi-
marT ironiulobis miuxedavad Tanagancdismieri gage-
biT xatavs da mZafrad gvagrZnobinebs SeWirvebul su-
lier da cxovrebiseul mdgomareobebs, saidanac ilu-
ziebi ibadeba, aseve tkivilebs, romelTac iluziaTa
damsxvreva, ulmobel realobasTan pirispir darCena
iwvevs.
sinamdvileze Tvalisaxelis metaforis realizaci-
ad warmodgeba moTxroba `ybaCam daigviana~ _ brma go-
gonas gankurnebis ambavi cxovrebis daundoblobasTan
misi Sexlis istoriad iqceva.
mixeil javaxiSvilis poetika ukiduresobaTa poeti-
kaa. mwerlis esTetikuri radikalizmi eZebs gansakuT-
188
rebulad mwvave siuJetur da fsiqologiur viTarebebs,
konfliqtebs; mieltvis dasaxati sagnis hipertrofi-
rebas, personaJTa saxeebis gamsxvilebas, xSirad gro-
teskuls, situaciebis da xasiaTebis daZabul kontras-
tulobas.
moTxrobaSi `ybaCam daigviana~ Tina da solo sila-
mazis da simaxinjis dramatul kontrasts qmnian. so-
los Semzarav garegnul iers misi Sinagani bunebis zo-
gierTi niSanic Seesatyviseba _ es bogano proletari
xarbad Seigulebs sakbilos, rogorzec verc iocnebeb-
da da uceremoniod eufleba brma, ususur qaliSvils.
magram mainc mwerals zneobrivi monstris daxatva ar
aqvs ganzraxuli: solo Taviseburi siTboTi da mzrun-
velobiT ekideba mSvenier Tinas, romelic ukve misi
sakuTrebaa. rac ufro Rrmaa axalgazrda brma qalis
erTguleba Tavisi usaxuri sabedosadmi, miT ufro
mtkivneulia misTvis saSinel realobaze Tvalisaxela
da sruli bednierebis iluziis buranidan gamosvla;
miT ufro mwvaved sagrZnobia cxovrebis sastiki ironia
adamianis mimarT. avtoris eTikur mrwamss ireklavs is,
rom Tvalaxelili Tina TavisTavSi poulobs zneobriv
Zalas, ar gaeqces Znelad Sesaguebel sinamdviles.
òqros kbilis~ personaJi Toma SadiSvili ki samu-
damod realobis miRma rCeba. es moTxroba fsiqoanali-
zis, groteskis da romantikis uCveulo naerTia. avad-
myofuri seqsualuri vnebebiT da kompleqsebiT Sepy-
robil axalgazrda kacs da sasikvdilod daavadebul
qaliSvils uCndebaT mZafri urTierTmiziduloba, ro-
melic upirvelesad sqesobrivia, magram amave dros aR-
matebulic aris sqesobriv impulsze, ramdenadac erT-
maneTis Seucvlelobis gancdas moicavs. am adamianebis
grZnobebi sikvdilis nayofia _ maT warmoSobs qalis
gamomwvevi qceva, romelsac ganapirobebs is, rom sikv-
dilis siaxlove mas sicocxlis wyurvils da erotiu-
lobas uaTkecebs; meore mxriv, moTxrobis gmirTa ur-
TierTltolvas sikvdili eRobeba win, ese igi, is, rac
biZgs aZlevs siyvaruls, fatalurad abrkolebs kidec
mas; avadmyofuri martoobis garRvevis, srulfasovani
189
arsebobis dawyebis TiTqosda realuri SesaZlebloba,
romelic sqesis winaSe SiSiT daTrgunul moTxrobis
mTavar personaJs eZleva, faqtobrivad sikvdilis mier
movlenili veragi iluziaa. obieqturad igi sruliad
qarwyldeba _ qali kvdeba, magram es rCeba Tomas Tval-
sawieris miRma da is kvlav iluziis morCilia, tanjviT
ganagrZobs misTvis sanukvari adamianis Zebnas, rome-
lic ukve iseTive fantomia, rogoric romantikuli Tu
simbolisturi poeziis Soreuli da miuwvdomeli qalis
xateba. mwerali ar Seajaxebs Tavis personaJs unugeSo
simarTlesTan, radgan mis mier qalis sikvdilis Setyo-
ba melodramad aqcevda nawarmoebs, romelSic isedac
mkacri gemovnebis moTxovnaTa darRvevis riskiT aris
gamoyenebuli melodramatuli elementebi siyvarulis
romantikis gamosaxatad. Tumca ufro arsebiTi is
aris, rom TviT personaJs ar surs, Zala ar yofnis Seic-
nos simarTle, maSin, roca sul axlosaa masTan _ misi
saxe groteskul simrudes bolomde inarCunebs. am per-
sonaJis mdgomareoba, romelic Tavisi arsiT `kurdRe-
lis~ gmiris avadmyofobas gvagonebs, ufro saSineli da
gamouvalia, vidre nebismieri melodrama, saerTod Cve-
ulebrivi adamianuri ubedureba. iluziis tyveobaSi
samudamod darCena da realobaSi damkvidrebis abso-
luturi SeuZlebloba, _ Tundac iluzias gmiris pa-
Tologiur cxovrebaSi WeSmariti adamianuri swrafva
Sehqondes _ mwerlis TvalTaxedviT, Tavadac paTolo-
giaa, arasrulfasovnebisTvis ganwirulebaa.
`jayos xiznebi~ iluziaTa katastrofuli msxvrevis
da Tvalisaxelis mravalaqtian tragikomedias warmo-
adgens. iluziebi aq aRar aris Semofargluli mxolod
adamianebis kerZo cxovrebiT, socialur-politikur
da msoflmxedvelobriv sferoebs wvdeba.
Teimuraz xevisTavis azrovneba, miswrafebebi, `saq-
mianoba~ mTlianad iluziebzea damyarebuli da raRac
fantastikuri elferi aqvs. Teimurazis progresistu-
li ocnebebi, misi warmosaxvis gamudmebuli naxtomebi
globalur politikaSi, misi moCvenebiTi sazogadoeb-
rivi aqtivoba didad aSorebs mas cocxal realobas da
190
am realobis evropul yaidaze gardaqmnis miraJs alan-
debs. yovelive es ganamtkicebs xevisTavis iluzorul
warmodgenas sakuTari aRmatebuli mniSvnelovnebis
Sesaxeb.
socialur-politikuri da msoflmxedvelobrivi
iluziebi imiT aris saxifaTo, rom uneblieT uwyobs
xels uyuradRebod mitovebul sinamdvileSi raRac
iseTis warmoqmnas da zrdas, rac Tavisi bunebiT mTli-
anad ewinaaRmdegeba yovelgvar idealizms. sinamdvilis
SurisZieba iluziebiT dabrmavebuli Teimurazis mi-
marT iseTi sastikia, rom Znelia misTvis analogis mo-
Zebna da aramarto qarTul literaturaSi.
magram xevisTavis saxeSi gasaocari da iSviaTi, erT-
droulad tragikuli da komikuri is aris, rom am ada-
mianis cnobiereba yvelaze sazareli, TiTqosda sabo-
loo Tvalisaxelis Semdeg kvlav iluziebs badebs da
ebRauWeba, vidre morig kraxs ganicdides. Teimurazi
gamudmebiT mieqaneba iluziebidan iluziebisken _ ra-
cionalisturi utopiidan qristianobis meoxebiT su-
lieri aRorZinebis uniadago imedisken, anda ulmobeli
zekacis viTomda mxsneli idealisken... Tumca iluzi-
ebis gacamtverebis da reanimaciis es procesi mTlad
unayofo ar aris, radgan Teimurazs Tvali exileba Ta-
vis pasuxismgeblobaze imis gamo, rac moxda.
Teimurazs ar uqreba margosTan SeerTebis imedi da
es iluzia, romelmac sinamdvilis umZimes dartymebs
gauZlo, sulis sisustis garda ucnauri erTgulebis
gamomJRavnebacaa. magram aqac, iseve rogorc òqros
kbilSi~, iluzia da adamianuri srulfasovneba erTma-
neTTan SeuTavsebelia.
iluziebis gaqarwyleba da Tvalisaxela `TeTr saye-
loSic~ xdeba, oRond ise dramatuli ar aris, rogorc
moTxrobebSi da `jayos xiznebSi~. qalaquri, civilize-
buli cxovrebiT, arsebiTad ki sabWoTa reJimiT gabez-
rebuli inteligentisTvis miuRebeli realobisgan gam-
mijvneli romantikuli TavSesafaria xevsurebis miuva-
li sofeli _ arqauli samyaro, sadac istoriuli dro
SeCerebulia, batonobs tradicia da miTi. magram eliz-
191
baris SeTviseba am samyarosTan, Tanamedrove rTuli
cxovrebis patriarqaluri idiliiT Senacvlebis cda
iluzoruli aRmoCndeba.
Tu grigol robaqiZis an konstantine gamsaxurdias-
Tvis arqaika da miTi mowiwebis aRmZvreli sakraluri
sferoa, WeSmaritebis da idealis saunjeTa sacavia,
mixeil javaxiSvilisTvis is kritikul-realisturi
dakvirvebis sagania sxva saganTa Soris. Tumca uZvelesi
warsulis romantikul samkvidrebelSi, romelic
`TeTr sayeloSi~ warmoisaxeba, ueWvelad pozitiuri
Rirebulebebia Semonaxuli (bunebasTan siaxlove, vaJ-
kacoba, megobrobis kulti, ojaxis simyare) da romanis
mTavari gmiri eziareba maT, mainc mas imedgacrueba ar
acdeba: misi xedva TandaTan sul ufro fxizeli xdeba
da sabolood miTosis absolutur WeSmaritebad aRia-
reba crurwmenad warmoudgeba, codna-ganaTlebis da
teqnikisTvis zurgSeqceva da primitiuli yofa _ ve-
lur CamorCenilobad; elizbaris antipaTias iwvevs
sxvadasxva rituali, adaTi Tu cxovrebis wesis Tavise-
bureba, gansakuTrebiT kaciskvlisadmi msubuqi
damokidebuleba...
elizbars ar SeuZlia miTosuri cnobierebis mqone
adamianebiviT iwamos, magaliTad, rom male iaponiidan
mefe erekles SviliSvili Camova da saqarTveloSi
bagrationebis dinastia aRdgeba, ar SeuZlia gaiziaros
maTi sibrmave garemomcveli mkacri samyaros da misi
kanonebisadmi, miTumetes, rom am samyaros Semotevis
winaSe siZvelis da miTis amayi sauflo Tavis srul um-
weobas aCens. aSkaraa, rom mcire xanSi mas Tanamedro-
veoba STanTqavs, romelTan SedarebiTac ise gamoiyu-
reba, rogorc raRac irealuri, gamogonili. mixeil
javaxiSvilis gmiri acnobierebs, rom warsulSi ukuq-
ceva sinamdvilidan sulmokle iluzoruli gaqcevaa,
rom arqaika da miTi sabWoTa realobis seriozul, si-
cocxlisunarian alternativad ar gamodgeba; am rea-
lobasTan dapirispireba Tanamedrove civilizaciis
mTeli sirTulis gaTvaliswinebiTaa SesaZlebeli da
ara Soreul warsulSi da miTosSi gadasaxlebiT...
192
mixeil javaxiSvils simarTlis mware gemo erCivna
iluziebis macdunebel sitkbos, radgan miaCnda, rom
sibrmave, Tavismotyueba sabediswero, amave dros ada-
mianis Rirsebis damamcirebeli sisustea da mxolod
simarTleze Tvalaxelilobaa adamianisTvis Sesaferi-
si yofierebis forma, rac unda Znelad mosaTmeni iyos
es simarTle da tkivilis momyenebeli _ iluziebis
gareSe arseboba.
1996
193
leo qiaCeli
sulis Tavgadasavlebi
mecxramete saukunis qarTuli prozis realizms da

pozitivistur msoflxedvas leo qiaCeli rogorc no-
velisti xSirad ucnauris da uCveulos romantikul
esTetikas unacvlebs.
qiaCelis yuradRebas Zlierad izidavs fsiqikuri
movlenebi, romlebic cxovrebis zedapiruli mdinare-
bis logikas ar eqvemdebareba; mwerali eZebs adamianis
arsebobis realisturi azrovnebisTvis gaugebar saw-
yisebs, imas, rac SeCveuli realobis mkveTr sicxades
eWvqveS ayenebs; qiaCeli _ romantikuli bunebis Semoq-
medi, neoromantikosi _ sinamdvilis empiriul-yovel-
dRiur mocemulobas ar aris mijaWvuli, yoveldRiurs
da Cveulebrivs araCveulebrivs da iSviaTs amjobinebs.
amgvari mxatvruli midrekilebebis gasamJRavneb-
lad novelis Janruli forma zedmiwevniT nayofieria,
novela xom, rogorc goeTe ambobs, `sxva araferia, Tu
ara gaugonari SemTxveva~. `gaugonari SemTxveva~ ki
SeiZleba fsiqikis sferosac ganekuTvnebodes. aseT
SemTxvevebze araerTi nawarmoebi aqvT agebuli gamoCe-
nil novelistebs, upirvelesad romantikosebs, magali-
Tad, klaists an edgar pos. adamianis sulis uCveulo,
idumal Tavgadasavlebs qiaCelic mogviTxrobs.
aseT TavgadasavalTa Semcvel novelebSi adamianis
Sinarealobis garTulebuli, diferencirebuli mode-
lis anarekli moCans. es modeli gulisxmobs, rom ada-
mianis fsiqika mravali sxvadasxvagvari, maT Soris ira-
cionaluri Zalis momcvel samyaros warmoadgens; suli
kargavs mTlianobas da nawevrdeba, polifoniuri xde-
ba. pirovnebis warmosaxvis aseTi principi metad dama-
xasiaTebelia XX saukunis mxatvruli azrovnebisTvis,
Tumca igi manamdec iCenda Tavs.
194
novelaSi `mkvleloba koxta goraze~ Warbadaa xSiri
xmarebisgan gacveTili pirobiT-poeturi xatovaneba
(`Ramisebri wamwamebiT dafaruli satrfos Tvalebi~
da a.S); aris moZvelebuli stilisturi yalibebi, mar-
tivi kompoziciuri da fsiqologiuri kontrastebi,
magram amave dros adamianis bunebis gaRrmavebuli da
garTulebuli koncefciis konturia moxazuli.
novelis gmiri sayvarel qalTan alersis Semdeg aR-
moaCens, rom am qals misTvis ucnobi Sinagani saxec hqo-
nia, rom mis sulSi verasdros SeaRwevs. novelaSi su-
lis Seucnobloba magiuri yvavilis zRaprul-fantas-
tikuri motivis meSveobiT samyaros mmarTav iraciona-
lur sawyiss, gangebas ukavSirdeba _ adamianis sulis
iracionalurobas mistikuri elferi eZleva da asea
romantizebuli.
novelis koncefcias sabolood ayalibebs is, rom
mTavari gmiri sakuTar TavSive poulobs iseT Zalebs,
romelTa Sesaxeb adre araferi icoda; araTu sxva ada-
miani, TviTonac ucnobi yofila sakuTari TavisTvis;
misi sulis moZraoba da qmedeba _ mkvleloba Tavad
misTvisvea auxsneli, TiTqos masSi viRac ucxo
Casaxlebula.
rogorc vxedavT, novelaSi romantizebulad aris
warmosaxuli qvecnobierebis sabediswero Zliereba
adamianis yofierebaSi.
adamianis suli sxvadasxva sawyisebad dacalkevebu-
li warmodgeba novelaSic `me da Cemi ori me~ _ per-
sonificirebuli fsiqikuri Zalebidan erT-erTi,
tlanq instinqtTa ganmasaxierebeli, danarCenebs, inte-
ligenturad rbilebs anadgurebs. sulier polifonias,
sulSi gaTamaSebul ucnaur dramas mwerali amjerad
ukve misTvis saerTod damaxasiaTebeli uCumari, Sekave-
buli iumoriT aRiqvams. amis wyalobiT igi maRla dgeba
siuJetis pirobiTobaze, fantastikurobaze da gvaniS-
nebs, rom epoqis socialur-politikuri koliziebi
adamianis sulis disharmoniuli bunebis warmonaqmnia.
pirobiTi gamomxatvelobis miRma gamosWvivis mwerlis
mier nagrZnobi da gaazrebuli simarTle _ adamianis
195
fsiqika Seusabamobebis sferoa, masSi ucnaurad xvde-
bian da gadaikveTebian urTierTgamomricxavi Zalebi.
leo qiaCeli skeptikuri TvalTaxedvis mweralia,
oRond misi skepticizmi uwinares yovlisa mimarTulia
imisken, rac, Cveulebriv, skepticizmis sayrdens Sead-
gens _ empiriuli cnobierebisken, grZnobadi aRqmisken.
`SeuracxyofilSi~ zusti detalebis siuxviT aris
naCvenebi, rom sinamdvilis grZnobadi aRqmis adamianu-
ri àparati~ naklovania da amitom Zalze Znelia Tu
sulac SeuZlebelia WeSmaritebas mivuaxlovdeT. rea-
lobis personaJiseuli aRqma, romlis safuZvelSic
erotiuli impulsia Sefaruli, metad mkveTri da konk-
retikiT savsea saimisod, rom iluzoruli gamodges,
magram fsiqikis paradoqsic es aris _ rac ufro darw-
munebulia empirikas mindobili adamiani raimes WeSma-
ritebaSi, miT ufro iolad SeiZleba daSordes
sinamdviles.
Tavisi koncefciiT `SeuracxyofilTan~ axlosaa
èskalade~, romlis gmiric, evropaSi karnavalisas
datrialebuli ucnauri ambebis Semxedvare, adamianuri
arsebobis da grZnobad aRqmaze damokidebuli adamia-
nuri Semecnebis miraJul xasiaTs wvdeba: yoveli adami-
ani niRabia, sulierad uxilavia; mTeli sinamdvile da
sakacobrio idealebic moCvenebiTobaa; niRabTa da
iluzorul warmodgenaTa iqiT gadaxedva, WeSmaritebis
xilva adamianis cnobierebas ar uweria.
novelaSi ìskanderi~ daujerebeli ram aris realo-
bad qceuli _ mkvdari laparakobs: `gicxadebT, rom me
sruliad sxvanairi cnobierebis sferoSi vimyofebi, da
yovelive, rac am axali cnobierebis sferoSi gadasv-
lamde iyo Cems cxovrebaSi, axla ise sasacilod meCve-
neba, rom Tqven mand verc ki warmoidgenT amas.. gic-
qeriT da Zalian sasaciloni ki meCvenebiT, me da Cemma
RmerTma. a? Cveneburad gindaT rom mitiroT, ara?~. ga-
ucnaurebuli sikvdilis winaSe yvelaze arasaxarbie-
lod gamoiyureba da tragikomikurad umweoa eqimi,
praqtikuli mecnierebis da crurwmenaTagan dazRveu-
li gonebis gansaxiereba _ adamianis empiriuli cnobi-
196
erebis, TavisTavSi darwmunebuli `saRi azris~ SezRu-
dulobas amxels avtoris damcinavi skepticizmi, nove-
laSi moTxrobili fantastikur-groteskuli istoria.
adamianis sulieri raobis skeptikuri xedva gasdevs
novelas ìSviaTi SemTxvevis gmiri~. nawarmoebis perso-
naJi pikantur viTarebaSi raRac gaucnobierebeli fsi-
qikuri Zalis zegavleniT patiosnad iqceva da Tavisi
saqcieli TviTonve akvirvebs. novelis saTauric gvkar-
naxobs, rom personaJis qceva uCveuloa da es ironiul
Seferilobas iZens _ zneobrivi saqcielia iSviaTi da
ucnauri...
1984
197
`haki aZba~
rogorc neoromantikosi, leo qiaCeli afxazeTs

aRiqvams kulturis im Zveli plastebis Semnaxvel mxa-
red, romelTac haki aZbasnairi, bunebrivi, civiliza-
ciis mankierebebiT Seuryvneli, monoliTuri da mZafri
sulis adamiani SeuZliaT warmoSvan _ romantikosi Tu
romantizmTan genetikurad dakavSirebuli mwerlebi
eZeben iseT eTnokulturul arealebs, sadac saSualo
adamianisgan gansxvavebul, Zlieri suliT da vnebebiT
gamorCeul naturebs aRmoaCenen (vTqvaT, stendalis-
Tvis aseTi areali italiaa, merimesTvis _ espaneTi...).
haki aZbas romantikulad uCveulo figura ikveTeba
soxumis sazogadoebis antiromantikul, meSCanur-fi-
listerul fsiqologiasTan da moralTan Sepirispire-
biT. mwerlis uCumrad damcinavi mzeriT danaxuli am
sazogadoebisTvis mTavaria uSfoTveli cxovrebis,
kmayofili arsebobis simdoris SenarCuneba da amisTvis
nebismier moralur Rirebulebas uprincipod daTmobs,
yovelgvar damcirebas aitans, sindisis qenjnis gareSe
gawiravs Tanamoqalaqeebs (upirvelesad es vaWrebze
iTqmis, romlebic TavgamodebiT icaven TavianTi qone-
bis usafrTxoebas). soxumis mkvidrebi, romlebsac pani-
kuri SiSi mTel maT uRirsobas, pirferobas da farisev-
lobas gamoamJRavnebinebs, Tavisi zRvargadasuli kon-
formizmiT arsebiTad TviTonve axdenen saxifaTo si-
tuaciis provocirebas. niSandoblivia isic, rom soxu-
mis wvrilburJuaziulad `keTilgonieri~, mfrTxali da
Tvinieri sazogadoeba erTbaSad iqceva agresiul, da-
undobel brbod da namdvil nadirobas marTavs adamian-
ze, vinc Tavisi araordinaruli _ zneobrivi saqcie-
liT mas myudroeba daurRvia.
filisteruli, heroizmisgan sruliad daclili da
konformistuli sazogadoebis bunebriv produqts
warmoadgenen misi revoluciurobiT SeniRbuli fari-
seveli liderebi, romelTa namdvili saxe yvelaze cxa-
dad bolSevikebis kreiserze maTi damamcirebeli vizi-
tebisas Cans.
198
SedarebiT Rirseulad TiTqos aristokratia gamo-
iyureba (Tu ar CavTvliT bolSevikebTan Setakebisas
ujuS emxas mimtovebel mis aristokrat `megobrebs~),
magram ase imis wyalobiT aris, rom aristokratebi
ufro iniRbebian, maT sxvebze ukeTesad ician Rirsebis
imitireba. sinamdvileSi maTac mxolod sakuTari
usafrTxoeba da Tavisi kastis statusis uryeoba adar-
debT da ara axlobeli adamianebis sicocxle da bedi,
rasac beqirbi CaCbaze garegnuli zrunviT da maT mier
gawiruli emxasadmi demonstraciuli TanagrZnobiT
faraven. roca haki aZbas Tanganwirvas iwoneben, soxu-
meli Tavadebi adamianis bedisadmi gulgrilobasTan
erTad TvalTaxedvis socialur siviwroves amJRavne-
ben _ Tvlian, rom bunebrivi iqneba, Tu glexi Tavads
sicocxles Sewiravs. gaqvavebuli socialuri sqemebiT,
stereotipebiT azrovneba maT paradoqsulad amsgav-
sebs TavianT mters _ bolSevik kapitans.
kapitnis saxec, haki aZbas (aseve emxas) saxesTan er-
Tad, filisterul sazogadoebasTan Sepirispirebulia.
es personaJi romantikulad gaucnaurebuli, gaidum-
alebuli da TiTqmis demonizebulia _ aRWurvilia
monstriseburi ieriT, SiSismomgvreli Sinagani ZaliT,
gamoucnobi suliT. is aramarto adamianebs, aramed
TiTqos bunebis stiqiebsac imorCilebs. kilgas uCveu-
lo da idumali figura gvagonebs kapitan aqabis
romantikulad demonizebul saxes melvilis `mobi
dikidan~.
kapitnis romantikul - heroikuli figura TandaTan
knindeba, Saravendedisgan ganiZarcveba, emxas sapiris-
pirod, romelic Tavidan dakninebulia da TandaTan
maRldeba. revoluciis mrisxane Zalis da nebis, re-
voluciis uzenaesi simarTlis ganmasaxierebeli arseba
Sinaganad Rataki, gonebaSezRuduli fanatikosi aRmoC-
ndeba, romlis TiTqosda Seucnoblad Rrma suli viwro
marqsistul dogmaSia Cateuli. klasTa brZolis Teo-
riis miRma is ver xedavs cocxal adamianebs, maT simar-
Tles da Sordeba imasac, risTvisac TiTqos revolucia
moxda _ revoluciis deklarirebuli mizani swored
199
hakisnairi socialuri warmomavlobis adamianebis qoma-
gobaa da kapitnis ideuri da moraluri kraxia is, rom
igi amgvari adamianis mimarTac sulier sibrmaves iCens.
kapitani, romelic hakis monad miiCnevs, TviTon gamod-
geba Tavisi dogmis, agresiuli impulsebis da Zalauf-
lebismoyvareobis mona.
sulieri siRaribis da sibrmavis gamo bolSeviki ka-
pitani ar SeiZleba iyos tragikuli _ Tundac tragi-
kulad Semcdari _ gmiri. sulis siviwrove am TiTqosda
araCveulebriv adamians primitiuli moZaladis, tragi-
kuli gmirebis usaxuri jalaTis rols argunebs.
`haki aZba~ tragikuli fenomenis erT-erTi yvelaze
srulyofili xorcSesxmaa qarTul literaturaSi. mis
tragizms qmnis is, rom rogorc filisterul-meSCa-
nuri konformizmi da uprincipoba, aseve bolSevikuri
fanatizmi gardauvalad, fatalurad ewinaaRmdegeba
adamianur Rirsebas, erTgulebas da siyvaruls, simar-
Tles. amitom moTxrobaSi movlenaTa ganviTarebas, si-
uJetis moZraobasac fataluri aucileblobis xasiaTi
eZleva. amaSi Tavisi wvlili Seaqvs agreTve bedisweris
idumali winaTgrZnobis romantikul motivs.
moTxrobaSi warmoisaxeba tragikuli situacia,
roca gardauvali xdeba adamianebis mier sicocxlis
msxverplad gaReba im faseulobebis gadasarCenad, ro-
melTa gulisTvisac Rirs amqveynad sicocxle; konkre-
tuli adamianebis sicocxle unda Seewiros imas, rac
sazogadod adamianis sicocxles aniWebs sazriss.
haki aZba, nawarmoebis upirvelesi tragikuli gmiri,
Tavisi erTguli siyvaruliT ujuS emxasac tragikuli
gmiris sulier rangs moapovebinebs. hakis damokidebu-
leba ujuSisadmi, cxadia, ZiZiSvilobis tradicias
efuZneba, romelic Tavadebis da glexebis urTierTo-
bas zneobriv da humanur xasiaTs aZlevs, magram tradi-
cia am urTierTobis kulturul-simboluri forma uf-
roa, misi Sinaarsi ki WeSmariti adamianuri siyvarulia,
WeSmariti megobrobaa. `haki aZbaSi~, iseve rogorc akaki
wereTlis `gamzrdelSi~, ZiZiSvilobis tradiciis Rrma
azri is aris, rom amqveynad adamianur siyvarulze da
200
megobrobaze didi faseuloba ar arsebobs, rom adami-
anis yofierebis gamarTleba moyvasis Tavgametebuli
siyvarulia.
haki aZba ujuSis sicocxlis gadarCenas ver SeZlebs,
magram is, rasac igi aRwevs, aranakleb mniSvnelovani da
faseulia _ haki Tavisi Tavganwiruli erTgulebiT
ujuSs Rirseulad sikvdils SeaZlebinebs. emxa, rome-
lic bolSevikebisadmi mistikuri ZrwoliT aris Sepy-
robili, mxolod hakis gverdiT, misi wyalobiT ibru-
nebs Sinagan Zalas da Rirsebas _ hakis gareSe is TiT-
qos arasruli, nakluli adamiania. emxa hakis meoxebiT
kvdeba amayi, is, Tavisi jalaTebis mimarT moraluri
upiratesobis grZnobiT Sinaganad gamagrebuli, azi-
davs tragikuli gmiris tvirTs.
haki, romantizebuli ubralo glexi, sulis simdid-
riT bevrad aRemateba maT, vinc socialurad da TiTqos
kulturiTac masze maRla dgas. Tu qalaqis mesveurebi
sakuTar pasuxismgeblobas koleqtiur upasuxismgeb-
lobaSi gaurbian, haki sxvis pasuxismgeblobas kisru-
lobs; hakis, kapitnisgan gansxvavebiT, SeuZlia mowina-
aRmdegis TvaliT, misi poziciidan Sexedos sinamdvi-
les; haki aSkarad ufro gonieria ujuSis axlobel Ta-
vadebze, romlebsac maTi TanasworiviT esaubreba (esec
mowmobs, rom, kilgas azris sawinaaRmdegod, mis arseba-
Si monobis natamali ar aris); miTumetes aSkaraa Tava-
debis mimarT hakis zneobrivi upiratesoba. hakis suli-
er da moralur ierTan Sedareba amJRavnebs yvela so-
cialuri Zalis zneobriv siRaribes, romlebic nawar-
moebSi arian warmoCenili. aseTi adamianis mier cxov-
rebis uaryofa niSnavs, rom am cxovrebaSi simarTles,
Rirsebas, siyvaruls adgili aRar rCeba.
`haki aZbaSi~ vaJa-fSavelas poemebis, gansakuTrebiT
`stumar-maspinZlis~ tragikuli suli ganagrZobs
arsebobas. qiaCelis novela am poema-tragediis msgav-
sad agebulia Seunelebeli dinamikiT gaSlil eqstrema-
lur situaciebze, fataluri simtkiciT Sekrul mov-
lenaTa wyebaze; aqac mkveTria TviTmyofadi pirovne-
bebis SeuTavsebloba kritikulad daxatul agresiul
201
masasTan da es mTeli sisavsiT warmoaCens pirovnebaTa
daurRveveli solidarobis faseulobas, humanuri
tradiciebis mkvidr mniSvnelobas; `stumar-maspinZel-
Si~ da `haki aZbaSi~ erTnairia mtrisadmi damokidebu-
leba _ misi sisastike gamowveulia imiT, rom mteri
faqtobrivad araadamianad aris miCneuli da amitom mis
mimarT yovelgvari uzneobis Cadena gamarTlebulia;
mterTan urTierToba SeiZleba emyarebodes mxolod
SurisZiebis kanons: rogorc zviadaurs swiraven qiste-
bi TavianT mkvdars, aseve swiraven bolSevikebi emxas
moklul mezRvaurs...
`haki aZbaSi~ qarTuli kultura bolSevizms upiris-
pirebs Tavisi faseulobaTa sistemis birTvs _ adamian-
Ta Rrma sulier kavSirs, axloblobis kults, raindu-
li moraliT nasazrdoeb Rirsebis grZnobas.
hakis saxe tradiciuli qarTuli msoflgagebis da
eTikis gviani gacxadebaa. haki aZbas literaturuli ar-
qetipi avTandilia. amave dros qiaCelis gmiris winapa-
ria istoriuli pirovneba _ cotne dadiani, romelSic
TiTqos `vefxistyaosnidan~ gadmosaxlda avTandilis
suli, misi Tavgametebuli siyvaruli da erTguleba
moyvasisadmi, misi gonebamaxviloba, moxerxebuloba da
artistizmi, romelsac Tavisi keTilSobiluri mizne-
bis misaRwevad iyenebs.
cotnes msgavsad mters nebayoflobiT Cabarebuli
haki aZbac misgan axloblis gamosaxsnelad moxerxebu-
lobas da artistizms iSveliebs, SeniRbvas mimarTavs
da ase cdilobs bolSevikTa atamanis gulis molbobas.
magram cotne dadianis mier dayoliebuli monRo-
lisgan gansxvavebiT, misi Soreuli bolSeviki memkvid-
ris moxibvla da gulis mogeba SeuZlebelia. bolSeviki,
totalitaruli adamiani brmaa sxva civilizaciis war-
momadgenlis faseulobebisadmi, moklebulia unars
Cawvdes sxvis Tavisebur sulierebas, gansxvavebul
pozicias da simarTles. igi Trgunavs yvelafers, rac
mas ar gavs, rac misi viwro simarTlis miRmaa.
2005
202
cduneba
romani `sisxli~ mxatvruli RirsebiT da popularo-

biT Camouvardeba leo qiaCelis yvelaze mniSvnelovan
nawarmoebebs. praqtikulad is TiTqmis miviwyebulia.
`sisxlSi~ faqtografia xSirad faravs movlenebis
Sida, arsebiT ganzomilebas, personaJebis saxeebi ara-
sakmarisadaa gamokveTili... magram amasTanave romanSi
aris maRali SemoqmedebiTi tonusiT dawerili monakve-
Tebi, gansakuTrebiT sikvdilTan dakavSirebuli scene-
bi (sikvdilis gancda-warmoCenis siZliere saerTodac
gamoarCevs leo qiaCels); igrZnoba is gulisxmiereba
pirovnebis Sinagani, sxvebisTvis dafaruli sicocxlis
mimarT, romelic epoqis mxatvruli cnobierebis mka-
fio Tvisebaa; romanis stili TiTqos qveteqstis teqni-
kas mogvagonebs saqmiani, Tanabari toniT, pirdapir
uTqmelis, nagulisxmevis gazrdili wiliT; zogjer ki
aseT maneras, romelsac yru ironiac erTvis, eqspre-
sionistulad agznebuli saxeobrioba enacvleba; rac
mTavaria, `sisxlSi~ realisturi miukerZoeblobiT
aris naCvenebi qarTveli social-demokratebis cxovre-
ba saukunis dasawyisSi; romani mogviTxrobs, rogor
Tavisufldeba doqtrinis salteebisgan axalgazrda
inteligenti _ menSeviki; am procesis gamosaxva yovel-
Tvis ar aris reliefuri, magram mTlianobaSi sakmaod
damajerebelia.
arCil dadiSianis marqsistul msoflmxedvelobas
bzaravs adamianuri arsebobis siRrmiseul fenomeneb-
Tan misi pirispir Sexvedra _ siyvarulis tanjva, dro-
is Cumi, idumali qroba da yofierebis umyaroba, sikv-
dilis saSineleba marqsistuli doqtrinis Tvalsawie-
ris miRmaa.
social-demokratiuli ideologiisadmi agulgri-
lebs arCils revolucionerebTan axlo urTierToba
da maTi kargad gacnobac. Tu erTi maTgani axirebuli
fanatikosia, romelic Tvlis, rom engelsze ufro swo-
rad esmis marqsizmi, sxvebi ideur mrwamss moklebuli
arian. revolucioneroba maTTvis ubralod xelobaa,
203
romliskenac gaboroteba, SurisZiebis Jini ewevaT (ro-
gorc amas arCilis ZiZiSvilis Tavgadasavali mowmobs).
maT saxeebs mwerali TavSekavebiT xatavs da Ria Sefase-
bebs gaurbis _ aramarto imitom, rom mkacri obieqtu-
roba misi stilis maxasiaTebelia, aramed imitomac, rom
romani ukve ocian wlebSi iwereboda (is 1927 wels ga-
moqveynda). mainc TvalsaCinoa am xalxis raoba _ Zala-
doba da sisxlisRvra maTTvis normaluri movlenaa, isini
moralur problemebze Tavs ar imtvreven. avismomaswa-
vebeli nakvTebi SeiniSneba revolucionerebis saxeebSi.
social-demokratebis, gansakuTrebiT bolSevike-
bis wreSi arCil dadiSiani orTodoqsiis da Seuwynareb-
lobis damTrgunvelobas grZnobs. pirovnebis sulieri
Tavisufleba, damoukidebeli azrovnebis, eWvis ufle-
ba CaixSoba. esec TandaTan aSorebs arCils social-
demokratebisgan. misi maZiebeli buneba veRar eTviseba
doqtrinis sworxazovnebas. igi imsWvaleba pativisce-
miT cocxali sinamdvilisadmi, romelic aRemateba ne-
bismier gonebaWvretiT sqemas da proeqts, nebismier
dogmas.
mainc social-demokratiuli ideologiisgan arCil
dadiSianis gandgomis mTavari mizezi erovnuli feno-
menisadmi am ideologiis nihilisturi damokidebule-
baa. erovnuli nihilizmisgan dadiSianis gankurneba da-
nawevrebulad ar aris warmoCenili, magram misi gardam-
texi momentebis motivireba damafiqrebel dakvirve-
bebs Seicavs.
cixeSi arCil dadiSians leqciis wakiTxva mouxdeba
erovnuli sakiTxis marqsistuli gagebis Temaze _
dadiSianis WeSmarit marqsistobaSi eWvi eparebaT da es
eWvi leqciam unda gafantos. igi aramarto axerxebs
amas, aramed TavisTavSi imden paToss aRmoaCens, rom
TviTonve ukvirs. marqsizmis aRar sjera, magram marq-
sistul Tvalsazriss erovnul sakiTxze iseTi gulwr-
feli TavgamodebiT icavs, rom ver gaugia, ra alapara-
kebs ase. mxolod bundovnad gauelvebs SegnebaSi `mo-
landeba... odesRac Zlieri, magram amJamad ganadgure-
buli modgmis daSinebuli sulisa, romelsac sakuTari
204
Tavis uaryofa daSTenoda Tavdacvis ukanasknel da
erTaderT saSualebad, rom arseboba ganegrZo~.
es paradoqsi SeiZleba ase gavigoT _ `modgmis su-
li~ daiqanca erovnuli TviTmyofobisTvis brZolaSi
gancdili mravali marcxiT, daiTrguna am brZolis
uperspeqtivobis grZnobiT da amitom ebRauWeba moZRv-
rebas, romelic erovnul problemas saerTod ar miiC-
nevs arsebiTad, socialuri samarTlianobis damyarebas
saxavs yvela problemis gadaWris pirobad; erovnuli
Cagvris Ziric socialuri Cagvra, usamarTlobaa da
mizezis mospobiT moispoba Sedegic; patara, dauZlu-
rebul ers, amgvarad, TiTqos gadarCenis Sansi eZleva...
SesaZlebelia, amgvarma ganwyobamac ganapiroba is, rom
social-demokratiuli moZraoba saqarTveloSi masob-
rivi mxardaWeriT sargeblobda.
arCil dadiSiani Semdegac ganagrZobs fiqrs ucna-
uri leqciis Sesaxeb da agnebs im ZiriTad motivs, ro-
melic sakuTar erovnebas ase gatacebiT uarayofinebs.
Tavis megobars, patriotuli enTuziazmiT savse
kacs Salva ramaZes arCili umxels: `cixeSi rom viyavi,
uCveulo azrebi damebadnen... im azrebis uCveuloba
imaSi gamoixateboda, rom... rogor giTxra... qarTveli
rom viyavi, amis gamo Tavi Zalian mecodeboda. amas isic
daemata, rom Zalian mindoda erovnulad didi vyofi-
liyavi, sul erTia, warsuliT Tu awmyoTi, magram gan-
sakuTrebuli didebiT mindoda meamayna. ai, rogorc es
inglisels, an frangs, germanels, russ SeuZlia, ginda
Zvelebs mravals kidev, berZnebs, romaelebs da sxvebs.
magram, warmoidgine, saamayo Cvens istoriaSi maincda-
mainc veraferi ver aRmovaCine... ra iyo mizezi, rom sul
ubedureba gvWirda da monobas Tavi verasodes ver
davaRwieT...~.
uTuod Rirs am iSviaT aRsarebaSi gamkrTali feno-
menis gageba vcadoT.
sakuTari dabeCavebuli eris uaryofisken pirovne-
bas ubiZgebs survili, aRar iziarebdes mis ubedurebas
da uRonobas, magram am movlenis mTavari wanamZRvari
mainc sxva ram aris _ pirovnebis survili, iyos èrov-
205
nulad didi~, ekuTvnodes mZlavr, dawinaurebul mTli-
anobas, wili edos mis warmatebebSi. xolo es arsebiTad
niSnavs, rom pirovnebas unda TviTon iyos `didi~, sia-
mayis da Tavmomwoneobis uflebis mqone. survili, iyo
èrovnulad didi~, Tavis siRrmeSi, arsSi emTxveva sur-
vils, iyo `pirovnulad didi~.
`sididis~ moTxovnilebas, arCil dadiSiani rom
grZnobs, rogorRac unda pasuxobdes ideologia, rom-
lis saxeliTac igi erovnul interesebs ugulebelyofs.
marqsistuli ideologia principulad da xazgasmu-
lad internacionaluria, miznad isaxavs aucileblad
sakacobrio masStabiT ganxorcieldes, kacobrioba er-
Tiani da erTgvarovani gaxados. da es Zalian uadvi-
lebda mcire, susti da uCinari eris warmomadgenels
arasrulfasovnebis da sipataravis kompleqsisgan ga-
Tavisuflebas _ marqsistul ideasTan ziarebiT igi
erTbaSad mZlavri saerTaSoriso socialisturi moZra-
obis nawilad da revoluciurad gardasaqmneli msof-
lios moqalaqed iqceoda; doqtrinis maRiarebeli ra-
Rac dids, globalurs ekedleboda da amiT TviTonac
`diddeboda~; misi ambiciis winaSe araxelsayreli erov-
nuli warmoSoba barierad aRar aRimarTeboda; es doq-
trina mis pativmoyvareobas da TviTdamkvidrebis sur-
vils Tavazobda uzarmazar samoqmedo sivrces _ mTel
planetas, anda Cvens pirobebSi ruseTis imperias mainc.
gandidebis am SesaZleblobebs gamZafrebulad
grZnobdnen qarTveli marqsistebi, xolo erT-erTma
maTi srulad gamoyenebac SeZlo. qarTvelma menSevikeb-
ma ki msoflio didebis wyurvili imiT moikles, rom
qveynierebis dasanaxad TiTqos wamoiwyes uCveulo da
evropisTvisac ki sanimuSo ram _ demokratiis da soci-
alizmis Serwyma; saqarTvelo aramarto daubrunda ci-
vilizebul samyaros, aramed TiTqos mis avangardSic
moeqca.
saqarTvelos Tavis istoriul tragediaSi fatumad
evropisgan mowyvetilobac evlineboda da CvenSi yo-
velTvis cocxlobda civilizaciis ganviTarebis cent-
rTan SeerTebis survili. da ai, movida TiTqosda yve-
206
laze progresuli evropuli moZRvreba, romelic ara-
viTar manZilebs da sxva dabrkolebebs ar epueboda da
msoflios gaerTianebas apirebda. gaCnda macduri pers-
peqtiva _ swrafi naxtomiT sakacobrio progresis or-
bitaze isev gasvlis, provinciuli mivardnilobis da
uCinarobisgan Tavisdaxsnis, msoflios avanscenaze
gaRwevis perspeqtiva. qarTvelebis swrafvas `sididis-
ken~, TavisgamoCenis da vrcel sarbielze damkvidre-
bisken axali moZRvreba bevrs aRuTqvamda.
magram ra muxtavs, ra aZlevs impulss am swrafvas?
qiaCelis romanSi es kiTxva ase JRers: àviRoT Cveni
saerTo sulis xasiaTi, didis daCemeba rom gvCvevia da
misi faqtiuri SesaZlebloba ki rom ara gvaqvs. saidan
aris es Seusabamo gaqaneba, siTamame? bolos da bolos,
ramdeni or milioniani xalxi cxovrobs qveyanaze, da ra
SeviqeniT maincdamainc Cven, rom amden pretenzias vac-
xadebT... damafiqrebeli ar aris gana, rom Cveni Segneba
meorexarisxovani eris xvedrs istoriaSi ar urigdeba
da imaze mets moiTxovs, risi mocemac Cvens awindels,
faqtiur ZalRones SeuZlia~.
am ucnauri movlenis Salva ramaZiseuli ganmarteba
miTopoeturi ieris mqonea: qarTvelebi warmoadgenen
didi da mZlavri modgmis naSTs, romelic odesRac
erT-erT mTavar rols TamaSobda msoflio istoriaSi
da msoflio kulturis erT-erTi mTavari Semoqmedi
iyo. Semdeg man msoflio hegemoniisTvis brZolaSi ka-
tastrofa ganicada da misi gadarCenili nawili kav-
kasias Seexizna. ìm energiis mcire nakadma, romelic
qarTvel tomebs maTi didebis samSoblodan gamohyva,
aRar ikmara kvlav didi istoriis Sesaqmnelad. man isRa
SeZlo, rom or aTeul saukuneze meti kidev ibrZola
Tavis saxis SesanarCuneblad, xolo kacobriuli idea-
lisTvis mis mier gaweuli umagaliTo, magram amao
brZolis aRsabeWdad, istoriis sinidisSi amiran-mijaW-
vuli palo Caaso, rogorc xorcSesxmuli, samaradiso
mxileba imisa, rac iyo da rac axla aris... saukuneebis
manZilze drogamoSvebiT aqac ifeTqebda xalxis wiaR-
Si, mis qveSegnebaSi, mileqili mogoneba gardasuli di-
207
debisa... didi rusTaveli, magaliTad, im didebidan
momdinareobs. Cveni modgmis meore periods, romelsac
sakuTriv saqarTvelos istorias vuwodebT, rusTave-
lis warmoSoba ar SeeZlo. amitom hgavs is saswauls.
rusTavelis saxiT Cvenma modgmam erTxel kidev moi-
gona Tavisi didebis xana... da Cveni gardauvali zma-
nebac didebisa... casaviT rom Cvens suls gadaxurvia,
sizmruli molandebaa imisa, rac odesRac iyo... da unda
gvwamdes, rom qarTveli xalxi Tavisi gardasuli di-
debis mosagoneblad kvlav gviCvenebs saswauls. es iq-
neba axali amiranis movlineba, magram zRaparSi ki ara,
_ sinamdvileSi~.
es yvelaferi emociurad STambeWdavia, magram ufro
realisturi iqneba vifiqroT, rom qarTvelTa `garda-
suli dideba~ burusiT mocul SoreTSi ki ar aris sa-
Zebneli, aramed swored rusTavelis epoqaSi, rodesac
saqarTvelos yovelmxrivma aRmavlobam am masStabis
figura savsebiT kanonzomierad warmoSva. maSin saqar-
Tvelo realurad iyo ìstoriis qartexilebze gamarj-
vebuli erovnuli organizmi da qartexilebis mbrZane-
beli, gind momavlinebeli erovnuli nebisyofa~ _ iyo
istoriis mniSvnelovani da aqtiuri subieqti.
qiaCelis gmiris romantikuli Teoria sworia im
mxriv, rom qarTvelebis `survilTa diadobani~ marT-
lac istoriuli warsulis cnobieri Tu qvecnobieri
xsovnidan aris aRmocenebuli.
meoce saukuneSi xangrZlivi dakninebis da daCrdi-
lulobisTvis TavisdaRwevis dagubebuli Jini, pativis
da didebis moxveWis wadili, msoflio istoriaSi kvlav
Carevis da mniSvnelovani funqciis kisrebis moTxovni-
leba, romelsac eris istoriuli mexsierebis noyieri
fena kvebavda, Cveni Tanamemamuleebis garkveul nawil-
Si gamrudebulad gamovlinda. es ltolvebi moeWidnen
doqtrinas, romelic maT xorcSesxmis macdunebel Se-
saZleblobebs usaxavda, oRond sanacvlod erovnuli
da, Tu ukiduresobaze vilaparakebT, saerTod humanis-
turi faseulobebis gawirvas moiTxovda.
1990
208
geronti qiqoZe
realistis simarTle da sisadave
qarTuli memuaruli da dokumenturi literaturis

bolodroindel SevsebasTan erTad Seivso Cveni war-
modgena im gansacdelze, romlis gadatanac saqarTve-
los mouxda meoce saukuneSi. amgvari literaturis
siuxveSi geronti qiqoZis `Tanamedrovis Canawerebi~
gamoirCeva iSviaTi obieqturobiT, dakvirvebis da ana-
lizis iSviaTi simaxviliT. ndobiT gangvawyobs avtoris
upretenzioba _ is arasdros daJinebiT Tavs ar gvax-
vevs sakuTar Tvalsazriss da gadmocemul movlenebSi
sakuTar rolsac momabezreblad ar usvams xazs. igi
sinamdvilisadmi realisturi erTgulebiT gviziarebs,
risi mowmec iyo da Tavis damokidebulebas Txrobis
sagnisadmi TviT am saganSi faqizad gaazavebs.
imis miuxedavad, rom mwerali Tavisi Sinagani sam-
yaros gamJRavnebaSi TavSekavebas iCens, es samyaro,
avtoris sulieri ieri cxadad warmogvidgeba. Cven
vgrZnobT mwerlis gangeb dayruebul tkivils, uxmauro
principulobas adamianebis da faqtebis zneobriv Se-
fasebaSi, mis TavmdablobiT mosil sibrZnes, romelsac
araferi akvirvebs, skepticizms, romelic xSirad si-
marTlis wvdomis ufro saimedo saSualebaa, vidre
gulwrfeli enTuziazmi... momxiblavia geronti qiqoZis
Taviseburi stoicizmi, romelic mdgomareobs tragi-
kul viTarebaTa winaSe sulis aumRvrevlobis da gone-
bis sinaTlis SenarCunebaSi da TiTqos sazrdoobs sam-
yaros faruli, maradiuli moraluri sazrisis Wvre-
tiT, sikeTis da borotebis mudmivi mimoqcevis
SegnebiT.
geronti qiqoZe sinamdviles xSirad ironiiT um-
zers. Tumca es ironia zogjer momakvdinebelicaa, is
ar aris TvalismomWreli, radgan Cumi melanqoliiTaa
ganelebuli, melanqoliiT, romelic axlavs geronti
qiqoZis mTel eseistur da kritikul Semoqmedebas.
209
`Tanamedrovis CanawerebSi~ mwerlis ena, rogorc
misTvis saerTod aris damaxasiaTebeli, dawmendili da
moqnilia; plastikuri stiliT ikveTeba qarTveli po-
litikosebis da inteligentebis portretTa wyeba. es
portretebi ixateba dauZabavad, mxolod arsebiTi nak-
vTebis moxazviT, ramdenime zedmiwevniT zusti Stri-
xis meSveobiT. geronti qiqoZis mwerlur bunebasTan
erTnairad SeuTavsebelia ikonografiac da karikatu-
rac. igi mudam cdilobs esa Tu is pirovneba dainaxos
mTlianobaSi, rogorc RirsebaTa da sisusteTa organu-
li xlarTi, imisgan damoukideblad, ranairad aris gan-
wyobili am pirovnebisadmi. mis TxrobaSi usimpaTio su-
bieqtebic rogorRac adamianurad gamoiyurebian.
geronti qiqoZis SemoqmedebiTi individualobis-
Tvis niSandoblivia miswrafeba, pirovnebis fsiqolo-
giur TaviseburebebTan erTad gamokveTos misi kultu-
ruli da msoflmxedvelobrivi profili. ase iqmneba
lakonuri, magram mravlis metyveli da damtevi grafi-
kuli saxeebi. realisturi simarTliT da sisadaviT,
yovelgvari gadaWarbebis Tu paTetikis gareSe arian
warmodgenili noe Jordania, arCil jorjaZe, irakli
wereTeli, karlo CxeiZe, spiridon kedia, sergo orjo-
nikiZe, pavle sayvareliZe, mixeil javaxiSvili, paolo
iaSvili da sxvebi.
geronti qiqoZisTvis saerTod da kerZod rogorc
istoriuli movlenebis ganmsjelis da SemfaseblisT-
vis gamorCeulad damaxasiaTebelia zomierebis grZno-
ba, rac dakavSirebulia rTuli procesebis dialeqti-
kuri Wvretis unarTan _ igi miiltvis mxedvelobaSi
iqonios am procesebis winaaRmdegobrivi mxareebis da
momentebis mTlianoba. amgvari TvalTaxedviT aris
aRqmuli `Tanamedrovis CanawerebSi~ saqarTvelos da-
moukideblobis periodi, saqarTvelos maSindeli mes-
veurebis saqmianoba, imdroindeli cxovrebis atmosfe-
ro. es atmosfero ar iyo erTgvarovani, igi xalxis
aweuli ganwyobis garda imasac moicavda, rasac mwera-
li daxvewili ironiiT aRbeWdavs: `sagareo bazris
uqonlobis gamo saxelmwifo da kerZo marnebSi did-
210
Zali Rvino dagrovda. mxedrobis da inteligenciis
farTo wreebi TiTqo SiSma moicva, es Rvino ar daZmare-
buliyo. radgan yvelas ar SeeZlo oficialur banke-
tebs daswreboda, daiwyo gauTavebeli Rreoba kerZo
ojaxebsa, yavaxanebsa, sasadiloebSi. es iyo namdvili
lxini Jamianobis dros~.
savsebiT uiluziod hyavs danaxuli geronti qiqo-
Zes social-demokrati liderebi, Seuferavad aqvs war-
modgenili maTi nakli da Secdomebi, magram aseve cxa-
dad iTvaliswinebs igi saqarTvelosTvis arakeTilmyo-
fel istoriul viTarebas, garemoebaTa simZimes. ami-
tom misi kritikul-ironiuli gansja moklebulia aRS-
foTebas da sabraldebo daskvnis simkacres. es imiTac
ganisazRvreba, rom mwerals SeumCneveli ar rCeba da-
moukideblobis swrafwarmavlobis erT-erTi mizezi _
imdroindeli qarTuli sazogadoebis zneobis defeqte-
bi, misi nacionaluri TviTSegnebis sisuste. ai, amis
amsaxveli patara detali: `qarelSi Tu gomSi erTi gzad
mimavali glexi SeCerda da rusulad wamoiZaxa: _ Zirs
simindis respublika! _ vis dascinis, Tavis Tavs? _
ikiTxa gaocebulma rusma oficerma~.
aseTi detalebis, wvrilmanebis, SemTxvevebis mi-
marT geronti qiqoZe mgrZnobiare da yuradRebiania,
maTSi povebs socialur-politikuri sinamdvilis su-
lier arss, did istoriul cvlilebaTa adamianur gan-
zomilebas, rac misTvis yvelaferze ufro saintereso
da mniSvnelovania. amas es pasaJic mowmobs: `Rame wis-
qvilSi gavaTieT, sadac moxuci mewisqvile Semwvari kva-
xiT da izabelas RviniT gagvimaspinZlda. Semovida vi-
Rac axalgazrda glexi, komunisturi partiis axali
nergi da Cveni Raribi trapezi gaiziara, gviambo, ori
dRis winaT tyeSi Sevedi wnelis mosaWrelad da iq mou-
lodnelad qajs Seveyareo. sruliad titveli iyo, la-
mazi qalis saxe hqonda, xSiri Tma gaeSalao. waldi Se-
movkari, iwivla da miimalao~. advili warmosadgenia,
saxelmwifo ideologiis rogori Clungi, fanatikuri
damcveli dadgeba am axalgazrda bolSevikisgan, ro-
211
gor Semateben Zalas mis politikur aqtivobas Warbi
erotiuli impulsebi.
memuarebis emociur-azrobriv da kompoziciur
centrs qmnis masobrivi represiebis periodis analizi.
saqarTveloSi am represiebis mTavari ganmaxorcieleb-
lis, berias aRzevebis wanamZRvrad geronti qiqoZe gar-
kveul politikur tendencias miiCnevs: nepma, `socia-
lizmis ukandaxevam~ bolSevikur partiaSi Seasusta
Zveli gvardiis dogmatikosTa poziciebi; eretikosebis
Seviwroebamac adgili gaaTavisufla stalinis diqta-
turis mxardamWerTaTvis, romelTac ideuroba mainc-
damainc ar moeTxovebodaT, piriqiT, uprincipoba sta-
linisTvis iolad mosaxmars xdida da winsvlaSi xels
uwyobda maT.
roca mwerali berias saqmianobisTvis migvadevnebi-
nebs Tvals, mis garegnulad dinj, mkafiod mowesrige-
bul Txrobas Sinagani daZabuloba da simwvave dayveba.
geronti qiqoZis azriT, beriam saqarTvelos didi ziani
imiTac miayena, rom xalxs patriotis niRbiT evline-
boda, aman ki bevri Seiyvana SecdomaSi. zogs dResac
sjera berias patriotizmi. es an gulubryvilobaa, an
patriotizmze damaxinjebuli warmodgenis gamovline-
ba, radgan beriasnairi adamianis patriotuli grZnoba
sinamdvileSi SeiZleba mxolod raRac zoologiuri
instinqti iyos. maxvilgonivruli da zedgamoWrilia
saqarTvelos jalaTis geronti qiqoZiseuli xatovani
daxasiaTeba: `sulTmobrZavTa xrials Tbilisis diqta-
tori ise iyo SeCveuli, rom albaT misi SewyvetisTanave
eRviZeboda, rogorc eRviZeba mewisqviles, roca dola-
bis xriali Cerdeba~.
represiebis aRwerisas avtori dagvanaxebs cxovre-
bis paradoqsebs, ucnaurobebs, bedis ironias. skepti-
kosi mixeil javaxiSvili, sabWoTa reJimis mamxilebeli,
da pavle sayvareliZe, aTeisti, marqsisti, sikvdilis
win erTnairad eZeben nugeSs religiaSi... anda, vTqvaT,
Seurigebeli mtrebi, erTmaneTis moZule adamianebi
gverdigverd aRmoCndebian rogorc gansasjelebi.
212
geronti qiqoZe gamokveTs sabWoTa reJimis erT-erT
yvelaze Rrma Sinagan winaaRmdegobas _ es reJimi Tavis
ZiriTad principad koleqtivizms acxadebda, sinamdvi-
leSi ki mudmivi teroris viTareba adamianis egoistur
ltolvebs amZafrebda. `sazogadoebis erTi nawili da-
emsgavsa cecxlis mfrqveveli mTis Ziras aSenebuli
qalaqis mcxovreblebs, romlebic Cqaroben siamovnebis
fiala amoswuron, vinaidan xvalindeli dRe uzrunvel-
yofili ara aqvT~.
magram geronti qiqoZe fiqrobs, rom sabWoTa reJi-
mis arseboba da sicocxlisunarianoba teroris, SiSis
garda sxva safuZvlebsac emyareba. mwerali analitiku-
rad aRwers bolSevikebis mier Seqmnili sazogadoebis
struqturas da am struqturas saxavs reJimis gamZleo-
bis pirobad. es aris ierarqiuli sazogadoeba, magram
misi zeda fenebis Semadgenloba cvalebadia, amitom
qveda fenebis mkvidrT iq moxvedris macdunebeli Se-
saZlebloba eZlevaT. cxadia, es cirkulacia ganamtki-
cebs reJims; bolSevikebma uzrunvelyves xelisufle-
bisadmi muSebis mxardaWera, romelTa materialuri da
moraluri mdgomareoba erTgvarad gaumjobesda; efeq-
tiani aRmoCnda maT pativmoyvareobaze ostaturi ze-
moqmedebac, maTi namdvil Tu potenciur gmirebad Se-
racxva; xolo sabWoTa xelisuflebis mier daymevebuli
glexobisTvis `mainc erTgvari sanazRauro iyo, rom
misi Wirnaxulis didi nawili saxelmwifos mihqonda da
ara uqm memamules~; reJims emadlierebian isini, visac
sabWoTa saxelmwifom ganaTlebis miRebis saSualeba
misca da vinc axali, naklebad kvalificiuri da nayo-
fieri inteligenciis mravalricxovani amqari Seadgina.
avtori aRniSnavs sabWoTa reJimis dros saqarTve-
loSi momxdar garkveul ekonomikur da kulturul
Zvrebs, magram misTvis mTavaria is mavne Sedegebi, rom-
lebic maT axlda _ saqarTvelos gadaqceva monokul-
turebis qveynad, araqarTvelTa migraciis saxifaTo
gaZliereba da am fonze qarTuli kulturis jansaRi
funqcionirebis Seferxeba, xalxis iniciativis
Seborkva...
213
memuarebis erT-erTi mTavari personaJia stalini,
romelsac mwerali xedvis Tavisi meTodis Sesatyvisad
_ aracalmxrivad da araerTmniSvnelovnad warmogvid-
gens. udavoa, rom stalini Zlieri politikosi iyo, ro-
melmac mkveTri kvali daaCnia istorias, magram Znelia
daeTanxmo mwerals imaSi, TiTqos stalinis saqmianoba
ase Tu ise progress uxsnida gzas. mainc memuarebis
avtori mTlianobaSi obieqturia stalinis fenomeni-
sadmi, igi natifi ironiiT xelSesaxebad aRadgens
stalinis gandidebis da TviTgandidebis avadmyofur
process. geronti qiqoZe Rrma realizmiT ganWvrets am
SiSismomgvreli adamianis sulier arss. `stalini, al-
baT, imdenad general denikinis, partiuli opozicie-
bis, feldmarSal guderianis winaaRmdeg brZolas ar
dauRlia, rogorc jer hitlerTan SeTanxmebam, xolo
Semdeg ruzveltsa da CerCilTan damegobrebam daRala.
rogor SeeZlo vinmes xangrZlivad damegobreboda
adamiani, romelic cxovrebas sayovelTao Seunelebel
omad Tvlida. kaci mas an unda gascloda, an damorCile-
boda. misi mZafri xelis moZraoba (meore xeli Semxmari
hqonda), misi damcinavi Rimili Txel tuCebze, misi
gamsWvalavi Tvalebis gamometyveleba mowmobdnen, rom
is aTvaliswunebiT an undoblad uyurebda adamianTa
modgmas, umravlesobas an advilad mosasyidad Tvlida,
an monuri morCilebis da dasjis Rirsad~.
kanonzomieria, rom geronti qiqoZe memuarebs
stalinis glovis monumenturi suraTiT amTavrebs _
amiT dasrulda mTeli tragikuli epoqa, romelmac
TviT memuarebis avtorsac bevri tkivili agema. magram
geronti qiqoZem mainc SeZlo Tavisi moraluri saxis,
Sinagani Tavisuflebis da inteleqtualuri patiosne-
bis gadarCena. misi daurRveveli sulis da daxvewili
gonebis anareklia `Tanamedrovis Canawerebic~.
1991
214
grigol robaqiZe
gansacdeli
sabWoeTis fantastikuri realoba, bolSevikuri

reJimis buneba da qarTuli sulierebis bedi am reJimis
pirobebSi, epoqaluri tragediis saTaveebi da mize-
zebi, stalinis pirovneba _ yovelive amis mxatvrul-
analitikuri ganWvretis cdaa grigol robaqiZis roma-
ni `Cakluli suli~.
romanis mxatvruli simarTle upirvelesad is aris,
rom masSi moxelTebuli da ganfenilia epoqis SiSis-
momgvreli atmosfero. igi yvelaferSi atans, mis ga-
momfitav zegavlenas veravin usxlteba. ver usxlteba
mas verc romanis mTavari gmiri. mis saxeSi TiTqos
idealuri qarTvelis stereotipuli xati gamosWvivis:
is raindulad vaJkacuria, amayi da SemarTuli, sicocx-
lis Sekavebuli xalisiT savse da Sinagan silbosac ar
aris moklebuli magram es xati Signidan irRveva, masze
damSlelad moqmedebs SiSi, romelic am Zlieri kacis
sulSi Separula da gamjdara.
mtkivneulad akvirdeba Tamazi sabWoTa kavSirSi
RmerTis winaaRmdeg warmowyebul laSqrobas, avadmyo-
fur movlenas, romelSic sabWourobis arss xedavs.
magram, misi azriT, is, rac xdeba, aucilebelia, radgan
uRmerTo kulturam revoluciis jojoxeTi unda gamo-
iaros, krizisi bolomde unda gamwvavdes, raTa mas
rwmenis aRorZineba moyves. es krizisi TviTon Tamazis
arsebasac moicavs, RmerTi arsebiTad masac dakarguli
hyavs. Tumca pozitivizmis da aTeizmis mimarT Zalian
kritikulad, antipaTiurad aris ganwyobili da samya-
ros aRiqvams rogorc saidumlos, mainc pirovnuli ab-
solutisgan mowyvetilia. samyarodan RmerTis da ma-
Rali sulierebis, mowiwebis aRmZvreli faseulobebis
gaZevebas, `jados axsnas~, rac dasavlur civilizaciaSi
spontanuria, xolo sabWoTa sinamdvileSi gegmazomie-
215
rad da amave dros ugono enTuziazmiT xorcieldeba,
igi Sinaganad emijneba da uZaliandeba. magram mas ara
aqvs RmerTis da sulis ukvdavebis cocxali rwmenis fa-
ri, sastiki reJimis masirebuli Semotevisgan rom dai-
cavda. romanis gmiri iwamleba SiSiT, romlisac rcxve-
nia da romelic tanjavs, xolo sakuTari bunebrivi si-
Tamame, drodadro rom ver iokebs, kidev ufro aS-
foTebs. misi suli Tavidanve ganiaraRebulia adamianis
dasaTrgunad konstruirebuli sistemis winaSe, rom-
lis mTavari samizne swored Tavisufali sulia. is iZu-
lebulia daeqvemdebaros sistemis mudmiv da ufxizles
kontrols. es kontroli àxali RmerTis~ _ partiuli
saxelmwifos, gpu-s _ Tvalia. `socialisturi koleq-
tivi saWiros xdis aseT idumal Tvals. RmerTi kvdeba
_ mis adgils es Tvali ikavebs~. Rrma dakvirvebaa _
religiur sazogadoebaSi adamianebi RmerTis mzeras
grZnoben, es mzeraa maTi cxovrebis universaluri Sem-
mowmebeli, totalitaruli saxelmwifo ki swored
RmerTs enacvleba, mis prerogativebs iTvisebs.
es Senacvleba iwvevs imas, rom adamianis Sinagani
samyaro daixSoba, yrud Cairazeba. mas aRar SeuZlia
sxva adamianis gulis Sesagebeblad Tavisuflad gai-
Ros, mas ndobiT Seexos, Seerwyas _ `guli misces gu-
lisaTvis~. romanis gmiri, bunebiT gulRia adamiani,
mowyurebulia aseT urTierTobas, romelic misTvis
RvTaebrivi, sakraluri aqtia, magram boWavs SiSi, ùm-
Tavresi seni sicocxlis~ da ver axerxebs xorci Seasxas
am Zlier moTxovnilebas. yvelaze metad Tamazs es
awvalebs, es agrZnobinebs RvTisgan mitovebulobas.
magram adamianzec xom aris damokidebuli, iqneba Tu
ara RmerTi samyaroSi: `RmerTi yvelganaa sadac guli
Riaa, samsxverplo cxovelis darad mzad aris Tavis Se-
saTavazeblad~. msxverplgaRebis unari, tanjva-wamebis
tvirTvis Zala aklia Tamazs, vinaidan aklia am Tvisebis
ganmasaxierebel qristianul RmerTTan Sinagani siax-
love. Tavisi msoflgancdiT igi warmarTi ufroa, mi-
wieri, xorcieli yofiereba, sicocxle misTvis metad
Zvirfasi da tkbilia. Tavis modgmasTan, bunebis, samya-
216
ros cxovelmyofel ZalebTan mas organuli kavSiri
aqvs, rac mis leqsebSic Cans. es romanis gmirs TiTqos
zogierT cisferyanwel poets amsgavsebs. warmarTuli
hedonizmi aramarto mSobliuri stiqiaa misTvis, ara-
med sulismosaTqmelic SiSismomgvrel sabWoTa yofaSi.
samyarosTan, sicocxlesTan harmoniul Tanxmobas ani-
Webs mas natas siyvaruli da Tumca am siyvarulSic da-
landavs samyaroSi datanebul bnel, sikvdilismier
elements, mainc avismauwyebel mixvedrebs Zlevs sico-
cxlis rogorc RvTisgan dalocvili fenomenis grZno-
ba. Tamazi amarTlebs TviT adamianis pirvelcodvas,
radgan amiT miwieri sicocxlis gamravlebas mieca
dasabami.
sicocxlis Tayvaniscema, sicocxlis RvTiuri mad-
lis gancda, samyaros da adamianebisTvis gulisgaxsnis
wadili aramarto romanis mTavari gmiris sulierebis
Tvisebaa, aramed erovnuli msoflSegrZnebis Zireuli
tendenciac aris, Tuki es msoflSegrZneba Seuryvneli
da aumRvrevelia. `qarTvelebi sufras usxdnen. Tvali
rom qveyanas, mzes, mTebs, xeebs, cxovelebs, adamianebs
ucqers, guls sixaruli efineba da surs Semoqmeds
qeba-dideba Seasxas. dalocvilia wami, roca lxeniT
savse guli meorisaTvis ixsneba, gulis Trobaa, rasac
qarTveli lxinSi ganicdis aq erTmaneTis gaxarebaa
mTavari _ `gana bedniereba ar aris, rom gxedav? rom
vcocxlob? rom gxvdebi da mxvdebi?~. amgvar msofl-
gancdasTan Seurigebel winaaRmdegobaSia sabWoTa re-
Jimi, romelic erTmaneTisadmi SiSiT da undoblobiT
aavadebs adamianebs, aiZulebs TavisTavSi gamoemwyvd-
nen, sulebi daimunjon da uxSobs erTmaneTTan Sinagani
Sexmianebis, gamTlianebisken swrafvas.
xolo im kacis mTavari Tviseba, vinc es reJimi misi
bunebis Sesabamisad `srulyo~, swored sicocxlis
madlTan Tanaziarobis uunarobaa. stalinisTvis Tavi-
si sastiki mamisadmi siZulvilis gamo sicocxle Tavi-
danve dawyevlilia da borotebaa. igi gaTiSulia samya-
ros mTlianobisgan da TavisTavSia Caketili. `mas ara-
feri axarebs. mis guls ar ZaluZs kosmiurad ZirisZi-
217
ramde gaixsnas. is ar aris aalebuli, xorcSesxmuli na-
wili mistiurad daglejili RmerTisa: is civia, mtkice
da pirquSi. aseTi adamianisTvis ar arsebobs eqstazi.
aseT umamos rom beThovenis mecxre simfonia moesmina
_ gansakuTrebiT dasasruli, sadac mRelvare orkest-
rSi adamianTa xmebi iWrebian, xmebi dionisos mier dag-
lejil arsebaTa, romlebic sxva sicocxles, axals,
adamianurs Tu zeadamianurs acxadeben _ is mainc ver
gaxleCda Tavis viwro naWuWs, raTa unapiro sinamdvi-
les SeerTeboda. is civi, mtkice da pirquSi darCeboda~.
stalini adreve agnebs misTvis saWiro da Sesaferis
msoflgagebas. nihilizmis daxmarebiT is `Tavisuflde-
ba~ RmerTis, zneobis da yovelgvari Rirebulebebisgan
da sicocxlisadmi mtrobis ideur sanqcias iRebs; nihi-
listuri SexedulebiT xom samyaro da adamiani uRmer-
To, SemTxveviTi da mdabalia da amdenad maT mimarT mo-
uridebeli, agresiuli damokidebuleba fuZndeba; `ga-
Tavisuflebulis~ destruqciul TviTnebobas win aRa-
raferi eRobeba, mis usazRvro egocentrizms aRarafe-
ri borkavs.
sabolood poulobs stalini TavisTavs marqsizmis
bolSevikur nairsaxeobaSi, romelic SeniRbuli da Za-
lauflebis mosapoveblad mobilizebuli nihilizmia.
stalinis fenomenis ganmartebisas grigol robaqiZe
dostoevskis Semoqmedebas iSveliebs, kerZod, romans
èSmakni~. am romanis personaJi verxovenski stalinis
namdvili (Tumca masTan SedarebiT uferuli) arqeti-
pia, pirvel rigSi imiT, rom sicocxle misTvisac sibil-
wea, araferi aRuZravs rids da mowiwebas, amitom nebis-
mier saSinelebas Caifiqrebs da Caidens. SeiZleba gavix-
senoT dostoevskis eSmakTa naSieri sologubis anti-
gmiric romanidan `patara eSmaki~. Tavis personaJs, ro-
melic samyarosadmi mtruladaa dapirispirebuli da
samyarosganac mudam mtrobas moelis, avtori ase axasi-
aTebs: `pirovnuli da gancalkevebuli yofierebis
cdunebebiT dabrmavebuls ar esmoda dionisuri, stiqi-
uri aRfrTovaneba, bunebaSi rom zeimobda da xmianob-
da~. grigol robaqiZis mier warmosaxuli stalinic
218
antidionisuri adamiania, im azriT, rom igi moklebu-
lia Tavdaviwyebis, Trobis, aRfrTovanebis da samya-
rosTan eqstazurad gamTlianebis unars. romanis avto-
risTvis amosavalia dionisuris nicSeseuli gageba.
`Caklul sulSi~ aris personaJi, romelic cdilobs
stalinis Zlierebis saidumlos daeuflos da Zlios
mas. berzini, SesaZloa, bolSevikis erT-erTi saukeTe-
so literaturuli saxe iyos.
stalinis upiratesoba metoqeebTan SedarebiT swo-
red misi ucecxloba, civsisxlianobaa da berzinic esw-
rafis TavisTavSi cecxli da eqstazi moaTvinieros,
raTa Tavisi mamoZravebeli ltolva _ Zalauflebis,
sxvaTa damarcxebis da daTrgunvis neba ise gamoawrTos
da Seuxrelad mizanmimarTuli gaxados, rom stalinze
gaimarjvos. amisTvis Wirdeba mas natasTan aranorma-
luri urTierToba. es urTierToba samyaros da adami-
anisadmi damokidebulebis bolSevikuri wesis simbo-
loseburad SemWidroebul da ganzogadebul gamoxatu-
lebad gvevlineba _ samyaros, adamians pativi aeyre-
baT, amoralurad gamoiyenebian raRac miznis misaRwe-
vad mosaxmar, TavisTavadi Rirebulebis armqone inst-
rumentad berzinis survilia ara samyarosTan harmo-
niuli Serwyma, aramed sakuTari egos ganmtkiceba, gaz-
rda. misi moTxovnilebaa ara Tavisi arsebis gaReba,
aramed samyaros sasicocxlo Zalebis miTviseba da
STanTqma.
berzinis sizmari, romelic romanSi gamorCeulad
STambeWdavia, bneli sulebis gamSuqebeli mxatvruli
xilviT cxadyofs, rom berzinisnairi WeSmariti bolSe-
vikic ki stalinTan, kidev ufro WeSmarit bolSevikTan
brZolaSi uRonoa. ase imis gamoc aris, rom stalini
gafacicebuli instinqtiT gansakuTrebulad SeigrZ-
nobs masis Sinagan impulsebs da marTavs maT. stalini
daumarcxebeli imiTacaa, rom SeuZlia masis ZaliT
aRivsos, misi nebis gamtari iyos.
sabWoTa masis damangreveli zemoqmedeba pirovne-
baze zustad aris nagrZnobi da naCvenebi epizodSi, sa-
dac Tamazi saqarTvelos gasabWoebisadmi miZRvnil
219
sazeimo sxdomas sityviT mimarTavs. pirovnebis `sazRv-
rebi waiSleba~, misi namdvili `me~ warixoceba da is am-
bobs imas, rac ar wams, amarTlebs Zaladobas, `sisxlis
gamoSvebas~. romanis mTavari gmiri mTlianobaSi iTqvi-
feba, magram es, cxadia, aris ara is Tavisufali da bu-
nebrivi Tanaziaroba samyarosTan da adamianebTan, ro-
melsac igi natrobs, aramed pirovnebis sulieri TviT-
myofobis gaqrobaa, pirovnebis araraobad qcevaa.
cru ideis safuZvelze adamianebis aseTi aranamdvi-
li, araTavisufali gamTlianeba mimdinareobs sabWoTa
kavSirSi da es procesi romanSi sinamdvilis fantasti-
kuri absurdiT Senacvlebad warmodgeba (àkaSas qroni-
ka~). qimera batondeba, Zalmomreobs realobaze da
cxovrebas SemaSfoTeblad ucxo ieri edeba, avadmyo-
furi fantaziis gamonagons emsgavseba. TavisTavisgan
ucxovdeba, ucnaurad gardaiqmneba romanis mTavari
personaJic, roca saqarTvelos okupaciis wlisTavze
aRtkinebul sityvas warmoTqvams.
sakuTari Tavisadmi am Ralatis sazRaurad miiCnevs
igi dapatimrebas. magram moraluri sazRauris gadaxda
am SemTxvevaSi niSnavs sikvdilis SiSis morevas, sikv-
dili ki Zalian axlodan imuqreba. `dRisiT aq (gpu-Si)
samariseburi simSvide sufevda, RamiT ki _ ase samsa da
oTx saaTs Soris _ SiSismomgvreli xmebi gaismoda:
TiTqos Citis galiaSi SemZvrali gveli xoxviT miikv-
levda gzas, enas asisinebda, nel-nela aqanebda Tavs.
tusaRebi damunjebulni ugdebdnen yurs am Cqams gareT
sabargo manqana Rmuoda. virTxebi cocxldebodnen,
TiTqos moaxloebuli leSis suni winaswar ikreso.
yvela idumalad grZnobda mosaxdens. TviT Zilsac ki
elviseburad xvretda intuicia, romelic erTbaSad
anaTebda yvelafers. tani saSinelis siaxloves grZnob-
da. momspobi xaxa daRebuli iyo, bneli, gauZRomeli.
kidev erTxel ewameboda dionise. nabijebi derefanSi
yru Sikrikebi iyvnen sikdilis~.
Tamazma gonebiT icis, rom `roca RmerTiT cxovrob,
veravin wagarTmevs sicocxles~, magram amis ganyene-
buli codna ar kmara sikvdilis SiSis mosagerieblad;
220
romanis mTavar gmirs ki patimrobaSi umZafrdeba
RvTisgan mitovebulobis grZnoba. is ver icnobierebs
da isisxlxorcebs imas, risi wvdomisganac TiTqos Sors
ar aris _ qristianuli RmerTi swored tanjuli
RmerTia da adamiani yvelaze metad maSin uaxlovdeba
qristes, roca codvaTa gamosasyidad tanjvas tvirTu-
lobs da WeSmaritebisTvis ewameba. Tamazs, miwieri
sicocxlis gamaRmerTebels, es unari ar aRmoaCndeba.
magram dacemis Semdeg is _ sikvdils gadarCenili
berzinis Tu sxvaTagan gansxvavebiT _ sulmokled ar
CaebRauWeba sicocxles. warmarTi kvdeba masSi. igi
Tvals usworebs Tavisi sisustis mizezs, TavisTavze
iRebs dacemiT gamowveuli sulieri tanjvis simZimes
rogorc damsaxurebul sasjels da ase aRasrulebs
imas, rac manamde ver SeZlo; mxolod am tanjviT aRmo-
aCens da eziareba qristes rogorc cocxal WeSmarite-
bas da realobas, aRmoaCens, rom qristes gareSe misi
saTayvanebeli amqveyniuri mSvenierebac sikvdilis,
araras kuTvnilebaa. grigol robaqiZis gmiri TviTon
gamocdis sakuTari Teoriuli Tvalsazrisis simarT-
les: `revolucia arnaxulad waaqezebs uRmerTobas,
xolo SiSveli, uRmerTo adamiani erTbaSad igrZnobs
sicarieles da aRmafreniT moinatrebs dakarguls~.
romanis finals kvals aCnevs is garemoeba, rom
grigol robaqiZis meTodSi da stilSi aris simbolizm-
Tan dakavSirebuli fena _ simbolizmis danaSrevia
realobis gaidumaleba, demonizmi, movlenebis faruli,
zeempiriuli ganzomilebis aqcentireba; ZiriTadad
romanSi es sakmaod zomierad vlindeba, metwilad cxov-
rebiseul masalas, TiTqosda irealur sabWoTa sinamd-
viles Seezrdeba; realisti Tvalyurs adevnebs da awo-
nasworebs simbolists; finalSi ki mistika uceb gau-
Sualeblad iWreba da mxatvruli simarTlis xarisxi
klebulobs.
`Cakluli suli~ inteleqtualizmis primatiT aR-
beWdili nawarmoebia, rac iSviaTobas ar warmoadgens
Cveni saukunis literaturaSi. oRond romanSi iqac, sa-
dac inteleqtualuri, eseisturi elementi Warbobs,
221
SenarCunebulia mxatvrul-fsiqologiuri atmosferos
mTlianoba. nawarmoebSi empiriuli garemos da xasiaTe-
bis detalizebuli xatva Canacvlebulia personaJebis
sulieri ieris da azrTawyobis warmodgeniT, albaT,
zedmetadac. Sesrulebis manera SekumSuli, gantvir-
Tulia, avtori efeqturad avlebs da ganalagebs mok-
veTil Strixebs. mwerlis daZabuli goneba, intuicia da
fantazia axlodan dagvanaxebs sulierebis tragikul
gansacdels.
1990
222
galaktion tabiZe
enigmaturi saxe da analizi
yoveli xelovani arsebiTad TviTonve karnaxobs

mkvlevarebs mis mier Seqmnili mxatvruli sinamdvilis
analitikuri ganxilvis wess. is, rac gamaxvilebul yu-
radRebas moiTxovs erTi xelovanis Semoqmedebis kvle-
visas, ase mniSvnelovani ar aris sxva xelovanis Semoq-
medebis kritikuli analizisTvis.
cnobilia, rom galaktionis saxeebis, tropebis,
asociaciebis mniSvnelovani nawili enigmaturad bun-
dovania. cnobilia agreTve, rom amas simbolistur poe-
tur kulturasTan galaktionis siaxlove ganapirobebs.
rogor unda moekidos literaturismcodneoba am
saxeebs, ra SeiZleba vicodeT da risi imedi unda
gvqondes?
gamoTqmulia Tvalsazrisi, romlis mixedviTac amg-
var saxeTa analizi saerTod SeuZlebeli da mizanSeu-
wonelia. es Tvalsazrisi eWvqveS iqna dayenebuli _
rogorc Cans, Tu yvela ara, am tipis zogierTi xati
mainc eqvemdebareba logikur ganxilvas, logikis enaze
`Targmnas~, xerxdeba maTi warmoqmnis procesisTvis
Tvalis midevneba, maTi genezisis dadgena...
magaliTisTvis SevexoT galaktionis enigmatur sa-
xeTagan erTs. gavixsenoT leqsi `qarebs qaroba~:
`daetyo kidec qarebs qaroba,

roca mtrobaa da edgaroba,
sanTelo, garxevs Ramis fiqrebi,
magram Sen mainc nu Camiqrebi,
nu mimatoveb.
aRar etyoba Tvalebs Tvaloba,
roca Rrea da miuvaloba,
ayefdebian mTvaris tyupebi,
o, Sen mainc ar daiRupebi,
cremls nu aToveb.~
223
àyefdebian mTvaris tyupebi~ marTlac gasaidum-
loebuli, erTi SexedviT, amouxsneli saxea, magram,
vfiqrobT, misi ganmartebis cda mTlad uimedo saqme ar
unda iyos.
anatol fransis `TaisSi~ Cveni yuradReba miipyro
da uneblieT galaktionis es xati gagvaxsena erTma ad-
gilma, sadac avtori axasiaTebs nawarmoebis mTavar
gmirs: `mas swamda RvTiuri gangeba, borot sulTa yov-
lisSemZleoba, jadoqroba, Selocvebi; mas swamda ieso
qriste da sirielTa RvTaeba; mas sjeroda isic, rom
ZaRlebi yefdnen, roca pirquSi hekate gzajvaredineb-
ze gamoCndeboda xolme~.
berZnul miTologiaSi hekate mTvaris RvTaebaa.
`wyvdiadis da jadoqrobis es qalRmerTi daxetialobs
saflavebs Soris da gamoixmobs mkvdrebis aCrdilebs.
is aerTianebs or samyaros _ cocxlebisas da mkvdre-
bisas. hekate monadirea, romelsac ZaRlebis xrova ax-
lavs, misi nadiroba avbediTi Rameuli nadirobaa~
(`msoflios xalxTa miTebi~).
amgvarad, fransi sargeblobs berZnuli miTologi-
uri warmodgeniT.
Cveni varaudiT, galaktionic mas unda iyenebdes.
am varaudis moSveliebiT SegviZlia gaviazroT, ra
kavSirSia ZaRlebis yefa mTvaresTan da ratom aRZravs
igi daRupvis SiSs _ es mTvaris RvTaebis, mkvdrebis
sulebis, aCrdilebis gamomxmobi Semzaravi qalRmerTis
Rameuli svlis niSania, es misi Tanmxlebi ZaRlebis
xrova iyefeba.
rogorc Cans, `mTvaris tyupebi~ mTvaris zedmiwev-
niT msgavsebs, oreulebs ki ar niSnavs, aramed mTvaris,
hekates `kuTvnili~ da misgan ganuyreli ZaRlebis
erTsaxovan simravles gamoxatavs.
is garemoeba, rom galaktioni mTvaris da ZaRlebis
kavSiris saxeldebas axdens sityva `tyupebiT~, ase or-
Wofulad da bundovnad, metad niSandoblivia _ poeti
gangeb aidumalebs am kavSirs.
amiT galaktioni Segnebulad faravs Tavisi meta-
foris warmomavlobasac, ase vTqvaT, Slis kvals, ayru-
224
ebs berZnuli miTis eqos. es metafora ar Seicavs alu-
zias, romelic garkveuli kulturuli fenomenisken
warmarTavs aRmqmelis cnobierebas. piriqiT, galaktio-
ni cdilobs rac SeiZleba SeumCneveli gaxados Tavisi
metaforis saTave.
galaktionisTvis miTosuri warmodgena mxolod da
mxolod masalaa, `nedleulia~, romelic mTlianad un-
da CainTqas misi warmosaxvis produqtSi. antikuri miTi
Cawurulia galaktionis metaforaSi da TiTqmis savse-
biT gauCinarebulia.
amgvarad qmnis poeti xats, romelic Seucnoblobis,
iracionalurobis STabeWdilebas badebs.
saerTod, galaktionis simbolisturi, nislovani sa-
xeebis daniSnulebaa Cagvagonon, rom raRac araamqvey-
niurs SevexeT. es iTqmis saxezec àyefdebian mTvaris
tyupebi~. igi gamoxatavs gansacdelis molodins, mag-
ram ara Cveulebrivs, ara konkretuli mizeziT gamow-
veuls, aramed samyaros iracionalur sawyisTa anazde-
uli gancdis Sedegad gaCenils. es saxe gadmogvcems
SiSs samyaros siRrmeSi dabudebuli Seucnobeli da
bneli Zalebis winaSe, romlebic daRupvas uqadian li-
rikul gmirs.
magram Tuki asea, maSin unda vaRiaroT, rom saxis
amgvari emociur-xatovani Sinaarsi isedac ganicdeba
da gaiazreba, misi analizis, misi warmomavlobis dadge-
nis gareSec. saxe uamisodac ambobs Tavis saTqmels,
gvagrZnobinebs imas, rac unda gvagrZnobinos. anu aR-
moCnda, rom saxis axsnam arsebiTad ver Seavso, ver gaam-
didra am saxis da mTlianad leqsis poeturi Sinaarsi.
kvlevis Sedegi sakmaod mokrZalebuli gamodga.
SevecadeT amogvexsna idumalebiT aRbeWdili xati
da gamoirkva, rom TviTon igi swored imas mieltvis,
idumali da gamoucnobi darCes; rom TviT misi arse-
bobis sazrisia amouxsneli, burusSi CaZiruli iyos, ra-
Ta Cvenc saidumlos gancda dagveuflos.
unda davaskvnaT: galaktionis xatSi namdvilad sa-
gulisxmoa ara is, rasac es xati faravs, aramed sakuT-
riv SegrZneba, STabeWdileba, rom igi raRacas faravs.
225
amgvar saxeTa amoxsnis Jini ki gaunelebelia.
mainc ratom gvsurs idumal xatTa logikis naTel
sferoSi gadmoyvana, imis gageba, ra aris maTSi
nagulisxmevi?
Cven gvaqvs imedi, _ metwilad gaucnobierebeli _
rom amgvar saxeTa amocnobis Sedegad movixelTebT,
gamovamzeurebT da vixilavT azrs, `logoss~, koncep-
tualuri, msoflmxedvelobrivi datvirTvis mzidvel
fenomens.
erT-erTi idumali metaforis ganxilvam gviCvena,
rom poets berZnuli miTi SeukumSavs masSi, magram ve-
raferi gviTxra iseTi, rac ufro mkafios da sruls
gaxdida Cvens warmodgenas galaktion tabiZis mrwams-
ze, msoflmxedvelobaze, ver gagvimJRavna poetis raime
gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis mqone Tvalsazrisi. ara-
da, imedi gvqonda, rom raRac Zalian mravlismetyvels,
arsebiTs mivakvlevdiT.
rodesac literaturismcodneebi daJinebiT cdi-
loben gaarkvion, vTqvaT, rusTaveliseuli `mziani
Ramis~ raoba, es gasagebi da bunebrivia, radgan am saxis
azris konkretizeba, misi genezisis gamokvleva erTgva-
rad naTels fens rusTavelis msoflmxedvelobas, imas,
rogoria poetis warmodgena RvTaebaze, romel filo-
sofiur Tu religiur moZRvrebazea orientirebuli
igi.
galaktionis enigmaturi saxe ki msoflmxedvelob-
rivad niSandobliv azrs ar Seicavs, aseTi saxis dana-
wevreba, misi warmomavlobis dadgena poetis msofl-
mxedvelobis arsTan ar gvaaxloebs.
leqsSi ìsev efemera~ galaktioni ambobs:
òh, siyvaruli zRvebis qafia! _

mieciT warsuls elva da xmali,
rom amokveTos epitafia:
`mis cxovrebaSi SeiWra qali~.
siyvarulis qalRmerTi afrodite zRvis qafidan

iSveba, ase rom, `siyvaruli zRvebis qafia~ berZnuli
226
miTis metaforul gardaTqmas warmoadgens. magram ra
azrobrivi, konceptualuri momentebiT amdidrebs sa-
xes amis garkveva? es saxe imis mixvedras ki ar moiTxovs,
rom masSi afroditea nagulisxmevi, aramed siyvarulis
Seucnobel bunebas gamoxatavs, adamianis cxovrebaSi
stiqiasaviT SeWrili siyvarulis damRupvel siZlieres
gaacxadebs. saxis amgvari Sinaarsi yovelgvar ganmarte-
bamde aRiqmeba, igi iSviaTi gznebiT aris xorcSesxmuli
da gacocxlebuli. ganmarteba mas arsebiTad arafers
matebs...
da mainc galaktionis enigmatur xatTa analizi gar-
kveuli azriT gamarTlebulia. Tumca maTdami anali-
tikuri midgoma, rogorc Cans, poetis mizandasaxulo-
bas ar Seesatyviseba, _ galaktions àr surs~, rom misi
enigmaturi saxeebi amovxsnaT, piriqiT, cdilobs Seuc-
noblobis nislSi gaxvios isini, _ magram literatu-
rismcodneobasac sakuTari kanonieri interesebi aqvs.
bunebrivia moTxovnileba, naTelvyoT galaktionis
SemoqmedebiTi fsiqologia, gavecnoT mis SemoqmedebiT
laboratorias, vicodeT, ra elementTa SezavebiT aR-
wevs galaktioni Tavis poetur efeqtebs, ra masala aqvs
xelT _ risgan da ranairad qmnis igi Tavis poetur
samyaros.
oRond ar Rirs imis daviwyeba, rom es mainc masala
da teqnologiaa, anu raRac damxmare, TavisTavad ara-
faseuli, araarsebiTi. mTavaria is axali, TviTmyofadi
da organuli mTlianoba, romelic amis meSveobiT, mra-
vali alqimiuri procesis gamovliT ibadeba, mTavaria,
rogoria misi mxatvruli buneba da daniSnuleba.
galaktionis enigmatur saxeTa analizisas aucile-
belia gaviTvaliswinoT am analizis SefardebiTi Rire-
buleba da mniSvneloba. ar unda movelodeT, rom enig-
maturi saxeebis amocnoba Cvens winaSe gadaSlis raime
iseTs, ris gareSec galaktion tabiZis poeziasTan Tana-
ziaroba, misi wvdoma SeuZlebelia.
1984
227
sulieri wyurvili
imgvari sulieri wyobis poeti, rogoric galaktion

tabiZea, SeiZleboda warmoSobiliyo mxolod qristia-
nuli safuZvlis mqone kulturaSi, iseve rogorc sim-
bolizmi, romelTanac galaktionis poeziaa dakavSire-
buli, SeiZleboda bunebrivad SeeeTvisebina mxolod
qristianul tradiciaze damyarebul kulturas.
galaktionis poeturi individualobis Rrma Tvise-
baa gaunelebeli sulieri wyurvili, srul da srulyo-
fil WeSmaritebasTan, sikeTesTan, mSvenierebasTan zia-
rebis gardauvali moTxovnileba, romelic qristianu-
li kulturis mier aris formirebuli. galaktioni ab-
solutis, absoluturi faseulobebis, maTi samoTxise-
buri sisavsis maZiebeli poetia. misi Semoqmedeba SeiZ-
leba aRviqvaT rogorc absolutis maZieblis liriku-
li avtobiografia, romelSic ùCvev naTelTan~ misaax-
loeblad zeaRsvla da miwaze danarcxeba Tu jojoxeT-
Si vardna gamudmebiT enacvleba erTmaneTs.
Znelia daasaxelo meoce saukunis poeti, romelic
galaktionze mwvaved grZnobdes qristianobisgan gauc-
xoebis tragizms, RmerTisgan gaucxoebuli samyaros
saSinelebas. qarTul poeziaSi am mxriv galaktionTan
yvelaze axlos niko samadaSvilia.
galaktionis iseT gamorCeul leqsebSi, rogorebi-
caa `silaJvarde, anu vardi silaSi~, `Semodgoma ùman-
ko Casaxebis~ mamaTa savaneSi~, `lurja cxenebi~, tradi-
ciul religiurobas daSorebuli, tradiciul religi-
ur nugeSs moklebuli adamianis godeba gaismis...
leqsSi `Tu brZola ar aris~ epoqis krizisulobis mize-
zad qristianobisgan mowyveta, religiuri cnobierebis
rRveva da sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebis diqtati,
teqnikur-urbanistuli civilizaciis moZaleba ikveTe-
ba: `mraval saxeze aris obloba, mravals aSfoTebs ra-
Rac monoba: rogor SeviZloT uRvTismSobloba, viT
avitanoT umadonoba? gahqra zmaneba, gahqra feria, nu-
Tu bodleric araferia? Selic hiugos daemgvaneba?
miusse, verlen? RmerTi? kaeni? aha, qalaqTa gviani ne-
228
biT burusebSi sCans ainStaini~. galaktionis TvalTa-
xedviT, uRmerToba amkvidrebs ara Tavisuflebas (ro-
gorc bevri fiqrobda), aramed `monobas~ da sulier si-
Ratakes; religiis daSreta empirikiT SeuboWavi mxatv-
ruli warmosaxvis, Rrma da maRali mxatvruli azrov-
nebis masazrdoebeli niadagis gamofitvis tolfasia.
TviT galaktioni inarCunebs cocxal, nayofier kav-
Sirs am niadagTan. misi mxatvruli msoflaRqma mravali
xiluli Tu uxilavi ZafiT aris Seqsovili religiur,
qristianul kulturasTan. galaktioni Tavisi iSviaTi
poeturi intuiciis wyalobiT wvdeba da sityvaSi moi-
xelTebs qristianobis unikalur sulier atmosferos.
`xomalds mihyveba TeTri madona da yvavilebi giiado-
na~ _ rogori siwminde, alersi, silbo, keTili xareba
iRvreba uCveulo sityvidan `giiadona~... qristianobis
sulis zedmiwevniTi poeturi sizustiT ametyveleba
Semdgom ana kalandaZis lirikis niSandobliv Tavisebu-
rebad mogvevlina.
galaktionis poeziaSi igrZnoba mtkivneuli nos-
talgia qristianobis sulieri dominirebis xanisadmi,
iseve rogorc adamianis warmosaxvis transcendentu-
risken mimmarTavi qristianuli xatovanebisadmi, ro-
melsac poeti sityvis magiuri xelovnebiT axlad qmnis.
`gadia, laJvard sirmareuli gumbaTebis qveS xatebs ev-
lebi, mTvareuli da sizmareuli geCvenebian sasufev-
lebi. kvlav gumbaTidan unazes lilas gangialeben sne-
ul ferebiT _ Sav marmarilos, TeTr marmarilos da
marmarilos vardis CqerebiT. gwyuria, odes sanTlebi
elavs, waiRo suliT aurzauri, bagiT Seexo madonas
xelebs da igrZno sunTqva araqauri~ (`Cveni dRis ambebs
Zalian mwyrali...~).
galaktioni bolomde absolutis maZieblad, sulie-
ri wyurviliT Sepyrobilad darCa. SesaZloa, es yvela-
ze gamWvirvaled Candes gviandel leqsSi `varskvla-
via~, romelSic transcendenturis uecari, gamaognebe-
li gamonaTeba ukanaskneli locvis Tu aRsarebis ut-
yuarobiT da sisadaviT aris aRbeWdili. samyaroSi game-
febuli amaoebis, wyvdiadis miuxedavad mainc SeigrZ-
229
noba idumali, nugeSis momfeni Suqis arseboba, Tumca
ufro swori iqneba Tu vityviT, rom Cvens epoqaSi
amgvari Suqis aRmosaCenad swored iseTi gamouvali
amaoebis da ukiduresi sasowarkveTilebis gancdaa
aucilebeli, rogoric galaktionis poeziaSi xSirad
aris gamJRavnebuli. `neta rogor xdeba aseT sibneleSi,
aseT sibneleSi Sen cas rom anaTeb da Sen vervin gxedavs
da Sen ver ugrZnixarT. o, ra mizezia, neta gacodina,
aseT dabrmavebis, gasaocaria, gasaocaria, Zlier, me-
tismetad! cremlic ar arsebobs, yvela, yvelaferi
midis udabnoSi...~.
2004
230
musikalurobis safuZveli
winamorbedi qarTveli poetebis Semoqmedebisgan

galaktionis lirika erTi niSniTac gansxvavdeba _ mas-
Si ganxorcielebulia poeturi `me~-s sruli intimiza-
cia. galaktionis poeziaSi gansaxierebuli adamianis
mTeli arseboba intimuri saidumloa da amdenad misi
gamoxatva gandobaa. magram is gvimxels Tavis saidum-
los ise, rom raRacas yovelTvis gaumxelels itovebs.
rac mTavaria, igi TviTonac ar flobs sakuTar saidum-
los mTlianad, nawil-nawil wvdeba, moixelTebs mas _
igi idumali, gamoucnobi da moulodnelia Tavisi Ta-
visTvisac. galaktionis lirikuli gmirisTvis mudam
dafarulia, ra SeemTxveva Sinaganad, ra moxdeba masSi.
misi arseba Riaa yofierebis ganuWvreteli SesaZleb-
lobebis winaSe, elastiuria. ilia WavWavaZis, akaki
wereTlis an vaJa-fSavelas lirikuli gmiri gacilebiT
gamWvirvale da mdgradia, myaria. am mxriv galaktioni
axlos baraTaSvilTan aris, oRond sulismieri mou-
lodnelobebi galaktionis lirikaSi ufro mkveTrad
da uxvad iCens Tavs.
magram baraTaSvilisganac galaktions arsebiTad
ganasxvavebs is, rom man qarTul poeziaSi srulfasovan
lirikul Temad daamkvidra sulis yovelwamiereba.
baraTaSvili leqsSi aRbeWdavs mxolod sruliad gansa-
kuTrebul, ase vTqvaT, Semajamebel sulier mdgomare-
obebs da SeiZleba esec aris imis mizezi, rom misi mem-
kvidreoba ar aris vrceli. galaktionisTvis swrafwar-
mavali sulieri moZraobac gansakuTrebuli da aRbeW-
dvis Rirsia. galaktionis poezia sulis SeuCerebeli
arsebobis gadmoSlaa, suli aq gamudmebiT icvleba, yo-
velTvis sxvadasxvanairia. Sinagani cxovrebis ganuwyve-
teli cvalebadobis aRbeWdva galaktionis Semoqmede-
bis emociur tonTa da ganwyobilebaTa diapazons ganu-
zomlad afarToebs.
galaktionma gamoxatvis sagnad aqcia sulis sponta-
nuri sicocxle, romelic cnobier gancdebTan da gare-
sinamdvilidan atacebul STabeWdilebebTan erTad xSi-
231
rad moicavs qvecnobierebidan SemoWril impulsebs _
bundovan SegrZnebebs, mogonebebs da mixvedrebs, wi-
naTgrZnobebs, sizmris fragmentebs ... galaktionis
ciebcxelebiani fantasmagoriebic Rrma fsiqologiuri
simarTlis gamoxatulebaa, ramdenadac spontanuria,
qvecnobierebis uZirobidan cnobierebis zedapirze
ucabedad da gaugebrad aRmocenebuli, iqidan wamierad
sinaTleSi moxvedrili. iqmneba sulierebis nakadi, mdi-
nareba, romelic Tavis talRovan moZraobaSi danTqavs
da Seadnobs garegnulad erTmaneTTan daukavSirebel
fenomenebsac. adamianis suli galaktionis poeziaSi
srulad avlens imas, rom igi Tavisi arsiT, bunebiT mu-
sikaluria _ moZravi, denadi mTlianobaa, erTiani naka-
dia. sulis da musikis Sinagani naTesaoba, msgavseba, ro-
melic dadasturebulia esTetikur mecnierebaSi, swo-
red maT dinamiur da denad, nakadisebur bunebaSi
mJRavndeba (n. hartmani).
roca galaktionis poeziis musikalurobaze vlapa-
rakobT xolme, mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs misi melodikis,
ritmul-intonaciuri wyobis momnusxveloba, galak-
tionis saxeobrivi azrovnebis sugestiuri nislovane-
ba. es, rasakvirvelia, sworia, magram mTavari is aris,
rom musikaluria TviT poetis msoflgancdis, msofl-
aRqmis siRrmiseuli safuZveli.
galaktionisTvis adamianis suli da mTlianad samya-
ro TavisTavad aris musika _ dineba, nakadi, qrola.
òh, sicocxlec uecari qaria~ _ ambobs is erT leqsSi.
sxvagan naTqvami aqvs: ìrgvliv nakadebia, msubuqi da
faruli~. suls da samyaros galaktioni ganicdis ro-
gorc Wavlebis pulsirebas da maT Sexvedras, gadakve-
Tas, erTmaneTSi SeRwevas. galaktionis msoflgancdis
es arsebiTi Tavisebureba xelSesaxebad aSkaravdeba
qaris xatebSi da aramarto maTSi.
`TovlqveS ki, rogorc qsovili badis, mraval miu-
val gzebiT faruli, aTiaTasi nakadi gaCnda, mCqefi,
ankara da moxaruli. miwis qveS gzebi vidodnen wynarad
da iq sxvadasxva adgilas rguli, erTi meores eZebda
marad asiaTasi mdinaris guli~.
232
dinebebi, romlebic samyaroSi moZraobs, mravalnai-
ria _ xiluli, uxilavi, susti da nazi, an mZafri, bobo-
qari ... galaktionis poeziaSi nakadebad iSleba da gani-
fineba sxvadasxva stiqia da fenomeni _ haeri, cecxli,
wyali, Tovli, sinaTle, feri, sibnele, xma, surneleba ...
Tvali mivadevnoT, magaliTad, rogor efineba da
moicavs realobas Rameuli Suqis da ferebis nakadi:
ìs tyea mTvariT qsovili, viT loengrines sizmari,
laJvardiT gadaTovlili da vercxliT naTilismari~.
anda vnaxoT, rogor eufleba samyaros sibnelis
stiqia:
`mTvareSi Savi Srialebs Cala, Savi leCaqi daeca
Sarebs~.
mzis cxovelmyofeli energiis nakadTa frqveva ase
gamoixateba:
ò, mziT gadanacxaro cxra muxa da cxra wyaro~.
iseve rogorc es neologizmi _ `gadanacxari~,
galaktionis sityvaTSemoqmedebis sxva nimuSebic xSi-
rad swored nakadebis, Wavlebis da maTi vibraciis Tu
ganfenis zedmiwevniT zusti bgeradi niSnebia: broleba,
SemoTeTreba, aloceba, monaiavebi, zianeba, gadasosneba...
sulier nakadad msWvalavs arsebobas idumaleba,
Seucnobloba:
`modis, feTqs da izrdeba suli misi mxrCobeli,
foTlebs ametistebiT faravs Seucnobeli~.
galaktionis poeturi natura samyaros nakadebis da
dinebebis zemgrZnobiare gamtaria. amave dros poeti
samyarosac aseTive zemgrZnobiare gamtarad aqcevs Ta-
visi emociebis, ganwyobilebebis da vnebebisTvis; poe-
tis suliereba talRebad moedeba da faravs samyaros,
deniviT dauvlis mas da iqmneba, vTqvaT, aseTi saxe:
`mesmis bilikTa sixaruliT gadanazafri uvertiura~.
poets da samyaros Soris kontaqtis mTavari saSua-
lebaa fluidebis uCinari gacvla, mimoqceva, romlis
arxic poetis ufaqizesi nervebia (SeiZleba saubari
`nervulobaze~ rogorc esTetikur Tvisebaze, rome-
lic qarTul poezias galaktionma Semata).
233
galaktionis poeziaSi samyaros da adamianis yofie-
rebis fuZiseuli fenomenebi, _ RvTaebrivi da demo-
nuri, sikeTe da boroteba, sikvdili da sicocxle, Ta-
visufleba da monoba, aRfrTovaneba da tanjva, imedi
da sasowarkveTa _ maTi arsi da mimarTebebi naklebad
gaixsneba meditaciur-inteleqtualuri lirikis eniT;
es fenomenebic upiratesad gamoixateba rogorc samya-
roSi da adamianis sulSi moZravi sxvadasxvagvari at-
mosferuli nakadebi. galaktionis lirika filosofiu-
ria ise, rogorc musika SeiZleba iyos filosofiuri.
igi samyaros, cnobierebis da qvecnobierebis siRrmise-
uli moZraobebis da dinebebis poetur-musikaluri
gaazrebaa.
1992
234
giorgi leoniZe
sicocxlis poezia
giorgi leoniZis poeziaSi gansakuTrebuli ZaliT

aris gamovlenili qarTuli erovnuli msoflaRqmis da
mxatvruli azrovnebis erT-erTi aspeqti miwieri
samyaros mSvenierebis mZafrad mosiyvarule gancda,
xorcielebis kulti, grZnobadi tkbobis stiqia,
hedonizmi...
samyaro giorgi leoniZisTvis Tavisi arsiT erTiani,
didi sikeTea, romelsac uyoymanod unda miendo amas
utyuarad mowmobs nivTieri sinamdvilis mravalsaxo-
vani, gamoulevi da TvalismomWreli silamaze. am sila-
mazis xotbaa giorgi leoniZis poezia. es aris aRfrTo-
vanebuli madlierebis gamoxatva imis gamo, rom aseTi
mSveniereba arsebobs da poets misi xilvis bedniereba
ergo. giorgi leoniZe daucxromelia silamazis sensua-
luri sisavsiT aRqmaSi da gansaxierebaSi, grZnobadi si-
lamaziT Tavdaviwyebul tkbobaSi. poeti TiTqos Si-
Sobs, misi romelime nakvTi mxedvelobidan ar gamorCes.
samyaros poeturi xotba, apologia saxeTa siuxves
da hiperbolizms iTxovs. giorgi leoniZis leqsi war-
modgeba ara rogorc poeturi azris ganviTareba, ara-
med rogorc Warbad xorcieli, feradovani da SuqiT-
mosili saxeebis dabadeba da zrda, gamravleba. `brwyi-
navs qarTli, vardis baRi, Sefrqveuli minanqariT,
iagundis wvima daswvims, surnelebis dahqris qari...
brwyinavs baRi, elavs baRi, firuzqari darxeuli, yurZ-
nis msxvili iagundi, vazi, varskvlav-Caxveuli~.
giorgi leoniZis poeturi warmosaxva myarad efuZ-
neba empiriul realobas. amave dros igi am realobas
uCveulod adidebs da aZlierebs, uCveulod amkveTrebs
mis vizualobas da xmovanebas. aseve Cveulebriv ada-
mianur emociebze bevrad ufro masStaburia poetis
vnebebi. giorgi leoniZis poeturi samyaro Zalian am-
qveyniuria, miwieria, materiiT datvirTuli Tu sulac
gadatvirTuli, magram amasTanave is amaRlebuli da
235
idealizebulia. misi raoba SeiZleba ganisazRvros ro-
gorc `materialisturi romantizmi~ an `warmarTuli
romantizmi~.
marTlac `warmarTulia~, ZvelisZvelia, Tanamedro-
ve civilizaciis mkvidrisTvis ucnauria miwis, miwiere-
bis, samyaros materialurobis iseTi aRtacebuli, ga-
maRmerTebeli aRqma, rogoric giorgi leoniZis poe-
ziaSia gamoxatuli.
giorgi leoniZisTvis mimzidveli da mSvenieria yo-
velive, rac sisxl-xorciT savse da sicocxlisunaria-
nia, uxvi sasicocxlo energiiT aRWurvilia. ùlamaze-
si mxolod is aris, vinc avsebula Tavis dros ZaliT _
adidebuli, damwifebuli yana, mdinare, venaxi, qali...
da rac ki sunTqavs dRes qveyanaze, rac sicocxleTi
ari cxoveli: miwa, foToli, Rrublis nagleji _ Seni
sityvebis Rimils moelis~.
sijansaRe, Zliereba, energiuloba sicocxlis is
Tvisebebia, romelTac giorgi leoniZis TvalSi upira-
tesi esTetikuri Rirebuleba aqvT. amas ukavSirdeba
yivCaRis saxe, barbarosobis poetizacia mis Semoqmede-
baSi. Warbi sasicocxlo Zalis gamovlinebebi esTeti-
kurad momxibvlelia maSinac, roca es Zala agresiulia,
damangrevelia. `tramal da tramal gamogedevne, Semo-
vamtvere gzebi triali, mcxeTas vumtvrie saketurebi,
vlewe taZrebi kelaptriani!~. es TiTqos nicSes sicocx-
lis filosofiaSi gamokveTili zekacis ideis poeturi
ekvivalentia.
sicocxlisgan ganuyofelia brZola da Zlieri si-
cocxlisadmi giorgi leoniZis siyvaruli brZolis siy-
varulsac moicavs. amiT aris ganpirobebuli mis poe-
ziaSi urTierTSexlis, Zlevis, dauflebis (an, Sesabami-
sad, damarcxebis, damxobis, ganadgurebis) niSniT aR-
beWdil xatTa sixSire, saxeobriobis mxedruli ieri.
giorgi leoniZes gamorCeulad uyvars is, rac samya-
roSi axalia, axladSobili Tu axladaRmocenebulia,
radgan masSi sicocxle yvelaze metad Rvivis. amis ga-
moa, rom samyaros axalgazrdulad xarbi pirvelaRqma,
romelic am samyaros aaxlebs da sasicocxlo Zalas
236
matebs, mas poeziis aucilebel niSnad esaxeba _ `siWa-
buke da leqsi erTia~. siyvarulic _ siWabukis Tanamg-
zavri _ mis SemoqmedebaSi jansaRi vitaluri energiis
mozRvavebaa, romelic ucnaurad aris Serwymuli sil-
bosTan da sifaqizesTan _ `nazi grigalia~. siyvaruli
TiTqos yovlisSemZled aqcevs adamians da igi eufleba
samyaros, sicocxlis elvare silamazis mTel
simdidres.
giorgi leoniZis poeturi ena, stili sicocxlis
sisavsis Tu dramatulobis mZlavri xorcSesxmaa. `ge-
landeba najaxebi da grigali damjaxebi mwared agaTr-
Tolebs. cas janRebis ajanyebiT, setyvas, mbrwyinav
Tovlebs, damdnar ZvlebiT egebebi, martoxeo, ole!~.
poeti is aris, visac ena Tavis saidumlos gaandobs
da amiT samyaros namdvili saxis danaxvis SesaZleblo-
bas aniWebs. enis Sidaxedis, sityvebis Cveulebriv Seum-
Cneveli urTierTkavSiris ganWvretas SeuZlia samya-
ros Sinagani wyobis ganWvreta gauadvilos poets, ro-
gorc giorgi leoniZisTvis gansakuTrebulad axlobel
rusTavels da vaJa-fSavelas. es TviT giorgi leoniZe-
zec SeiZleba iTqvas. mkveTr nacionalur Seferiloba-
sac giorgi leoniZis poezias upirvelesad enis sico-
cxlis SuagulSi SeRweva aZlevs.
1999
237
tician tabiZe
tragikuli eqstazi
tician tabiZis poeturi msoflSegrZnebis yvelaze

TvalSisacemi Tviseba sicocxlis vnebiani siyvarulia,
magram mis poeziaSi aranakleb mZlavria sapirispiro
emociuri sawyisic _ sikvdilis gancda.
gansxvavebiT giorgi leoniZisgan, romelic misTvis
Zvirfasi miwieri silamazis galaRebuli mflobelia,
tician tabiZes es mSvenieri, sinaTliT da siTboTi sav-
se qveyana xelidan ecleba. igi TiTqos cdilobs mze-
raSi daiyovnos misgan Seukaveblad, aCqarebiT ganzidu-
li qveynierebis xati.
kritikaSi sakmaodaa Tqmuli imis Sesaxeb, rom
tician tabiZe xSirad amJRavnebs moaxloebuli sikvdi-
lis, daRupvis winaTgrZnobas. da sikvdili miT ufro
usaxuria misTvis, rac ufro uyvars sicocxle, sicocx-
lismoyvareobis simZafre mas sikvdilis gancdasac
aseve umZafrebs, umwarebs. magram yvelaze niSandobli-
vi is aris, rom am simwareSi Taviseburi sitkbo urevia,
sakuTari sastiki bedisweris ganWvretas Sxamiani sixa-
ruli axlavs. `ra saWiroa satrfos cremlebi, arc qars
vawuxeb saflavis TxrisTvis, moisveneben isedac Zvle-
bi, Tu krematori aRirses Tbiliss~. es tragikuli eqs-
tazi enaTesaveba `meranSi~ gamoxatul msoflSegrZne-
bas, rasac citirebuli striqonebi pirdapir gvimxels.
gardauvali daRupvis tkbobanarevi gancda tician
tabiZis poeturi bunebis organuli gamovlinebaa gark-
veul politikur situaciaSi.
tician tabiZis SemoqmedebiT naturaSi mkafiod
aris gamomJRavnebuli sawyisi, romelsac nicSes esTe-
tikuri klasifikaciis mixedviT `dionisuri~ ewodeba
_ midrekileba `gaxelebisken~, individualur-gancal-
kevebuli arsebobis garsis garRvevis da samyaros pir-
velstiqiebSi Cakargvisken, eqstatiuri Tavgametebis-
238
ken. igi sadinars aZlevs gausaZlisad Zlieri, mtkivneu-
li Tu sasixarulo emociebis mozRvavebas.
gansakuTrebuli simkveTriT da sisavsiT es vlin-
deba leqsSi `me yaCaRebma momkles aragvze~. miTiuri
ieris mqone, pirvelyofilad mrisxane bunebis, misi sti-
qiuri Zalebis pirispir aRmoCenil tician tabiZis li-
rikul gmirs dionisuri siSmage, samyaros dionisurad
mSfoTvare da mborgav, qaotur fuZeSi danTqmis, masSi
Tavisi individualobis gaTqvefis eqstazi ipyrobs. `wa-
meqca Tavze ca garRveuli da caze kidev _ sxva myinva-
ris ca, da darialiT gadareuli Tvalebs cremlebis
Tergi mirecxavs. da gadavayureb almas ufskrulebs,
kvaldakval Cemi demoni momdevs, vxedav gigantis Sol-
tis muskulebs da rkinis bawars, yelze rom momdebs.
vici, momelis mainc es bedi da isic vici, Cemze axia,
Zvirfaso, ar var, icode, ybedi, an Tavis mokvla ra
trabaxia. magram mitacebs qariSxaliviT am Tvaluwvde-
ni xramebis fskeri...~.
kidev ufro mniSvnelovani da damaxasiaTebelia is,
rom Tavisi sulis dionisur impulsebs poeti zneobriv
sazriss uZebnis.
rogorc davinaxeT, tician tabiZis lirikuli gmi-
ris dionisur gaxelebas bunebis mZvinvareba iwvevs.
sxva leqsebSi poeti peizaJs warmosaxavs rogorc bune-
bis warmonaqmnTa gaafTrebul, samkvdro-sasicocxlo
Sexlas. aseTi, bataluri suraTis msgavsi peizaJi
tician tabiZisTvis adamianis Rirseuli qcevis eta-
lons asaxierebs.
amgvari poeturi TvalTaxedva, emociuri impulsebi
da eTikuri mizanswrafva mZlavrad aris xorcSesxmuli
leqsSi `mewyeri mewyers~: `gaelavs, dahkravs mexi mexs
mwvervals, mTa titvelia, ar aqvs safari, TviTon mexia
da TviTon elavs, rogorc Samilis TeTri fafari... var
gaTelili lekis nabadi, yvela saxsari maqvs dalewili,
magram vaJkacma mxolod gabede da mec vaJkacis damide
wili. ra saWiroa melnad giSris tba da kalmad kidev
mina rxeuli, Tu am sibraziT guli gagiTba, Tu am
Jruantels igrZnobs sxeuli. mewyeri mewyers, lanqeri
239
lanqers, klde kldes awydeba, zvavs Rupavs zvavi, ca
mowyalebiT Tavze damcqeris, ar memeteba movikla
Tavi~.
ltolvas TviTganadgurebisken zneobriv sazriss
aniWebs da amiT gardasaxavs is, rom dionisuri eqstazi
tragikuli msxverplgaRebis xasiaTs iZens, radgan ukve
Tavisuflebis ideals amkvidrebs.
1983
240
valerian gafrindaSvili
sanatreli da realuri
faqizi poezia da poeziis Sesaxeb naazrevi, poeturi

Targmanebi _ valerian gafrindaSvilis SemoqmedebiTi
memkvidreoba pirvelad warmogvidga mTlianad mis erT-
tomeulSi (merani, 1990; dasafasebelia Sroma, romelic
wignis Sesadgenad marine Wyoniam gawia; winasityvaobis
avtoria guram benaSvili).
simbolistebma qarTul poeziaSi uwinares yovlisa
lirikuli subieqtis statusi Secvales, aamaRles _
lirikuli subieqti maT obieqturi samyaros tolfar-
di gaxades da mas TviTkmaroba mianiWes. igi TavisTavi-
dan, Tavisi Sinagani usasrulobidan badebs da amozi-
davs ucnob avtonomiur sinamdviles, Wvrets mis ucxo,
egzotikur landSaftebs.
valerian gafrindaSvilis poeziaSi aseTi Semoqme-
debiTi wamowyeba gansakuTrebuli, SeiZleba iTqvas,
meToduri TanmimdevrulobiT da daJinebiT aris gan-
xorcielebuli. amitom aq sxva cisferyanwelebis liri-
kasTan SedarebiT metia miRmurTan Sexebis cdebi _ li-
rikuli gmiris TavisTavadoba, TviTkmaroba miT ufro
sagrZnobia, rac ufro eTiSeba is garemomcvel empiri-
ul sinamdviles. valerian gafrindaSvilis mraval
leqsSia warmosaxuli realobisgan gamijnuli sulis
ìnterieri~, masSi dadgmuli feeriuli warmodgenebi,
romelTa personaJebi poetTan da mis oreulTan erTad
miTologiuri da literaturuli gmirebis aCrdilebi
arian.
unda iTqvas, rom xSirad es landuri warmodgenebi
racionalurad konstruirebuls ufro gavs, vidre
iracionaluris spontanur gamocxadebas. am rkalis
leqsebSi, maRali ostatobiT da formis, enobrivi sti-
lis elvarebiT rom aris Semkuli, gamoirCeva zogier-
Ti, sadac poetis xma misi sulieri samyaros wrfeli
241
pirvelsaTaveebidan moismis. aseTia, magaliTad, `me _
sarkeSi~, ìavnana samgloviaro~, `Semodgoma~, òfelia-
evridika~, ìnterieri _ meore~, `sentimentaluri tri-
oleti~... Tumca valerian gafrindaSvilis lirikuli
gmiri gatacebiT iltvis landebis samflobelosken,
drodadro mas Rrma da namdvili, àraTeatraluri~ Si-
Si ipyrobs iracionaluris winaSe, romelic samyarodan
Tu sakuTari arsebis Signidan eZaleba. krToma, Tavisi
sisustis da simyifis gancda uzarmazar da saidumloe-
biT savse samyaroSi niSandoblivia valerian gafrinda-
SvilisTvis. igi gamotanjuli siwrfeliT mJRavndeba.
`Sen, sulo Cemo, sevdiT daRaldi, da genatreba
Ramis maRaro. Tu gsurs gafiTrdi, rogorc qaRaldi,
mxolod oreuls ar Semayaro~.
sxva SemTxvevebSi, roca saxeobriobis garkveuli
xelovnuroba SeiniSneba, sakuTriv poeturi gancda,
emocia SeuTxzvelia. es emocia xSirad aris kulturiT
da sulieri kdemamosilebiT ganelebuli siyvarulis
natvra, Cumi, mTrTolvare molodini. valerian gafrin-
daSvilis faqiz poetur mzeras sanatreli qalis xatSi
xiblavs araordinaruli nakvTi, raRac iseTi, rac bana-
luri gagebiT ar aris mimzidveli (`mizeziani trfoba~).
am TvalsazrisiT damaxasiaTebelia `fantastiuri sur-
do~, sadac iumori, prozauli Strixebi da simbolistu-
ri eTeruloba mTliandeba. galanturi TamaSis elemen-
ti, kurtuazuli sinatife, romelic valerian gafrin-
daSvilis sasiyvarulo lirikas axlavs, srulyofil
gansaxierebas povebs leqsSi `TeTri sacolo~.
valerian gafrindaSvilis poeturi naturis sifaqi-
zes mowmobs misi SemoqmedebiTi midrekileba, aRmoaCi-
nos mSvenieri Tu arsebiTi raRac mcireSi, Znelad gamo-
sarCevSi, araTvalismomWrelSi. es midrekileba mniSv-
nelovanwilad gansazRvravs valerian gafrindaSvilis
poeziis individualur iers da gamZleobasac, ramdena-
dac uaxlesi poeturi azrovnebis ganviTarebis gezs
Tanxvdeba. igi aRmoacenebs, pirobiTad rom vuwodoT,
mcire sidideTa esTetikas.
242
`zRvas aRar unda Tavis sisrule, TiTqo wurbeli
gulze moeba; uRono trfobiT is daisrula _ surs
beWdis TvalSi ganmartoeba; rom qinZisTavis igrZnos
sinaze da gahyves smeniT mcire nakaduls, rom saqanelas
msubuq sinaze Camoekidos, rogorc kakadu~.
`wumwumebis simReraSi~ damwvari da quCaSi gadayri-
li asanTis Rerebi Tavis SeumCnevlobas dastirian, Ci-
vian, rom maT mimarT yvela gulgrili da uyuradReboa;
mxolod poeti iCens maTdami sisaTuTes, aametyvelebs
da mniSvnelobas aniWebs am patara da ukve gamousa-
degar CiraRdnebs, bolos ki sanatrel xvedrs argunebs
_ sinaTlis samSobloSi, varskvlaveTSi gaxiznavs; dai-
sebis asoTamwyobi _ mokrZalebuli da uCinari xelo-
bis kaci, sxvisi Semoqmedebis Cumi msaxuri, poetis ne-
biT amaRlebuli grZnobebis da xatebis samyaros ezia-
reba, misi patara figura moulodnelad izrdeba; mze-
sumziras gamyidveli, aseve `patara adamiani~, `fexeb-
morTxmuli mona cxovrebis~, sulierad empiriuli si-
namdvilis miRma aziduli sferos binadaria.
ìs dauzogav zamTar-zafxulebs welSi sakmaod ga-
uzneqia, iTvlis naSovar spilenZis fulebs quCis melo-
ti nacarqeqia. mzesumziraTi avsebul WiqiT igi adidebs
zeciur alaxs, uTuod xedavs Rrublebis iqiT baRebs,
guriebs, samoTxis balaxs~.
arsebiTad igive tendencia vlindeba, roca uRimRa-
mos, yofiT-banalurs iumoris Tu TviTironiis ober-
tonebis daxmarebiT moulodnelad Seejvareba ocne-
bismieri sawyisi. ase erwymis erTmaneTs, vTqvaT, gripiT
avadmyofis arasaxarbielo yofa da ocneba diadze da
momxiblavze. `zRva CemTvis marTavs did dResaswauls,
ra vqna, rom seniT var Sepyrobili! blomad dafantavs
Tavis samkauls nibelungebis ganZTa mflobeli. mudam
gonia daxuWul Tvalebs, rom sul axloa zRva Soreuli,
yinulis buSti Tavze kankalebs, rogorc meduza
qafmoreuli~.
valerian gafrindaSvili xSirad qmnis leqss raime
SemTxvevis, TavisTavad umniSvnelo, mcire faqtis, ub-
ralo, SeumCneveli sagnis Tu movlenis `gagrZelebiT~,
243
proecirebiT fantaziis areSi; maTze rogorc `bazisze~
ocnebis da Tavisuflad gaSlili xilvebis damyarebiT.
aseTi TviTmyofadi poeturi principia xorcSesxmuli
leqsebSi ùcnobi quCa~, `wyneTis gzaze~, `gazafxuli
TebervalSi~, èleqtroSuqis Caqrobidan lamfis anTe-
bamde~, `noxi napoleoniT~, àskili~, `xidi~... sinamdvi-
lis ocnebiT gardasaxva da gaSuqeba, poetis rwmeniT,
aucilebelia, `rom sixaruli da gulisZgera yofnis
qarbuqSi ar gaiyinos~.
poeti araerT leqsSi gvimxels, rom misi masuldg-
mulebeli WeSmaritebis Ziebaa, samyaros saidumloebis
amoxsnis wadilia (`me mainc vcdilob, rom sikvdilamde
gavigo yofa gaugebari~). Tavdapirvelad WeSmariteba
mas usazRvroebaSi, SoreulSi da ìqiTurSi~ eguleba.
Semdeg igi usazRvroebidan mciredis da maxloblisken
Semobrundeba (`winad mxiblavda usazRvroeba, dRes
ocnebisTvis kmara SuamTa~) da igrZnobs, rom WeSmari-
tebis samyofeli adamianis da am maxlobeli sinamdvi-
lis Tanxmobaa, ocnebiseulis da miwieris Tanazomiere-
baa. erT leqsSi qari poets Zveli ocnebis axdenas _
amaRlebas da samyaros grZneul idumalebaTa moxilvas
pirdeba. am aRmafrenis dasrulebis, jadosnurTan
gamoTxovebis sevdas ki amsubuqebs amqveyniurobasTan
dabrunebis aucileblobis aRiareba.
`Cven gadavaswrebT Sor TviTmfrinavebs, Zvirfas
varskvlavebs avxvetT peSvebiT, wuTiT Rrubelze dav-
binavdebiT da Semdeg isev Zirs daveSvebiT~ (`qviSxeTis
qari~).
valerian gafrindaSvils rogorc poets Tavidanve
dayva didi Sinagani simSvidis, simyudrovis mopovebis
survili. es uSfoTveloba ecxadeba mas siTeTreSi, ro-
melic, malarmes msgavsad, gansakuTrebiT izidavs _
igi zegrZnobadi samyaros absoluturi simSvidis aRmT-
qmelia. magram SemdgomSi sulis aumRvrevlobis da si-
naTlis miRweva, rasac poeti Tavisken mimxmob, magram
Seuval miRmurobasTan miaxloebiT amaod cdilobda,
xiluli samyaros, bunebis sada, mokrZalebul silama-
zeTa WvretiT xdeba SesaZlebeli. am sada mSvenierebaSi
244
wvdeba ocneba Tavis sagans da aaferadebs mas. Turme is,
rac warmosaxvas Sors itacebs rogorc unaklulo
bednierebis bundovani xati, namdvilad arsebobs, arse-
bobs aqve, bunebaSi, mis qmnilebebSi. amis aRmoCena iw-
vevs netarebis _ wynari sisavsis, samyarosadmi mowi-
webis da madlierebis religiuri grZnobis msgavs
gancdas.
manamde valerian gafrindaSvilis zogierT gamor-
Ceul nawarmoebSi buneba saSiSi an macduri saxiT war-
moCndeba. kerZod, cnobil leqsSi `zamTari~ igi TiTqos
oms ucxadebs qalaqs, rasac poeti originalurad gamo-
xatavs bunebis samyaroSi istoriis da kulturis sfe-
roTa realiebis gadanacvlebiT: `zamTari modis Tavis
teroriT, man daikava yvela quCebi, zamTari modis, viT
komandori, maTxovrebiT da TuTiyuSebiT~. xolo `pro-
vincialur gazafxulSi~ sicocxlis ganaxlebis xalasi
detalebiT daxatuli suraTi gasaocari kontrapunq-
tiT gadaizrdeba sikvdilis uZlevelobis xilvaSi.
`caze hkidia mze _ molaRuri, aprili akravs mwvane
afiSebs, viT baldaxinis TeTri msaxuri sasaflaosken
is miabijebs. sadac moelis leSi uZravi gazafxuls,
rogorc Tavis messias da azraili Seumusravi kidev
moiTxovs Sav procesias~.
amgvar poetur aRqmas enacvleba bunebis warmosaxva
sanatrelis da realuris SenivTebad, romelTan Tana-
ziaroba sulier wylulebs amrTelebs. ase iqmneba `ga-
seirneba taSiskarSi~, `rioni~, `Tivis zvini~, `dideba
xes~, `broweulis tye~, `botanikuri baRi~, `maisis var-
di~, `zeciuri soneti~, `bavSvoba da nislebi~, `bunebas~
... poeturi sityva da saxe savsebiT organuli, TavisiT
mzardi da moZravi xdeba, sicocxlis denas gadmoscems.
valerian gafrindaSvilis stili manaTobel gamWvirva-
lobas moipovebs, Tumca zogjer am gamWvirvalobaSi
raRac zmanebiseulic gamokrTis.
`Seni talRebis didi amaliT da ZlierebiT kvlav
gamaxare. Seni qafisa Tund natamali Semomafrqvie ro-
gorc wamali, da Cemi saxe SxefiT dafare ... Sens mar-
galitebs ara aqvs fasi da mainc miyvars Seni meduza,
245
rogorc Sileris mgznebare Tasi, rogorc saunje aTi
aTasi, viT saocari, mTrTolvare muza ...mraval idumal
mziT moqsovili, da mewamuli, rogorc marjani, gada-
mafare talRa soveli, ukanasknelad SenTan moveli _
an momkali da an momarCine~.
esTetikuri devizi `dabruneba miwasTan~, romelmac
cisferyanwelebis poeturi evoluciis mimarTuleba
moniSna, TviT misi avtoris, valerian gafrindaSvilis-
Tvis moaswavebda, rom `miwasTan~ miaxloebis sazrisi
miwier mSvenierebaSi `ciuris~ _ saocnebos ganWvretacaa.
valerian gafrindaSvilis, iseve rogorc saerTod
cisferyanwelebis, mTavari SemoqmedebiTi mizanswraf-
va qarTuli poeziis xelaxali evropeizacia iyo. es
mizanswrafva poeziis garda TvalsaCinoa mis Targma-
nebSi da gansakuTrebiT eseebSi, romlebSic gamosWvi-
vis poeturi xelovnebis araCveulebrivi siyvaruli da
Tayvaniscema, poeziis bunebis Rrma gageba, SesaniSnavi
erudicia da gemovneba. valerian gafrindaSvilis sta-
tiebSi evropuli lirikis fonze faqtobrivad simbo-
lizmis sakmaod mwyobri Teoriaa gadmocemuli. qar-
Tul klasikur poeziaSic valerian gafrindaSvilis-
Tvis upiratesad saintereso da Zvirfasia is, rac ev-
ropuli yaidisaa, rasac simbolisturi poeziis Tavi-
seburebaTa winasaxed miiCnevs. amgvar niSnebs eZebs igi
guramiSvilis da baraTaSvilis SemoqmedebaSi. SesaZ-
loa, aq yvelferi ar iyos mkacrad dasabuTebuli, mag-
ram mTlianobaSi es aris qarTuli literaturis miR-
wevaTa evropuli kulturis konteqstSi ganfenis sti-
mulismomcemi cdebi.
eseistikaSic valerian gafrindaSvili warmogvesa-
xeba iseTi, rogoric poeziaSia aRbeWdili _ rafinire-
buli, sulierad mdidari da maRali pirovneba da
Semoqmedi.
1991
246
SoTa CantlaZe
`zeca da ironia~
meoce saukunis qarTul lirikaSi SoTa CantlaZe

erT-erTi yvelaze ufro naRvliani, tkiviliani poetia.
mas mudam raRac uRrRnis suls, awvalebs, ar eSveba. is
TiTqos raRac fataluris tyvea da gaTavisufleba ar
SeuZlia.
yvelaferi, rac mniSvnelovani da Rirebulia Seqmni-
li, didi ukmarobis (anda didi ocnebis) nayofia. aseTi
ukmarobaa SoTa CantlaZis poeziis safuZvelic.
`matarebeli. mgzavrebi ikaveben adgilebs. matare-
beli iZvris. ucnobi mgzavrebi iwyeben saubars erTma-
neTSi. saubroben tkbilad. maT Soris TviT isinic, rom-
lebic matareblis daZvramde adgilze edavebodnen
erTmaneTs. vismen maT saubars da sxeulSi siTbo miv-
lis. vfiqrob: _ diax, SeiZleba adamianma icxovros
adamianTan tkbilad ... rasakvirvelia, mxolod maSin,
Tu qveyanaze iqneba aseTi ganwyoba, rogoric matare-
belSia, romelic ukve daZrula~.
ra ganawyobs mgzavrebs erTmaneTisadmi keTilad, ra
aerTianebs maT? is, rom matarebeli moZraobs da aqvs
gansazRvruli mimarTuleba, daniSnulebis adgili, mi-
zani. adamianebma rom adamianurad icxovron, adamianu-
ri urTierToba hqondeT, saWiroa cxadi da saerTo, sa-
yovelTao mizani.
magram es mizani ar Cans, xolo samyaros umiznoba,
piriqiT, SoTa CantlaZisTvis mtkivneulad TvalsaCi-
noa, TvalsaCinoa sazrisis _ miznobrivi azris
ararseboba.
`mze cxreba ukve, ukve dneba da iRuneba, gadikargeba
ucxo mxareSi, da uRran tyeSi xvadi mglebi daiR-
muvleben, miznis gareSe ... da dedamiwa varskvlavebiT
gadixureba _ zRva sizmareTi ...~.
247
arsebobis umiznobis gancda tragikuli vnebis si-
maRles aRwevs leqsSi àq erT dros~, sadac yvelaze sa-
Sineli amaoeba, sidiadis amaoebaa gamoxatuli. gauqme-
buli, dacarielebuli monastris suraTi monumenturi
da Sinaganad vrcelia, gamanadgurebeli drois farTo
masivebis momcvelia.
`da bolos dastoves monastris areni _ sikvdilis
Jamma Tu dareka, qarsa da qviSaze umiznod nareni, qarma
da qviSamve waleka ... wavida wvima da movidnen qarebi,
wvimebi, qarebi meased, cioda mariams da dedis mkla-
vebSi cioda patara iesos~.
is, rac samyaros ganagebs, rac arsebobis Ziria, ga-
nuzomlad metia, vidre misi obieqtivaciebi adamianur
warmodgenebSi, religiur moZRvrebebSi Tu filosofi-
ur koncefciebSi; ufro sworad, sul sxvaa, saerTod
ganusazRvrelia, radgan ìs miedineba gareSe miznisa,
gareSe azrebis~. igi faravs TavisTavs da gansakuTre-
biT swored maSin, roca TiTqos Tavs acxadebs _ igi
mTxzvelia, gamomgonebelia, ironiuli mistifikatoria.
ìgi maradisi, igi mTvareuli, igi Seucnobi da mo-
xetiale. igia arvisi, is cnobismoyvare adamianebs ma-
rad STaagonebs, uambobs Tavis Tavze tyuilebs uamravs
da mere icinis da mere icinis da maT ar ician, rom
Secdnen isini~.
am ucnobi gamomgoneblis erT-erTi `Txzulebaa~
didi qalaqi. `Cemi magidis wigni~ qalaqis gaSlili da
mTliani metaforaa, romlis pirobiTobac daZleulia
poetis gancdili TvalsazrisiT _ qalaqi `viRacis~
mosawyeni qmnilebaa, adamianisTvis ucxo da Tavsmoxve-
uli, romelsac versad gaeqcevi.
Tanamedrove adamianis msoflSegrZnebisgan ganuyo-
feli mowyenilobis grZnoba SoTa CantlaZem gansakuT-
rebuli wvdomiT da ZaliT aametyvela. mowyena adamia-
nis adekvaturi emociuri pasuxia samyaros umiznobaze,
usazrisobaze. mowyeniloba niSnavs, rom maradiuli
mistifikatori veRar gvatyuebs; samyaros TiTqos fe-
ri misdis, mimzidvelobas kargavs, yvela misi sacduri
uZluria survili aRgviZras, nebeloba gagviRizianos;
248
araferi ar gvinda, anu swored da mxolod araferi
gvinda; Cveni sicariele samyaros sicarielis zusti
anareklia da piriqiT; mowyeniloba gveubneba, rom aq
araferi gvesaqmeba.
`me yvelaferi momwyinda exla, mzis mxurvaleba,
mTavris sinaTle. niavis qrola, qarebis Sexla, yvela
tyuili, yvela simarTle~.
samyaro, bunebis sicocxle, weliwadis droebis wre-
brunva SoTa CantlaZes warmoudgeba rogorc erTfe-
rovani da dausrulebeli speqtaklis dekoraciebis
cvla. SeiZleba es dekoraciebi zogjer TavisTavad la-
mazic iyos, magram pirvel rigSi sagrZnobia maTi mo-
nacvleobis erTxel da samudamod dakanonebuli
ritmis monotonuroba, radgan warmodgenis azri
gaugebaria.
`totebSi _ rogorc TeTri Citebi _ cis nafleTe-
bi Canan. tyis sibneleSi dRe iWvriteba da dRe sacaa
Cava. dRe Caesveneba da mova sicive, _ moyveba Sriali
mZlavri ... iquxebs, iwvimebs, iquxebs, iwvimebs da wava,
viTarca mgzavri ...~.
SoTa CantlaZis lirikuli gmiri bevrs dadis, xeti-
alobs da es umizno moZraoba sicarielis gancdis gamo-
vlenac aris da sicarielis Sevsebis cdac. amiT TiTqos
erTmaneTs gvanan is da oTar ioselianis filmis ìyo
SaSvi mgalobelis~ gmiri. Tumca aSkaraa maTi gansxvave-
bac, Tundac is, rom SoTa CantlaZis poetur oreuls
ufro gacnobierebuli aqvs Tavisi mdgomareobis uime-
doba, Tavisi siucxove da martooba. erT leqsSi, sadac
qalaqis cxovrebis komikuri panoramaa naCvenebi, es
TviTSegneba asea gamJRavnebuli: `me am dros davdivar
qalaqis quCebSi, davdivar daqanculi da sevdiani, me _
pirvelyofili da Rameuli~.
ase dadis, ase iqanceba da itanjeba am `SeTxzuli~
qalaqis quCebSi, viRacis Tu raRacis ucxo nebas damor-
Cilebuli da miyolili, tramvaic _ SoTa CantlaZis
poemis personaJi, arsebiTad lirikuli personaJi, ro-
melsac poetis laRma da àxirebulma~ fantaziam namd-
vili suliereba misca.
249
mudmivi da moucilebeli mowyenis, gamouvalobis,
daRlilobis gancdebi SoTa CantlaZis poeziaSi dakav-
Sirebulia Tavisebur, skepticizmiT Seferil religiu-
robasTan. sayrdenis, nugeSis povnis moTxovnileba su-
lis gamSiSvlebeli, sasowarkveTili siwrfeliT aris
gamxelili mis uCveulo locvebSi, vedrebebSi. is ilt-
vis cisken, ukeTesi qveynisken, raTa datovos `sicarie-
le Savi miwis da bneleTisa~, magram seriozuli daeW-
veba absolutis arsebobaSi ironias aCens da araiSvia-
Tad poetis locvebi kamaTs an sayvedurs ufro gavs,
metnaklebi ironiiT gazavebuls. mowiweba da ironiuli
SeTamaSeba ucnaurad erwymis erTamneTs. Zneli gasar-
Cevia, `sad mTavrdeba ironia da sad iwyeba zeca~ (haine).
daaxloebiT aseve gamoixateba SoTa CantlaZis poe-
ziaSi siyvarulic. bevr sasiyvarulo leqsSi gamosWvi-
vis grZnobis amaRlebuloba da siRrme, magram ufro ni-
Sandoblivi maT Soris is leqsebia, romlebSic grZno-
bis sifaqize siyvarulis faseulobaSi daeWvebulis
mware RimilTan, naRvlian ironiasTan aris Sexamebuli.
`maxsovs sifiTre da CurCuli Tqveni bagisa, meub-
nebodnen: _ CamogyvebiT samareSico, sad siyvaruli
SeiZleba uspetakesad _ samaradisod ... yvelam damto-
va, davSTenilvar Tqveni amara, da axla vxedav _ sai-
qios vlian landebi; didi xania me mimelis Cemi samare,
wamobrZandebiT?~.
metyvelebis arqaizebuli stili parodiul elfers
atarebs, Tumca simaRlec SenarCunebuli aqvs. SoTa
CantlaZis poeziaSi, ase vTqvaT, `seriozuli arqaize-
bac~ SeiniSneba, magram metwilad arqauli enobrivi
formebi ironiis da parodiis arealSi xvdeba.
poetis sasiyvarulo leqsebSi zogjer ironia ufro
galaRebuli da aTamaSebulia, anda sarkazmSi gadadis.
xdeba isec, rom amaRlebul siyvarulSi daeWveba ero-
tikisTvis aTavisuflebs adgils.
SoTa CantlaZis ironiis mudmivi samiznea meSCanoba,
adamianebis TviTkmayofili Sinagani siRatake.
`me var adamiani, me var cxoveli. me var mezobeli da
Cemi movaleobaa cxovreba sikvdilamde. da Cemi survi-
250
lia _ kargi cxovreba da gviani sikvdili. Cemi sur-
vilia vuyuro yvelafers, rac Cems irgvliv gamefebu-
la, da ar Cavixedo arc erT maTganSi, Tu es sagnebi ar
mawuxeben me~.
ironia, TviTironia, sarkazmi, Savi iumori, grotes-
ki _ es is stiluri formebia, romlebSic organulad
mJRavndeba SoTa CantlaZis poeturi msoflxedva. `Ca-
moxrCobilis iumoriT~ gvelaparakeba poeti sakuTar
sikvdilze.
ò, me gavugeb sabralo miwas, o, Cven gavugebT erT-
maneTs da samudamod, samudamod davmegobrdebiT. ga-
zafxulze amovlen yvavilebi Cems samareze da gamv-
lel-gamomvlels axareben, rom me kargad mkvdari var
da sevdianad gaiRimebs gamvleli da SeCerdeba da
gaiars~.
sikvdilis komikuri dadableba, sikvdilTan Sexum-
reba da gaSinaureba mis saSinelebas imiT ànelebs~, rom
sicocxlis Rirebulebriv simwireze gvaniSnebs.
sikvdili SoTa CantlaZis poeziaSi erTaderTi ueW-
veli realobaa. poeti yvelaferze metad mas endoba,
sabolood is eimedeba, mxolod misgan moelis Svelas
TavisTvisac da samyarosTvisac. es Svela warmosaxulia
kidec leqsSi `himni sikvdils~, rogorc emzar kvitaiS-
vilma pirobiTad daasaTaura. poeti qmnis kosmosis sa-
mudamo miZinebis gamomxatvel, STambeWdavad detali-
zebul da amasTanave bunebrivad gamTlianebul tilos.
sikvdilis warmodgena Svebismomtan, harmoniis da-
mamkvidrebel fenomenad yofierebis tragizmis arapir-
dapiri gamJRavnebaa. SoTa CantlaZis calkeul leq-
sebSi ki sicocxlis da sikvdilis Rrma tragikuloba
uSualod da mTeli ZaliT vlindeba.
`midis arabi ... bolos qviSas bindi ecema, mere ara-
bic daecema qviSas bindiviT. daecema da daqanculi
Zils miecema. aqlemis kuzni _ waqceuli piramidebi.
daRlil TvalebSi daibuda mZime sizmarma, ezmana arabs:
Rrialebda Rele lomiviT; da mere barad Camovarda da
gaizmora, _ gaeqca velebs lomis brdRvinviT da nax-
251
tomebiT. gaTenda dila ... gaiRviZa mzem uwinares, _
lomi Rmuoda kacis Zvlebze, rogorc mdinare~ (`lomi~).
tragikulis SegrZnebis garda am leqsSi aSkarad
Cans SoTa CantlaZis poeturi niWis sxva Tvisebebic _
sityvis virtuozuli floba, stilis iSviaTi dinamiu-
roba da plastika, sxarti da zusti tropuli azrov-
neba, Zlieri, Tavisufali fantazia, romelic empiri-
uli masalisgan uCveulo saxeobriv naerTebs qmnis.
poetis warmosaxvas sagnebi da movlenebi mkveTri
biZgiT gamoyavs inertuli mdgomareobidan. warmoCn-
deba maTi potenciuri `midrekilebebi~, mimarTebebi
sxva sagnebTan, movlenebTan _ TiTqos sinamdvilis
garsi ixliCeba da misi Sinagani raoba erTbaSad
SiSvldeba.
SoTa CantlaZes uyvars sityvis artistuli, TiT-
qosda daudevari moqneva, sityvebis Tanxmierad aJRe-
reba, enamaxviloba, kalamburebi, saTqmelis paradoq-
sul formaSi moqceva, aforistuli formulebi. is xSi-
rad eleganturad gaaTamaSebs situaciebs, azrebs, sit-
yvebs, poetur formebs, magram es, Cveulebriv, Zalian
seriozuli, arsebiTi da mtkivneuli Sinaarsis mqone
TamaSia.
SoTa CantlaZem qarTul poeziaSi wina planze wamo-
weva gauadvila urbanistul motivebs da cxovrebis
Seuferadebel faqturas, sada intonaciebs, verlibrs,
ironiul TvalTaxedvas ... TviTon ki, albaT, kidev uf-
ro metis Seqmna SeeZlo, misi cxovreba cota iRblianad
rom warmarTuliyo.
1987
252
rwmenis tragikomedia
originaluri personaJi Seemata Cvens literatu-

ras, Tumca igi aq mTlad Sinaurulad ver igrZnobs
Tavs. es aris rusi sabWoTa moqalaqe proxori, SoTa
CantlaZis moTxrobis saSineli da sacodavi, kmayofili
da uiRblo gmiri. moTxroba 1955 welsaa dawerili, mag-
ram mxolod axla gamoqveynda.
rogorc poeti da miniaturisti, SoTa CantlaZe
xSirad aCens ironiul-tragikul WrilSi oficialuri
ideologiis da propagandis mier lakirebuli sabWoTa
yofis sarCuls. moTxroba `proxor!!!~ SoTa CantlaZis
poetur Semoqmedebas bunebrivad ebmis _ sabWoTa si-
namdvilisadmi msgavsi damokidebulebiT, èSmakuri~
gamomgoneblobiT, mosxletili gonebamaxvilobiT ... is
Sesrulebulia ìolad~, TiTqos salaRobo eqspromtia.
ubraloa, zogjer feletonuricaa TavSesaqcevi Txro-
ba da Sesaferisad martivia gmiric. magram martivi ar
aris avtoris msoflxedva, romelic komikuris gver-
diT gamoarCevs tragikul elements, qmnis tragikomi-
kur, mniSvnelovani problematikis wreSi moqceul sa-
xes. es arsebiTad satirikosis msoflxedvaa, yalbi mo-
raluri da socialur-politikuri wesrigis momSleli da
mis miRma darRveuli groteskuli realobis aRmomCeni.
SoTa CantlaZis mier SeTxzuli igavuri istoria erT-
baSad gamoavleninebs Tavs tips, romlis nairsaxeobebi mu-
dam warmoadgenda ruseTis araTavisufali saxelmwifos
yvelaze saimedo sayrdens. rac am tips SoTa CantlaZis
moTxrobaSi mosdis, imas dRes igi cxovrebaSi ganicdis.
Rrmad wams proxors arsebuli socialuri wyobis
fataluri aucilebloba, samarTlianoba, WeSmariteba
da amis gamo mcirediTac kmayofilia. mas aqvs ganuzo-
meli ndoba dadgenilis, dakanonebulis mimarT. pro-
xors mtkiced sjera, rom xelisufleba masze zrunavs
da momavalSi kidev ufro metad izrunebs, sjera saer-
Tod yvelaferi, rasac Caagoneben maRali instanciebi,
gazeTebi, agitacia Tu reklama, sazogadoebrivi azri.
es uwevs sulieri cxovrebis da zneobrivi principebis
253
magvirobas. proxori masis adamiania, romelic mTlia-
nad garedan imarTeba da moklebulia individualur-
pirovnul sawyiss, kritikuli gansjis unars. amitomaa,
rom igi ase fiqrobs: raki mTavroba obligaciebs
uSvebs, reklama momxiblav aRTqmas iZleva, xalxi ki am
obligaciebs yidulobs da xan igebs kidec, saWiroa
TviTonac iyidos da mogebis myari imedi hqondes.
moTxrobis personaJis amaforiaqebeli da wamqeze-
belia Suri, Suridan amozrdili primitiuli warmodge-
na samarTlianobaze da Tanasworobaze, samarTliano-
bis primitiuli moTxovnileba _ Tuki sxvebi igeben,
ratom man ar unda moigos, dauSvebelia ar moigos.
Tanasworobis da samarTlianobis wyurvili uaTkecebs
proxors ugunur optimizms da rwmenas. misi mZlavri
rwmenis unari ki adresatis arCevisas ar ayovnebs da
meryeobs, azrovnebis daxmarebas ar ucdis. Semdeg igi
Tavis fetiSs monurad eTayvaneba da emorCileba, etyo-
ba, imitomac, rom masTan damokidebulebaSi angarebia-
nia. sami revoluciis monawile da namdvili sabWouri
proxori ukanmouxedavad iwamebs RmerTs, raTa misi
natvris asruleba bolomde garantirebuli iyos. mwe-
rali bufonadurad amasxrebs axladmoqceulis aRtki-
nebul religiurobas: igi bejiTad dadis eklesiaSi,
sadac Tayvans cems òbligaciebis RmerTs~ rogorc
specifikuri dargis TviTmpyrobel gamgebels.
proxoris tragikomediis safuZvelia rusuli suli-
erebis Tviseba _ rwmenis didi moTxovnileba da unari,
romelsac SeuZlia realoba miTologiiT Seanacvlos da
raRac crus, damRupvelsac advilad daendos. es Tviseba
meoce saukunis rusul literaturaSi yvelaze srulad
platonovis poetur-groteskulma warmosaxvam amoicno.
raki rusuli literatura vaxseneT, aqve vityviT,
rom sabWoTa obivatelis ubadrukobis komikuri gamo-
saxviT `proxor!!!~ SesaZlebelia mivamsgavsoT zoSCen-
kos satirul-iumoristul prozas, Tumca analogia ze-
dapirs ar cildeba. sxvaTaSoris, zoSCenkos aqvs moTx-
roba kacze, romelmac fuli moigo. SoTa CantlaZis
nawarmoebis personaJi verafers moigebs, magram daje-
254
rebulia, rom òbligaciebis RmerTma~ mowyalebis Tva-
liT gadmoxeda. Tavismotyueba, sasurvelis sinamdvi-
led dasaxva proxoris ganusjeli morwmuneobis Tan-
mdevia. iluziiT frTaSesxmuli moTxrobis gmiris sad-
Resaswaulo nadimi amJRavnebs bednierebaze, `karg
cxovrebaze~ misi warmodgenis ukidures siviwroves,
rac agreTve aSorebs mas Rirseul adamianur arsebobas.
roca aRmoaCens, rom Semcdara da araferi mougia,
proxori ubralod imitom ki ar SeiSleba, rom xelis-
mocarvas metismetad ganicdis, aramed ufro imis gamo,
rom misTvis sinamdvile axla sruliad gaugebaria; sinamd-
vilis is wesrigi, romelsac mTeli arsebiT endoboda,
arasando gamodga; misi rwmena _ miwieri Tu zemiwieri
xelisuflebis, agitacia-reklamis, samarTlianobis, moma-
vlis _ gacamtverda, yvelaferma umtyuna, uRalata. pro-
xori sigiJeSi gaurbis amas, ar SeuZlia da arc unda gaark-
vios, ra da ratom daemarTa, gonebis saboloo dabnelebiT
pasuxobs kraxs, amave dros agresiuli da saSiSi xdeba.
sagiJeTis miRma darCa patara, uRimRamo siamovnebe-
bis yoveldRiuri SeCveuli samyaro, romelsac proxo-
ri nostalgiiT igonebs. magram iq am kacis aryofna ar
igrZnoba, iq uamravi proxoris msgavsia, romelTagan
erTi mis dacarielebul adgils avtomaturad ikavebs.
proxors da mis Semcvlels erTmaneTs isic amsgav-
sebs, rom maTTvis erTnairad damaxasiaTebelia ganur-
Cevloba sakuTari Tu sxvebis uzneobisadmi. Tavisi Ta-
vis da sxva adamianebis upativcemuloba proxoris qro-
nikuli daavadebaa.
moTxroba sastik simarTles gveubneba am tipiuri
gmiris Sesaxeb, magram ara sastikad da avi sixaruliT.
damcinavi avtori gulis siRrmeSi TanamgrZnobelia.
miTufro, rom moTxrobis bedukuRmarTi personaJi
aramarto sakuTari ugunuri midrekilebebis msxverp-
lia, aramed socialur-politikuri sistemisac, ro-
melsac am midrekilebaTa marjve gamoyeneba moupovebs
sasicocxlo Zalebs, romelic mas amonebs da sxvaTa
Tavisuflebis aRkveTasac akisrebs.
1990
255
guram rCeuliSvili
bedniereba sikvdilis fonze
guram rCeuliSvilis mkveTri pirovneba isea Serwy-

muli mis nawarmoebebs, rom am nawarmoebTa analizi
Zneldeba kidec _ iolad SeiZleba mas mwerlis pirov-
nebis Sesaxeb saubari Seenacvlos. guram rCeuliSvils
rogorc mwerals uwinaresad sakuTari arsebis wvdoma
surs, TviTSemecnebis moTxovnileba misi mTavari Se-
moqmedebiTi stimulia, `Seican Tavi Seni~ misi upirve-
lesi SemoqmedebiTi principia. amitom is upiratesad
piradulze, piradad gancdilze wers, yovel SemTxveva-
Si, STabeWdileba iseTi gvrCeba, TiTqos mwerali ara-
fers igonebs, gadmogvcems mxolod imas, risi monawile
da TviTmxilvelic iyo. mas aqvs iSviaTi unari dagva-
jeros monaTxrobis da gamosaxulis àraliteraturu-
lobaSi~. mis nawarmoebebSi myaria iluzia, rom realu-
rad arsebul adamianebze da realurad momxdar ambeb-
zea laparaki _ TiTqos dRiuria, avtobiografia, anda
narkvevi Tu reportaJi, ramac SeiZleba egziuperis
àdamianTa miwa~ da `samxedro mfrinavi~ gagvaxsenos.
orientireba utyuar pirad gamocdilebaze, natu-
ris erTguleba, garkveuli sifrTxile SeTxzulis da
gamogonilis mimarT, yovelgvari siyalbis SiSi meoce
saukunis 50-ian wlebSi dawyebul socialur da fsiqo-
logiur ZvrebTan unda iyos dakavSirebuli. guram rCe-
uliSvilis prozis lirikuli aRsarebiToba, rogorc
Cans, agreTve stimulirebulia drois tendenciis mier
_ `pirovnebis aRmoCeniT~, pirovnebis faseulobis gam-
Zafrebuli gancdiT da mkveTri gacnobierebiT.
pirovneba, visac SeuZlia damoukideblad azrovneb-
des, cnobier arCevans akeTebdes, pasuxismgeblobas
kisrulobdes, zneobriv TviTdamkvidrebas axdendes _
aseTia guram rCeuliSvilis lirikuli gmiri. igi maZie-
beli, cnobiswadiliT savse adamiania, cxovrebis dau-
256
Ralavi Semswavlelia, romelic simarTlis natexebs
krebs; magram upirveles yovlisa TviTon cxovrobs,
gamudmebiT moqmedebs, mWvretelobiTi pozicia eviw-
roeba. is imitom ki ar cxovrobs mZafrad da sisxlsav-
sed, rom SeZenili gamocdileba azrebad `gadaamuSaos~,
aramed piriqiT, azrovnebs, raTa WeSmaritad icxovros.
swori da Rrma azri guram rCeuliSvilis lirikuli
gmirisTvis sakmarisi ar aris, misi survilia azris gan-
xorcieleba, azris meoxebiT srulfasovani pirovnuli
TviTrealizacia.
yovelive es gansakuTrebuli sicxadiT da sisavsiT
vlindeba àlaverdobaSi~.
àlaverdobis~ gmirs Tavidan bunebaSi ganmartoe-
buls vxedavT _ bunebasTan urTierToba mas samyaros
didebulebas, idumalebas da mSvenierebas, harmonias
aziarebs, magram mTavari is aris, rom igi bunebasTan
miRweuli TanxmierebiT ar kmayofildeba, radgan surs
harmonia bunebidan adamianTa cxovrebaSic gadaitanos,
daamkvidros. misi TvalTaxedviT, adamiani samyaros
didebulebis Rirsi unda iyos da alaverdi, adamianis
qmnileba, aris is, riTac adamiani samyaros, bunebis
didebulebas amayad pasuxobs.
alaverdobis dResaswauli, romelsac mTxrobeli
eswreba, am adamianuri siamayis Semlaxvelia. bunebis
harmoniasTan SedarebiT ufro mtkivneulad sagrZnobi
da damamcirebelia is disharmonia, qaosi, romelic aq
batonobs. erTmaneTisgan gaucxoebuli, gulgrili ada-
mianebis umweo cdebi, sadResaswaulo ganwyoba Seqmnan
da gaerTiandnen, mxolod xazs usvams maT gaTiSulobas
da absurduli farsis xasiaTs aZlevs dResaswauls. am
adamianebs dakarguli hyavT erTmaneTi, radgan dakar-
guli aqvT sakuTari Tavi _ arsebobis azri, namdvili
faseulobebi, Rirseba; daclilebi arian Zlieri da
Rrma grZnobebisgan, namdvili sicocxlismoyvareobis-
gan, sasicocxlo energiisgan; is sazogadoeba, romlis
buneba da saxe dResaswaulis monawileebSi gamkveTre-
bulad Cans, sruliad moklebulia religiuri amaRle-
bis, eqstazis da yofnis sixarulis gancdis unars.
257
guram rCeuliSvilisTvis WeSmariti religiuroba swo-
red sasicocxlo Zalebis sisavse da sicocxlismoyva-
reobaa, sicocxlis sixarulis grZnobaa.
TviT lirikuli gmiris qmedebaSi xorcSesxmulia es
eqstazi da sicocxlismoyvareoba, sicocxlis sixaru-
li. am qmedebis siRrmiseuli paTosi qristianulia _
moyvasTa Svela, maTi daxsna sibrmavidan, uRirsobidan.
mTxrobels surs daqsaqsul da gamofitul xalxs daa-
naxos taZari _ misive namdvili da dakarguli saxe.
iseve rogorc ilias `mgzavris werilebis~ lirikul
gmirs, guram rCeuliSvilis lirikul gmirsac adami-
anebis sulieri ganaxleba wyuria, isic sazogadoebis
degradirebas, Sinagan gaxevebas, usicocxlobas upi-
rispirdeba, misi mizanic is aris, rom sazogadoebis
arseboba `Tergiseburi~ gaxados. àlaverdobis~ gmiri
TiTqos imgvari literaturuli personaJebis Soreuli
memkvidrea, rogorebic arian, vTqvaT, aluda qeTelau-
ri an ibsenis brandi.
magram es gmiri kritikulia aramarto masis mimarT,
aramed TavisTavis mimarTac, radgan WeSmaritebis mikv-
levas eswrafis da ara sakuTari uzadobis demonstri-
rebas. mkiTxvelma ukve irwmuna misi meamboxuri qmede-
bis siswore, ayva mis romantikul ltolvas da artis-
tul gatacebas, moulodnelad ki TviTon igi arRvevs
am erTsulovnebas _ TavisTavSi eWvdeba. is aRmoaCens,
rom Sroma, Seneba, Semoqmedeba ufro didi faseulobaa
da ufro Sedegiania, vidre gamomwvevi protesti, ambo-
xi; rom pirovneba inertul masaze SeiZleba mxolod
SemoqmedebiTma Sromam aamaRlos da ara sakuTari Tavis
sayovelTao yuradRebis centrSi moqcevam; brbosac
kvlav xalxad SromasTan mibruneba aqcevs, radgan
Sromisgan mowyveta gadaagvarebs xalxs brbod, arTmevs
sasicocxlo Zalas da arsebobis xaliss.
àlaverdobis~ lirikuli gmiris _ Sinaganad damo-
ukidebeli, Tavisufali pirovnebis buneba imaSic Cans,
rom igi naklebad endoba mzamzareul Sexedulebebs da
namdvili viTarebis uSualod Secnoba surs (aseT mza-
mzareul warmodgenebs asaxavs amonaweri gazeTebidan:
258
`winanadelma religiurma dResaswaulebma dakarges Ta-
vianTi pirvandeli mniSvneloba...~).
ùsaxelo ufliscixelSic~ lirikuli gmiri ar kma-
yofildeba imiT, rac ufliscixis Sesaxeb istorikosTa
naSromebSia naTqvami da surs TviTon, sakuTari suliT
da sxeuliT igrZnos ufliscixe. damaxasiaTebelia, rom
mwerali istoriaSic gamoarCevs individuums, romelic
moqmedebs Sinagani impulsebis karnaxiT, Tavisufali
gadawyvetilebis safuZvelze da ara masobriv warmod-
genebs, masis saerTo ganwyobas damorCilebuli. mkveT-
rad subieqtur-pirovnulia am nawarmoebis stili, kom-
pozicia da pirovnebis Seucvlelobis, misi ganuzomeli
faseulobis mtkicebaa moTxrobis Sinagani paTosic.
iseve rogorc àlaverdobaSi~, guram rCeuliSvilis
lirikuli gmiri mkveTrad upirispirdeba brbos, mis
fsiqologias moTxrobaSi `Spilka~. lirikul gmirs
protestis grZnobas aRuZravs daunawevrebel masad
gaerTianebuli adamianebis Seubralebloba sulierad
avadmyofi kacis mimarT; igi gamZafrebulad ganicdis
pirovnebis xelSeuvali arsebobis uflebas da brbos
ugunurebas.
guram rCeuliSvils dawerili aqvs sxvadasxva mxatv-
ruli Rirebulebis kidev araerTi nawarmoebi, romleb-
Sic pirovnebis da masis, maTi urTierTmimarTebis
problema ikveTeba.
aseTia, magaliTad, moTxroba `rogor gamoicvala
igor koblukovi~. axalgazrda adamiani, romelsac SeeZ-
lo pirovneba gamxdariyo, inTqmeba masaSi da meqanizms
emsgavseba, yalibdeba masis standartul warmomadgen-
lad; mas aRar aqvs damoukidebeli fiqris unari da, rac
fsiqologiurad zustia, ukve Riziandeba, roca sxvebSi
am unars, individualobis raime gamovlinebas xedavs.
oRond es metamorfoza sakmaod sworxazovnad, marti-
vad aris warmosaxuli.
moTxrobaSi `moxucebuli~ frTxili da TanamgrZno-
beli ironiiT aris naCvenebi `masis adamianis~ saxe. es
aris carieli, uvnebo, ùxasiaTo~ kaci, romelsac cxov-
259
rebis mZime dartyma mxolod yru tkivils ganacdevi-
nebs, sulier uZraobas mxolod odnav Seutokebs.
mwerlis lirikuli gmiri bevrs mogzaurobs da ram-
denime moTxroba agebulia am gmiris Sinagan uTanx-
moebaze garemosTan, romelTan Sexebac mogzaurobisas
uxdeba. es aris usaxuri adamianuri garemo, romlis
erTgvarovnebaSic pirovnebis gamorCeva Wirs. asea,
vTqvaT, `guculebSi~: amaoa moTxrobis gmiris cda, ipo-
vos raRac cocxali, pirovnuli garegnulad simpaTiur
qalSi.
aseTi cda warmatebulia moTxrobaSi `Sua zafxulSi
yvelgan cxela~. misi gmiri vaJa jandieri (igi rCeuliS-
vilis araerTi nawarmoebis gmiria), romelic gamoTiSu-
lia zRvispira kurortisTvis Cveulebriv sasiyvarulo
TamaSebs, moulodnelad Tanamoazres aRmoaCens erT
rus gogonaSi, vinc masaviT kritikulad da ironiulad
aris ganwyobili imis mimarT, rac maT irgvliv xdeba;
orivesTvis miuRebelia cxovrebis standartuli wesi,
romelic adamianebs erTmaneTs amsgavsebs.
am nawrmoebTan axloa moTxroba `zRvasTan martod-
marto~. vaJa martoobas ganicdis, upirovno urTier-
Tobebs ver eTviseba; SemTxveviTi kavSiri qalTan kidev
ufro mwvaved agrZnobinebs martoobas, oRond es mar-
tooba axla arsebiTad gaTavisuflebaa, roca daiZleva
imis mimzidveloba, rac aranamdvili da mdarea.
upirovno, Sinagan kontaqts moklebul adamianur
urTierTobebs warmoaCens moTxroba `pirvelad trama-
lebSi~. am urTierTobaTa miRma rCeba yvelaferi, rac
adamians marTla sakuTari aqvs _ faruli tkivilebi
Tu miswrafebebi, fiqrebi, bedi da warsuli. adamianebi
mxolod gakvriT, zedapiriT exebian erTmaneTs, kvals
ar toveben erTmaneTSi. isini Senacvlebadebi arian,
erTimeoris magivrobis iolad gamwevebi. moTxrobas
dramatizms sZens qveteqsti _ lirikuli gmiris dauk-
mayofilebloba namdvili, pirovnuli urTierTobis
surogatebiT.
guram rCeuliSvili mxatvrulad aanalizebs da aaS-
karavebs masobrivi, upirovno cnobierebis siClunges.
260
moTxrobaSi `nadiroba~ erT-erTi personaJis mier papi-
rosisTvis Tavis danebeba aRmatebul mniSvnelobas
iZens, radgan masobrivi cnobiereba ganurCevelia namd-
vilad mniSvnelovani sakiTxis mimarT _ ra aris ada-
mianis arsebobis azri. misi TvalTaxedviT, janmrTelo-
ba `kargia~, magram ratom aris `kargi~, risTvis Wirdeba
adamians janmrTeloba, saerTod sicocxle? aseTi kiT-
xva mis winaSe ar wamoiWreba. aqac mwerlis lirikuli
gmiri kritikuli da ironiulia masobrivi cnobierebis
mimarT.
masobriv-yoveldRiuri cnobierebis sibrmave gansa-
kuTrebiT mkveTrad mJRavndeba moTxrobaSi `kide kar-
gi~, radgan is Tavs iCens sikvdilTan mimarTebaSi. sikv-
dilis azri (Tu uazroba) ar xdeba dafiqrebis sagani,
sikvdili ar ganicdeba. yoveldRiuri cnobiereba Sepy-
robilia yofiTi wvrilmanebiT, romlebsac absurdu-
lad azviadebs.
magram is, ris mimarTac masobrivi, yoveldRiuri
cnobiereba ugrZnobelia, arsebiTia pirovnebis yofie-
rebaSi. uwinares yovlisa swored sikvdilis gacnobie-
reba, misi arsebobis dauviwyebloba, masTan Sefarde-
biT sicocxlis faseulobis gaazreba aqcevs pirovne-
bad adamians. sikvdilTan damokidebuleba guram rCeu-
liSvilis prozaSi adamianis sulieri simwifis da Rir-
sebis sazomia.
moTxrobaSi àxla me ocdaxuTi wlisa var~ gmiri
Tavis biografias gviambobs _ xalisianad, momxiblavi
uSualobiT, `zedapirulad~, rogorc axalgazrdisga-
naa mosalodneli. TviT ambavic ubraloa, ramdenadme
tipiuric: ufrosebis siTboTi garemosili bavSvoba,
mere studentoba, kiTxva, gataceba poeziiT, Seyvareba,
sma.. magram am garegani simartivis miRma seriozuli
saTqmeli SeigrZnoba da amoicnoba. nawarmoebi Sesru-
lebulia mwerlisTvis Cveuli qveteqstis teqnikiT _
striqonebs Soris TiTqos sikvdilia Casafrebuli.
vgrZnobT, rom lirikul gmirs wuTiTac ar aviwydeba
sikvdilis arseboba, magram amis Sesaxeb is cotas am-
bobs, sikvdilis mniSvneloba uCinrad ufroa ganfenili
261
nawarmoebSi. sikvdilis fenomenis pirispir yofna moT-
xrobis personaJs azrs, TviTSegnebas uRviZebs; amieri-
dan igi sicocxlis horizontze sikvdils xedavs, cxov-
robs sikvdilis TandaswrebiT; amitom aRar SeuZlia
winandeburad, stiqiurad iarsebos _ axal sicocxles
qmnis da bednieria imiT, rom sikvdilis mier datove-
bul sicarieles avsebs, oRond es aris bedniereba sikv-
dilis fonze; idiliur ganwyobas da tons sikvdilis
Crdili ecema, simSvide, harmonia sikvdilis da sicocx-
lis droebiTi zavia. sikvdilis gacnobierebas mosdevs
Tvalaxelili pirovnebis Camoyalibeba, romlisTvisac
sicocxle axleburad Zvirfasia.
poeti ambobs: `RmerTma giSvelos, sikvdilo, sicoc-
xle Svenobs SeniTa~ _ sikvdili aramarto sazarelia,
aramed yofnis gemos da madlis SegrZnebis gamamZafre-
belic. sikvdilis gancdas adamiani yoveldRiurobis
buranidan gamoyavs. vTqvaT, `Seyvarebis~ gmiri yofis
gamomfitav monotonurobaSia CanTqmuli da mxolod
sikvdilis gancda afxizlebs ...
sikvdilis safrTxe daanaxebs sicocxlis faseulo-
bas àsvlis~ gmirs, Svelis iqces Sinaganad Zlier, Tavi-
sufal pirovnebad, TvalTaxedvas uRrmavebs. `kacma un-
da mTeli suliT icocxlo... an ra aris mudmivoba, _
sisulele. yvela adamiani mudmivad cxovrobs, yovel
SemTxvevaSi, misi maradiuloba is wlebia, romelsac
gaatarebs am qveyanaze~.
sikvdili guram rCeuliSvilis mxatvrul samyaroSi
moulodnelad, ucabedad iWreba. is sicocxlis Signi-
Taa Sefaruli da dros ucdis, rom Tavi gaamJRavnos.
mas savsebiT amqveyniuri da prozauli ieri aqvs. mwe-
rali sikvdils xatavs yovelgvari afeqtaciis da paTe-
tikis gareSe, ise, rom arsebiTad ar cvlis Cveulebriv
tonalobas, ar amZafrebs emociurobas, maRla ar wevs
intonacias. misTvis damaxasiaTebelia jansaRi, idili-
urad aumRvreveli ganwyobis Sexameba dramatulTan Tu
tragikulTan. aseTi Sexmeba orive sawyiss amkveTrebs.
`nel tangoSi~ araferi moaswavebs im ubedurebas,
romelic sul male unda moxdes; Tavidan moTxrobaSi
262
mSvidi, uRrublo atmosferoa, igi TiTqos arc irRveva,
ise Semoipareba sikvdili. plastikurad, danakvTulad
aris warmosaxuli sikvdilTan adamianis brZolis di-
namiuri suraTi. saerTod, mwerals gansakuTrebiT
exerxeba fizikuri moZraobis, sxeulebrivi anda mTlia-
ni sxeulebriv-sulieri mdgomareobebis gamosaxva. su-
lier cxovrebasac is xSirad garegan qmedebaTa rigiT
gadmoscems, rogorc hemingueis stilisTvis aris niSan-
doblivi; Tumca sakuTriv fsiqologiuri analizi, su-
lis uSualo wvdoma guram rCeuliSvilis prozaSi ara-
nakleb organulia.
sikvdili `nel tangoSi~ amJRavnebs pirovnebis su-
lier siZlieres, imas, rom igi SiSis da egoizmisgan Ta-
visufali kacia. oRond mwerali heroikulad amaRle-
bul saxes ar xatavs, araviTar aqcents ar akeTebs imaze,
rom personaJi gansakuTrebuli adamiania; piriqiT, is
savsebiT ubralod, miwierad gamoiyureba da mainc misi
sulis siuxve cxadad igrZnoba, miTufro inertul da
uvnebo adamianur garemosTan kontrastSi.
`nel tangoSi~ gaSlili situacia ukiduresad kri-
tikulia, eqstremaluria. guram rCeuliSvili araiSvia-
Tad aseT situaciebSi akvirdeba adamians, mis bunebas,
radgan isini TvalnaTliv avlenen adamianis namdvil
raobas, adamianis sulis sisustes Tu Zlierebas.
Tu `neli tangos~ gmiri uZlebs zRvruli situaciiT
gamocdas, aseT situaciaSi sxvanairad warmoCndeba
moTxrobis `zRva arcTu ise Relavda~ personaJi, ro-
melsac TviTgadarCenis instinqti megobars sasikvdi-
lo gansacdelSi miatovebinebs. es personaJi Tavis sin-
diss gaurigdeba da simarTlis miCqmalvas apirebs, mag-
ram aRmoCndeba, rom amis gakeTeba praqtikulad SeuZ-
lebelia _ is mZime dilemis winaSe dgeba, an simarTle
unda gaamxilos, an miimalos. eqstremaluri situacia
moiTxovs, rom adamianma aucileblad da dauyovnebliv
amoirCios arsebul SesaZleblobaTagan erTi, ganaxor-
cielos arCevanis erTmniSvnelovani aqti. guram rCeu-
liSvili sastik Semowmebas uwyobs Tavis gmirs. is ada-
mianisgan bevrismomTxovni mweralia, adamianSi Rirse-
263
bis, sulis simagris uSeRavaTo maZiebeli; WeSmariti
adamianurobis Ziebisas mimarTavs igi eqstremalur
situaciebs.
***
germaneli mwerali alfred kurela, moTxrobis
`sikvdili mTebSi~ gmiri, sruliad uecrad dgeba meuR-
lis sikvdilis pirispir. rogor moiqceva aseT dros
adamiani, rogor ganicdis da iazrebs sikvdils, ra
Tvisebebs gamoamJRavnebs _ yovelive es moTxrobaSi
meToduri mxatvruli dakvirvebis obieqtia.
am moTxrobaSi, iseve rogorc sxva nawarmoebebSi,
mwerali TiTqmis ar warmosaxavs imas, ras grZnobs da
fiqrobs TviT momakvdavi. is akvirdeba sikvdilis gav-
lenas `damswreebze~ da afasebs maT am gavlenis ragva-
robis mixedviT.
arsebiT fsiqologiur simarTles amJRavnebs kure-
las pirveli reaqcia uaxloesi adamianis sikvdilze _
mas ucnaurobis gancda ipyrobs. `kurelam didi dro
gaatara mTebSi, _ mainc ucxo iyo aq yvelaferi, ucxo
da ucanuri; xalxi ucnobi, mdinare civi, xmauriani; es
iyo ucxo mxare, sadRac erTdebodnen SegrZnebaSi
simwuxare da Seucnobeli, aramSobliuri. yvelaferi es
ufro saocari iyo: lodianebs Sua iwva misi meuRle _
ukve mkvdari. meuRle, romelic erTi saaTis win
cocxali iyo, mxiarulad laparakobda, da romelTanac
xuTi Svili hyavda~.
kurela garegnulad mSvidi, mxne Cans, praqtikulo-
bac SerCenili aqvs; gurami da vaJa, romlebic yuradRe-
biT adevneben mas Tvals, mis mSvid TavdaWeras imas
miaweren, rom am adamians jer gacnobierebuli ara aqvs
momxdari, magram amasTan erTad eWvic Cndeba misi ugr-
Znoblobis Taobaze...
kurela Sinagan wonasworobas inarCunebs gansjis
meoxebiT, is Zalas povebs Tavis racionalistur msof-
lgagebaSi. kurelas damokidebuleba sikvdilTan gvax-
senebs mis did Tanamemamules, goeTes, romelmac Svi-
264
lis sikvdilis Setyobisas Tqva: `me vicodi, rom mokv-
davi gavaCine~.
magram raRac aklia, raRac arsebiTi xarvezi dayveba
amgvar Tvalsazriss. erTi mxriv, marTlac, sikvdili
gardauvalobaa da mas verafers mouxerxeb, unda See-
guo. magram adamiani xom mxolod aucileblobis sfe-
ros ar ekuTvnis; Tu gansja imecnebs da egueba auci-
leblobas, adamianis grZnoba, tkivili ar eTanxmeba mas,
iTxovs samyaros sastiki kanonis gauqmebas. da es adami-
anis arsis da mowodebisTvis aranakleb Sesaferia, vid-
re gansjis wyalobiT miRweuli simxneve.
aRmoCndeba, rom kurelas adamianuri bunebis sim-
didrec ver eteva racionalizmis mWidro javSanSi. igi
axloblis sikvdils xvdeba rogorc srulfasovani pi-
rovneba _ stoikurad, naTeli azrovnebis unaris dau-
kargavad da amave dros Rrma tkiviliT. es SeuTavsebs
moTxrobaSi erTmaneTs sapirispiro msoflmxedvelob-
riv poziciebs, sikvdilis orgvar gancda-gaazrebas _
germanuls da qarTuls; asrulebs nawarmoebSi faru-
lad Tu aSkarad aRbeWdil daZabul diskusias Temaze _
raSi mJRavndeba WeSmariti adamianuroba sikvdilis
winaSe. moTxrobaSi uxvad gabneuli dakvirvebebi imaze,
Tu ranair gancdebs da fiqrebs badebs adamianebSi
sikvdilTan Sexeba, am Temis irgvliv iyris Tavs .
sikvdils mTeli arsebiT, gonebiTac da grZnobiTac
wvdeba moTxrobis lirikuli gmiri guramic. tragiku-
li ambavi, romlis Semswrec is aris, misi gamocdacaa,
mas mtkivneul, Rrma sulier gamocdilebas sZens. uwi-
naresad samyaros aRqmis centrSi misi TvalTaxedvis
moqceviT eniWeba moTxrobas azrobriv-emociuri sisav-
se da dinamika.
sikvdilis WeSmariti SegrZneba ikveTeba am fenome-
nis zerele, nelTbili gancdis fonze. `boxxmians Tva-
lebze cremli moadga, mere xeli aiRo maRla, Caiqnia,
ganze gavida, iqve dajda da Tavi muxlebSi Cargo. _
etyoba, daiRala dgomiT, _ miCurCula vaJam~. sikvdil-
Tan Sexvedra guram rCeuliSvilis prozaSi adamianTa
265
Tvisebrivi gansxvavebebis, maTi Sinagani rangis utyua-
ri maCvenebelia.
Tavis nawarmoebTa erT nawilSi guram rCeuliSvili
mwerali-eqsperimentatoria, romelic adamianis namd-
vili bunebis gamomavlinebel mxatvrul cdebs atarebs;
ara `laboratoriaSi~ _ pirobiTi niSnebis da sqemebis
gamoyenebiT, aramed `naturalur pirobebSi~, sadac
yvelaferi sicocxliT amoZravebulia, gamokveTili
konturis da ieris mqonea, materiiT Sevsebulia. amas
mowmobs `sikvdili mTebSic~, Tundac bunebis plasti-
kurad TvalsaCino da emociurad metyveli suraTebiT,
romlebic ganuwyvetliv icvleba da adamianuri vneba-
TaRelvis gamosaxvas Svelis. mkacri mTiani landSafti
TiTqos scenaa, romelzec adamianebis arseboba ufro
mkafiod garSemowerilia, ufro reliefurad dasanaxia.
igive iTqmis rCeuliSviliseul zRvis peizaJebze.
axalgazrda adamianis cnobierebaSi sikvdilis Sesv-
liT gamowveuli Zvrebis CaZiebuli fsiqologiuri ana-
lizia ganxorcielebuli moTxrobaSi `molodini~.
gurami, romelic momakvdav babuas uvlis, daZabulad
ixedeba TavisTavSi da iq aRmoCenili zogi ram misTvis
usiamovnoa. aris ki mkafio zRvari TanagrZnobas da
egoizms Soris _ es kiTxva, romelic adamianis siRrmi-
seul arsebas exeba, ismis swored eqstremalur situa-
ciaSi, axloblis sikvdilis mtanjveli molodinisas.
gurami grZnobs, rom momakvdavsac egoizmi ereva. gam-
Zafrebuli yuradRebiT xatavs mwerali agonias, amC-
nevs adamianis bunebis iseT Tvisebebs, romlebic sxva
dros gaumJRavnebeli rCeba. paradoqsulad WeSmari-
tia, magaliTad, mixvedra, rom `roca gtkiva, ar ginda
sikvdili~, Tundac manamde genatrebodes igi.
moTxrobaSi aris personaJi-ideologi, rusi sanita-
ri ivane, romelic sicocxles, Tundac tanjuls, umaR-
les faseulobad acxadebs, tanjvas adamianuri yofnis
Rrma sazrisis mqone sawyisad Tvlis. TiTqos dosto-
evskis romeliRac gmiris egzaltirebul monologs
vismenT: `gauSviT, iyos tanjva aTjer meti! is mainc
sicocxlea!.. gesmis? iq _ jandabaSi aRaraferi aRar
266
aris, aRarc tanjvaa. tanjva? am sityvas, ufro sworad,
gancdas egre nu uyurebT. eg maRla dgas yvelaferze,
eg yvelaze sasiamovno gancdaa, roca itanjebi, gansa-
kuTrebiT, roca am tanjvas sxvebi xedaven. ai, qriste
imitom ewama, rom daenaxaT~.
gurams tanjvisadmi aseTi apologeturi damokide-
bulebis gaziareba uZneldeba. ivanes msjeloba STam-
beWdavia, magram sikvdilis areSi moxvedrili adamianis
martoobasTan, Sinagan gamocdilebasTan Sepirispire-
bisas misi manugeSebeli Zala klebulobs. im sferoSi,
romelSic gurami imyofeba, garedan saerTodac veravin
SeaRwevs, mas aq veravin SeeSveleba. es misi usakuTresi
sulieri cdis sferoa, sadac, TavisTavis anabarad da-
tovebuli, Tavis Sinagan raobas poulobs.
moTxrobis gmiri sakuTar TavSi kvlav da kvlav
mtkivneulad aRmoaCens egoisturi instinqtis siZlie-
res, romelic eqstremalur viTarebaSi ufro mkveTrad
vlindeba. es instinqti da masTan mWidrod dakavSire-
buli sikvdilis SiSi altruistul gancdebsac Sina-
ganad msWvalavs. magram amasTanave qveteqsti gvagrZno-
binebs, rom gurams gulwrfelad uyvars moxuci. arse-
biTad sikvdilis winaSe igi gamZleobas da sulier si-
faqizes iCens, oRond amave dros adamianis raobas saer-
Tod da sakuTar raobas kerZod ukve adrindelze ufro
sworad, misi sisustiT da arasrulyofilebiT xedavs.
sikvdilis sisastike gansakuTrebulad igrZnoba,
roca is amaxinjebs Tavisufali, laRi adamianis sico-
cxles. aseTi adamiania munji axmedi.
arsebiTad axmedi primitiuli, civilizaciis miRma
myofi, bunebasTan SeTvisebuli individia. buneba, zRva
Cuqnis mas megobars _ lilis, romelic uyvars Tavisi
ueSmako sulis mTeli ZaliT da bednieria ise, rogorc,
albaT, mxolod ucodveli adamiani SeiZleba iyos
bednieri.
moTxrobaSi poeturad, amave dros realisturi si-
sadaviT aris naCvenebi axmedis da lilis siyvaruli,
maTi uzrunveli arseboba bunebaSi, maTi wrfeli da bu-
267
nebrivi vneba. es TiTqos pirveli adamianebis samoTxi-
seburi yofaa.
magram guram rCeuliSvilis prozaSi idiliuroba
tanjvis da sikvdilis mxolod Txeli safarvelia.
is, rom personaJi martivi, civilizaciasTan TiTq-
mis uziarebeli adamiania, mwerals saSualebas aZlevs
uSualod daayenos igi samyaros arsismieri simartiviT
gamovlenil mTavar sawyisTa winaSe _ sicocxlis, sikv-
dilis winaSe. axmeds Rupavs ara Sinagani konfliqtebi
an konfliqtebi garemosTan, ara socialur urTierTo-
baTa disharmoniuloba Tu adamianTa zneobrivi mankie-
reba, aramed sakuTriv sikvdili rogorc amqveynad ar-
sebuli borotebis Ziri. nawarmoebSi sikvdilis feno-
meni Zalian axlodan aris danaxuli, sikvdilis Zala _
sagnobrivad nagrZnobi, rogorc, magaliTad, Tomas
vulfis moTxrobaSi `sikvdili _ amayi da~.
sikvdils mravalferovani arsenali aqvs, mis xelTaa
rogorc swrafad, aseve Senelebulad moqmedi iaraRi.
nela, Semparavad uaxlovdeba aryofna axmeds, auCqareb-
lad, magram jiuti TanmimdevrulobiT fitavs, utovebs
mxolod sxeulebriv SegrZnebebs, sicocxlis umarti-
ves niSnebs. `sadRac gaiqeqa misi SegrZneba, mas Semdeg
aRar enaxa ase axlos qalis sxeuli. axla uyurebda da
odesRac gancdili mkrTalad uforiaqebda miberebul
sxeuls, ZaRli ki ulokavda mlaSe xelisguls, sasia-
movnod uTbobda. nela wamodga, CoCviT gadajda moxuci
qalis gverdze. isev gaqeqa cecxli, didxans uyura, mere
damWknari xeli daado qalis mkerds. gaqra gaRviZebuli
SegrZneba, mkerdi civi, ugrZnobeli iyo, gareT gavard-
nili lekvi isev uyefda landebs. welaTreviT gadmoj-
da Tavis adgilas axmedi. axla siSiSvles veRar xedavda.
mxolod grZnobda, rom swyuroda wyali. Tungi moiyu-
da. svamda didi, mZime ylupebiT da uformo sicocxle
ipyrobda mis sxeuls. civi wyali gadadioda yelSi, eRv-
reboda gulze. sxeuli grZnobda, rom is cocxali iyo,
es sicocxle ijda dangreul qoxSi, naxevrad mimqral
cecxlTan, romlis pirasac iwva beberi qali. es sicocx-
le grZnobda, rom lekvi, romelic gareT yefda, Semo-
268
vidoda da xelisguls aulokavda, cecxli, romelic
qreboda, fiCxis SekeTebisas isev daiwyebda TamaSs, isev
gaanaTebda SiSvel mkerds, lekvis enas da kedelze
Camokidebul badeebs~.
es pasaJic da mTeli nawarmoebic STambeWdavia Sina-
gani emociuri Zabvis gadmomcemi niuansirebuli saxo-
vanebiT, plastikurobis da fsiqologizmis ganuyof-
lobiT, zedapirze naklebSesamCnevi, magram gamWoli
analitikurobiT, azris da suraTis mkafio ritmulo-
biT ... sulisSemZvrelia sikvdilis mier gadaTelili
Tavisufali sicocxlis es istoria.
guram rCeuliSvilisTvis adamianis Sefasebis Ziri-
Tadi kriteriumi Tavisuflebis xarisxia _ es aris Ta-
visufleba SiSisgan, egoizmisgan, cxovrebis da azrov-
nebis standartuli, anonimuri wesisgan. Tavisufali,
srulfasovani individualobebis Ziebas mwerali iseT
arealebSic miyavs, romlebic daSorebulia Tanamedro-
ve civilizacias. asea `baTareka WinWaraulSic~.
mxatvrul nawarmoebSi mwerals Seaqvs eTnografiu-
li narkvevis, kulturul-istoriuli eses elementebi.
eseizmi saerTodac damaxasiaTebelia misi azrovnebis-
Tvis (àlaverdoba~, ùsaxelo ufliscixeli~, `naTe-
la~...). guram rCeuliSvili qmnis xevsureTis metyvel
`portrets~, gvaziarebs am mxaris suls, cocxali mxat-
vruli saxis komponentad aqcevs erTi SexedviT mxatv-
rulobisTvis ucxo masalas.
àq poezia ganukiTxavad batonobis prozaze, poezia
Tavisi ùlogiko~ vnebebiTa da gamoxatvis Seudarebe-
li dramatuli simSvenieriT. SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom
aq folklori, naWedi xevsuruli leqsi, rogorc for-
mis, ise Sinaarsis RirsebiT klasikur simaRleze adis.
yvela xevsuri ,rogorc wesi, poetia. yvelaze kargs ki
maTgan igi dawers, vinc sxvaze metad da RirsebiT
itanjeba, vermiRweulis vnebiT Sepyrobili~.
am nawyvetSi mwerlis SemoqmedebiTi mrwamsia for-
mulirebuli. `poezia~, poeturoba gagebulia rogorc
gamosaxati sulieri moZraobebis intensioba da maRali
Zabva _ vnebianoba, aseve rogorc maTi ucnauroba, gau-
269
gebroba SeCveuli cxovrebiseuli logikis Tvalsazri-
siT. `poeziisTvis~ niSandoblivia agreTve formis da-
muxtuloba da mZafri eqspresiuloba. es esTetikuri
mrwamsi upirvelesad TviT `baTareka WinWaraulSia~
xorcSesxmuli.
moTxrobis mxatvruli sinamdvilis, misi gmirebis
bunebis amocnobas gviadvilebs `vermiRweulis vneba~,
romelzec avtori laparakobs.
`vermiRweulis vneba~ arsebulis ukmarobis grZno-
baa. mzias da baTarekas swored es vneba awvalebT, igi
Rrma sulieri naTesaobiT akavSirebs am or TiTqos yo-
velmxriv gansxvavebul xasiaTs. es vnebaa imis mizezi,
rom orive Sinaganad gaucxoebulia yofiTobisgan,
yoveldRiurobisgan.
SeuboWavi moqmedeba, sulieri da fizikuri Zalebis
Seuferxebeli gamovlena, samxedro avantiura da
faTerakia baTarekas stiqia. Tu `vermiRweulis vneba~
baTarekas gamudmebiT garesamyarosken eweva, mzias is
sakuTar sulSi moaZebninebs Tavisuflebis samyofels,
romelsac misi ocneba ganagebs da sruliad mowyveti-
lia xevsurebis yoveldRiur cxovrebas. es patara go-
gona Tavisufalia da sakuTar Tavisuflebas Tavgan-
wirviT icavs _ am romantikuli meocnebis TviTmkvle-
loba misi Tavisuflebis ukanaskneli, tragikuli
mowmobaa.
mzias da baTarekas _ sinamdviliT daukmayofilebe-
li, Tavisuflebisken mswrafveli pirovnebebis konf-
liqts paradoqsulad qmnis swored maTi bunebis erT-
gvarovneba, maTi arsebis sxvadasxva saxiT gamovlenili
romantikuloba. baTareka xedavs, rogori SeuTavsebe-
lia mzia Cveulebriv, `normalur~ cxovrebasTan da
grZnobs, rom Svils misi sulis Tviseba gamoyva; amiT ga-
mowveul gaRizianebas igi Tavisi eqstravertuli xasia-
Tis Sesaferisad gamoxatavs, gareT mimarTavs. `qaliS-
vilis Tvalebis moSorebam gons moago baTareka da im
brazis gadmonTxevis saSualeba misca, romelic Tavisi
Tavisadmi igrZno Svilis danaxvisTanave. es brazi im
danaSaulidan modioda, romelSiac mas brali ar hqon-
270
da da romlis gamosworebac mas ar SeeZlo. erT vnebad
Seikra is raRacis winaaRmdeg amxedrebuli, silis gakv-
riT daanTxia qaliSvils yvelaferi...~.
uCveuloa ùlogiko vnebebis~ logika, moTxrobis
gmirTa tragediis Sinagani motivebi.
Tavisi Seuvali TavisuflebiT mzia WinWarauls gva-
gonebs `devebis cekvis~ gmiri. igi warmogvidgeba ro-
mantikul saxed, romelsac demonuri niSnebi aqvs mini-
Webuli. is, karmenis msgavsad, ar Tmobs Tavisuflebas
da Rupavs misi gulis dapyrobis ùlogiko vnebebiT~
Sepyrobil pretendentebs.
ramdenime moTxrobaSi guram rCeuliSvili gatace-
biT xatavs cxenebs _ amay da Tavisufal arsebebs. swo-
red maTi Tavisufleba xiblavs mwerals da maTi mZlavri
nebis motexvas, maT dabeCavebas ganicdis mtkivneulad
_ movigonoT `salamura~, èrTguli~, `TvirTvila~ ...
Sinagani naTesaobaa SesamCnevi am jansaR da Tavisu-
fal arsebebs da, vTqvaT, moTxrobis `siyvaruli mar-
tis TveSi~ gmirs Soris, romlis axladgaSlili da saRi
sicocxle uRmerTod saxiCrdeba, iseve rogorc maTsa
da `naTelas~ gmirebs Soris.
`naTela~ guram rCeuliSvilis erT-erTi ukanaskne-
li moTxrobaa da mis struqturas meti SemoqmedebiTi
simwifis niSani atyvia. lirikuli gmiri aq ufro obieq-
turad warmoisaxeba, avtors da am gmirs gazrdili
mxatvruli distancia acalkevebT, maT erTmaneTis mi-
marT meti damoukidebloba aqvT mopovebuli. perso-
naJTa saxeebi kidev ufro saguldagulod da individu-
alizebulad iZerweba.
es aris metad cxovrebismieri, narkvevis msgavsi na-
warmoebi, imavdroulad ki _ axdenili keTili sizmari
Tu zRapari. guram rCeuliSvilis prozis ori gamWoli
tendencia _ `dokumenturoba~ da poeturoba _ am
moTxrobaSi savsebiT mTliandeba. ìs iyo im mdgoma-
reobaSi, romlis Semdegac adamians SeuZlia maRla
afrindes, Tan aitanos miwac~ _ naTqvamia moTxrobis
gmirze da aq nawarmoebis stilis Tvisebac aris
gamxelili.
271
gio TiTqos bavSvobisdroindel sisufTaves da Ta-
visuflebas ibrunebs, raSic araCveulebrivi bavSvi ex-
mareba _ suliT da xorciT jansaRi, gonieri da gam-
bedavi, momxiblavi patara qali, guram rCeuliSvilis
patara ufliswuli. samyarosadmi ndobas, gulgaxsni-
lobas, SiSis da egoizmisgan TavdaRwevas aCvevs igi
gios.
tragikul msoflSegrZnebas, romliTac gamsWvalu-
lia mwerlis Semoqmedeba, man TiTqos sagangebod
gadauketa `naTelas~ imediT da SuqiT savse poeturi
sinamdvile.
sruliad sapirispiro viTarebaa ìrinaSi~ _ guram
rCeuliSvilis prozis Tanmdevi tragizmi aq ukidure-
sad gamwvavebulia.
nawarmoebis enobrivi forma energiiT aris dateni-
li; sityvebs da frazebs Soris myardeba iseTi urTi-
erTmiziduloba, aucilebeli urTierTkavSiri, rogo-
ric niSandoblivia poeziis srulfasovani nimuSebis-
Tvis. formis daZabuloba adekvaturad gadmoscems
lirikuli gmiris intensiur, gangaSiT mocul Sinagan
cxovrebas.
qals, romelic am gmirs mtkivneulad uyvars, siyva-
ruli warsulis tvirTs Camoxsnis, igi, iseve rogorc
munji axmedi, TavisTavSi mxolod siyvarulis xmas ug-
debs yurs, es aris misi Tavisuflebis sawindari. fsiqi-
kis sirTule, refleqsuroba uSlis xels gurams, mien-
dos irinas, romelic TviTon bavSviviT mimndobia, ga-
dalaxos Tavisi egocentrizmi da skepticizmi, urwmu-
noba da sulierad gaumTliandes meore adamians; dai-
jeros, rom bedniereba SeiZleba namdvili iyos da ara
saSinelebis saburveli. guramis tragedia is aris, rom
ar SeuZlia irinasaviT Sinaganad Tavisufali iyos.
Txrobis subieqtur-lirikuli wyobis farglebSi mwe-
rali axerxebs miukerZoebloba da simkacre gamoavli-
nos Tavisi gmiris mimarT.
272
***
or poluss Soris aris ganfenili guram rCeuliS-
vilis proza. erTi mxridan mas mijnavs masobrivi cno-
biereba, cxovrebis upirovno, standartuli wesi, meo-
re mxridan _ Tavisufal pirovnebaTa samkvidrebeli.
mxatvruli azris Sinagani dinamika pirvelidan meore
polusisken aris mimarTuli. mwerali Tvals adevnebs
masidan pirovnebis gamocalkevebas, masis da individu-
umis dapirispirebas; gviCvenebs Sinaganad damoukide-
beli, sulierad momwifebuli adamianis Camoyalibebis
process; eqstremaluri situaciebis meSveobiT sinjavs
Tavis personaJTa sulis simtkices da sifaqizes, maT
pirovnul Rirsebas; idealTan miaxloebis romantiku-
li JiniT da amavdroulad sinamdvilis realisturi
wvdomiT qmnis Tavisufal adamianTa mkveTr, ganumeo-
rebeli gamometyvelebis mqone saxeebs.
guram rCeuliSvilis mxatvruli sinamdvile azris
saZirkvelze dgas. samyaros, adamianis, adamianTa cxov-
rebis arsisken aris mimarTuli mwerlis analitikuri
TvalTaxedva. TviT misi metyvelebis stili xan fiqris
mier aris aforiaqebuli, xan _ fiqris mierve Tvinier
wesrigSi moyvanili.
talantis zrda pirvel rigSi azris zrdaa. guram
rCeuliSvilis mxatvruli azri ki ganuwyvetliv izrde-
boda da rTuldeboda, sul ufro met simwifes iZenda.
1986
273
yvelaze didi vneba
arian adamianebi, visTvisac WeSmaritebis wvdomis

moTxovnileba sabediswero vnebaa. sibrmaveSi, sicrueSi
anda sanaxevro simarTleSi cxovreba maTTvis gausaZ-
lisia, imis miuxedavad, rom WeSmaritebis Zieba xSirad
saxifaTo avantiuras warmoadgens _ yovelTvis SesaZ-
lebelia WeSmaritebisken mswrafveli unugeSo sanaxao-
bis an sicarielis winaSe aRmoCndes.
ìuloni~ aseTi adamianis dawerilia, WeSmaritebis
daJinebiT maZiebeli mxatvris cnobiswadili igrZnoba
guram rCeuliSvilis piesaSi.
àr arsebobs vneba azrze didi da SebrunebiT: azri
aris vnebaTa Soris yvelaze didi vneba!~ _ ambobs
guram rCeuliSvilis gmiri. vnebadqceuli azri Tu az-
radqceuli vneba is Zalaa, romelic guram rCeuliSvi-
lis mxatvrul samyaros qmnis.
arc ise iSviaTad Cven SeumCnevlad vaigivebT civ-
sisxlian gansjismierobas da analitikurobas, viviw-
yebT, rom WeSmaritebis Zieba vnebaa da misi bedic iseve
winaswarganuWvreteli da Seucnobia, rogorc yvela
sxva vnebis.
guram rCeuliSvilis piesis niSandoblivi Tavisebu-
reba swored maZiebeli mxatvruli azris moZraobis
winaswarganuWvretobaa, mxatvruli azris spontanuri
ganviTarebaa. es aris cda, eqsperimenti da aravin SeiZ-
leba icodes, rogori iqneba misi Sedegi. iseTi STabeW-
dileba gveqmneba, rom xorci esxmeba ara ukve mofiq-
rebul koncefcias, aramed TviT koncefciis dabade-
bis, Camoyalibebis mowme varT. Cvens Tvalwin qaosidan
wvalebiT inakvTeba simarTlis saxe.
da swored imitom, rom ìuloni~ WeSmaritad anali-
tikuri, vnebianad analitikuri nawarmoebia, aris masSi
iracionaluri, mxolod intuiturad SesagrZnobi ele-
mentic. es bunebrivic aris _ Tu leqsi, moTxroba, ro-
mani, piesa samyaros erTgvari modelia, maSin igi sam-
yaros msgavsia imiTac, rom srulad Semecnebadi ar
SeiZleba iyos.
274
guram rCeuliSvilis piesaSi Zlierad Zgers saidum-
los, iracionaluris gancda, rasac araferi aqvs saer-
To fsevdomisticizmTan.
rogorc Cans, daaxloebiT amgvari iyo guram rCeu-
liSvilis principuli esTetikuri poziciac. piesaSi
vkiTxulobT:`nu vixmarT aq mag sityvas (ideas) ... radgan
idea ukve sazRvravs raRacas, TiTqos anketas vavsebde
_ Tema _ ojaxuri tragedia, idea _ ? araferi, arafe-
ri ar momdis TavSi~; `nawarmoebis konkretuli idea
aris is Seucnobeli ganwyobileba,romelic qveSecneu-
lad moqmedebs mnaxvelze, mkiTxvelze, emateba wveTe-
bad mis sakuTar imdroindel ganwyobas da aRrmavebs
mas...~.
es `Seucnobeli ganwyobileba~ axlavs rCeuliSvi-
lis piesas. mwerali rogorRac Tavidanve qmnis
SexuTul atmosferos, avismomaswavebeli winaTgrZno-
biT muxtavs Tavisi nawarmoebis Sinagan sivrces _
oTaxs, sadac aTi axalgazrda kaci Sekrebila, raTa
erT-erTi maTganis piesa dadgan da ganixilon.
speqtakli piesaSi _ aseTi kompoziciuri xerxiT
aris agebuli ìuloni~. cxadia, es xerxi guram rCeuli-
SvilisTvis Tavisi garegnuli efeqturobiT ar aris
Rirebuli. mis funqcias ar Seadgens realobis iluziis
pirobiTobiT Canacvleba, miTumetes pirobiTobis meS-
veobiT Tangancdis ise ganeleba, rogorc brextis dra-
maturgiaSi xdeba. saerTo aRnagobiT ìuloni~ mogva-
gonebs luiji pirandelos piesas àvtoris maZiebeli
eqvsi personaJi~, magram Tu pirandelosTvis arsebiTia
tradiciuli Teatris formaTa Sinagani daSla da si-
namdvilesTan maTi Seusabamobis gamovlena, guram rCe-
uliSvils sxva, CvenTvis ufro mtkivneuli safiqrali
aqvs. piesaSi speqtaklis Setana mas Wirdeba qarTveli
adamianis artistuli xasiaTis kvlevisTvis, rac uke-
Tesad unda moxerxdes artistulsave situaciaSi.
qarTveli rom artistia bunebiT, es araerTxel
gvsmenia. am banalur mosazrebas guram rCeuliSvili
mkacri analizis sagnad aqcevs da moulodnel aqcen-
tebs uZebnis.
275
mweralma SeZlo aramarto bevri Rrma da zusti az-
ri, dakvirveba gaeziarebina CvenTvis artistizmis fe-
nomenze, aramed, rac mTavaria, Tavisi gmirebisTvis Ca-
edga artistuli suli, daexata individualobebi, rom-
lebic xelSesaxebad warmogvidgenen erovnuli xasia-
Tis artistizms misi cxovrebiseuli gamovlinebebis
siuxviT. piesaSi gansja erovnuli xasiaTis Sesaxeb saxe-
obriv azrovnebas aris damorCilebuli, ganuwyvetliv
mowmdeba personaJTa bunebis, maTi urTierTobis
warmoCeniT.
artistizmi guram rCeuliSvilis piesis gmirTa or-
ganuli Tvisebac aris da maTi ciebcxelebiani refleq-
siis Temac.
refleqsia, TviTanalizi rCeuliSvilis piesaSi per-
sonaJis saxis agebis wamyvani principia, rac iwvevs ada-
mianis koncefciis SesamCnev garTulebas. ìuloni~
upirveles yovlisa swored amiT aris mniSvnelovani
literaturuli movlena. adamiani aq warmodgeba ro-
gorc mraval fenad daxleCili cnobierebis mqone arse-
ba, romelsac Sinagan amouwuraobas aniWebs TviTana-
lizis uCveulod ganviTarebuli unari. mas gamudmebiT
mxedvelobis areSi hyavs Tavisi Tavi, gamudmebiT cdi-
lobs amoicnos sakuTari arseba. TviTanalizis, ref-
leqsiis WrilSi ase `dostoevskiseburad~ danaxul ada-
mians naklebad icnobs XX saukunis qarTuli litera-
tura (yovel SemTxvevaSi, àrapoezia~).
oRond ramdenadac rCeuliSvilis mier warmosaxuli
adamiani qarTvelia, refleqsiis unars mis arsebaSi
xvdeba aseve sisxlxorcSi gamjdari artistizmi.
da igi itanjeba Tavisi artistizmis gamo, radgan
misi mZafri survilia iyos bunebrivi da gulwrfeli,
xolo artistizmi nebiT Tu uneblieT xels uSlis amaSi.
amitom piesis gmirebis komunikacia gaZnelebulia da
drodadro absurdulobis STabeWdilebac Cndeba, war-
moiqmneba gaugebrobebi, ùsagno~ dava, konfliqtebi.
TviTeuls aRizianebs meoris artistizmi, safrTxes
xedavs masSi, radgan artistuloba, rCeuliSvilis kon-
276
cefciiT, uwinaresad yuradRebis centrSi moqcevis
survilia, rac sxvebis CrdilSi datovebas moaswavebs.
guram rCeuliSvili gamWoli analiziT aaSkaravebs
artistizmis fenomenis winaaRmdegobriobas, dialeq-
tikur bunebas. yvelaze moulodneli da mniSvnelovani
aq is aris, rom atistizmma SeiZleba boroteba warmoS-
vas, codva amravlos.
artistizms minebebuli, artistizmiT STagonebuli
Cadis mkvlelobas iuloni: `me meCveneba, rom axla
oidipos mefesaviT vdgavar Sua scenaze, Tqven ki gamo-
giSveriaT xelebi Cemken da iZaxiT: iulon! iulon! es wa-
mi aris umaRlesi wertili Cemi damaluli artistulo-
bisa... es wami, roca mTeli yuradReba Cemzea momar-
Tuli, Rirda im codvad, rac me Cavidine da rom SeiZle-
bodes am wamis gameoreba, axlidan Cavidendi im codvas.
axla me mesmis toreadorisa, romelic CemsaviT dgas
Sua arenaze, momzadebuli udanaSaulo msxverplis gan-
sagmiravad... mTeli cirki misi sicocxlis yovel risks
bRaviliT xvdeba, da ai, dgeba wami, roca is da xari
samarisebur siCumeSi uaxlovdebian erTmaneTs, kacis
xeli, romelsac iaraRi uWiravs da brma rqebi! da xdeba
is! mkvleloba! mTeli darbazi, rogorc erTi kaci,
amoiqSinebs da bRavis, yviris: toreador _ to-re-a-
dor! me mesmis yurebSi am erTi wamis, mTeli yuradRebis
wamis dResaswaulebrioba, xmebi iyofian, erTdebian,
isev iZaxian: iulon! iu-lon! ai, wami Cems cxovrebaSi
savse da udidesi, idge yuradRebis centrSi...~.
iulons amoZravebs zepirovnuli Zala, romelsac
danarCeni personaJebic atareben Sinaganad. amitom ver
gaasamarTleben isini iulons da amboben, rom igi maTi
`Zmaa~.
qarTveli adamiani Znelad urigdeba Tavis umniSvne-
lobas, uCinarobas da TviTdamkvidrebisken, gamorCeu-
lobisken da yuradRebis centrisken daJinebulma
swrafvam is SeiZleba moralis miRma daayenos. Seuvali
mxatvruli logikiT aris gamovlenili es mware
WeSmariteba.
277
magram piesaSi gacxaddeba artistizmis sxva aspeq-
tebic _ igi arsebuliT ukmayofileba da yofnis ufro
maRal formaTa Ziebac aris, silaRis da pirovnuli
Rirsebis, adamianebis srulfasovani SekavSirebis gamo-
xatulebacaa, adamianebisadmi siyvarulis gamxelis sa-
Sualebaa. aseTi artistizmi xorcSesxmulia rCeuliS-
vilis lirikul gmirSi.
misi saxe cxadyofs, rom `scenaze yofna~, yuradRe-
bis centrSi yofna maSin aris gamarTlebuli, Tu ar-
tistizmi Semoqmedebaa. mwerlis lirikuli gmiris ar-
tistizmi swored SemoqmedebiTia _ Tavisi TamaSiT,
artistizmiT is qmnis speqtakls, aSiSvlebs sinamdvi-
lis sastik saxes, raTa ganxorcieldes kaTarzisi; ego-
centruli artistizmis alternativaa artistul-Se-
moqmedebiTi energiis axlis qmnadobaSi xarjva...
Tavisi piesiT guram rCeuliSvilma Segvaxsena, rom
Cvenma literaturam eris arsebobis Sidaxedebi unda
gadaxsnas, rom igi unda eZebdes pasuxs mtkivneul kiT-
xvaze _ rogor warmodgeba qarTuli erovnuli xasiaTi
TanamedroveobaSi.
guram rCeuliSvilis piesaSi gamovlenilia araerTi
Tviseba, romlebic am amocanis dasaZlevad aris saWiro
_ samyaros tragikuli aRqma da sabediswero winaaR-
mdegobebis gamomJRavnebis unari, adamianis fsiqikis
xlarTebSi SemRwevi mzera, zRvardaudebi marTlismoy-
vareoba da masze damyarebuli humanizmi.
1983
278
oTar WilaZe
sivrcis ori saxe
oTar WilaZis poeziis urbanistuli xasiaTi upir-

veles yovlisa vlindeba garesinamdvilesTan liriku-
li gmiris gaucxoebul-gaZnelebul urTierTobaSi,
rac oTar WilaZis poeturi samyaros sivrcul wyobasac
aCnevs kvals _ poetis araerT leqsSi `moqmedebis ad-
gils~ bina, oTaxi warmoadgens. oTaxi oTar WilaZis
poeziis myari sivrculi saxea.
oTaxSi yofna oTar WilaZis poeziis enaze niSnavs
garesamyarosgan aramxolod fizikur, aramed sulier
izolirebasac.
oTaxi mudam aSkarad ar Cans, zogjer uCinrad monawi-
leobs samyaros lirikul WvretaSi, mxolod miniSnebulia
rogorc lirikuli gmiris adgilsamyofeli, rogorc
optikuri centri, saidanac igi sinamdviles aRiqvams.
`viT simartovis suli (xiluli) gaSeSebula haerSi
boli da danasaviT brwyinavs yinuli, ukve ganvlili
cxovrebis toli. oTxive mxridan miyurebs mTvare,
sizmris leSiviT agdia Tovli, da yrud gugunebs qala-
qi gareT, ukve ganvlili cxovrebis toli.
`gareT~ aq migvaniSnebs, rom yvelaferi, rasac liri-
kuli gmiri xedavs da ismens, danaxuli da mosmenilia
daxuruli sivrcidan, distanciidan, rac xilvaTa gauc-
naurebul, gaucxoebul ierSic mJRavndeba.
oTaxi rogorc xedvis punqti poeturi aRqmis gauc-
naurebis sayrdenia aqac: `SarSanac ase daiwyo zustad,
uceb gadawyda foTlebis saqme da mxolod erTi, yve-
laze susti, xelisguliviT awveba sarkmels. mococavs
lurji asfaltis xavsi, SiSvldeba quCa da saxes kargavs
da gaqvavebul mdinaris msgavsad yvelaze ufro Tavis
Tavs ar gavs~.
samyaros aseTi daZabuli da nacnobis ucnobad mqce-
veli xedva damaxasiaTebelia oTar WilaZisTvis da rea-
lobisgan garkveul siSores gulisxmobs.
279
Sida da gare sivrceTa dapirispireba msWvalavs
oTar WilaZis poezias. am dapirispirebis konteqstSi
`SigniT~ lirikuli gmirisTvis gaTavisebuli garemoa,
romelic ifaravs mas; `gareT~ moaswavebs imas, rasac
adamianis sulSi SeSfoTeba, siucxovis grZnoba Seaqvs;
`SigniT~ specifikurad adamianuri sivrcea, `gareT~ _
adamianisTvis arasaimedo.
Tumca es ori samyaro erTmaneTisTvis Seuvali ar
aris, isini gavlenas axdenen erTmaneTze.
`magram zamTarSi Ramdeba adre da Rame SubliT aw-
veba karebs, gareT ki amtvrevs prospeqtis Wadrebs ian-
vris qari... da civa gareT~.
qalaqSi moTareSe miusafrobis suli cdilobs `Sig-
niTac~ SeiWras, magram adamiani xelovnebis, musikis
waylobiT igeriebs pirquS urbanul-industriul si-
namdviles da TiTqos akeTilSobilebs kidec mas. `da
mavTulebic raRacas grZnoben, raRacas, dRemde uc-
nobs da saSiSs, da nugeSiviT usmenen Sopens, daWimu-
lebi nacrisfer caSi~.
leqsSic `bavSvi ukravda stumrebis TxovniT~ bina
da garesamyaro dramatulad upirispirdebian erTma-
neTs da aqac musika amkvidrebs `SigniT~ sakuTriv ada-
mianur, sulieri faseulobebiT ganmtkicebul realo-
bas, romelic civ da uRimRamo garerealobas gadaZalavs.
`quCebSi wvimda~ erT-erTi is leqsia, sadac agreTve
igrZnoba Sida da gare realobaTa dapirispirebis dra-
matizmi. lirikuli gmiris gaucxoeba gamoixateba misi
sivrculi SemozRudulobiTac, romelsac garesinam-
dvile utevs: `quCebSi wvimda. me viyav marto, vusmendi
wvimas da TuTuns vwevdi da oTxkedelSi moqceul far-
Tobs wvima avsebda sakuTar sevdiT. me Cemi mqonda da
msurda mSvidad meZebna Cemi sevdis mizezi. magram viRa-
ca saxuravs mxdida da Camdioda wvima kiserSi...~.
leqsi gviCvenebs, Tu rogor ubiZgebs lirikul
gmirs didi Semoqmedis _ galaktion tabiZis _ daRup-
va, datovos Tavisi martoobis samyofeli da saerTo
ubedureba gaiziaros.
280
Tu aq òTxkedelSi moqceuli farTobis~ miRma gasv-
la iZulebiTi aqtia, sxva SemTxvevebSi daxSuli sivrci-
dan gaRweva lirikuli gmiris Rrma sulier moTxovni-
lebad warmodgeba.
oTar WilaZis lirikuli gmiri ar egueba Tavis si-
ucxoves, sinamdvilisgan siSores, intensiurad eZebs
sakuTari mikrosamyaros gadalaxvis da did samyaros-
Tan SeerTebis gzebs. aseTi Zieba dapirispirebas `Sig-
niT-gareT~ SesamCnevad ucvlis azrs.
`rodesac civa, rodesac bnela, rodesac mxolod
qaria gareT, Cems TvalSi fasi eweva melans da sagange-
bod Caketil karebs. jandabas iqiT wyeuli wigni, vis
raSi unda, rac ukve uTqvamT, me minda Cemi sunTqva da
fiqri iqces Sens fiqrad, iqces Sens sunTqvad~.
polaruli wyvili `SigniT-gareT~ cxadad ikveTeba;
lirikuli gmiri Sidasivrces afarebs Tavs, magram
oTaxSi yofna amjerad garesinamdvilisgan sulier mow-
yvetasac ki ar niSnavs, aramed am sinamdvilesTan Sina-
gani SekavSirebis cdas aZlevs impulss. daSoreba gare-
samyarosgan masTan gaRrmavebuli urTierTobis wyur-
vils badebs _ Semoqmedebis stimulad iqceva; Semoqme-
deba, poezia oTar WilaZisTvis martoobis garRveva da
WeSmariti adamianuri komunikaciis damyarebaa.
oTar WilaZis lirikuli gmiris gaucxoebas da amave
dros izolirebis gadalaxvisken mis swrafvas faqizad
gamoxatavs leqsi `me vkiTxulobdi~. lirikul gmirs
kvlav garerealobisgan gamijnul arealSi, oTaxSi vxe-
davT, misi ganwyobilebac TiTqos amis Sesatyvisia, mag-
ram sinamdvileSi es ganwyobileba winaaRmdegobrivi da
meryevia: `me vkiTxulobdi. momwyinda fiqri da vkiTxu-
lobdi. xmamaRla wvimda. sarkmelSi qari arxevda xeebs,
damZimebulebs xangrZlivi wvimiT... sadRac kiodnen ma-
tareblebi, gaxveulebi orTqlSi da bolSi, da TiTqos
viRac idga baqanze, viRac Zalian Zvirfasi CemTvis...~.
lirikuli gmiris warmosaxva cildeba oTaxis siviw-
roves da garesivrcisken aris mimarTuli. amis mizezi
Caketilobis daZlevis, samyarosTan ziarebis survi-
lia. igi aRmoacenebs ucnobis saxes, romelTanac liri-
281
kuli gmiri sulier naTesaobas grZnobs _ es aris nam-
dvili adamianuri urTierTobis monatreba.
WeSmariti komunikaciis monatrebaze aranakleb ni-
Sandoblivia isic, rom ucnobi, visTanac lirikul
gmirs Sexmianeba surs, ukve gasulia Ria, farTo sivr-
ceSi, romelsac rkinigza asaxierebs.
rkinigza oTar WilaZis poeziis iseTive mudmivi siv-
rculi saxea, rogoric oTaxia. oTaxis da rkinigzis po-
larul saxeTa urTierTmimarTebaSic mJRavndeba oTar
WilaZis lirikuli gmiris gaucxoebuli fsiqologia da
amasTanave misi daZlevis energiuli mcdeloba.
am saxeebiT gamoxatul msoflmimarTebaTa Sejaxe-
baa aRbeWdili leqsSi `muSebs moqondaT sila da kiri~.
lirikuli gmirisTvis maT Soris arCevanis gakeTeba
ioli ar aris, misi arCevani TandaTan mwifdeba. garesam-
yaros xedebi Tvals staceben mas, sinamdvile Tavisi ma-
radiuli siaxliT warmoudgeba mis mzeras. `dro ga-
dioda da zamTris pirze tye SiSvldeboda uxmod da
uceb. mere amayad yvaoda isev da imagrebda fesvebs da
yunwebs~. sicocxlis moZraobis am suraTTan kont-
rasts qmnis lirikuli gmiris gaxeveba daxSul sivrce-
Si, magram es izolirebuli uZraoba sisxlsavse cxov-
rebidan moRweuli xmebiT iryeva.
`da sadgurebi isev kiodnen da naTdebodnen bnelSi
fanjrebi, dro ki brazobda da gadioda mxolod imi-
tom, rom ver vamCnevdi. me kvlav xelebSi vmalavdi saxes
da vuyruebdi sadguris Zaxils da miyveboda uCinar
arxebs aTasnairad daRlili xalxi~.
Tumca lirikuli gmiri ewinaaRmdegeba garesinamd-
vilis eqspansias, mainc did samyaroSi gaRwevis neba
mZlavrobs. `da ukve vgrZnobdi, rom Cemi sulic gaibne-
oda am kedlebs Soris da Seyvarebul biWiviT sulels
gamitacebda sadguris boli.~
`sadguris boli~ qveynierebasTan Sesaxvedrad waiy-
vans oTar WilaZis lirikul gmirs, rkinigza mas samya-
ros, yofierebis sisavsesTan da mravalferovnebasTan
aerTebs.
1984
282
besik xaranauli
azris silaRe
poetis wignze, krebulze msjeloba, albaT, mxolod

maSin Rirs, Tuki masSi sistemuri mTlianobis migneba
moxerxdeba.
ra Tqma unda, mTlianobac sxvadasxvagvaria: enob-
riv-stiluri, intonaciuri, Tematuri... mainc yvelaze
Zneli da yvelaze Rirebulic poetis mier msoflxed-
vis erTianobis mopovebaa, samyaros da adamianis erTi-
ani koncefciis gamokveTaa.
besik xaranaulis wignSi _ leqsebi, `merani~, 1979 _
gaerTianebul nawarmoebebs datanebuli aqvT siRrmi-
seuli, gamamTlianebeli konceptualuri samagri, ram-
denadac wignis centrSi dgas lirikuli gmiri, romel-
sac daxSvia samyaros wesrigTan ziarebis saukuneobiT
nacadi gza _ SemTxveviT ar ixsneba krebuli vrceli
poeturi monologiT `sircxvilis Semdeg~, laitmoti-
vad rom gasdevs: `ratom damiviwye me, mariam...~; igi
cxovrobs ara ueWveli, mtkiced dadgenili orientire-
bis da faseulobebis imedad, aramed iZulebulia yo-
veldRiurad TviTon, damoukideblad eZebos adamianu-
ri arsebobis daxlarTul sirTuleSi garkvevis, rea-
lobaSi adamianurad damkvidrebis SesaZlebloba. cal-
keul nawarmoebs emCneva am sulieri da eTikuri situa-
ciis, individualurad misakvlev orientirebze fiqris
ganuwyveteli procesis anabeWdi. yoveli mniSvnelova-
ni leqsi samyaroSi damoukidebeli, Zneli TviTdafuZ-
nebis cnobieri aqtis, egzistencialuri arCevanis anat-
vifria. besik xaranaulisTvis poeziis zeamocana samya-
roSi sicxadis Setana da imis aRmoCenaa, razec adamians
dandoba SeeZleba.
besik xaranaulis poeturi xma daRlilobiT aris
gamsWvaluli. es aris gamWvirvale sazrisis gareSe dar-
Cenil samyaroSi Cavardnilis daRliloba, romelic mu-
283
dam Tavidan unda ecados sakuTari yofnis gamarTle-
bas. besik xaranaulis intonacia realobis labirinTSi
xetialiT gabezrebulis imedgacruebad gaismis, masSi
cdomilebaTa namsxvrevebiT mokirwyluli Semecnebis
gzis gamomvlelis sayveduri Tu sinanulia CaRvrili...
Tumca besik xaranaulis metyvelebis daRlili ele-
giuri toni garkveuli TvalsazrisiT `pozac~ aris, _
cnobierad arCeuli da SenarCunebuli _ es Semoqmedis,
mxatvris `cbierebaa~, romelic mas TamaSis da niRbisken
ubiZgebs...
besik xaranaulis leqsSi TviT intonaciuri wyobaa
saazrovnod momarTuli, fiqris aRmomcenebeli. melan-
qoliiT Seferili melodia, metwilad mdore, uxaliso
ritmi azrovnebis mtkivneuli procesis aramarto adek-
vaturi mxatvruli materializebaa, aramed Tavis mxri-
vac axdens poeturi gansjis `provocirebas~; Seicavs
mis aRmZvrel da macocxlebel farul stimulebs, zed-
miwevniT Sesaferis `garemos~ warmoadgens azris Zal-
dautanebeli ganviTarebis da momwifebisTvis.
besik xaranaulis intonaciis, saerTod poetikis bu-
nebis ZiriTadi msazRvreli ironiaa.
gaucinari, pirquSi, Tumca Semwynarebeli ironia da
TviTironia besik xaranaulis poezias Zveli, Cakiruli
tkiviliT aJRerebs, igi sulier iaraTa gamJRavnebis
daxvewili, inteleqtualizebuli formaa.
amasTanave besik xaranaulisTvis ironia magnitia
poeziasTan sinamdvilis misazidad, misaaxloeblad. mi-
si meSveobiT aRiZvreba mxatvruli STabeWdileba, rom
TiTqos cxovrebis xorklian garss vaxebT xels. `xis
ZirSi _ katis cindalebi Wreli yvavilebiviT, TiTqos
ki ar Sobes, arwyies. diasaxlisma gadmoyara, magram
Ramem piri ar axlo~.
ironiis daxmarebiT isxams xorcs besik xaranaulis
swrafva lirikuli egocentrizmis gadalaxvisken. iro-
nia, molodinis sawinaaRmdegod, ki ar zrdis distan-
cias poets da sinamdviles Soris, piriqiT, erTmaneTs
Seajaxebs maT.
284
ironias ukavSirdeba besik xaranaulis poetikis er-
Ti gamorCeuli Taviseburebac.
besik xaranaulis saxeebs, Sedarebebs, asociaciebs
ara aqvT ucdomeli sizustis, saganTa da movlenaTa
ueWveli msgavsebis aRmoCenis pretenzia. isini TiTqos
moicaven sakuTar SesaZleblobaTa SezRudulobis
cnobierebas, TiTqos TviTironiiT arian aRWurvili da
es icavs maT banalobis da gaqvavebisgan, axal suls
Caudgams mxatvruli sicocxlisTvis. poets maincda-
mainc ar sjera tropis ùsusuri feTqebadobis~ (pol
valeri) da mis pirobiTobas aaSkaravebs. amis Sedegad
azri Tu grZnoba uCveulo simarTles da sinedles
iZens. amgvar asociaciaTa Wavlebs xaranaulis lirika-
Si Tan moyveba specifikuri poeturi Tavisufleba: isi-
ni warmoSoben STabeWdilebas, rom mowme varT uzrun-
veli esTetikuri TamaSis, saxeobrivi metyvelebis sa-
kuTriv procesiT gamowveuli tkbobis. `...cotac da
mSoblebi, romlebmac gazardes da maswavleblebi, rom-
lebic wvrTidnen, fetvis marcvlebiviT gadauyrian
maT Tavs cxovrebas, ara, varskvlavebad ar ikiafeben!
fetvis marcvlebiviT, fetvis marcvlebiviT, fetvis
marcvlebiviT gadauyrian imaT cxovrebas...~. poeti age-
movnebs TviTeul sityvas Tu frazas, TiTqos eZneleba
masTan ganSoreba, artistulad eTamaSeba enis stiqias.
es momenti gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani da faseu-
lia, radgan mkiTxvelis mier verlibris esTetikur fe-
nomenad aRqma ufro Znelad misaRwevia, vidre _ tra-
diciuli leqsis, sadac ukve metri adasturebs, rom
Cvens winaa ara Cveulebrivi gamonaTqvami, aramed mxatv-
ruli sityvieri qsovili. Tavisufal leqsSi ki aucile-
belia gansakuTrebuli mcdeloba, raTa igi sasaubro,
yoveldRiur metyvelebasTan mimsgavsebis Sedegad ar
moirRves da daqveiTdes, ar iqces uRimRamo yofiT
laparakad...
besik xaranaulis lirikaSi ironia gonebismier saw-
yiss gadascems im Zalmosilebas da SeuzRudaobas, ro-
melic saerTod emociis poetur gamovlinebaTaTvis
aris niSandoblivi. ironia aniWebs xaranaulis liri-
285
kul gmirs TviTflobis SenarCunebis saSualebas, misi
wyalobiT gonebis Tvali amayad, TavdajerebiT dascqe-
ris yovelive impulsurs... poeziaSi xSirad gvigvrZnia
miamitobis mSveniereba, magram iqneb masSi naklebad
momxiblavi ar iyos àramiamitoba~ _ cnobierebis uki-
duresi sifxizle da simkacre, misi mousyidveli skep-
ticizmi mzeris dambindvelis mimarT, azris unari,
stoikurad moigerios grZnobad impulsTa Semotevebi.
besik xaranaulis poeziaSi Zlier emocias aRkveTi-
li aqvs dauokebloba; igi azris nadavladaa qceuli _
saguldagulo analitikuri dakvirvebis sagani xdeba.
xaranaulis poeziis xibls bevrad ganapirobebs emociis
da gonebis dinamiuri urTierTmimarTeba, romlis arsi
is aris, rom ironiiT aRWurvili azri TandaTan, faru-
li netarebiT, TavSekavebuli silaRiT da artistizmiT
imorCilebs grZnobismier elements...
amasTan erTad besik xaranaulis poeziaSi Rrmad
aris aRbeWdili amouxsnelis da, SeiZleba iTqvas, saswa-
ulebrivis gancda, oRond igi ramdenadme garidebulia
Tavisi gamovlenis agznebul spontanurobas da sinamdvi-
lis ironiul-analitikur WvretasTan aris SeuRlebuli.
Cven SeCveuli varT verlibris rogorc raciona-
listur xedvasTan misadagebuli saleqso konstruqci-
is daxasiaTebas, sadac yvelaferi bolomde gaazrebu-
lia, gacnobierebulia. magram besik xaranaulis poezia-
Si xSirad adamianuri arsebobis iseTi waxnagebia Tval-
Sevlebuli, romlebic mxolod poeturi intuiciiT
miiwvdomeba.
besik xaranaulis leqsi, winare simbolisturi poe-
tikis sapirispirod, logikurad naTeli da fxizelia,
sizmareulad meryev atmosferoSi ar aris gaxveuli da
mainc xSirad erTbaSad ver ipovi masSi Camarxul azrs,
misi Sinagani arsi ewinaaRmdegeba erTmniSvnelovan ga-
gebas, radgan es aris samyaros usasrulo idumalebis
gamokrToma.
oRond sinamdvilis yofiT, prozaul ganzomilebas
besik xaranauli arc aseT SemTxvevebSi wydeba. `karto-
filis amoReba~ poetis meTodis gamxelac aris, poetis,
286
romelic moTminebiT asrulebs `Sav samuSaos~, ar Taki-
lobs `dRiuri prozis~ fenebis amobrunebas, radgan
icis, miwis belts SeiZleba anazdad iseTi ram moyves,
risTvisac Rirda garja da yofaSi yofiereba gamomze-
urdes. `Seni sunTqva SerCa Cems xelisguls, rodesac
pirs gimuwavdi gamwarebuli, radganac Sen iZaxodi sa-
Sinel sityvebs, sityvebs, romlebic maSinebdnen mTeli
sicocxle. da me, damfrTxali da miwasTan gasworebu-
li, yurebs ki ar vigmanavdi im sityvebisTvis, Sens pirs
vasresdi. da ai, ra movimoqmede! Seni sunTqva SerCa Cems
xelisguls...~.
yoveldRiurobis mtvriT dafaruli da yoveldRiu-
robaze amamaRlebeli WeSmaritebis Ziebis paTosi icavs
besik xaranauls erTi safrTxisgan, romelic uwinare-
sad Tavisufal leqss axlavs.
verlibrSi gansakuTrebiT mkafiod vlindeba liri-
kuli gmiris demokratizaciis tendencia, saerTod da-
maxasiaTebeli Tanamedrove poeziisTvis. dRes poets
sul ufro xSirad aqvs Camoclili gamorCeulobis Sa-
ravandedi, sul ufro xSirad Camodis igi naTelmxilve-
lis da qadagis kvarcxlbekidan da Cveulebriv adamians
uaxlovdeba. magram xdeba isec, rom miaxloeba igiveo-
bad iqceva da leqsSi ordinarul subieqts vxvdebiT, im
pirovnebis nacvlad, romelSic raRac iSviaTma da
Zvirfasma gaiRviZa.
besik xaranauls aridebuli aqvs am tendenciis ara-
sasurveli Sedegebi, radgan ar iviwyebs poeziis mizans,
romelsac aleqsandr bloki ase gansazRvravs: `saSua-
loadamianurze raRac ufro sainteresos mopoveba
adamianTa cxovrebis mdare gamonadnobis grovaSi~.
1981
287
jemal qarCxaZe
Tavisufal pirovnebad yofna
mizandasaxulad Tu spontanurad yvela mwerali Ta-

visi qveynis da xalxis xats qmnis da mwerlis Sefasebis
erT-erTi sando kriteriumi isic aris, Tu ramdenad
saintereso da metyvelia, WeSmaritia es xati. amasTana-
ve, rac ufro metad uRrmavdeba literatura naciona-
lur sinamdviles, miT ufro universaluri xdeba igi
Tavisi mniSvnelobiT.
jemal qarCxaZe iyo qarTuli sazogadoebis, saqarT-
velos SesaniSnavi mxatvari-analitikosi, romlis Semo-
qmedeba gvexmareba Cveni erovnuli raobis SecnobaSi.
mis prozaSi literaturis umTavresi kiTxva _ ra aris
adamiani _ gaiazreba rogorc kiTxva qarTveli adami-
anis bunebis Taobaze da piruku.
jemal qarCxaZisTvis damaxasiaTebelma realobis Ca-
Ziebulma kritikul-analitikurma xedvam yvelaze sru-
lyofili gamoxatuleba mis mier meoce saukunis oTx-
mocian wlebSi daweril nawarmoebebSi pova. man mwvaved
igrZno qarTuli sazogadoebis sulieri, zneobrivi
krizisi da ganaxorciela misi utyuari mxatvruli
analizi.
ironia, romelic yovelTvis niSandoblivi iyo
jemal qarCxaZis TvalTaxedvis da stilisTvis, gansa-
kuTrebul sibasres da elvarebas iZens vrcel moTx-
robebSi `solomoniani~, `gube~, ìupiteris sinanuli~.
am nawarmoebTa personaJebi eqcevian daundoblad Zli-
eri mxatvruli ganaTebis areSi da absoluturad gam-
Wvirvaleebi xdebian.
aq Rrmad aris gaxsnili Tema, romelic jemal
qarCxaZes yvelaze metad ainteresebda _ adamianSi
pirovnebis dabadeba Tu verdabadeba.
`gubeSi~ avtori TiTqos jojoxeTs gamoatarebs Ta-
vis personaJs, romlis brma sulSic egoizmi, sixarbe,
288
jibri, mewvrilmaneoba fuTfuTebs _ man mtkivneuli
dartymebi unda miiRos, raTa Tvali aexilos, dainaxos
mTeli Tavisi ubadrukoba, Sinagani siRatake, Tavisi
arsebobis idioturoba. moTxroba warmogvidgeba ego-
isturi, TavisTavSi daxSuli, sicocxlis sufTa wyaro-
ebs mowyvetili cnobierebis Semzarav mxatvrul feno-
menologiad.
pirovnebad ver iqceva `solomonianis~ gmiri, patri-
oti da wesieri kaci, romelmac verasdros ver SeZlo
Tavisi nebis da azris damkvidreba da icxovra ara mis
mier arCeuli, aramed sxvebisgan Tavsmoxveuli cxovre-
biT. igi ver acnobierebs, rom misi saTayvanebeli ilia
WavWavaZe pirvel rigSi Tavisufali pirovneba iyo da
ilias mimdevroba uwinares yovlisa Tavisufal pirov-
nebad yofnas niSnavs. brwyinvale ironiiT ixateba, ro-
gor gamoutans ulmobel ganaCens, rogor `Camowers~
moTxrobis sulierad SezRudul, SeboWil personaJs
istoria, romlis axali etapic mkacrad moiTxovs, rom
qarTuli patriotizmi Tavisufali pirovnebis ideas
daemyaros da Tavisi inteleqtualuri, kulturuli
Tvalsawieri gaifarTovos.
pirovnulobis mTavari mowinaaRmdege, jemal qarC-
xaZis TvalTaxedviT, aris siyalbe, niRbosnoba. iseT
niRbosans, rogoric aris neroni ìupiteris sinanul-
Si~, mxolod pirovnebad yofnis TamaSi SeuZlia, nam-
dvilad mniSvnelovani da saintereso pirovneba is ver
iqneba. fsevdopirovnebisTvis miuwvdomelia pirovnu-
li sawyisis damamkvidrebeli iseTi Zireuli fenome-
nebi, rogorebicaa siyvaruli da Semoqmedeba. neroni
cdilobs TviT sicrue aqcios Semoqmedebad, xelovne-
bad, magram es `xelovneba~ pirdapiri, uxeSi Zaladobis
daxmarebis gareSe sruliad araefeqtiania. jemal
qarCxaZis mier daxatuli artistuli tirani Sinaganad
ubadrukia, sakuTari arasrulfasovnebis faruli
grZnobiT gamoRrRnili, namdvili adamianuri faseu-
lobebisadmi brma. misi siZliere sxvebis sisusteebis
SemCnevis da gamoyenebis unari da sxvaTa tkivilis gan-
cdis uunarobaa. bevrisSemZleobis miuxedavad Tavisi
289
arsiT igi araraobaa, riTac ziuskindis `parfiumeris~
mTavar gmirs gvagonebs.
siyalbe imitom aris pirovnuli sawyisis CamxSobi,
rom pirovneba upirvelesad WeSmaritebis Ziebis, dam-
kvidrebis, WeSmariti yofnis nebaa. aseTia ìgis~ gmiri,
pirveli pirovneba dedamiwaze, romlis dabadebis sas-
waulic siyvarulis da Semoqmedebis stiqiaTa Zalebis
mier xorcieldeba da romelsac mwerali pirvelyo-
fili adamianis samyaros uCveulod damajerebeli da
STambeWdavi gacocxlebiT warmosaxavs. es gmiri agnebs
adamianuri yofierebis WeSmarit wess da ar SeuZlia,
radac unda daujdes, am wesis Sesatyvisad ar iarsebos,
ar gamoamJRavnos da daamkvidros is, rac aRmoaCina _
mas Rrma sulieri naTesaoba akavSirebs vaJa-fSavelas
gmirebTan.
WeSmaritebasTan TanxmierebaSi yofnis aseTive neba
warmarTavs àntoniosa da daviTis~ erT-erTi mTavari
personaJis, evropeli adamianis arsebobasac. misi Se-
moyvana qarTul sinamdvileSi saSualebas aZlevs mwe-
rals gviCvenos am sinamdvilis sulier-zneobrivi sub-
stanciis daSlis Sidaxedi, sinamdvilis, romelic uwi-
naresad swored pirovnebis Tavisuflebas da TviTrea-
lizebas, Tavisufal pirovnul aqtTa ganxorcielebas
ewinaaRmdegeba.
jemal qarCxaZe TviTon iyo adamiani, romelmac
Tavisufal pirovnebad yofnis siZnele daZlia. da sanam
SegviZlia pativs mivagebdeT aseT adamianebs, sanam Seg-
viZlia is simarTle gaviTavisoT, romelic maT qarTu-
li samyaros Sesaxeb gagvimJRavnes, gvrCeba Sansi am
samyaroSi raRac sasikeTod SevcvaloT.
2000
290
drois siRrmidan Cvenamde
qarTul literaturas, sadac yvelaze koncentri-

rebulad da TvalsaCinod aris gamoxatuli misi Semq-
mneli xalxis msoflmxedveloba, drois siRrmidan
Cvens dromde moyveba am msoflmxedvelobis erT-erTi
laitmotivi _ samyarosadmi adamianis aqtiuri, Semoq-
medebiTi, ganmaaxlebeli damokidebuleba.
misi pirvelive reliefuri gacxadeba miTufro
STambeWdavia, rom momxdaria iq, sadac TiTqos nakle-
bad aris mosalodneli _ agiografiul nawarmoebSi.
`grigol xanZTelis cxovrebis~ mTavari gmiris reli-
giuri aRmafrena masStabur da intensiur aRmSeneblo-
baSia ganivTebuli. grigols, SemoqmedebiTi suliT da-
jildoebul da axlismaZiebel adamians, izidavs ucxo,
Zneli da winaaRmdegobis gamwevi garemo, romelsac
Tavisi mZlavri nebisyofiT aTvinierebs. is Seupovari
TanmimdevrulobiT aqcevs udabur ares sulis sacxov-
risad, sulierad ipyrobs ucnob sivrces. ukacrieli,
veluri bunebis moSinaureba, materiis urCobis, adami-
anTa yofis qaoturobis daZleva da axali, srulfaso-
vani realobis aRmSenebloba `grigol xanZTelis cxov-
rebaSi~ warmodgeba rogorc RmerTis Semoqmedebis
gamgrZelebeli adamianis Rirseba. grigol xanZTeli ùda-
bnoTa qalaqmyofelia~ _ samyaros srulmqmneli, misTvis
organizebuli saxis mimniWebeli, mouwesrigebel sinamd-
vileSi zneobrivi da socialuri wesrigis damamyarebeli.
avTandili, romelic qarTuli literaturis cen-
tralur personaJad SeiZleba miviCnioT, Tumca aSka-
rad gansxvavdeba merCules mier monumenturad gamo-
qandakebuli asketisgan, magram garkveuli Tvalsazri-
siT misi memkvidrec aris: samyarosadmi aqtiur-Semoq-
medebiTi, gardamqmneli mimarTeba maT saziaro aqvT.
oRond avTandilis moZraobis da aqtivobis sivrce ukve
usazRvrod gafarToebulia, mTel qveynierebas itevs.
291
igi gamsWvalulia ucxos da ucnobis Secnobis axlebu-
ri ganwyobiT. aqtiuroba da dinamiuroba avTandilis
bunebrivi Tvisebebia, magram misi qmedeba Sesatyvisi,
mkafiod gacnobierebuli da formulirebuli msofl-
mxedvelobrivi mrwamsiTac aris warmarTuli. es aris
aqtivizmis filosofia (àra viqm, codna ras margebs
filosofosTa brZnobisa~). avTandili cvlis, srul-
yofs samyaros Tavisi idealuri warmodgenebis Sesafe-
risad. mas surs Seqmnas is, rac adre ar arsebobda, anda
arsebobda da dairRva _ yovlismomcveli harmonia.
literaturis mkvlevarebs SemCneuli aqvT garkve-
uli Tanxvedra `merans~ da `vefxistyaosans~ Soris,
msgavseba `meranis~ gmirs da avTandils Soris, romelic
moicavs calkeul saxeebs da motivebs. magram aq Sei-
niSneba ufro Rrma da arsebiTi erTianobac, samyaro-
sadmi aqtiuri, gardamqmneli damokidebulebis erTnai-
ri aRiareba adamianuri yofierebis Zireul principad.
`meranis~ gmiris msxverplgamRebi aqtivoba gamiznulia
ukeTesi samyaros dasafuZneblad, sadac adamianis Ta-
visufleba Zlevs bedisweras, am aqtivobis mZlavri sti-
mulia samyaros srulyofis vneba. es gmiri TiTqos ga-
mouval viTarebaSi aRmoCenili avTandilia, xolo misi
msoflmimarTeba tragikuli aspeqtiT gamJRavnebuli
avTandilis msoflmimarTebaa, romelic moiTxovs sam-
yaros srulyofis cdas Tundac TavisSewirvis fasad.
ilia WavWavaZiseuli Tergis saxe `meranTan~ geneti-
kurad Cans dakavSirebuli. oRond ilia rogorc rea-
listi ukve mTlianad cxovrebas, obieqtur realobas
gaiazrebs energiul, SeuCerebel aqtivobad. Tergis
xati iliasTvis adamianuri arsebobis WeSmariti wesis
ganmsazRvreli paradigmaa, romelic gulisxmobs samya-
rosadmi daudgromlad qmediT mimarTebas. es paradig-
ma ganxorcielda TviT ilias moRvaweobaSi _ gaxevebu-
li qarTuli sinamdvilis sasikeTod gardaqmnis, ganax-
lebis nayofier da amave dros tragikul cdaSi.
samyaros srulyofisken mimarTuli aqtivoba umaR-
les zneobriv da esTetikur faseulobad warmodgeba
vaJa-fSavelas SemoqmedebaSi. es upirveles yovlisa
292
exeba aluda qeTelauris saxes. dakanonebul da amdenad
SeumCnevel borotebaSi Cafluli garemos eTikur WeS-
maritebaTa Sesatyvisad gardaqmnis, srulqmnis moT-
xovnilebiT aRZruli aludas aqtivoba fatalurad Se-
ejaxeba masis sulier inertulobas _ Tu baraTaSvilis
`meranSi~ samyaros gardasaxvisken swrafvis CamxSobi
bediswera abstraqtulia, vaJas epikur poeziaSi igi konk-
retdeba rogorc masis gadaulaxavi Sinagani uZraoba...
aqtivizmis rogorc samyarosTan damokidebulebis
principis moulodnel gansaxierebas vpovebT vaJas mi-
niaturaSi `mTani maRalni~. TiTqos miwas daSorebuli
mTebi uSfoTvel TviTWvretaSi unda iyvnen CaZiruli,
magram maTi statikuroba gamZafrebul sulier aqti-
vobas faravs. mTebis dausrulebeli molodini niSnavs
sulis daZabul ltolvas siaxlisken, jer Seucnobis
Secnobisken _ ùnaxavis danaxvisken~.
sulieri xasiaTisaa mZafri aqtivoba galaktionis
`lurja cxenebSic~, misi masazrdoebeli agreTve ùna-
xavis danaxvis~ Jinia. lurja cxenebis saxe simbolurad
gamoxatavs SemoqmedebiTi cnobierebis daudgromlo-
bas, SemoqmedebiTi fantaziis ganuwyvetel aqtivobas,
romelic yofierebis axal-axal fenebs wvdeba da euf-
leba, sikvdilis fenomensac ganWvrets da gamudmebiT
afarToebs Secnobilis sazRvrebs. sazrisgamoclili,
saSineli samyaros pirispir, sadac sikvdili batonobs,
pirovnebis arsebobis gamarTlebaa produqtiuli Sina-
gani aqtivoba, imis miuxedavad, rom igi samyaros praq-
tikulad ver gardaqmnis.
guram rCeuliSvilis àlaverdobaSi~ samyarosadmi
aqtiuri damokidebuleba xorcSesasxmelad konkretul
-empiriul sinamdviles ubrundeba. àlaverdobis~ gmi-
ri amkvidrebs SemoqmedebiTi Sromis umaRles faseu-
lobas, romelic srulyofs samyaros da adamians suli-
eri uZraobisgan, sulieri sikvdilisgan icavs. Semoqme-
debiTi Sroma sakraluri fenomenia, romelic adamianis
arsebobas azriT da sicocxlis Zlieri nebiT, sicocx-
lis sixaruliT msWvalavs da romlis meSveobiTac ada-
miani samyaroSi adamianur wesrigs afuZnebs; namdvili,
293
Rrma religiuroba vlindeba axlis qmnadobaSi, aRmSe-
neblobaSi, samyaros srulqmnis ganuwyvetel cdaSi.
meaTe saukunis agiografiul nawarmoebs, `grigol
xanZTelis cxovrebas~ da meoce saukuneSi daweril
moTxrobas aerTianebs aRmSeneblobis, samyaros srul-
myofeli aqtivobis momxibvlelobis Rrma gancda.
im niSnebs Soris, romlebic qarTul kulturas da-
savlurTan aaxloebs, erT-erTi ZiriTadi swored sam-
yarosadmi aqtiur-SemoqmedebiTi mimarTebis maRal fa-
seulobad dasaxvaa _ dasavleTi Tavidanve imas eswra-
fis, rom àramxolod Wvretdes WeSmaritebas ideale-
bis samefoSi, aramed ganaxorcielos kidec igi, ideis
meSveobiT aamaRlos sinamdvile aucilebel donemde.
dasavleTi darwmunebulia, rom man samyaros formire-
ba unda moaxdinos~ (k. iaspersi).
saqarTvelos yofierebis tragizms istoriulad
isic Seadgenda, rom qarTveli xalxis msoflmxedve-
lobis da faseulobaTa sistemis arsebiTi sawyisi _
samyarosadmi aqtiuri, srulmqmneli mimarTeba ver po-
vebda SesaZleblobas, adekvaturi sisavsiT ganxorcie-
lebuliyo kulturaSi da socialur cxovrebaSi. dama-
xasiaTebelia, rom `vefxistyaosnis~ Semdeg samyaro-
sadmi aqtiur-gardamqmneli damokidebulebis mxatv-
rul gansaxierebaTa mTavar tonalobad dramatizmi an
tragizmi iqceva, rac am principis sinamdvileSi realize-
bis did siZneles ireklavs. magram nacionalur msoflga-
gebaSi Semonaxuli, mxatvrul kulturaSi saukuneTa sigr-
Zeze Tanmimdevrulad da mkveTrad aRbeWdili mimarTeba
samyarosTan mainc cxovelmyofelobas avlenda. is, rom
Cvens msoflmxedvelobaSi samyarosadmi aqtiuri da sru-
lmyofeli damokidebuleba adamianisTvis Rirsebis mimni-
Webel faseulobad aris aRiarebuli, aqezebda Semoqme-
debiTi bunebis adamianebs, aRvivebda maT SesaZleblobebs.
saqarTvelos Semdgomi arsebobis raoba bevrad iq-
neba damokidebuli imaze, Tu samyarosadmi srulmq-
mneli mimarTeba ramdenad SeZlebs damkvidrebas da
TavisTavis realizebas Cvens krizisul sinamdvileSi.
4
1993
294
stadiebi
ama Tu im drois raoba gansakuTrebuli TvalsaCino-

ebiT aSkaravdeba mis binadar saSualo, rigiT adamianSi.
sagulisxmo azrs Seicavs moriakis gamonaTqvami, rom
`kacobrioba mis Sua mdinarebaSi unda SeviswavloT~.
personaJebi, romelTa Sesaxebac vapirebT saubars,
saSualo adamianebi arian, zogi ki sulac `patara ada-
mianis~ kategorias SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT, magram maTi
xasiaTi, cxovreba, bedi sakmaod bevrismTqmelia sxva-
dasxva periodis qarTuli sazogadoebis sulier da
zneobriv mdgomareobaze, qveynis da xalxis bedze. isini
ganasaxiereben qarTveli adamianis erovnuli, socia-
lur-politikuri da sulieri daTrgunvis sxvadasxva
stadiebs, amgvar daTrgunvaze saSualo qarTvelis
reagirebebs.
personaJTa am mwkrivis saTaveSi vaJa-fSavelas moT-
xrobis `bagrat zaxariCis sikvdilis~ gmiri SeiZleba
warmovidginoT. vaJas heroikul-tragikul, zedroul
samyaroSi igi ucxod gamoiyureba, radgan XIX saukunis
miwurulis uRimRamo qarTul sinamdviles uSualod
ireklavs. `bagrat zaxariCis sikvdilSi~ vaJa satiriko-
sad gvevlineba da Tumca rogorc yovelTvis Sembrale
da gamgebia, amiT satiris sicxare ar neldeba.
mtknari da carielia Cinovnikis cxovreba. es sica-
riele sruli iqneboda da bagrat zaxariCis kmayofil
arsebobas araferi aamRvrevda, rom ara SiSi _ ufro-
sis ganawyenebis da samsaxuridan daTxovnis SiSi, ro-
melic arasdros Sordeba, sizmrebsac uwamlavs da uf-
rosis, aleqsandr nikitiCis risxvas alandebs, xmamaRal
laparaks da sicils gadaaCvevs. amis gamo, bunebrivia,
is sanimuSod bejiTi da gamgone muSakia, aris ùmdab-
les balaxTa da umSvides wyalTa~. mokled, kancelari-
is moxele bagrat qavTaraSvili gogolis baSmaCkinis
qarTveli moZmea. magram saqmec isaa, rom qarTvelia:
garegnulad darbaislur iers imosavs, romelic Rirse-
basTan erTad rogorRac damjere keTilgonierebasac
gamoxatavs. ojaxSi ki bagrat zaxariCis garegnuli Rir-
295
seba TiTqos realur Sinaarssac iZens _ Sinaurebi pa-
tivs cemen. esaa im SiSis da uxmo morCilebis Tavisebu-
ri kompensacia, romelic samsaxurSi misi xvedria. an-
derZi, bagrat zaxariCi cols rom ubarebs, amgvari kom-
pensaciis gazrdis da gaxangrZlivebis cdaa, imis sikv-
dilis Semdegac anazRaurebis cda, rac cxovrebaSi ase
aklia. `Tu amas aasruleb, me mkvdari ar viqnebi, aramed
cocxali. xom ici, Cemo elene, samsaxuridan ramden
saaTzedac vbrundebodi. Cems sakuTar savarZelze ara-
vin dajdes, naSuadRevis sam saaTze gamoitaneT xolme
Cemi portreti da daasveneT savarZelze, _ win qa-
Raldebi dauwyeT da TviTonac ise moawyveT portreti,
rom qaRaldebSi Caicqirebodes. frTxilad, frTxilad
adeqiT da TiTis wverebze gaiar-gamoiareT, geSino-
desT, xaTri gqondesT Cemis portretisa, rogorc Cemi
xaTri gqondaT...~.
es kuriozuli anderZi damcirebuli Rirsebis, pa-
tivayrilobis miCqmalul tkivils amxels da vaJas
gmirs individualur gamometyvelebas aniWebs, satiras
_ tragikomikur tonalobas.
vaJa xatavs ucxoTa gamgeblobasTan savsebiT Seri-
gebuli adamianis tips, romelic ise Sezrdia ruseTis
saxelmwifos biurokratiul sistemas, rom sxvanairad
cxovreba ubralod ver warmoudgenia. es misTvis buneb-
rivi yofaa da protestis grZnobas ar aRuZravs. is um-
weod cdilobs faruli wuxilis daamebas, Rirsebis,
respeqtabelobis ubadruk imitaciaSi imaleba.
dacemuli nacionaluri yofierebisadmi saSualo
adamianis sxvanairi, gamwvavebuli damokidebuleba war-
moCndeba niko lorTqifaniZis moTxrobaSi `sizmrebi~,
romelic imperiis ngrevis win, 1916 wels daiwera. am
moTxrobaSi STambeWdavi xatovanebiT aris ametyvele-
buli sazogadoebis Secvlili, aforiaqebuli sulieri
ganwyoba.
fsiqiatriuli saavadmyofos pacienti eqims Tavis
sizmrebze esaubreba da es sizmrebi Tavisuflebas mok-
lebuli xalxis zneobrivi gaxrwnis gamomxatvel fan-
tasmagoriul tilod gaiSleba. `nacnobebi, megobrebi,
296
ise ucnobnic gamoCndebian, nel-nela miaxlovdebian...
oRond saidumlo da sazari Sexeduleba aqvs yvelas da
yovelives. ai, erTi nacnobi _ iseTive saxe aqvs, tanis
mixra-moxra, Cveulebriv acvia, oRond gulis karidan
gvelis Tavi amoCrila da gamvlelsa da gamomvlels
hkbens... meore nacnobi uneburad mezizReba da roca
vakvirdebi, Tu risTvis iwvevs Zveli kargi nacnobi
zizRs, maSin vamCnev, rom melis veeberTela kudi abia...
kudi cxvirSi miRitinebs... saZaglobaa... mesames tuCebi
aqvs akerili... laparakis magier Rmuis; erTi dorblsa
hyris, meore gasisxlianebul xanjals atrialebs da
visac miswvdeba, mucelSi umiznebs... mTeli es xrova
Soridan miaxlovdeba... irgvliv, yovelis mxriv... suli
mexuTeba... ufro da ufro Ramdeba da am wyvdiadSi ar
ici, gvelis ena mogwvdeba, xanjlis wveri, talaxi gags-
vris, Tu dorbli mogecxeba. munjebis Rmuili, gaxele-
buli katebis Rnavili, suni saxlebidan da adamianTa
sxeulebidan gamomdinare balRamisa... da yvelaferze
mefoben jaWvis, qveynis sigrZe jaWvis Cxara-Cxuri da
maTraxis, qveynis sisxo maTraxis tylaSa-tyluSi...~.
mere TiTqos tirania ispoba da adamianebi da samya-
ro gamojanmrTeldebian, magram umalve aRdgeba adrin-
deli Semzaravi suraTi _ winaswarmetyveluric aris
avadmyofis sizmrebi.
Tavisuflebis uqonloba adamianebs borot, mzakvar
arsebebad aqcevs, monstrebs Sobs, radgan Tavsmoxveul
pirobebSi TviTSenarCuneba zneobrivi Rirebulebebis
ugulebelyofas gacilebiT metad moiTxovs, vidre
damoukidebeli arseboba.
damorCilebuli eris sulieri cxovrebis aracnobi-
er an naxevradcnobier plastebSia Sefaruli misi ga-
dagvarebis ganmapirobebeli sxva faqtorebi.
Tavisuflebis warTmevasTan Serigebuli xalxis
yofnis TviT fuZea arazneobrivi _ sxvaTa batonobas-
Tan Segueba arsebiTad usamarTlobis kanonier, norma-
lur movlenad aRiarebaa, es ki, gasagebia, amoralobas
amkvidrebs da amravlebs.
297
zneobis sayrdeni sakuTari Tavisadmi da sxvebisad-
mi adamianis pativiscemac aris, damorCilebul xalxSi
ki igi klebulobs, radgan sxvis batonobasTan Seguebu-
loba pativiscemas maincdamainc ver aRZravs da zneo-
bis es sayrdenic sustdeba.
zneobriobis sawindaria arsebobis miznis, sazrisis
xedva, damorCilebuli eri ki Sordeba yofierebis WeS-
marit azrs, romelic ganuyofelia Tavisuflebisgan.
igi sneuldeba nihilizmiT (maSinac, roca sayovelTao
nihilizmi ar mZvinvarebs) da zneobis cxovelmyofel
stimuls kargavs.
xalxs, romelsac aRar aqvs saxelmwifoebrioba,
uWirs mTlianobad ganicados TavisTavi, mis calkeul
warmomadgenelsac uWirs igrZnos Tavi mTlianobis na-
wilad, imitom, rom sakuTar saxelmwifoSi Wvrets eri
uSualod sakuTar mTlianobas. mZlavrobs egoizmi,
xdeba eris daSla àtomebad~, romlebic erTmaneTs awy-
debian, aviwroeben...
amas mosdevs araTavisufali xalxis cxovrebaSi
borotebis is moZaleba, niko lorTqifaniZis gmiris
awewil fsiqikaSi koSmarul xilvebs rom badebs.
avadmyofis sizmrebis erT-erTi personaJi eqimia _
pirakruli, damunjebuli. da igi pacientis sizmareul
CvenebaSi Tavis WeSmarit portrets Seicnobs, erov-
nuli Cagvris uxmod momTmeni kacis portrets, visac
mSobliuri ena sakuTar ojaxSic warTmeuli aqvs. paci-
entis gandoba Zlierad SeanjRrevs mis mTvlemare
suls da erovnul tkivils naziarebs protestantad
aqcevs, magram es metamorfoza axirebulobis STabeW-
dilebas tovebs. avtori sevdiani RimiliT gviambobs:
`sazogadoebaSi Cven eqimze CurCuli gaismis. zogi am-
bobs `ZarRvebi aeSalao~... obieqturi faqtebi ki aseTia:
winaT Cumi, dinji eqimi axla sxapa-sxupiT laparakobs.
guSin erTad mivdiodiT, meetles davuZaxe: !
eqimi SeCerda, SemomaCerda, erTi magari sityva momaZaxa
da gamSorda. policiis boqauls eqimze Sedgenili aqvs
oqmi, quCaSi zogierTs gancxadebas hglejso...~.
298
niko lorTqifaniZis moTxrobaSi saSualo adamians
Soki, gansakuTrebul fenomenTan Sejaxebisas nawvnevi
dartyma Wirdeba, rom Tavisi eris tragedia TvalnaT-
liv dainaxos da tkiviliT ganicados, uamisod is yo-
veldRiurobaSia CanTqmuli. uuflebo eris yofnis si-
maxinjes `normaluri~ cnobiereba mxolod àranorma-
luri~ cnobierebis mZlavri zemoqmedebiT gaicxadebs.
neofiti patriotis protestic arsebiTad uwyinaria,
keTilSobili eqscentrulobaa da ara ucxoTa mpyrobe-
lobasTan seriozuli dapirispireba.
istoriis kidev ufro kritikul etaps aireklavs
ambavi, romelsac mixeil javaxiSvili mogviTxrobs
`givi SadurSi~.
ruseTSi saswavleblad wasuli petre warCinebuli
ojaxis siZe xdeba, keTildReobaze cvlis da iviwyebs
dedas, sacoles, axloblebs, samSoblos _ òqros jaW-
viT~ ebmeba. magram misi kmayofili yofis mozomili
ritmi revoluciis gamo erTbaSad nerviulad atokdeba
da ifliTeba. revolucia mas sakuTari colis saxiT
acxreba Tavs: aristokrati qali anazdad gabolSevik-
deba. es ucnauri gardaqmna realisturi fsiqologiz-
miT safuZvlianad aris Semzadebuli _ uzrunvel da
uqm yofaSi stepanidas apaTia ipyrobs, amave dros is
sadistur-mazoxistur midrekilebebs amJRavnebs, dro-
dadro umizezo agresiulobis Setevebi emarTeba, ra-
sac mwvave sinanulis Setevebi cvlis; revolucia mas
mowyenilobisgan daixsnis, xolo misi sulis paTologia
revoluciuri fsiqozis atmosferoSi mTeli ZaliT
amoxeTqavs; stepanida proletarebs uamxanagdeba da
qmars rogorc klasobriv mters sikvdils usjis, avad-
myofuri JiniT atanili: `vinc miyvars, is unda mov-
kla!~. amieridan petre, maZRari mona, ukve devnili mo-
naa _ mZimea konformizmis sazRauri. is sasowarkveTi-
li gaurbis, emaleba sikvdils, marto pasiurad icavs
Tavs, ar SeuZlia raime gadamWreli iRonos stepanidas
mosaSoreblad _ panikuri SiSi uxevebs nebisyofas,
ucarielebs suls, TviTgadarCenis Zlieri instinqtiRa
aiZulebs gaagrZelos gaZaRlebuli, koSmaruli sicoc-
299
xle; samSoblos Semoafarebs Tavs, magram aqac mowvdeba
sikvdiliT damuqrebuli SeSliloba; CixSi momwyvde-
uls TviTmkvlelobis inscenireba Svelis _ sastiki
Zalisgan gadarCena mxolod sakuTari saxis waSliT
xerxdeba, gadarCenisTvis aucilebelia SeumCnevloba,
araraobad gadaqceva. mixeil javaxiSvilis personaJi,
gamofituli, dalewili adamiani, Tanxmdeba aseT ar-
sebobas, romelic sikvdilis forma ufroa, vidre
sicocxle.
Tavisi groteskul-farsuli da simboluri xasia-
TiT es istoria `jayos xiznebs~ enaTesaveba, xolo ste-
panida jayos, rasputinis, yaSas kompanionia.
Tu niko lorTqifaniZis moTxrobaSi koSmari su-
bieqturia, pirovnebis cnobierebas eufleba da cxov-
rebiseuli viTareba ase gaSualebulad, amasTanave gam-
Zafrebulad aris ukufenili, mixeil javaxiSvilis mo-
naTxrobSi igi empiriul-obieqturi realoba xdeba.
`sizmrebSi~ sinamdvilis aranormalurobis aRsaqmelad
specifikuri xedva, SeSlilis xedvaa saWiro, mixeil
javaxiSvilis monaTxrobSi ki ukve gverdauvleli faq-
tobrivi realobaa, rom samyaro damangrevel da mo-
makvdinebel sigiJes aqvs dapyrobili. niko lorTqifa-
niZis da vaJas personaJebs sasikvdilo xifaTi ar eq-
mnebaT. yvelaze uaresi, rac bagrat zaxariCs SeiZleba
daemarTos, samsaxuridan daTxovnaa, xolo `sizmrebSi~
eqimi protestsac gamoxatavs da amisTvis ar axrCoben.
im sinamdvileSi, sadac isini arseboben, adamianurobas
ase Tu ise mainc gaeZleba, ar aris misi sruli daT-
rgunvis da aRmofxvris safrTxe. mixeil javaxiSvilis
personaJis Tavgadasavali ki swored aseTi safrTxis
mauwyebelia. samyaro sakvirvelad gaavda, antihumanu-
robis Zalam da mizanswrafulobam uCveulod imata da
adamianis sulic axla gacilebiT ufro paralizebu-
lia. caristuli reJimi ubralod uJmur berikacad
mogveCveneba im sisxlmowyurebul demonTan SedarebiT,
mixeil javaxiSvilis ubedur gmirs rom adevnebia.
Semdeg mborgavi revoluciuri energia totalita-
rizmis wnexSi Semkvrivdeba. mis qveS qarTveli adamianis
300
tanjvaa simbolizebuli basil meliqiSvilis ociani
wlebis bolos daweril moTxrobaSi òrfexi~. mwerali,
romlis Semoqmedeba meoce saukunis qarTuli litera-
turis garkveuli tendenciebis kvaldakval ZiriTadad
arqaizebuli da miTologizebulia, òrfexSi~ uSua-
lod miabjens mzeras Tanadroulobas da misi prozis
mTavar gmirsac, zekacobisken mswrafvel pirovnebas,
epoqis maxinji Svili cvlis. es moTxroba uCveuloa
upirvelesad groteskis TaviseburebiT _ igi realo-
bis pirobiT saxecvlilebad ki ar gvevlineba, aramed
samyaros Zireul mdgomareobad; Cndeba irealobis mier
realobis STanTqmis STabeWdileba.
òrfexis~ gmiri abeli landiviTaa, TiTqos fanto-
mia da sadacaa aorTqldeba. Tavisi arsebiT da ieriT is
waagavs amerikeli mwerlis Servud andersonis defor-
mirebul, maniakalur personaJebs.
warmovidginoT, rom mixeil javaxiSvilis petre da
stepanida kvlav erT WerqveS aRmoCndebian. rogoric
maTi cxovreba SeiZleba iyos, ise cxovrobs abeli Tavis
marusiasTan erTad. abeli am qalis monaa ara figura-
luri gagebiT, aramed sruliad realurad. mZime saoja-
xo `SromiTi begaris~ garda abels colis despoturi
TviTnebobis, isteriuli siSmagis da fizikuri Tavdas-
xmebis Cumad atana uxdeba. mis mimarT abelis SiSi sulis
gamyinavia. marusias tirania ojaxidan erovnul kerZeb-
sac ki aZevebs, miTumetes qarTul enas ar wyalobs, re-
ligias emtereba, Tavisuflebis mcire gamovlinebasac
aRkveTs. igi abels sofelTan kavSirsac gadauWris,
Tumca misi xsna arc sofelSia, saidanac morCilebas
uqadageben _ iqac Semgueblobaa damkvidrebuli.
basil meliqiSvilis personaJi Sinaur, moTviniere-
bul cxovels gvagonebs. igi erTgvarad tkbeba kidec
Tavisi monobiT, TavisTavsac da sxvasac arwmunebs, rom
marusia keTilia da TviTon _ bednieri; metic, danaSa-
ulis grZnoba aqvs mtarvalisadmi.
magram abeli aramarto tiraniis tyvea, aramed Tana-
medrove teqnikuri civilizaciisac _ misi `religia~
cifrebia, Tvlaa. `Znelia, Zneli, Cumad yofna. zogjer
301
RamiT, roca fiqri mtanjavs da boRma mTasaviT Camo-
mawveba... gaTenebamdis Cavcqeri davTrebs. ramdeni dav-
Tari gadamicia arqivisaTvis, ramdeni cifri dagrovi-
la Cems oxer TavSi... RamiT vTvli da vangariSob, TiTiT
gamaqvs da gamomaqvs windis Cxirs agebuli rgoli da
vRiRineb. diax, Znelia siCume da vRiRineb~. cifrebSi
gaurbis abeli martoobas, sicarieles, tanjvas da mo-
nobas; gaurbis umaRlesi, adamianis mfarveli WeSmari-
tebis, sikeTis da mSvenierebis im tragikul ukmaro-
basac, romelzec galaktioni ambobs: `rogor SeviZloT
uRvTismSobloba? viT avitanoT umadonoba?~. magram
cifrebic ar aris savsebiT saimedo dasayrdeni _
abels maniakaluri SiSi aqvs, rom isini SeiZleba gamo-
ilios; es ki saboloo kraxi iqneba, radgan cifrebi misi
Cawixluli sulis gamayuCebelic aris da materialuri
arsebobis safuZvelic, romlis gamocla sruliad
uimedo mdgomareobaSi Caagdebs; im antihumanur sinam-
dvileSi, romelic moTxrobaSi mxatvrulad aris gar-
dasaxuli, advilad SesaZlebelia samsaxuridan gagdeba
daRupvas udrides. daujerebelia, rom aseTi ram mar-
Tla katastrofa iyos bagrat zaxariCisTvis, misi SiSi
satirulad hiperbolizebulia _ mas metismetad aSi-
nebs is, rac TavisTavad ar aris ase saSiSi.
cifrebis abstraqtul, sastiki yofisgan daSore-
bul samyaroSi abeli Svebas povebs, magram wuxilsac ga-
nicdis, aramxolod imis gamo, rom cifrTa `mosalod-
neli~ gamoleva aSfoTebs, aramed imitomac, rom maTSi
samyaros grandiozuli gaugebroba da amaoeba ecxade-
ba. igi grZnobs, rom `cifrebis religia~ araWeSmariti
nugeSia da es iZulebiTi TavSesafaric mobezrebuli
aqvs.
ase rom, Tumca abeli yovelnairad cdilobs tanjva
gaiyruos da Tavi moityuos, mainc ver aRwevs amas. verc
is, qarTvelisTvis sasiamovno upiratesoba Svelis, Ta-
vis ZmebTan SedarebiT rom aqvs _ isini oTxiT dadian,
TviTon ki ivarga, òrfexia~; verafriT icxrobs mouSo-
rebel tkivils, Tavisuflebis bolomde verCaklul
impulss. amitomaa, rom poezia izidavs da guls uoxebs,
302
rom baRSi radioTi gadmocemul musikas uecrad cekvas
aayolebs da galaRdeba, rom Tavis beds uziarebs mo-
xuc, saTno qarTvel qals, xolo zogjer protestantu-
li ganwyobilebac aitacebs. `xandaxan adamianic ifeT-
qebs Cems Zval-rbilSi da maSin gmiri var. aRaravisi
aRar meSinian. amas winaT kedlis gazeTSi CaexataT Cemi
cxviri. davTrebi mexvia garSemo. avReldi da mewyina.
winaT ar mewyineboda, magram dRes avenTe da Camovgli-
je. maSin SemeSinda da movkurcxle. gaqnili mwevariviT
movusvi da gadavrCi. gana gmiroba ar undoda gazeTis
Camoglejas? uwin ver SevZlebdi. im dRes ki gmiri vi-
yavi da adamiani hfeTqda Cems Zval-rbilSi...~.
Zneli saTqmelia, xedavda Tu ara mwerali abelis
mfrTxal, komikur gambedaobaSi CaxSobis stadiebga-
movlili sulis momavali Tavisuflebis mkrTal niSans
da sust Canasaxs.
1989
303
pasuxebi Jurnal àrilis~ kiTxvarze
rogor warmogidgebaT mwerlis roli Tanamedrove

sazogadoebaSi, migaCniaT Tu ara, rom mwerlobas
akisria eris winamZRolis funqcia?
pasuxis gacema kiTxvaze, aqvs Tu ara literaturas

eris winamZRolis funqcia, moiTxovs imis gaTvaliswi-
nebas, Tu saerTod rogoria literaturis buneba li-
teratura samyaros koncentrirebuli grZnobadi Wvre-
taa, romelsac warmarTavs WeSmaritebis gamovlenis,
aRmoCenis Tu sulac Seqmnis Rrma sulieri moTxovni-
leba; literatura avtonomiuri warmosaxviTi sinamd-
vilea, romelSic grZnobad-goniTi WvretiT gamovleni-
li da sityvierad xorcSesxmuli simarTle cocxlobs
da moCans. amasTanave isic cxadia, rom mwerals, roca
mxatvrul realobas qmnis, surs sxvebic daarwmunos
samyaroze da adamianze Tavisi Tvalsazrisis
WeSmaritebaSi.
literatura rogorc samyaros da adamianis mxatv-
ruli gageba, rogorc mxatvruli msoflmxedveloba
uTuod axdens aSkara Tu uCinar gavlenas mkiTxvelis
msoflaRqmis formirebaze. magram SeiZleba amis safuZ-
velze iTqvas, rom `literatura eris winamZRolia?~
es formula CvenSi asea gaazrebuli: literaturam
unda Caunergos xalxs gansazRvruli ideebi Tu idea-
lebi, anu mwerali unda iyos ideologi da propagandis-
ti, miuTiTebdes sazogadoebas moZraobis gezs, ayali-
bebdes mis samoqmedo programas; mwerali movalea ga-
nuwyvetliv aqtiurobdes sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi...
aseTi warmodgena amartivebs da ayalbebs saqmis namd-
vil viTarebas. ase gagebuli eris winamZRoloba ewina-
aRmdegeba samyaros uangaro, CaRrmavebul Wvretas da
WeSmaritebis Ziebas, mwerlis mier danaxuli simarTlis
wmindad, srulyofilad xorcSesxmas, anu literaturis
304
arss. igi ewinaaRmdegeba agreTve seriozul, intimur-
idumal dialogs mwerals da mkiTxvels Soris, rome-
lic mkiTxvelis Sinagan arsebaze, mis msoflxedvaze
mxatvruli azris Rrma zemoqmedebis pirobaa. Cvenebu-
ri formula `mwerloba eris winamZRolia~ gulisxmobs,
rom literatura raRac miznebs emsaxureba Tavisi nam-
dvili arsis xarjze, rom igi WeSmaritebis maZiebeli ki
ar aris, aramed mza ideebis mqadagebeli da sazogado-
ebisTvis Camgonebelia.
warmodgena mweralze rogorc eris winamZRolze
CvenTan gasul saukuneSi damkvidrda, roca mwvave
problema iyo erovnuli TviTmyofadobis SenarCuneba
da mwerlobis misiis aseTma gagebam udavod pozitiuri
roli Seasrula nacionaluri TviTcnobierebis gaZli-
erebaSi. oRond igi xSirad iwiravda mxatvrul siRrmes
da sisavses, srulfasovnebas. Semdeg is SeeTvisa sab-
WoTa warmodgenas mweralze rogorc saxelmwifo ideo-
logiis msaxurze, Tumca mas erovnul-patriotuli as-
peqtic SerCa. dRes ki tradiciulma Tvalsazrisma, rom
mwerloba ers winamZRolad unda evlinebodes, aSkarad
amowura TavisTavi.
Tanamedrove pluralistur sazogadoebaSi mwe-
rals, bunebrivia, ar unda hqondes winamZRolobis da
qurumobis, beladobis pretenzia, imis pretenzia, rom
eWvSeuval azrebs gamoTqvams nebismier cxovrebiseul
problemaze (aseT statuss eswrafis, magaliTad, sol-
Jenicini ruseTSi). meore mxriv, cxadia, arc mwerlis
sazogadoebrivi aqtiurobaa saZraxisi, Tuki es aqtiu-
roba angarebiani ar aris da Semoqmedebas Tavis damx-
mare saSualebad ar aqcevs.
sasurvelia, rom mwerali sazogadoebisTvis iyos
avtoriteti rogorc sulierebis da kulturis ganmasa-
xierebeli, Rrma da gamWriaxi xedviT aRWurvili pi-
rovneba, romlis aramxatvruli azric sayuradRebo da
angariSgasawevia (Tu mas aseTi azris gamoTqma surs
politikaze, socialur problemebze da a.S.); ara misi
sazogadoebrivi statusis ZaliT, ara imis gamo, rom is
305
rogorc mwerali winamZRoli da qurumia, aramed imi-
tom, rom es azri TavisTavad saintereso da seriozulia.
mwerali asrulebs sazogadoebriv da erovnul fun-
qcias amis sagangebo mcdelobis, deklarirebis da sa-
valdebulo normad dawesebis gareSec, roca igi namd-
vili mweralia, anu, ukve naTqvams rom davubrundeT,
samyaros Rrma mWvreteli da WeSmaritebis wrfeli ma-
Ziebelia, romelic axal, simarTlis naTelmyofel
mxatvrul sinamdviles qmnis. am sinamdvilis uSualo da
Zaldautanebeli, siRrmiseuli zegavlena mkiTxvelis
qvecnobierebaze da cnobierebaze exmareba mas iqces
TviTmyofad pirovnebad _ mowydes masobriv cnobiere-
bas, moipovos avtonomiuri TvalTaxedva, TviTSegneba,
sulieri samyaro. sazogadoebrivi da erovnuli Tval-
sazrisiT amaze ufro mniSvnelovani ram ki Zneli war-
mosadgenia, radgan sazogadoebis, eris namdvil siZlie-
res swored Sinaganad damoukidebeli, TavisTavadi pi-
rovnebebi qmnian.
Tqveni azriT, aqvs Tu ara literaturas zneobriv-

aRmzrdelobiTi daniSnuleba? Tu fiqrobT, rom aqvs,
konkretulad rogor vlindeba igi ?
me mgonia, literaturas ara aqvs uSualo da specia-

luri zneobriv-aRmzrdelobiTi daniSnuleba, magram
aqvs zneobrivi Zala da mniSvneloba, romelic litera-
turis mxatvrulobaSivea ganfenili.
mTavari, rasac literatura gviCvenebs, aris is, Tu
ras niSnavs adamianad yofna samyaroSi, es ki ganuyofe-
lia zneobisgan. zneobrivi fenomeni msWvalavs adamia-
nis arsebobis yvela sferos, adamianis arsebobis mud-
mivi Tanmdevia, Tumca es cxovrebaSi xSirad uxilavia,
miCqmalulia. literatura zneobrivi fenomenis am uxi-
lav yvelganmyofobas xdis xiluls, daanaxebs adamians,
rom zneobrivi kriteriumi aRmoufxvrelia mis yofie-
rebaSi, rom zneobis Tvals versad da verasdros dae-
maleba. literatura àiZulebs~ mas, Tavi ar moityuos
amis Taobaze.
306
literaturas Seyavs mkiTxveli zneobrivi proble-
mebis da konfliqtebis SuagulSi, sZens zneobriv gamo-
cdilebas, axedebs adamianuri sindisis, zneobrivi tan-
jvis da refleqsiis siRrmeebSi. igi mkiTxvels zneob-
rivi qcevis normebs ki ar uyalibebs, aramed samyaros
zneobrivi ganzomilebis Rrma da WeSmarit xedvas. amis-
Tvis literaturas ar Wirdeba mkiTxvelis cnobiere-
baze sagangebo zewola _ amisTvis sakmarisia litera-
tura Tavisi esTetikuri bunebis erTguli iyos, ro-
gorc Seqspiris, dostoevskis Tu Tomas manis, qarTul
literaturaSi vaJa-fSavelas Semoqmedeba.
sxvaTaSoris, srulfasovani mxatvruli nawarmoebis
Sesaqmnelad mweralma, xelovanma zneobrivi Tvisebebi
unda gamoavlinos TviT Semoqmedebis procesSi. amaze
msjelobs frangi filosofosi mariteni gamokvlevaSi
`xelovanis pasuxismgebloba~: `Tavisi xelovnebis sfe-
roSi mxatvari emorCileba erTgvar asketizms, romel-
mac SeiZleba gmiruli msxverplSewirvac moiTxovos...
qmnadobis sferoSi, nawarmoebis sasikeTod mxatvars
unda gaaCndes Tviniereba, sulgrZeloba, keTilgonie-
reba, sulis mTlianoba da Zala, zomiereba, ueSmako da
sufTa guli~.
ramdenad SeZlo qarTulma literaturam im rTuli

da dramatuli procesebis ganWvreta, romlebic CvenSi
warimarTa?
literaturas, bunebrivia, ar moeTxoveba imis winas-
war ganWvreta, Tu konkretulad ra socialur-politi-
kuri movlenebia mosalodneli da rodis. magram li-
teratura safarvels aclis sazogadoebis sulieri da
zneobrivi mdgomareobis Sinagan xeds da imis mixedviT,
rogoria igi, SesaZlebelia Tundac miaxloebiT warmo-
vidginoT, ras gvimzadebs momavali. qarTuli sazoga-
doebis sulieri, zneobrivi krizisi, romelic bolo
aTwleulSi aSkarad gamovlinda, literaturaSi aras-
rulad warmoCnda, Tumca iyo garkveuli gamonaklisebi.
307
ra migaCniaT am procesebis gamomwvev mizezad, ra
aris, Tqveni SexedulebiT, imis sazrisi, rac
saqarTveloSi ukanaskneli wlebis ganmavlobaSi moxda?
imas, rom CvenSi dramatuli Tu sulac tragikuli

procesebi warimarTa, araerTi mizezi aqvs, magram Zi-
riTadi maT Soris, SesaZloa, is iyos, rom qarTul sazo-
gadoebaSi ar aRmoCnda arakonformistuli cnobiere-
bis mqone da imavdroulad socialurad aqtiuri inte-
leqtualebis fena, romelic SeZlebda Seeqmna kargad
organizebuli sazogadoebrivi moZraoba an partia da
xalxisTvis SeeTavazebina damoukideblobis mopovebis
realisturi, mkafiod gaazrebuli, evoluciuri prog-
rama; warmoeCina Tavisi avtoritetuli liderebi da
seriozuli metoqeoba gaewia radikaluri nacionaliz-
misTvis. samwuxarod, aseTi Zala Cvenma krizisulma da
sustma sazogadoebam ver warmoSva.
ra xarvezebs amCnevT qarTul kulturaSi, kerZod,

literaturaSi; risi SeZena sWirdeba mas? rogor
gesaxebaT qarTuli literaturis perspeqtiva?
qarTuli literaturis ZiriTadi xarvezi, albaT,

isaa, rom igi mTlianobaSi erTdroulad aris arasakma-
risad qarTuli da arasakmarisad universaluri _ qar-
Tuli sinamdvile, qarTveli adamianis arseba jer kidev
ar gamJRavnebula masSi mTeli Tavisi sisruliT, sir-
TuliT, winaaRmdegobriobiT, paradoqsebiT rogorc
zogadad adamianis, kacobriobis bunebis da yofierebis
originaluri modeli. rasakvirvelia, saubaria amis
ukmarobaze, Torem qarTuli literaturis calkeul,
saukeTeso nimuSebSi nacionaluri sinamdvilis siRr-
miseuli wvdoma bunebrivadaa gadazrdili kacobriobis
cxovrebis suraTSi.
qarTuli literatura momavalSi, albaT, SeZlebs
qarTuli sinamdvilis mTeli Taviseburebis, sirTulis
danaxvas da warmoCenas rogorc swored kacobriobis
arsis da yofis modelisas. amis sawindari, sayovelTao
308
kulturuli, literaturuli gamocdilebis ufro in-
tensiur da farTo aTvisebasTan erTad, SeiZleba gax-
des is, rom bolo periodis movlenebma Cveni naciona-
luri xasiaTis da arsebobis sirTule, winaaRmdegob-
rioba TvalnaTliv gamoamJRavna; agreTve Cvens lite-
raturaSi bolo dros gaZlierebuli midrekileba Seu-
boWavi gulaxdilobisken. mas balastic gardauvalad
moyveba, magram is SesaZlebelia mogvevlinos qarTuli
cxovrebis ufro meti sisavsiT da simkveTriT gansaxi-
erebis safuZvlad. es ki Tavis mxriv Cveni literaturis
universalizaciis wanamZRvrad SeiZleba iqces.
1996
309
sikvdilis pirispir
rusuli klasikuri prozis TaviseburebaTagan erT-

erTi mTavari sikvdilis fenomenisadmi gamZafrebuli,
daJinebuli interesia. rusuli natura da azrovneba
midrekilia ukiduresobebisken, sikvdili ki, gasagebia,
yvelaze didi ukiduresobaa.
tolstois, dostoevskis, Cexovis SemoqmedebaSi
upirvelesad swored sikvdilis fenomeni aniWebs ada-
mianis yofierebas Rrma da gardauval seriozulobas,
problemurobas _ raki adamiani sikvdilis CrdilqveS
arsebobs, man aucileblad, nebismier fasad unda SeZ-
los, moaswros WeSmaritebis povna, WeSmaritebaSi dam-
kvidreba, xolo Tu amas ver axerxebs, es gamousworebe-
li katastrofaa.
amgvari umkacresi alternativa edeba saTaved ru-
sul prozaSi sulieri Ziebis vnebianobas, mousvenar da
tkivilian fiqrs `dawyevlil kiTxvebze~.
`dostoevskisTvis cocxali sicocxle TavisTavad
sruliad ucxo da gaugebaria, sikvdilis faqti mas
mTlianad anadgurebs. Tu ar arsebobs ukvdaveba, maSin
cxovreba uazrobaa~ (v. veresaevi). ra unda iyos adami-
anis WeSmariteba sikvdilis pirispir, rogor SeuZlia
mas gadaZalos `sikvdilis faqti~ _ am kiTxvis winaSe
dganan dostoevskis personaJebi Tavisi tragikuli
SfoTviT, sulieri konvulsiebiT, SecodebebiT da siw-
mindis natvriT.
cnobilia, rogori SeZrwunebiT ganicdida tols-
toi sikvdils, rogor gamudmebiT sdevda mas Tan sikv-
dilze fiqri (amis Sesaxeb gansakuTrebiT STambeWdavad
s. cvaigi wers). magram mis SemoqmedebaSi sikvdili mxo-
lod SemaZrwunebeli ar aris. dostoevskis Semoqmede-
bisgan gansxvavebiT tolstois prozaSi sikvdili azrs
ar aclis da ar aufasurebs samyaros, piriqiT, adami-
anis yofnis namdvili sazrisi da faseuloba swored
sikvdilis tragikuli fenomenis meoxebiT xdeba cxadi.
gavixsenoT sikvdilis winaSe aRmoCenili pier bezuxovi
da misi sulieri aRorZineba, anda levinis swrafva WeS-
310
mariti TviTganxorcielebisken Zmis sikvdilis umwva-
vesi gancdis Semdeg...
tolstoisTvis sazarelia ara imdenad sikvdili Ta-
visTavad, aramed sikvdili rogorc fuWi, uazro, ara-
WeSmariti sicocxlis dasasruli. sikvdilis, araras
saSineleba mougeriebelia, Tuki igi sicocxlis arara-
obis gasrulebaa, imis boloa, rasac qarTveli mwerali
`mkvdar sicocxles~ uwodebs.
sikvdili ki ar arTmevs azrs ìvan iliCis sikvdi-
lis~ personaJis sicocxles, aramed aboloebs da amas-
Tanave amxels, aSiSvlebs misi arsebobis uazrobas, amiT
ki aZlevs mas ukanasknel SesaZleblobas eziaros ada-
mianuri arsebobis WeSmarit sazriss.
tolstois am moTxrobaSi sikvdili simarTlis da
zneobis erTaderTi damfuZnebelia, erTaderTi mcveli
da gadamrCenelia. roca adamianis cxovreba mTlianad
sicrueSi efloba da amao xdeba, mainc aris Zala, rome-
lic aiZulebs mas dainaxos Tavisi yofnis siyalbe,
usazrisoba; aris Zala, romelic TiTqos amqveynad
RmerTis `Semcvlelia~, ramdenadac adamians WeSmarite-
bisken miaxedebs, Tavis adamianur arss da mowodebas
Seaxsenebs.
ra Tqma unda, adamians SeuZlia yuri ar aTxovos
WeSmaritebis xmas, romelsac sikvdili gaagonebs. da
ivan iliCs amaRlebs, SeiZleba iTqvas, gmirad aqcevs is,
rom aRar wauyruebs am xmas ise, rogorc adre, mTeli
Tavisi cxovrebis manZilze uyruebda.
sikvdilis arsebobis daviwyeba, daunaxveloba Tu
miCqmalva ivan iliCis da misi wris adamianebis yofis
mudmivi Sinagani fonia. karierizmi, pativmoyvareoba,
nivTebis gafetiSeba, garToba, msubuqi da sasiamovno
drostareba _ yovelive es malavs sikvdils da masTan
erTad malavs cxovrebis siRrmiseul, zneobriv ganzo-
milebas; auqmebs imas, rac sikvdils upirispirdeba da
ebrZvis adamianebis arsebobaSi _ namdvil siyvaruls,
megobrobas, solidarobas, simarTles, samarTlianobas
da Tavisuflebas.
311
rac mTavaria, cxovrebis is wesi, romliTac ivan
iliCi cxovrobs, klavs individualobas, pirovnebas.
ivan iliCi ar gamoirCeva raRac gansakuTrebuli boro-
tebiT, magram borotebaa ukve is, rom mis yofierebas ar
warmarTavs misi sakuTari goni da sindisi, rom brmad
aris mindobili cxovrebis dakanonebul standartebs,
yalb Sablonur formebs. ivan iliCis sicocxle socia-
lur pirobiTobebSia bolomde Cawretili.
sikvdili ubrunebs, ufro sworad, aniWebs tolsto-
is gmirs individualobas, sakuTar saxes, aniWebs namd-
vil martoobas _ Tu is adre marto iyo, oRond amas
zedapiruli da pirobiTi urTierTobebi niRbavda, axla
is grZnobs, rom tragikulad, saSinlad martoa, magram
samagierod es misi ganumeorebeli pirovnuli arsebo-
bis gamovlinebaa, misi damoukidebeli fiqris pirobaa,
WeSmaritebasTan ziarebis piroba.
es WeSmariteba ki ubraloa, magram Rrma da gamZlea.
ivan iliCi itanjeba axloblebis gulgrilobiT da
xedavs, rom TviT misi codvac gulgriloba, sxvisi tki-
vilis gaziarebis uunaroba iyo. da WeSmariteba naTdeba
misTvis maSin, roca igrZnobs sibraluls, TanagrZnobas
Svilisadmi, romelsac gulwrfelad awuxebs mamis
moaxloebuli sikvdili. cxovelmyofeli WeSmariteba,
uromlisodac mis cxovrebaSi sikvdili batonobda,
adamianebTan Sinagani Tanaazrobaa, siyvaruli da
TanagrZnobaa...
Tu tolstoisTan sikvdils didebuleba da zeaweu-
loba axlavs, Cexovis SemoqmedebaSi igi im sinacris-
fris da uRimRamobis zRvaria, romelSic samyaroa CaZi-
ruli. adamianebis sisustis, Secdomebis, aRkveTili
swrafvebis, adamianuri cxovrebis mouwyoblobis da ga-
ugebrobis, mosawyenobis miRma ilandeba sikvdili ro-
gorc raRac ruxi, blanti nivTierebis masa, romelic
adamianTa arSemdgar sicocxles nel-nela, uCumrad
iwovs...
CexovisTvisac adamianis cxovrebis Sefasebis uytu-
ari sazomi is aris, umweoa Tu ara es cxovreba sikvdi-
lis winaSe, ararasken mieqaneba Tu myaria, mtkice fun-
312
damentis mqone. `mosawyeni istoriis~ gmiri, gamoCenili
mecnieri, sikvdilis pirispir darCenili xedavs, ram-
deni sicruea mis arsebobaSi, ra usaSvelod mouwesri-
gebelia misi axloblebis cxovreba da ra uRonoa Tvi-
Ton saimisod, rom raime Secvalos, vinmes arsebiTad
daexmaros. mas eZaleba pesimizmi, radgan Tavis garSemo
axla mxolod siwvrilmanes, uniWobas, Secdomebs da
Seusabamobebs, gaugebrobebs amCnevs. am kacs, romelic
mecnierebas aRmerTebda da `Zvlis tvini ufro ainte-
resebda, vidre samyaros saboloo mizani~, Tavisi ax-
loblebis cxovrebaSi bevri ram mxedvelobidan gamor-
Ca, imdeni yuradReba ar arguna maT, ramdensac saWiro-
ebdnen. igi, sikvdilis momlodine, acnobierebs Tavisi
dramis mTavar, Zireul mizezs mis sicocxles aklda
is, rasac ùwodeben cocxali adamianis RmerTs~...
sikvdili uZleveli xdeba imitom, rom adamianebi ise
cxovroben, TiTqos igi ar arsebobs da gvianRa ixsene-
ben, maSin, roca is ukve Zalian axlosaa; unda gaxsovdes
sikvdili, raTa srulfasovnad icocxlo, raTa si-
cocxle Signidanve ar daRrRnas sikvdilma _ sicruem,
gulgrilobam, sulierma gaxevebam, siyvarulis
ukmarobam.
1996
313
ganmmartebeli
Tanamedrove dasavleTis cxovrebis da kulturis

Zireuli tendenciebi Seadgenda zurab kakabaZis filo-
ofiuri kvlevis mTavar sagans, magram amave dros misi
gansja faqtobrivad Cvens cxovrebasac exeba; aramxood
imis gamo, rom arsebobs universaluri procesebi da
rasac zurab kakabaZe maT Sesaxeb ambobs, obieqturad
Cvens sazogadoebazec vrceldeba; ufro imitom, rom
zurab kakabaZis filosofiuri azrovnebis wesis Tvise-
baa garemomcvel sinamdvileze dakvirvebebis, cxovre-
biseuli STabeWdilebebis, gancdebis analizi da
ganzogadeba.
zurab kakabaZis wignebis da, kerZod, `filosofiuri
saubrebis~ kiTxvisas vgrZnobT, rom avtori gviziarebs
Sinagans, pirovnuls, misTvis rogorc adamianisTvis
arsebiTs. bunebrivia, igi eyrdnoba cnobili Tanamed-
rove filosofosebis Tvalsazrisebs, magram es Tval-
sazrisebi isea ganlagebuli da Sejerebuli, aqcenti-
rebuli, rom isini mkafio individualuri, pirovnuli
msoflgancdis da msoflmxedvelobis mTlianobaSi
irwymeba.
azrovnebis pirovnul-intimuri elferi da gancdi-
loba, cxovrebasTan siaxlove zurab kakabaZis filoso-
fiur kvlevas mxatvrul SemoqmedebasTan anaTesavebs.
es arc aris gasakviri _ zurab kakabaZe saintereso
poetic iyo ...
Tanamedrove filosofiis Semobrunebas cxovrebis
konkretuli realobisken da misi gamomsaxveli xelov-
nebisken adamianis yofierebis krizisuli simwvave da
sirTule ganapirobebs. Tumca zurab kakabaZisTvis ase-
Ti filosofiuri pozicia ar aris mxolod aucileblo-
biT nakarnaxevi, igi misi organuli sulieri midrekile-
bebis Sesatyvisia.
literatura da xelovneba WeSmaritebis uSualo
gamocxadebaa, mxatvruli Semoqmedeba WeSmaritebis
TavisTavadi, unikaluri Semoqmedeba da movlinebaa _
zurab kakabaZe ar iziarebs Sexedulebas, romelic
314
Tavis droze ase iqna formulirebuli: `Tanamedrove
poeziis mTeli istoria aris filosofiis mokle teqs-
tis gabmuli komentari~ (f. Slegeli). magram amasTanave
is xedavs literaturis, xelovnebis da filosofiis
urTierTSexebis ares. Tanac misi mzera ar Cerdeba iq,
sadac es kontaqti aSkaraa da ioli SesaniSnia Tanamed-
rove literaturis da xelovnebis mkveTri inteleq-
tualizacia, mxatvrul saxeSi `Teoriuli~ elementebis
moWarbeba. zurab kakabaZe avlens mxatvruli Semoqme-
debis da filosofiis Sexvedris siRrmiseul safuZ-
vels: mxatvruli Semoqmedebac da filosofiac aris
epoqis arsis wvdoma, kritikuli ganWvreta da is, rasac
am mxriv TviTeuli maTgani sakuTari meTodebiT da
saSualebebiT aRmoaCens, erTgvarovania.
epoqis arsi mJRavndeba imaSi, adamianis yofierebis
rogori gagebaa gabatonebuli, ra idealis mixedviT
warimarTeba adamianebis arseboba. zurab kakabaZe fiq-
robs, rom Cveni epoqis warmmarTvel mecnierul-teqni-
kuri progresis ideals kacobrioba Cixisken miyavs,
xolo axali, mxsneli ideali ar gamokveTila.
epoqis es zogadi arseba wignSi ganxilulia Tavisi
mravali aspeqtiT da gamovlinebiT, dostoevskis, To-
mas manis, joisis, beketis, felinis da sxvebis nawar-
moebTa brwyinvale interpretaciis meSveobiT. Tvalwin
gveSleba Tanamedrove civilizaciis panorama, rome-
lic gamoirCeva iSviaTi sisavsiT, simwyobriT. zurab
kakabaZe miundobeli da ironiulia sinamdvilis zeda-
piris mimarT, cxovrebas garekans aclis da amzeurebs
imis sruliad sapirispiros, rac garegnulad moCans _
TiTqos TviTonac sargeblobs groteskuli meTodiT,
romelsac yvelaze Sesaferis formad miiCnevs im sam-
yaros gamosaxatad, sadac aRTqmuli progresi gadagva-
rebiT aris Senacvlebuli.
`filosofiuri saubrebis~ mkiTxveli faruli vne-
biT gamsWvaluli goniTi Ziebis Tanamonawile xdeba da
avtorTan erTad axorcielebs Znel da natif azrobriv
moZraobas, romelic gulisxmobs Sesamecnebel feno-
315
menSi warmosaxvis meSveobiT `Casaxlebas~, mis Signidan
danaxvas.
zurab kakabaZis rogorc moazrovnis xasiaTs, al-
baT, zustad gamoxatavs epiTeti `ganmmartebeli~. sit-
yva `ganmarteba~ xom arsebiTad rTulSi `martivis~, anu
erTianis (`marto~ _ èrTi~), ZiriTadis, fuZiseulis
povnas niSnavs. daSorebul sibrtyeebze ganfenil mov-
lenebSi, anda erTmaneTisgan sruliad gansxvavebul
mxatvrul nawarmoebebSi zurab kakabaZe Sinagan urTi-
erTkavSirebs, saerTo fuZes miakvlevs, yofiT-konkre-
tuli sinamdvilis da abstrahirebuli azris sferos
SemaerTebel uCinar arxebs xiluls xdis.
CaZieba, movlenebis arsSi CaZirva zurab kakabaZis
stiqiaa, magram misi aranakleb bunebrivi moTxovnile-
baa analitikuri azris monapovris TvalsaCinod gamok-
veTa. ai, rogor ixateba, magaliTad, nihilistis erT-
erTi tipi.
`yuradRebis maZiebeli nihilistis mdgomareobis
meryeoba kidev ufro Rrmavdeba imiT, rom garemomc-
velni àuditorias~ ki ar Seadgenen mxolod, aramed ag-
reTve saxifaTo konkurentebs, anu yuradRebis namd-
vil Tu potenciur dampyrobT. am ukanasknelTa mxriv
miRweuli yoveli warmateba, yoveli zewamoweuli Tavi
`Crdils ayenebs~ da `Crdilavs~ mas. ramdenadac sazo-
gadoebis yuradRebis `fokusSi~ moqcevas nihilistTa
masis mxolod mcire nawili aRwevs, amdenad nihilistTa
umravlesoba `daCrdilulobis~ mtanjveli grZnobiT
da, Sesatyvisad, `Crdilidan mzeze~ gamosvlis JiniT
imsWvaleba... yuradRebis maZiebeli nihilisti `maRali
mezoblisa~ da misgan nasroli `Crdilis~ SiSiTaa ata-
nili. mas swored mezoblisa da maxloblis simaRle
aRelvebs, radganac Soridan nasroli Crdili naklebad
miswvdeba; mas mudam eWvi aqvs, rom viRac mis siaxloves
zedmetad `yelyelaobs~ da Tavs maRla swevs ...~.
zurab kakabaZe sityvaSi aRadgens sakvlev fenomens.
misi unari, moimarjvos enis inteleqtualuri da gamom-
xatvelobiTi SesaZleblobebi, misive saazrovno kul-
turis tolfardia. igi faqizad SeigrZnobs, daxvewili
316
gemovnebiT irCevs sityvas; moqnili, elferebiT mdida-
ri stili mgrZnobiared aRbeWdavs azris siRrmes da
niuansurobas; aRbeWdavs pirovnebis temperaments, sam-
yarosTan araerTniSna emociur damokidebulebas _
sevdas da dananebas, sarkazms, simkacres da masTan er-
Tad Semwynareblobas ...
`filosofiuri saubrebi~, iseve rogorc zurab
kakabaZis sxva wignebi, dawerilia rwmeniT, rom filo-
sofia ar aris `mdabali~ sinamdvilisgan qedmaRlurad
gamijnuli wminda azris hermetuli samflobelo; igi
adamianebisTvis WeSmaritis da mcdaris, keTilis da
borotis sazomebis mimniSnebelia, adamianis mrCeveli
da damxmarea; filosofia WirdebaT adamianebs, raTa
WeSmaritebaSi icxovron. SeiZleba filosofiis mowo-
debis aseTi gageba saTaves iRebdes erovnuli msofl-
aRqmidanac, romlis erT-erTi waxnagic am sityvebSia
warmoCenili: àra viqm, codna ras margebs filosofos-
Ta brZnobisa! miT viswavlebiT, mogveces SerTva zesT
mwyobrTa wyobisa~.
werilSi `bunebis dacvis erT ucnobi aspeqtis Sesa-
xeb~ zurab kakabaZe originalurad msjelobs safrT-
xeze, romelsac msoflio ekologiuri krizisi uqmnis
erovnul TviTmyofadobas _ eris xasiaTi da kultura
ganuyofelia misi bunebrivi garemosgan da amitom bu-
nebaze Zaladoba, bunebis Taviseburi ieris nivelireba
eris sulieri ieris nivelirebis gamaadvilebeli faq-
toria. es werili, `filosofiuri saubrebi~ da mTlia-
nad zurab kakabaZis Semoqmedeba gvkarnaxobs, rom mniS-
vnelovani erovnuli problemebis seriozuli gacnobi-
ereba SeuZlebelia adamianuri yofierebis sayovelTao
situaciis naTlad gaTvaliswinebis gareSe.
iseTi moazrovneebis wyalobiT, rogoric iyo zurab
kakabaZe, qarTuli cnobiereba axorcielebs Tavis Zvel,
garemoebebis mier dabrkolebul miswrafebas _ Rirse-
ulad monawileobdes evropis kulturul SemoqmedebaSi.
1988
317
literaturuli kerpTayvanismcemloba
mogvwons Tu ara, bedma gvarguna cxovreba Zveli

msoflmxedvelobrivi orientirebis da faseulobebis,
azrovnebis da qcevis Zveli stereotipebis radikalu-
ri gadasinjvis Tu gauqmebis epoqaSi. mkacri, mtkivne-
uli WeSmaritebebis da realobebis uxeSi gaSiSvlebis,
daundobeli gamomzeurebis droSi TvalSisacemi xdeba
literaturuli memkvidreobisadmi Cveni tradiciuli
da tipiuri damokidebulebis naklulovnebac.
unda vaRiaroT, rom arsebiTad da ZiriTadad es
damokidebuleba kerpTayvanismcemluria, aRtacebuli
da aRtacebis saganSi unaklo sidiadis mZebnelia. kerps
ritualuri mowiwebiT unda moekido, masze maRal re-
gistrSi, paTetikurad da eqstatiurad, anda mokrZale-
bul-alersiani, STagonebuli CurCuliT unda ilapara-
ko _ asea miRebuli. aRmosavlurad hiperboluri ri-
torika Tavisi aRmatebuli epiTetebiT _ `didi~, `di-
debuli~, ùkvdavi~, `genialuri~ da a.S. _ molaparakis-
Tvisac sasiamovnoa da msmenelisTvisac, radgan maTac
sidiades aziarebs, TiTqos maTac adidebs da ra SeiZ-
leba iyos ufro tkbili qarTveli adamianisTvis ...
saqarTveloSi Cveulebrivi movlenaa mcire faseu-
lobebis xelovnuri gazviadeba da namdvil faseulo-
baTa absolutizacia, gafetiSeba, ìgavmiuwvdomeli~
simaRlis kvarcxlbekze atana da dasveneba. es fetiSiz-
mi, romelic araiSviaTad farisevlobiT aris gazave-
buli, reaqciis saxiT iwvevs skeptikur ganwyobas da
gaucxoebul gulgrilobas qarTuli litraturisadmi,
gansakuTrebiT axal TaobaSi ...
kerpTayvanismcemlobis mSobeli da meurve provin-
cializmia. Tvalsawieris siviwrove, azrovnebis siRa-
ribe, lokalur-Sinauruli, SeRavaTiani kriteriumebis
danergva universaluri sazomebis nacvlad fetiSizmis
arsebobis aucilebeli pirobaa.
am fenomenis ganmtkicebaSi didia sabWouri azrov-
nebis wesis wvlili, romelic Tavisi arsiT swored pro-
vinciuli, msoflio mTlianobisgan mtrulad gamijnu-
318
li da kerpTayvanismcemluria, iseve rogorc yovelgva-
ri totalitaruli, ama Tu im ideologiis uZrav dog-
mebze damyarebuli azrovneba. amitom literaturuli
fetiSizmi ruseTSic iCens Tavs, Tumca ufro naklebad,
vidre CvenTan; amave dros literaturasTan damokide-
bulebis aradogmaturoba da Tavisufleba Seudareb-
lad metia ruseTSi, vidre saqarTveloSi.
literaturuli memkvidreobisadmi kerpTayvanis-
mcemluri damokidebuleba aferxebs qarTuli litera-
turismcodneobis da kritikis ganviTarebas, ramdena-
dac Sinaganad boWavs, Tavisuflebas uzRudavs mas,
srulfasovnad ki mxolod Tavisufali SeiZleba viTar-
debodes. warsulis literaturisadmi fetiSisturi mi-
marTeba Tanamedrove literaturasTan mimarTebasac
gadmowvdeba da Tavs moexveva. warsulis modelis mi-
xedviT kerpebis gamoqandakeba Tanamedrove mwerlebis-
ganac xdeba. xSirad TviT Tanamedrove mweralsac cno-
bierad Tu gaucnobiereblad surs, rom masac ise moe-
kidon, rogorc warsulis mweral-klasikoss, anu ro-
gorc sruliad unaklos, rogorc xelSeuxebel kerps.
ar aris saWiro imis dasabuTeba, Tu rogor vnebs yve-
laferi es literaturas.
qarTul literaturaSi aris saerTaSoriso mniSvne-
lobis mqone Rirebulebebi da kerpTayvanismcemloba
sinamdvileSi mxolod amcirebs da saeWvos xdis maT,
Tundac ucxoeli analitikosis TvalSi. ar unda iyos
gasakviri, rom Cvenma damokidebulebam, vTqvaT, `vef-
xistyaosnisadmi~ skeptikurad ganawyos igi, afiqrebi-
nos, rom patara xalxi misTvis Zvirfasi nawarmoebis
wregadasuli gandidebiT Tavs imkvidrebs TavisTavisve
Tu sxvaTa winaSe da gauZnelos am nawarmoebis namdvili
siRrmis da simaRlis aRqma. Tumca is, albaT, damalavs
amas, agvyveba xotbaSi da gvasiamovnebs, rogorc qebas
daxarbebul bavSvebs.
sakuTari literaturis apologia ver dagvexmareba
imaSi, rom ucxoelebs misdami interesi gavuRvivoT,
maT Cveni literaturuli miRwevebi davanaxoT. Tu es
gvsurs, zomiereba da obieqturoba unda gamoviCinoT
319
qarTul literaturaze msjelobisas, rac gulisxmobs
mis ganxilva-Sefasebas universaluri sazomebiT, msof-
lio literaturis tendenciebis da monapovrebis kon-
teqstSi _ ara imisTvis, rom vinmes gavejibroT, Tavi
gavutoloT an vajoboT kidec, aramed raTa Cveni lite-
raturis Taviseburebani mkafiod gaviazroT, Cveni
literaturuli faseulobebi uSeRavaTod, ramdenadac
SesaZlebelia zustad ganvsazRvroT. maSin, albaT, isi-
ni sxvebisTvisac ufro advilad aRsaqmeli gaxdeba.
kerpTayvanismcemlobis aRmofxvra aucilebelia
klasikasTan misaaxloeblad, cocxali adamianuri ur-
TierTobis dasamyareblad. kerpTan dialogs ver ga-
marTav, kerpTan erTad ver ifiqreb, ver iazrovneb, mas
SenTvis mtkivneul, Znel kiTxvebs ver dausvam, yovel
SemTxvevaSi, maTze sagulisxmo pasuxebs misgan ver
miiReb.
kerpTayvanismcemlobis uaryofa arsebiTad Zvel
faseulobaTa aqtualizebas, gadaxalisebas, maTi Cvene-
uli aRqmis avtomatizmis gadalaxvas moaswavebs da ara
klasikis damdablebas, dakninebas. namdvili faseulo-
bebisTvis is saSiSi ar aris.
SesaZlebeli da saWiroa gulwrfeli saubari aRia-
rebul qarTvel mweralTa Semoqmedebis sust mxareebze
Tu maT sust nawarmoebebze, anda mTlianobaSi Zlieri
ama Tu im nawarmoebis xarvezebze...
literaturuli kerpTayvanismcemlobis damamkvid-
rebeli isic aris, ris Sesaxebac msjelobs franc kafka
Tavis dRiurSi, roca mcire, SeWirvebuli erebis lite-
raturas exeba _ esaa nacionalur literaturaze Tu
yofierebaze mwerlis mier moxdenili gavlenis da misi
Semoqmedebis realuri Rirebulebis erTmaneTSi areva,
erTmaneTisgan gaurCevloba, romelsac Tan axlavs
gadametebuli krZalva sakuTari literaturis mimarT.
Tumca krZalva ar igrZnoba qarTvel literaturis
moyvarulTa kerZo, gulaxdil saubrebSi da kamaTSi. aq
gamoiTqmeba mwerlebis da nawarmoebebis arakanonikuri
Sefasebani, magram es Sexedulebebi, rogorc wesi, li-
teraturis Sesaxeb sajaro msjelobis miRma rCeba.
320
amgvari Tvalsazrisebi SeiZleba swori an araswori
iyos, magram isini arsebobs da maT sajarod gaumJRav-
neblobas, ganuxilvelobas yalbi ieri aqvs, ablagvebs,
amtknarebs Cvens literaturul azrovnebas. ùxerxu-
li~ TemebisTvis dumiliT gverdis avla abrkolebs
TviT WeSmariti faseulobebis mTeli sisruliT gamok-
veTas da aqtivizacias, gemovnebis daxvewas, literatu-
ris ganaxlebas.
Zneli ar aris imis gageba, rom literaturuli kerp-
Tayvanismcemloba warmoadgenda Tavisuflebadakargu-
li xalxis TavdacviT reaqcias Tavisi mZime mdgomare-
obis mimarT, mis cdas, SeenarCunebina TviTmyofadoba,
sakuTari Tavis rwmena da pativiscema, winaaRmdegoba
gaewia kolonizatorisTvis. magram, meore mxriv, igi
xels uSlida erovnuli cnobierebis da kulturis jan-
saR zrda-ganviTarebas, nergavda TviTkmayofilebas,
ampartavnobas ...
yovel SemTxvevaSi, ueWvelia, rom momavalSi igi
mxolod saziano SeiZleba iyos.
1993
321
proza poeziis qveyanaSi
is garemoeba, rom qarTuli poezia aRemateba Tavis-

Tavad sakmaod mniSvnelovan qarTul prozas, saidum-
loebas ar warmoadgens, magram amis ganmapirobebeli
mizezebi sagangebo gansjis Tema ar gamxdara. es prob-
lema ki mxolod esTetikuri TvalsazrisiT ar aris
saintereso, igi ukavSirdeba Cveni erovnuli arsebobis
da cnobierebis mniSvnelovan Taviseburebebs.
Zvel qarTul sasuliero literaturaSi poeziis da
prozis uTanabroba jer kidev ar iCens Tavs, religiuri
poezia da proza erTmaneTs RirsebiT ar Camouvardeba.
Zneli saTqmelia, rom himnografiis nimuSebi esTetiku-
ri da sulier-inteleqtualuri simaRliT Crdilavs
`SuSanikis wamebas~, àbos wamebas~ an `grigol xanZTe-
lis cxovrebas~... mxolod XII saukuneSi jabnis aSkarad
poezia prozas _ `vefxistyaosani~ Sors Camoitovebs
prozaul saraindo romans àmirandarejanians~. im epo-
qisTvis es ar aris moulodneli movlena, radgan Zvel
literaturaSi prioriteti saerTodac poezias, saleq-
so formas eniWeba. proza dasavlur literaturaSi
dawinaurebas iwyebs mogvianebiT, renesansis epoqidan
moyolebuli (bokaCo, rable, servantesi...) da eposSi
wamyvan pozicias imkvidrebs XVII-XVIII saukuneebSi,
upirvelesad romanis formiT.
saqarTveloSi igive periodi (XIV-XVIII saukuneebi)
kulturis ganviTarebisTvis sruliad arakeTilmyofe-
lia. am dros CvenTan ar arsebobs imis wanamZRvrebi,
rom literaturaSi aseTi didi cvlileba moxdes. TviT
qarTuli sazogadoebis ganviTareba Seferxebulia da
igi ar ganicdis iseT realur-praqtikul da msofl-
mxedvelobriv Zvrebs, romlebmac evropaSi prozis da-
winaurebas Seuwyo xeli: ar viTardeba mecniereba da
azrovnebis Sesabamisi, cdaze da dakvirvebaze damyare-
buli wesi; sazogadoebis ierarqiuli struqtura gaxe-
vebuli rCeba, ar xdeba socialuri cxovrebis garTu-
leba da dinamizacia, rac asazrdoebs prozas misTvis
xelsayreli TemebiT, siuJetebiT, konfliqtebiT, axa-
322
li, mkveTri tipebis da xasiaTebis mravalferovnebiT;
ar Cans Zlieri mesame wodeba, romlis intensiur saqmia-
nobas Tan axlavs qalaqebis zrda, adamianur urTierT-
kavSirTa ufro daqselili da winaaRmdegobrivi siste-
mis damkvidreba martiv soflur-patriarqalur yofas-
Tan da mkafiod, mtkiced struqturirebul feoda-
luri cxovrebis yaidasTan SedarebiT; dasavleTSi,
saqarTvelosgan gansxvavebiT, amasTanave mimdinareobs
samyaros TandaTanobiTi `gamiwiereba~, warmodgenis
Seryeva samyaroze rogorc metafizikuri ZalebiT da
principebiT mowesrigebul mTlianobaze, romelsac
ufro esatyviseba leqsi Tavisi TvalsaCino wesrigiT;
bunebrivia, CvenTan ar aRiniSneba arc aseT proceseb-
Tan dakavSirebuli yoveldRiurobis da yofiTobis,
privatuli arsebobis mniSvnelobis imgvari mateba, rom
gamoikveTos is, rasac hegeli `samyaros prozaul
mdgomareobas~ uwodebs...
ra Tqma unda, am epoqis saqarTveloSi iwereba iseTi
prozauli nawarmoebi, rogoric sulxan-saba orbelia-
nis `sibrZne sicruisaa~, magram mas ar moyolia axali
prozis uwyveti, Tanmimdevruli tradiciis formireba.
es didi dagvianebiT, XIX saukunis meore naxevarSi xdeba
_ maSin, roca nel-nela CvenSic Cndeba daaxloebiT
iseTive tendenciebi, dasavlur literaturaSi prozis
ganviTarebas niadagi rom Seuqmna.
magram Cvens literaturaSi prozis mimarT poeziis
upiratesobas obieqtur da kulturul-istoriul mi-
zezebTan erTad ganapirobebs mizezebic, romlebic
eris sulieri arsebidan warmodgeba.
leqsi rogorc metriT, ritmiT da sxva faqtorebiT
mkafiod harmonizebuli esTetikuri forma TvalSisa-
cemad amaRlebulia cxovrebaze, gamocalkevebulia
adamianis Cveulebrivi arsebobisgan. saleqso forma
xazgasmulad arapraqtikulia, arautilitarulia, Zli-
er TamaSebriv sawyiss moicavs da amkvidrebs, TamaSis
da Tavisuflebis ares gadaSlis. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
is aris sadResaswaulo, sazeimo fenomeni, romelic
moaswavebs yoveldRiurobaze, praqtikul saWiroebeb-
323
ze da sazrunavze gamarjvebas, yofiT-utilitaruli
stiqiis Zlevas. qarTul xasiaTs, romelic, rogorc
SeniSnulia, Znelad egueba uRimRamo, monotonur yo-
veldRiurobas, zrunviT damZimebul yofas da Tavisu-
fali TamaSis da dResaswaulisken miiltvis, poezia
TviTgamomJRavnebis organul saSualebad evlineba.
ufro aSkaraa is, rom poezia rogorc sfero, sadac
samyaros grZnobiTi aRqma Warbobs da adamianis Sinaga-
ni arseba upirveles yovlisa emociebad da vnebebad
gadmoiRvreba, zedmiwevniT esadageba qarTuli xasia-
Tis agznebul emociurobas, iseve rogorc musika.
qarTveli adamianis individualizmi da subieqti-
vizmi yvelaze adekvatur esTetikur gamoxatulebas
lirikaSi povebs _ lirikis arsi xom swored subieqtu-
robaa; samyaro masSi warmogvidgeba subieqtis rogorc
centris garSemo SemWidroebulad; pirovneba, `me~ li-
rikaSi aRwevs Tavisuflebis da SeuzRudveli TviT-
gamovlenis sisrules. lirikuli poezia gasaqans aZ-
levs qarTuli xasiaTis artistizms, ramdenadac pirov-
nebas SesaZleblobas aniWebs gamoZerwos Tavisi is saxe,
romelic misTvis sasurvelia, iTamaSos TavisTavi ise,
rogorc surs da moswons, laRad da mTeli sisavsiT
gamoaCinos Tavisi ganumeorebeli arseba, rac mZafr
siamovnebas ganacdevinebs.
Tu lirikuli poezia subieqturia, proza Tavisi
Sinagani aRnagobiT intersubieqturia. poezia, lirika
gaiSleba individuumis sivrceSi, proza _ socialur
sivrceSi. lirikuli poezia, cxadia, adamianis sulieri
cxovrebis siRrmis da simdidris ufaqizesi aRmbeWdve-
lia, magram adamianis bunebis da arsebobis araerTi
aspeqti SeiZleba TvalnaTliv gamovlindes mxolod
adamianebis urTierTobaSi, adamianebis mravalgvar ur-
TierTqmedebaSi, romelic, bunebrivia, prozisTvis uf-
ro misawvdomia. adamianTa erToblivi, sazogadoebrivi
cxovrebis raoba, misi Sinagani kavSirebi da kanonzo-
mierebebi, misi winaaRmdegobebi, problemebi da koli-
ziebi upiratesad prozis mxatvruli kvlevis sagania.
TviT es sagani Tavisi arsiT moiTxovs misdami aqtiur
324
SemecnebiT mimarTebas, azris daZabul muSaobas, prob-
lemur TvalTaxedvas... sityvieri xelovnebis Semecne-
biTi, analitikuri buneba, albaT, mainc ufro mkveTrad
vlindeba epikaSi, romelic bolo saukuneebis manZilze
metwilad prozis formiT arsebobs, vidre lirikaSi.
srulfasovani prozis fundamentia adamianis da
sazogadoebis Sesaxeb Zireuli simarTlis mikvlevis da
gagebis neba. amis Sedegad igi warmogvidgeba rogorc
sazogadoebis, eris mxatvruli TviTSemecnebis da
TviTgagebis yvelaze tevadi da nayofieri forma, yve-
laze utyuari, efeqtiani saSualeba. amitom bunebrivia,
rom iq, sadac WeSmariti sazogadoebrivi da erovnuli
TviTSemecnebis moTxovnileba gamoukveTelia, moumwi-
febelia, sadac amgvari TviTSemecnebis cdebs gaRizia-
nebiT xvdebian, prozis ganviTarebisTvis xelSemwyobi
atmosfero ar aris. damaxasiaTebelia am mxriv, rogor
uxdeba ilia WavWavaZes `kacia-adamianis?!~ mkiTxvelis
darwmuneba imaSi, rom simarTlis Secnoba aucilebelia...
Tu sazogadoebas, ers jiutad ar surs sakuTar
Tavze iluzoruli da Seferadebuli warmodgenebis
daTmoba, ar surs Tavisi namdvili saxis xilva, es gav-
lenas axdens Semoqmedis mxatvrul cnobierebazec, bo-
Wavs, zRvars daudebs mas. is, rac qarTul prozaSi Ri-
rebulia, mniSvnelovanwilad am zRvaris Zneli garRve-
vis rezultatia. qarTveli adamianis da sazogadoebis
Tavisufal, SeuzRudvel mxatvrul xedvas win rom ara-
feri eRobebodes, Cvens prozaSi maRali faseulobebi,
vfiqrobT, meti iqneboda.
SemCneulia, rom Tavisuflebis uqonloba xels uS-
lis xalxs Tavisi Tavis WeSmarit danaxvaSi. TviTSenar-
Cunebis instinqti Tavisuflebas moklebul ers karna-
xobs Tavdacvis martiv da arcTu saukeTeso saSualebas
_ iqmnides, Wvretdes da sxvasac uCvenebdes Tavis ide-
alizebul xats, xolo borotebas da mankierebas upi-
ratesad misdami dapirispirebul ZalaSi, saerTod uc-
xoSi xedavdes.
Tu davukvirdebiT, qarTuli prozis yvelaze nega-
tiuri personaJebi xSirad araqarTvelebi arian: mixeil
325
javaxiSvilis jayo, rasputini, yaSa; grigol robaqiZis
berzini; konstantine gamsaxurdias arzayani da farsman
sparsi (es ukanaskneli warmoSobiT Tumca qarTvelia,
magram denacionalizebulia); leo qiaCelis kuzma kil-
ga... rasakvirvelia, es ar niSnavs, rom qarTveli mwer-
lebi ucxoTa siZulviliT arian Sepyrobili, maTve Seq-
mnili aqvT araqarTvelTa simpaTiuri saxeebi. es migva-
niSnebs imaze, rom isini eridebian Zlieri, didi boro-
tebis danaxvas qarTvel adamianSi, amjobineben igi ara-
qarTvelSi aRmoaCinon; es migvaniSnebs im Znelad gada-
salaxav zRudeze, romelic TviT niWier mweralTa cno-
bierebaSi arsebobs da romelsac isini awydebian qarT-
veli adamianis gamosaxvisas. aq naxsenebi yvela perso-
naJi sainteresoa, Sinaganad savse da mxatvrulad mar-
Talia swored imis wyalobiT, rom maTSi adamianis
buneba, romelSic SeiZleba boroteba mZlavrobdes,
yovelgvari SezRudvis gareSea gamokveTili.
prozis xelovneba Zvirfasia rogorc adamianis ar-
sebis da arsebobis mTeli winaaRmdegobrivi mravalgva-
robis damnaxveli da xorcSemsxmeli unikaluri xe-
lovneba. adamianis arseba da arseboba ki sikeTes da
borotebas Soris aris ganfenili, sikeTis da borote-
bis dialeqtikuri mTlianobaa. adamianisadmi amouwu-
ravi da Seunelebeli interesi, adamianis fenomenisadmi
daJinebuli yuradReba, romelic prozis siZlieris pi-
robaa, aRiZvreba swored imis gancdiT Tu SegnebiT,
rom adamiani aris sikeTis da borotebis dausrulebe-
li brZola mudam winaswarganuWvreteli da cvalebadi
SedegiT.
adamianze warmodgena, romelsac qarTuli erovnu-
li msoflxedva moicavs, upirveles yovlisa `vefxis-
tyaosanSia~ kristalizebuli. rusTavelis poemaSi ada-
miani amaRlebulia, keTilSobili, sxvadasxva Rirsebe-
biT Semkuli... poemis gmirebSi adamianis bunebis mra-
valferovneba uxvad aris gamomzeurebuli da Rrmad
ixateba maT SinasamyaroSi moqmedi negatiuri Zalebic
_ midrekileba amamRvreveli iracionaluri impulse-
bis da afeqtebis ayolisken, sasowarkveTili pasiuro-
326
bisken, gadametebuli siamaye, zogjer daundoblobac...
magram es Zalebi isea Sezrdili maTsave Seudareblad
ufro did RirsebebTan, rom isini am gmirebis saxeebs
momxibvlelobas ar akleben; maT avtori moralistis
TvalTaxedviT ar afasebs. poemaSi borotebis saTave
Cveulebrivi adamianuri samyaros miRmaa gadatanili.
borotebis arasubstanciurobis rusTaveliseuli kon-
cefcia gulisxmobs imasac, rom borotebas ara aqvs
substanciuri sayrdeni TviT adamianSi.
rusTavelis adreulrenesansuli optimisturi
msoflmxedvelobisgan ganuyofeli adamianis keTili
arsis rwmena da ndoba adamianisadmi, romlisTvisac bu-
nebrivia iyos amaRlebuli da keTilSobili, tradici-
uli qarTuli nacionaluri msoflgagebis niSnad ikve-
Teba da Rrma gavlenas axdens qarTul mxatvrul
cnobierebaze.
adamianis Sesaxeb amgvari, poeturad naTeli da ndo-
biT gamsWvaluli warmodgenis aSkara Tu faruli ze-
moqmedeba, erTi mxriv, qarTuli kulturis humanistur
gezs ganamtkicebs; magram, meore mxriv, es zemoqmedeba,
rogorc Cans, ganapirobebs imas, rom CvenSi SedarebiT
naklebi Zalisaa midrekileba adamianis fenomenis daZa-
buli esTetikuri Wvretisken, eWvnarevi, CaZiebuli ana-
lizisken da adamianis bunebis sirTulis da winaaRmde-
gobriobis, masSi boroti sawyisis sakmaod didi wilis
srulad gamomJRavnebisken. prozis WeSmariti faseu-
lobis upirvelesi maCvenebeli ki swored adamianis fa-
rTo da mravalmniSvnelovani mxatvruli koncefciaa...
SesaZloa, yvelaze dramatuli sulieri procesi,
romelic dRevandel saqarTveloSi mimdinareobs, aris
tradiciul-optimisturi Tvalsazrisis rRveva adami-
anze saerTod da qarTvel adamianze kerZod. axla es
Tvalsazrisi ufro kritikuli da mkacri SexedulebiT
icvleba. savaraudoa, rom qarTuli mxatvruli azrov-
nebac ufro `prozauli~ gaxdeba...
1992
327
individualizmi Tu egoizmi
SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom qristianobaSi qarTvele-

bisTvis gansakuTrebiT maxlobeli da mimzidveli aR-
moCnda misi erT-erTi Rrma Tavisebureba _ individu-
umis TavisTavadi faseulobis ganmtkiceba. qristianu-
li TvalsazrisiT, yoveli calkeuli adamiani samyaros
Semoqmedi RvTaebrivi pirovnebis partniori da msof-
lio sulieri dramis srulfasovani, aucilebeli mona-
wilea; TviTeuli kaci RmerTis siyvarulis da mzrunve-
lobis adresatia, amasTanave mas Tavisufleba aqvs mini-
Webuli da absoluturi pasuxismgebloba ekisreba. es
individis TviTSegrZnebas, TviTcnobierebas aRvivebs
da amaxvilebs.
qristianobis SemweobiT ixveweba qarTuli indivi-
dualizmi, romlis srulyofil arss da iers `vefxis-
tyaosanSi~ vpovebT. aq individualizmi gamovlenilia
rogorc pirovnebis umaRlesi faseulobis, Rirsebis da
daniSnulebis TviTSegneba da amave dros mis mier sxva
pirovnebis aseTive rangis sruli aRiareba. rusTave-
lis gmirebis individualizmi araTu uaryofs sxvaTa
nebas, uflebebs, interesebs, aramed swored sxvebTan
Tanxmierebis ZiebiT amagrebs TavisTavs. igi esadageba
RmerTis pirovnul bunebas da mis mier individualiza-
ciis principiT Seqmnil samyaros (`gvaqvs uTvalavi fe-
riTa~), adamianis keTilSobilur mowodebas da sazoga-
doebis uzenaes interesebs.
Tu qristianobis wiaRSi momwifebuli da renesansis
mier mZlavrad damkvidrebuli individualizmis safuZ-
velze dasavlur samyaroSi, saboloo angariSiT, Tavi-
sufali socialur-politikuri sistema warmoiSva, sa-
qarTvelos Semdgomi cxovreba am geziT veRar wari-
marTa. mZime istoriulma pirobebma individualizmis
Tanmdevi cdunebebi, romlebic ramdenadme `vefxis-
328
tyaosanSic~ mJRavndeba, ukiduresad gaamZafra, misi
damdablebis, gadagvarebis safrTxe maqsimalurad gaa-
nivTa. pirvel rigSi, albaT, imitom, rom `mes~ Zlieri
SegrZneba da cnobiereba moicavs am `mes~ SenarCunebis,
gadarCenis aseTsave Zlier moTxovnilebas, romelsac
dramatuli garemoebebi, ganadgurebis saSiSroeba me-
tad amwvavebs da ubiZgebs ganxorcieldes sxva adamian-
Ta xarjze.
amgvarad gadaZala individualizmi misive codviT-
dacemis nayofma _ mZafrma egoizmma, piradi TviTSena-
rCunebis da TviTdamkvidrebisken wregadasulma swra-
fvam da sxva adamianebis Rirsebis da interesTa ugule-
belyofam. gabatonda individualizmis mkveTrad gamo-
xatul egoizmad gadagvarebis tendencia.
gansakuTrebiT Znelad SesazRudavi gaxda es ten-
dencia saqarTvelos ruseTis imperiaSi moqcevis Sem-
deg. damoukidebel saxelmwifoSi egoizmis Zalas erT-
gvarad mainc anelebda imis Segneba, rom TavkerZoba
mavnea qveynisTvis. xolo qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis
gauqmebam egoizms xel-fexi kidev ufro gauxsna igi
ise miutevebeli aRar Canda, radgan qveynis bedi ukve
gadawyvetili iyo.
Semdeg, komunisturi diqtaturis dros, TviTSenar-
Cunebis instinqtis gaxelebam da amasTanave karieris
keTebis, aRzevebis arnaxulad moZalebulma sacdurma
qarTuli xasiaTis deformireba saSineli siswrafiT da
ZaliT gaagrZela. damaxinjebuli individualizmis
`ganviTarebas~ didad Seewyo xeli, radgan diqtatura
aris aRzevebulTa dakanonebuli TavmoTneoba, TviTne-
boba, maT mier zneobrivi da samarTlebrivi principe-
bis ukugdeba, anu samyarosTan egocentruli mimarTe-
bis gamefeba. diqtatori da isini, visac igi Zalauf-
lebas metnaklebad uwiladebs, masas warmatebulobis
etalonebad warmoudgebian, ese igi, arsebiTad momxib-
lavi da sanimuSoa gamarjvebuli egocentrizmi...
saqarTvelos aRorZineba egoizmis individualiz-
mad gardaqmnis tolfasia. es gulisxmobs pirovnebis
Rirsebis grZnobis gamococxlebas, romelic sxvisi
329
Rirsebis aRiarebiT afuZnebs da aZlierebs TavisTavs;
anu gulisxmobs tradiciuli qarTuli moraluri cno-
bierebis Camomyalibebeli mTavari Zalis _ Tavmoyva-
reobis gaRviZebas, romelic adamianis arazneobrivi im-
pulsebis Semakavebelia da mis energias konstruqciu-
li saqmianobisken mimarTavs, amiT ki Tavisuflebas
nergavs da icavs.
1990
330
qarTuli orsaxovneba
erovnul Temaze msjelobis srul da gabedul gu-

laxdilobas, romliTac gamoirCeva nikolo miwiSvilis
`fiqrebi saqarTveloze~, Cven mxolod axla veCveviT. es
gulaxdiloba, werilis avtoris wrfeli tkivili dasa-
fasebelia, imis miuxedavad, gaviziarebT mis mosazre-
bebs Tu ara.
nikolo miwiSvilis TvalTaxedva upirispirdeba
erovnuli TviTaRqmis narcisul stils da amiT aris
saintereso da STambeWdavi. sxva sakiTxia, ramdenad sa-
fuZvliania misi pozicia.
iseve rogorc axlandel nihilistur ganwyobile-
bebs, nikolo miwiSvilis nihilizms iwvevs mouzomavi
pretenziebis, iluziebis gaqarwyleba. erovnuli nihi-
lizmi iluziebis sinamdvilesTan Seusabamobis gacno-
bierebas mosdevs. iluziebi rom ar yofiliyo, arc
nihilizmi iqneboda.
nikolo miwiSvili imis gamo wuxs, rom arsebobs qar-
Tul kulturaze Zlieri kulturebi. magram bunebri-
via, rom mcirericxovani, TiTqmis mudmivad gansacdel-
Si myofi xalxis kultura Camouvardebodes didi da
mZlavri saxelmwifoebis kulturas. davjerdeT imas,
rom Cvens kulturul faseulobaTa nawili saerTaSo-
riso mniSvnelobis mqonea.
`fiqrebSi~ laparakia `qarTuli ideis~ bundovanebis
Tu ararsebobis Sesaxeb, magram qarTul kulturaSi
ganfenili samyaros suraTis da faseulobaTa wyobis
originaluri ieri mkafioa. xolo Tu is gvinda, rom
msoflios kulturul cxovrebaSi didi qveynebis ro-
lis tolfasi roli mogvekuTvnos, es gadaWarbebuli
pretenziulobaa. cxadia, realobasTan misi SeuTavseb-
loba ar niSnavs, rom qarTul kulturas ara aqvs Tavisi
gamorCeuli saxe. rogorc vxedavT, nihilizms daukma-
yofilebeli erovnuli ambiciuroba, Tamaz natroSvi-
lis TqmiT, èrovnuli gandidebis mania~ warmoSobs.
Cveni metismeti pretenziuloba ar aris auxsneli _
upirveles yovlisa mas kvebavs meTormete saukunis
331
saqarTvelos xsovna, romelic imdroindeli msoflios
erT-erT dawinaurebul saxelmwifos warmoadgenda. mi-
si ganviTareba tragikulad rom ar CaxSobiliyo, SeiZ-
leba did qveynebTan gatolebis Cvens Jins niadagi mar-
Tlac aRmoCenoda. amitom dagvrCa gamouyenebeli, ara-
realizebuli potenciis tkiviliani SegrZneba, romel-
sac aqarvebda iluzia, rom òqros xanis~ saqarTvelo
erTi xelis gawvdenazea. axla gvixdeba imis aRiareba,
rom mas Zalian varT daSorebuli da es mwarea. dacemis
siRrme im simaRliT ganizomeba, romelzec pretenzias
vacxadebdiT. wamxdari raindi trivialur naZiralaze
uaresad gamoiyureba, radgan misi waxdenis sazomi rain-
duli kodeqsia.
`qarTuli idea~, romlis gamoukveTelobazec niko-
lo miwiSvili saubrobs, yovel SemTxvevaSi, misi erT-
erT mTavari waxnagi, albaT, adamianTa Rrma, fundamen-
turi axloblobis da naTesaobis rwmenaa. am intuitur
grZnobas da misgan aRmocenebul naTlad gaazrebul
ideals, gansakuTrebuli STagonebiT gamoTqmuls rus-
Tavelis da vaJa-fSavelas poetur enaze, qarTul
cnobierebaSi da yofaSi warmmarTveli mniSvneloba
ekisreba: kultis rangSia ayvanili adamianuri urTier-
Tobebis, Tanacxovrebis Tbili simWidrove, adamianebis
axlobluri keTilmosurneoba erTmaneTisadmi, urTi-
erTdaxmareba da urTierTgatana... qarTveli adamianis-
Tvis tradiciulad Seudarebeli faseuloba da mimzid-
veloba aqvs arsebobis aseT wess, axloblobis eToss.
maSinac ki, roca misi namdvili Sinaarsi aorTqlebulia
da igi iluzorul-farisevlur xasiaTs iZens, axlob-
lobis eTosi mainc ZalaSia _ TviT farisevluri moC-
venebiTobac misi maiZulebeli zemoqmedebis gamovlenaa.
rogorc amboben, Cveni nakli Cvenive Rirsebebis gag-
rZelebaa. da, SesaZloa, paradoqsuli qarTuli orsa-
xovneba iqidanac warmodgebodes, rom axloblobis su-
li, atmosfero badebs adamianTa Tanabrobis mwvave
moTxovnilebas da biZgs aZlevs metoqeobis Jins, es ki
saTaved edeba yvelanairi saSualebiT TviTdamkvidre-
bisken swrafvas, egoistur individualizms.
332
xolo igi Tumca privatul arsebobasac amRvrevs,
gacilebiT ufro Seukavebelia socialur da saxelmwi-
foebriv yofaSi, radgan swored aq mimdinareobs egois-
tur ltolvaTa gansakuTrebuli ZaliT aRmZvreli
procesi _ Zalauflebis, pativis, simdidris ganawileba.
ganyenebulad Tu vimsjelebT, TviTdamkvidrebisken
swrafva, individualizmi dasavleTTan unda gvaaxlo-
ebdes. magram dasavluri individualizmi erwymis ra-
cionalizms, romelic zRudavs TviTnebobas da egois-
tur instinqtebs, awesrigebs socialur yofierebas,
aadvilebs kanonis morCilebas, radgan kanoni swored
racios warmonaqmnia, obieqtivirebuli gonebaa. Cveni
individualizmi ki gadajaWvulia aRmosavlurad Warb
mgrZnobelobasTan; Cvens TviTnebobas goniereba da,
Sesabamisad, kanonmorCileba ar lagmavs, igi arc vne-
bebis duRils acxrobs.
Tavis droze qarTul msoflgagebaSic daisaxa indi-
vidualizmis da racionalizmis mTlianoba, magram misi
sinamdvileSi damkvidreba veRar moxerxda. `vefxistya-
osani~ individuumis piradi bednierebis principTan
erTad gonebis, racionaluri da mizanmimarTuli qme-
debis upiratesobas afuZnebs ukontrolo vnebaTRel-
vis da afeqtebis moZalebis mimarT, romelic arsebiTi
sasicocxlo miznebis miRwevas SeuZlebels xdis da pa-
siurobiT da fatalizmiT sruldeba; anu am wignSi da-
savleTi Zlevs aRmosavleTs. realobaSi Semdgom piri-
qiT moxda...
gvinda gamovexmauroT `fiqrebTan~ dakavSirebiT
givi maRularias mier gamoTqmul azrs eris kulturu-
li aRzrdis aucileblobis Sesaxeb. kulturis da ga-
naTlebis tvirTia qarTuli cnobierebis ganaxleba da
Tanamedrove samyarosTan misadageba. kulturam unda
SeaZlebinos ers, iseve rogorc pirovnebas, sakuTari
arsebis floba da daxvewa, misi pozitiuri mxareebis
gaZliereba da uaryofiTi Zalebis metnaklebad damor-
Cileba, sublimireba. kultura gakeTilSobilebuli,
gafaqizebuli bunebaa da es eris Sinagan bunebasac exeba.
4
1994
333
Tavmomwoneobis bangi
saqarTvelos Tanamedrove tragedias aqvs aramarto

socialur-politikuri, aramed ufro Rrma mizezebic,
romlebic sulieri arsebobis sferoSia saZiebeli. sa-
erTodac sarwmuno Cans Tvalsazrisi, rom politika
sazogadoebis sulieri cxovrebis siRrmeSi mimdinare
procesis ukufenaa sinamdvilis zedapirze.
imis erT-erT mTavar ganmapirobebel faqtorad,
rac axla saqarTveloSi xdeba, mogvevlina Cveni ara-
adekvaturi warmodgena sakuTar Tavze, araWeSmariti
erovnuli TviTgageba da TviTSefaseba. es ufro Tval-
saCino iqneba, Tuki gaviazrebT, rom adekvaturi war-
modgena Tavis raobaze, midrekilebebze da SesaZleb-
lobebze xels uwyobs eris, iseve rogorc pirovnebis,
zrdas, namdvil TviTdamkvidrebas, mis mier realis-
turi miznebis gamokveTas da nayofier aqtivobas am
miznebis misaRwevad. Sesabamisad, sakuTari Tavis ara-
swori gageba da Sefaseba, pretenziebis da SesaZleblo-
bebis uTanadoba iwvevs pirovnebis Tu eris Sinagani
zrdis Seferxebas, dezorientirebas, xelismocarvas.
is komikur, tragikomikur an, roca realobasTan konf-
liqti gansakuTrebiT Rrmaa, tragikul xvedrs umza-
debs pirovnebasac da ersac.
sainteresoa, Tu rodis da rogor Camouyalibda
qarTvel xalxs TavisTavze idealizebuli Sexeduleba,
rogor aRmocenda mis TviTcnobierebaSi sakuTari si-
diadis da aRmatebulobis grZnoba, erTgvari `srulfa-
sovnebis kompleqsi~, romelic sinamdvilesTan SeuTav-
sebeli aRmoCnda.
Tumca SeiZleba gveCvenebodes, rom sakuTari Tavi-
sadmi aRtacebuli damokidebuleba mudam mZlavrobda,
magram adre saqarTvelo ukeTesad, ufro realisturad
acnobierebda Tavis arsebas. adreul qarTul kul-
turaSi erovnuli TviTtkbobis gamovlinebebi TiTqmis
ar SeiniSneba (ioane zosimes `qebai da didebai qarTu-
lisa enisai~ Tavisi suliskveTebiT saerTo ganwyobis
anarekli ar Cans). Tu XII saukuneSi Tavs iCens aRfrTo-
334
vaneba saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi Zlierebis gamo,
saqarTvelos sidiadis gancda, amas obieqturi safuZ-
veli hqonda. momdevno saukuneebSi ki saqarTvelos da
qarTvelebis gandidebis anabeWdebi ar SeimCneva, rac
agreTev bunebrivia. amisgan mTlianad dazRveulia ise-
Ti mwerlebis Semoqmedeba, rogorebic sulxan-saba or-
beliani da daviT guramiSvili arian. maTi mimarTeba naci-
onaluri sinamdvilisadmi Zalian Sorsaa Tavmomwoneobis-
gan, metad fxizeli da kritikulia. qarTuli sinamdvilis
`mopirkeTebis~ cdas verc baraTaSvilis poeziaSi vpo-
vebT, xolo Tavis pirad werilebSi igi sakmaod mware
SeniSvnebs gamoTqvams am sinamdvilis mimarT. mis Semoq-
medebaSi warsulis idealizaciis wilic umniSvneloa,
rac miTufro TvalSisacemia, rom romantikosebs saer-
Tod gamoarCevT warsulis amaRlebulad warmosaxva.
CvenTanac erovnuli istoriis idealizeba roman-
tizmSi iqna wamowyebuli. grigol orbelianis `sadReg-
rZeloSi~ saqarTvelos warsuli da aramarto warsuli
cxovreba gmirobis da siqvelis brwyinvale aRlumad
aris warmodegnili, romelSic araviTar borotebas di-
sonansi ar Seaqvs. ufro Rrma TvalTaxedva msWvalavs
leqss `Tamar mefis saxe beTaniis eklesiaSi~, sadac war-
sulis simaRliT ganizomeba da SeZrwunebiT ganicdeba
awmyos dakninebuloba. aseTi Sepirispireba SenarCune-
bulia ilia WavWavaZis, akaki wereTlis, vaJa-fSavelas
xedvaSi: isini Zalian kritikulad uyureben da afaseben
Tavis Tanadroul qarTul sazogadoebas, magram warsu-
lidan gamoarCeven heroikuls da amaRlebuls (`mefe
dimitri Tavdadebuli~, `Tornike erisTavi~, `baxtri-
oni~...). maTTvis warsulis calmxrivi, heroizebul-ide-
alizebuli warmoCena ubadruki Tanamedroveobis mxi-
lebis saSualebaa.
TviTgandidebis da narcisizmis fenomeni qarTul
erovnul TviTcnobierebaSi Camoyalibebul saxes iZens
da batondeba mxolod meoce saukuneSi, romlis damde-
gidan sistematizebuli xasiaTi eZleva qarTuli samya-
ros zeawevis da monumentalizaciis literaturul-
saazrovno tendencias. misi nebiT qarTul sinamdviles
335
masStabi da brwyinvaleba aqvs momatebuli, rasac xels
uwyobs konkretul-empiriuli realobis Seviwroeba da
gamkrTaleba miTiur-legenduri warmosaxvis mier.
es tendencia, XIX saukunis tradiciisgan gansxvave-
biT, saqarTvelos da qarTvelebs saxavs ara rogorc
Soreul warsulSi did qveyanas da xalxs, romelmac
Semdeg daqveiTeba ganicada, aramed rogorc axlac ar-
sebiTad dids. misTvis saqarTvelos, qarTvelobis arsi
raRac metafizikuria da igi, Tundac gareSe mizezebis
gamo mTeli sisruliT ver vlindebodes an TviTonve
raRac naklic axldes, mainc naklis CaTvliT yovel-
Tvis diadi, cxovelmyofeli da mZlavria.
am arsis metafizikuri amaRlebuloba enobrivad
gamoixateba Tanamedrove metyvelebisgan sagangebo da-
SorebiT, sityvisTvis arqaul-zeaweuli elferis mice-
miT. iqmneba pretenziuli stili, romlis Sesaferisia
literaturuli gmiric...
TviTgandidebis tendenciam daZlia qarTuli sinam-
dvilis realisturad uiluzio literaturuli warmo-
saxva _ ilia WavWavaZis, daviT kldiaSvilis, mixeil
javaxiSvilis esTetikur-zneobrivi poziciis sayrdeni
principi da didi zegavlena moaxdina meoce saukunis
qarTuli masobrivi cnobierebis formirebaze.
ase imitomac moxda, rom komunisturi ideologi-
zebuli diqtatura Znelad iTmenda erovnuli xasiaTis,
cnobierebisken mimarTul cocxal da kritikul azr-
sac. igi miuRebeli iyo sabWoTa reJimisTvis, romelic
aramarto Trgunavda, aramed epirfereboda kidec sab-
WoTa kavSiris xalxebs _ am xerxiTac imorCilebda maT.
eri, romlis pativmoyvareobac dakmayofilebulia, nak-
lebad ufiqrdeba Tavis arsebobas, naklebad svams mwva-
ve kiTxvebs da amdenad ufro uwyinari da ioli samarTavia.
magram saqarTveloSi erovnuli Tavmomwoneobis da
TviTgandidebis mTavar, yvelaze Zlier gamRviveblad
mainc stalinis fenomeni mogvevlina: sabediswero mniS-
vneloba hqonda am pirovnebis qarTvelobas. stalinis
kultis pirobebSi saqarTvelos istoriis, saerTod
qarTuli samyaros zeaweva da gandideba am kultis,
336
stalinis gandidebis Tanxmieri iyo. es ori faqtori
erTmaneTs aZlierebda da erTi mimarTulebiT moqme-
debda, ajadoebda qarTul masobriv cnobierebas ilu-
ziiT, rom saqarTvelos sidiade aRorZinda da ganxor-
cielda stalinis grandiozul figuraSi. istoriuli
romanebis gmirebi, qarTveli mefeebi stalinis arqeti-
pebad da winamorbedad warmodgebodnen; Cveni Tval-
saCino poetebi amirans adarebdnen stalins an, vTqvaT,
acxadebdnen, rom misi suli Tamar mefis sulidan aRen-
To da misi akvanic Tamaris xeliT dairwa. saqarTvelos
diadi warsulis da awmyos uwyvetoba stalinSi gansaxi-
erda: òri saxeli erTmaneTs erwymis, didi stalini da
didi SoTa~. TviT stalinsac Wirdeboda qarTuli sam-
yaros gandideba sakuTari sidiadis rogorc kanonzo-
mieri movlenis warmosaCenad (amitom Catarda misi kur-
TxeviT rusTavelis da ilias iubileebi, qarTuli kul-
turis dekada moskovSi...).
stalini qarTvelTa gamorCeulobis da aRmatebu-
lobis Seuval argumentad iqca, amis gamo aRmoCnda misi
kulti CvenSi ase gamZle. qarTulma Tavmomwoneobam
swored stalinis mmarTvelobis periodSi da stalinis
figuris zegavleniT miiRo saboloo saxe da kanoniku-
ri statusi.
samarTlianoba moiTxovs iTqvas, rom sabWoTa reJi-
mis pirobebSi qarTuli samyaros gandideba nacionalu-
ri TviTmyofadobis da Rirsebis dacvis saSualebad
isaxeboda, magram arsebiTad TviTgandidebis fenomeni
amrudebda patriotizms. xelisuflebisTvis ki erov-
nul TviTgandidebas da TviTtkbobas safrTxe aras-
dros Seuqmnia. TviTgandideba sinamdvileSi erovnuli
umweobis safarvelia da mas xelisufleba aramarto
iwynarebda, aramed iyenebda kidec. misTvis saSiSi iqne-
boda Tvalaxelili, kritikuli patriotizmi, xolo
TviTgandidebaSi imaleboda safrTxe CvenTvis da ara
sabWoTa reJimisTvis.
poststalinuri epoqis qarTul kulturaSi Seadre-
biT gaZlierda nacionaluri sinamdvilisadmi realis-
tur-kritikuli damokidebuleba _ literaturaSi, Te-
337
atrSi, kinoSi ... magram es sakmarisi ar aRmoCnda masob-
riv cnobierebaSi ukve myarad CabeWdili araadekvatu-
ri erovnuli avtoportretis Sesasworeblad. sabWoTa
kavSiris daSlis process TavmomwoneobiT dabanguli
saqarTvelo ise Sexvda, rom ar icnobda Tavis WeSmarit
raobas, SesaZleblobebs _ zneobrivs, inteleqtua-
lurs, materialurs. amitom ifeTqa Jinma, saqarTvelo
yofiliyo sabWoTa kavSiris damSlel ZalTa avangardi,
rasac lamis TviT saqarTvelos daSla moyves ... xalxs
ganumtkicebdnen da uRrmavebdnen misi sidiadis sasia-
movno iluzias, macdur iluzias, rom misTvis nebismi-
eri siZnele iolad gadasalaxia. da realobamac saSine-
li SurisZieba ar daayovna.
realoba ki is aris, rom romantikuli qarTveli ra-
indis stereotipuli xatis zedapiris qveS Tavi Seafara
amayma ukulturobam da umaqnisobam, dagrovda avadm-
yofuri egoizmis feTqebadi nivTiereba, qvena impuls-
Ta damangreveli energia. da Tumca axlac, rogorc yo-
velTvis saqarTvelos istoriaSi, mJRavndeba keTilSo-
bilebis da TviT gmirobis magaliTebic, eris da qveynis
mTlian sulier-zneobriv saxes, cxadia, es ar ayalibebs.
magram saqarTvelos axlandeli gansacdeli, SesaZ-
loa, ar gamodges amao tanjva, Tu igi gaaRviZebs sam-
yaros da samyaroSi sakuTari Tavis marTlad xedvis da
TviTsrulyofis myar moTxovnilebas _ pirovnebis,
sazogadoebis, eris ganviTareba mxolod WeSmariti
TviTSemecnebis safuZvelzea SesaZlebeli.
swored TviTsrulyofis da ara primitiuli, Sina-
ganad carieli TviTtkbobis stimulatori unda iyos
saqarTvelos istoriaSi dadasturebuli nacionaluri
energiis Zlieri gamovlinebebi, qarTuli kulturis
STambeWdavi monapovrebi. ra Tqma unda, TviTsrulyo-
fa, Rirsebis aRdgena da progresi Zneli misaRwevia. Se-
udareblad ufro advilia deklamaciur da amdenad
unayofo TviTgvemas movyveT, erovnul nihilizms dav-
nebdeT, romelsac sakuTar Tavze Seferadebuli da
gadaWarbebuli warmodgenis msxvreva warmoSobs.
1993
338
myari saxelmwifos gareSe
dRevandeli qarTvelebi, iseve rogorc sxva xalxe-

bi, TavisTavSi, Tavis cnobierebaSi da socialuri cxov-
rebis wesSi atareben sakuTar istorias. CvenSi gacxade-
bulia Cveni istoria, Cvens arsebaSi SenivTebulia Cveni
istoriuli biografia.
xSirad gveCveneba (ufro sworad, gveCveneboda), rom
axlandeli qarTvelebi pirdapir meTormete saukuni-
dan movdivarT, am epoqasTan uSualod varT dakavSire-
buli. sinamdvileSi qarTuli nacionaluri xasiaTi, ro-
goric igi dRes warmogvidgeba, ZiriTadad swored me-
Tormete saukunis Semdeg, ukanaskneli xuTi-eqvsi sau-
kunis manZilzea formirebuli. ra ganasxvavebs am peri-
ods wina periodisgan, roca saqarTvelom Zlierebas,
keTildReobas, kulturul aRmavlobas miaRwia? es gan-
sxvaveba TiTqos TavisTavad cxadia, yvelasTvis aSkaraa
_ mecamete saukunidan moyolebuli qveyana TiTqmis
ganuwyvetliv ganicdida sastik agresias, iyo dapyro-
bebi, ngreva...
ra Tqma unda, es tragediaa, magram Cven ar vacnobie-
rebT, rom aranakleb tragikuli da sabediswero iyo is,
rac agresias Sedegad mosdevda _ saxelmwifoebrivi
struqturis, wesrigis dasusteba da moryeva, anarqiu-
li stiqiis mZlavroba. meTormete saukunis mere qarT-
veli xalxi cxovrobda myife, ngrevadi saxelmwifoeb-
riobis pirobebSi, TiTqmis mudmivi areulobis, kanoni-
erebis rRvevis viTarebaSi, anda, bolo or saukuneze
Tu vilaparakebT, ucxo saxelmwifos farglebSi, rac
aseve ar aRvivebda saxelmwifoebrivi wesrigisadmi da
kanonisadmi pativiscemas (miTumetes, rom TviT es sa-
xelmwifoc ar gamoirCeoda kanonierebis pativiscemiT).
Cvenma uaxloesma istoriam ufro Soreuli isto-
riis mkveTrad danaxvis, adekvaturi gagebis SesaZleb-
loba mogvca. Tu warmovidgenT da gaviazrebT, rom sa-
qarTvelo aswleulebis manZilze cxovrobda ise, ro-
gorc Cven vcxovrobT ukanasknel xanebSi, _ saxelm-
wifo wesrigis gareSe, omebis, anarqiis, ganukiTxaobis
339
viTarebaSi _ aRar gagvakvirvebs, rom axla ase gviWirs
saxelmwifos organizeba, rom ase sustia Cveni saxelm-
wifoebrivi Segneba, kultura.
myari, mowesrigebuli saxelmwifoebriobis gareSe
ver viTardeba, daqveiTebas ganicdis ganaTleba da
kultura rogorc sistema da mxolod xandaxan, stiqiu-
rad, arakanonzomierad Tu xdeba inteleqtualur-Se-
moqmedebiTi energiis gamosxiveba. amitom meToTxmete-
meTvramete saukuneebSi TiTqmis ar Seqmnila maSindeli
qarTuli cxovrebis marTlad gamomsaxveli, esTetiku-
rad Rirebuli mxatvruli nawarmoebebi, Torem ufro
gagviadvildeboda dagvenaxa, rom qarTuli nacionalu-
ri xasiaTis Camomyalibebeli upiratesad swored es
epoqaa da Cven yvelaze metad misi memkvidreebi varT.
erTaderTi imdroindeli literaturuli nawarmoebi,
romelic mZafrad gviCvenebs da gvagrZnobinebs, Tu ras
niSnavs sazogadoebisTvis Zlieri, centralizebuli
saxelmwifos gareSe arseboba, rogor socialur da
zneobriv qaoss warmoSobs isedac susti saxelmwifoeb-
rivi warmonaqmnebis kidev ufro damasustebeli da
damangreveli urTierTdapirispireba, guramiSvilis
`daviTiania~...
roca saxelmwifo, kanoniereba da samarTali sus-
tia, xdeba Zalauflebis gafantva da misi ganawileba
Zlieri individebis mier, romlebic TviTon aweseben
`kanonebs~, moqmedeben voluntaristulad, Tavisi ego-
isturi impulsebis da interesebis karnaxiT. saxelmwi-
fos uZlureba sazogadoebaSi TviTnebobis da egocen-
trizmis suls amkvidrebs, rac did Tu patara tiranebs
aRmoacenebs.
tirani feodalis socialur-fsiqologiur tips xa-
tavs niko lorTqifaniZe `mrisxane batonSi~. es aris
adamiani, romlisTvisac arc amqveyniuri samarTali ar-
sebobs da arc zeciuri, arafers niSnavs zneobrivi im-
perativebi da mis mtaceblur, sastik Zalauflebis ne-
bas verc saxelmwifos mimarT SiSi Tokavs, radgan sa-
xelmwifo sustia, moSlilia.
340
`mrisxane batonSi~ Cans, rom cxovreba saxelmwifo-
ebrivi wesrigis da kanonierebis gareSe xalxSi SiSis,
daucvelobis sulis gamomfitav grZnobas badebs, uki-
duresad amwvavebs TviTgadarCenisken zneobrivad brma
ltolvas...
saxelmwifos mxriv daucveli adamiani Zlier mfar-
vels eZebs romelime aRzevebuli personis saxiT. anda
igi unda daicvas axlobelTa wrem, gvarma, sanaTesaom
klanma. arsebobs agreTve politikuri dajgufebebi,
romlebic maTTan mikedlebul adamians ase Tu ise ica-
ven, Tumca es gaerTianebebi sakmaod myifea.
niko lorTqifaniZis `JamTa siaveSi~ vxedavT pirov-
nebas, romelsac awuxebs Tavisi qveynis yovelmxrivi
degradacia, saxelmwifos sisustiT rom aris gamowveu-
li, surs saxelmwifoebriobis ganmtkiceba da qveynis
progresuli ganviTareba; magram mis ukan ar dgas Zli-
eri klani, xolo is politikuri dajgufeba, romelic
Tavisken ibirebs, miuRebelia misTvis rogorc saxelm-
wifos interesebTan dapirispirebuli; Tanac am daj-
gufebasTan kavSiri iulonisgan rainduli moralis
ugulebelyofas moiTxovs... zneobrivad amRvreul ga-
remoSi iuloni ucodveli mainc ver rCeba, magram is im-
denad codvebisTvis ar isjeba, ramdenadac Tavis
keTilSobilebas emsxverpleba, iseve rogorc vaxtangi
`mrisxane batonSi~ _ anarqiul, ukanono da uzneo so-
cialur sinamdvileSi keTilSobilebis gamovlena si-
cocxlisTvis saxifaToa.
am sinamdvilis arsebiTi niSani materialur sidux-
WiresTan erTad aris religiuri cxovrebis gaRata-
kebac, rwmenis sisuste, RmerTisgan siSore. religiis-
gan mxolod formalizebuli rituali da ritorikaa
darCenili, igi veRar warmarTavs da awesrigebs adamia-
nebis zneobriv yofierebas.
rogor unda dabinduliyo qristianuli cnobiereba
gviani Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi, rom Cveulebriv
ambad, yoveldRiuri yofis atributad qceuliyo ada-
mianebis datyveveba da gayidva, adamianebiT vaWroba.
rasakvirvelia, am movlenaSi religiurobis Sesuste-
341
basTan erTad saxelmwifoebrivi wesrigis sruli moS-
lac mJRavndeba. orive es faqtori TviTnebobis, ego-
centrizmis mkvebavia da tiranis socialur-fsiqolo-
giuri tipis gverdiT yaCaRis tips aCens.
yaCaRi da tirani erTi fenomenis nairsaxeobebad Se-
iZleba miviCnioT, maT bevri ram aqvT saziaro _ avto-
ritaruloba, Zalis kulti, voluntarizmi, religiur
da eTikur faseulobaTa ignorireba. arc tirani da arc
yaCaRi ar cnobs kanons da samarTals, orive kanonga-
reSe arsebobs.
jemal qarCxaZis àntoniosa da daviTSi~ adamiane-
biT movaWre yaCaRi saxelmwifo wesrigis moSlis pro-
duqtia, ukanonobis msxverplia da Tavis mxriv amrav-
lebs ukanonobas, borotebas. misi nihilizmi, cinizmi
religiisadmi kanonzomierad warmoiSoba sazogadoeba-
Si, sadac suli da zneoba sayrdengamoclilia. magali-
Tad, aq arabunebrivi ar aris, rom RvTismsaxurebi
ukulturo, usindiso adamianebi iyvnen.
es cruqristianuli sazogadoeba monur Semgueblo-
bas iCens aRmaSfoTebeli borotebisadmi _ adamiane-
biT vaWrobisadmi, yaCaRs xalxic da saero Tu sasuli-
ero zedafenac terorizebuli hyavs da protestis
grZnobas es aravisSi badebs. Tavwaxrili morCileba
ukanono, usamarTlo Zalisadmi, sulmokle konformiz-
mi saxelmwifoebriobis da religiurobis rRvevis
Tanmdevia.
borotebas ar urigdeba saqarTvelos evropeli
stumari _ misTvis rogorc WeSmaritad religiuri
adamianisTvis qristianoba aqtiuri sulieri dapiris-
pirebaa borotebasTan aramarto sakuTar TavSi, aramed
socialur garemoSic. igi Tavisi pirovnuli yofiere-
bis siRrmidan SeaRwevs yaCaRis Sinagani arsebis siRr-
meSi, poulobs iq agresiulobis pirvelmizezs, fesvs _
SiSs da moZaladis sulis gankurnebas SeZlebs. magram
es saswaulis tolfasi aqti amao gamodgeba, radgan sa-
xelmwifoebriv da zneobriv wesrigs moklebul sinam-
dvileSi mxolod sikeTis da simarTlis CamxSobi raRac
342
jojoxeTuri meqanizmia mowesrigebuli da Seucdom-
lad moqmedi.
evropis, dasavluri samyaros saxe, romelic jemal
qarCxaZis àntoniosa da daviTSia~ aRbeWdili, TvalSi-
sacemad gansxvavdeba meoce saukunis 20-iani wlebis
qarTul prozaSi gamokveTili dasavleTis kritikuli
suraTisgan. àntoniosa da daviTSi~ evropa warmogvid-
geba Tavisi Zireuli SreebiT. mtkice saxelmwifoebrivi
wesrigis da kanonis pativiscemis garda es aris WeSma-
ritebis mousvenrad maZiebeli suli da goneba, pirov-
nebis avtonomiurobis Rrma grZnoba, individuumis in-
tensiuri TviTcnobiereba da amasTanave sinamdvili-
sadmi aqtiuri, pasuxismgebluri damokidebuleba, ada-
mianis maRali Rirsebis rwmena.
jemal qarCxaZis nawarmoebSi dasavleTis da saqarT-
velos Sexvedra tragikulad sruldeba. axlandel rea-
lobaSi, imedia, dasavlur samyarosTan Cveni kontaqti
ufro warmatebuli iqneba da dasavleTis daxmareba
unayofo ar aRmoCndeba. amis Sedegi ki myari, kanoniere-
baze dafuZnebuli qarTuli saxelmwifos Camoyalibeba
unda iyos. Tu es ver moxerxda, sikeTis qmnis, siyva-
rulis moTxovnileba da unari, niWiereba, romelic yve-
lafris miuxedavad yovelTvis iyo da axlac aris
saqarTveloSi, verasdros gadaZalavs Cvens arsebaSi
istoriis mier aRZrul negatiur midrekilebebs.
1999
343
kamaTi ideologiis Sesaxeb, romelic qarTul sazo-

gadoebaSi mimdinareobs, cxadyofs raRac Zalian mniS-
vnelovanis ararsebobas Tu ukmarisobas Cvens
cxovrebaSi.
vfiqrobT, rom es `raRac~, rasac kamaTis monawile-
Ta nawili èrovnul ideologias~ uwodebs, sinamdvi-
leSi aris mkafio nacionaluri TviTgageba, eris mier
sakuTari arsebis da yofierebis sazrisis pozitiuri
xedva.
es ki dakargulia da iqmneba vakuumi, romlis arse-
bobac gansakuTrebiT xelisSemSlelia da saxifaToc
aris maSin, roca axali saxelmwifo fuZndeba.
qarTulma nacionalurma TviTgagebam Cvens saukune-
Si ararealisturi xasiaTi SeiZina da sinamdvilis mier
mowyobil uSeRavaTo Semowmebas ver gauZlo. es, erTi
mxriv, erovnul nihilizms aCens, magram, meore mxriv,
imis SesaZleblobas iZleva, rom Camoyalibdes axali
erovnuli TviTcnobiereba _ realobis mkvidr niadag-
ze, sicruis da Tavismotyuebis gareSe.
individma SeiZleba mTeli cxovreba pesimisturad
Tu nihilisturad ganwyobilma galios, magram sazoga-
doeba Tavisi bunebiT optimisturi msoflmxedvelo-
bisken mswrafvelia. mas usaTuod esaWiroeba pozitiu-
ri mrwamsi, faseulobebi da Tu arsebobis gagrZelebis
neba da Zala aqvs, adre Tu gvian moipovebs kidec maT.
Cven zogjer gvgonia, rom dasavluri civilizacia
totalurad urwmuno da nihilisturia. Tumca am civi-
lizacias marTlac aqvs Tavisi seriozuli problemebi,
magram mis safuZvlad dadebuli WeSmaritebebi dasav-
luri sazogadoebis didi umravlesobis mier organu-
lad aris SeTvisebuli. kerZod, is, rom saxelmwifos
demokratiuli, kanonis uzenaesobaze damyarebuli
wyoba yvelaze samarTliani da nayofieria; rom azrTa
da poziciaTa mravalferovneba, pluralizmi bunebrivi
da aucilebelia; rom pirovnebis Tavisufleba, Rirseba
xelSeuxebelia da mas unda hqondes saSualeba TviTon
344
gansazRvros Tavisi msoflmxedveloba, cxovrebis wesi,
gamoavlinos Tavisi unari da SesaZleblobebi... dasav-
lur samyaroSi es WeSmaritebebi da faseulobebi rom
ar wamdeT, maT cocxlad rom ar ganicdidnen, am sam-
yaros didi xania kraxi ar acdeboda.
CvenTvis es faseulobebi ucnobi ar aris, magram maT
ver SeiZines iseTi mimzidveloba, rom rwmenis sagnad
iqcnen, sasicocxlo Zalebis momcemi qmediTi eTosi
warmoSvan. amis mizezebs Soris mTavari, albaT, is aris,
rom Zveli, sabWoTa sistemis daSla moxda zemodan gan-
xorcielebuli revoluciis Sedegad da sazogadoebaSi
axali faseulobebi, maTi damkvidrebis moTxovnileba
Sinaganad, spontanurad ar aRmocenebula da momwife-
bula. amitom gveCveneba, rom Tavs gvaxveven raRac Cvens
arsebasTan sruliad SeuTavsebels da ucxos.
sinamdvileSi dasavlur faseulobebs da qarTuli
kulturis Rrma tendenciebs Soris garkveuli Tanxmi-
ereba arsebobs da amis aqcentirebac aris saWiro, raTa
axalma Rirebulebrivma orientirebma Cvens sazogado-
ebaSi sicocxlisunarianoba moipovos.
is, rac qarTuli kulturis SuagulSia ganfenili da
rasac SeuZlia Soreuli faseulobebi CvenTvis axlo-
beli gaxados, aris humanizmi, msoflgageba, romelmac
dasavlur samyaroSi es faseulobebi Camoayaliba. qar-
Tul msoflxedvaSi arsebiTia adamianis umaRlesi fase-
ulobis da Rirsebis intensiuri gancda, ndoba adamia-
nis keTili bunebis da SemoqmedebiTi SesaZleblobebi-
sadmi, rwmena, rom samyaro adamianis bednierebisaTvis
aris Seqmnili... qarTuli kulturis humanizmi Tavis
yvelaze TvalsaCino gamovlinebebSi Taviseburi perso-
nalizmis saxes iZens _ pirovnebis srulyofili TviT-
ganxorcielebaa samyaros arsebobis gamarTleba; pi-
rovnebaa is Zala, romelic samyaros gardaqmnas, srul-
qmnas eswrafis; pirovnebaSi ibadeba WeSmaritebis Suqi,
romelic sinamdvilis harmonias Tu disharmonias na-
Tels fens; pirovnebis siRrmiseul miswrafebebTan Se-
sabamisobiT an SeusabamobiT ganizomeba saxelmwifos
da sazogadoebis namdvili fasi; samyaroSi moqmed
345
tlanq, qvena Zalebs SeiZleba daupirispirdes mxolod
pirovnebaTa solidaroba, TviTmyofad pirovnebaTa
namdvili komunikacia, dialogi da daaxloeba, maTi una-
ri, daZlion siucxove da gaigon sxvisi ganumeorebeli
Tavisebureba, sxvisi Tvalsazrisi da simarTle... ase
ikveTeba qristianobaze dayrdnobili qarTuli nacio-
naluri msoflmxedveloba ori yvelaze mniSvnelovani
qarTveli epikosi mwerlis, rusTavelis da vaJa-fSave-
las SemoqmedebaSi da am msoflmxedvelobis anabeWdebi
metnaklebad Cveni kulturis sxva Rirebul nimuSebsac
emCneva.
humanizmi, personalizmi moicavs patriotizmsac,
romelic Tavisi arsiT swored humanisturi, adamia-
nuri Rirsebis ganmamtkicebeli fenomenia, pirovnebis
srulyofili TviTrealizebis aucilebeli sayrdenia;
TviT damoukidebeli nacionaluri saxelmwifoc Zire-
uli humanisturi da personalisturi faseulobaaa.
Cveni azriT, amgvari ram SeiZleba warmovidginoT
èrovnuli ideologiis~ Sinaarsad da ara gaqvavebul
SexedulebaTa, dogmaTa, yalb miTologemaTa mZime bloki.
oRond ar arsebobs araviTari saWiroeba, yovelive
amas ideologiis, miTumetes saxelmwifo ideologiis
Selaxuli da usiamovno asociaciebis aRmZvreli cneba
davukavSiroT. es cneba ar esadageba erovnuli TviT-
Segnebis aRdgena-ganaxlebas, imis gaazrebas, rom huma-
nizmi Cveni erovnuli msoflgagebis birTvia, rom Cveni
ideali humanuri, pirovnebis primatis damamkvidrebe-
li qarTuli sazogadoeba da saxelmwifoa. dRes am ide-
als tragikulad varT daSorebuli.
humanizmis xelaxali aRmoCena dasavluri faseulo-
bebis damkvidrebasac niSnavs, radgan igi Cvens erovnul
msoflmxedvelobasac udevs safuZvlad da dasavlur-
sac. Cven imdenad SevinarCunebT TviTmyofad naciona-
lur sulier wyobas, ramdenadac SevZlebT humanizmis
aRorZinebas da Tu aseTi ram marTla moxdeba, imavdro-
ulad es iqneba dasavleTTan namdvili, siRrmiseuli da
ara zedapiruli daaxloeba.
1998
346
ilias formula Cvens droSi
dasavluri liberalizmi dRes faqtobrivad dasav-

leli xalxebis, pirvel rigSi amerikelebis naciona-
lizmia, anu liberaluri ideologia aris maTi erov-
nul-saxelmwifoebrivi interesebis realizebis moqni-
li da efeqtiani saSualeba. es ideologia SesaZlebelia
qarTuli nacionalizmis formadac vaqcioT, misi meS-
veobiT Cveni saxelmwifo da kultura ganvaviTaroT. es
iqneba Tanamedrove sinamdvilis konteqstSi ilia Wav-
WavaZis mier àCrdilSi~ formulirebuli ideis xorc-
Sesxma: `vidre Ze Seni ar gaikvlevs zogad cxovrebas da
mcnebis naTliT ze-aRzidul, amaRlebuli WkviT ar
gansWvritavs sazogado cxovrebis denas, im dromde igi
uimedo, Sewuxebuli, uqmisa drtvinviT, guliswviTa
mware cremls daRvris...~. saqarTvelos xsna, ilia
WavWavaZis azriT, is aris, rom misi moZraoba daemTxves
msoflios ganviTarebis gezs _ `sazogado cxovrebis
denas~, rom qarTvelebma gaiazron, ra aris kacobrio-
bis yofierebaSi perspeqtivis mqone, progresuli da mas
daukavSiron Tavisi bedi.
`mcnebis naTeli~, romelzec ilia laparakobs, Sem-
mecnebeli gonebis sinaTlea, upirvelesad ki mkafio,
myari qristianuli moraluri cnobiereba da princi-
pebia, qristianuli humanuri zneobaa _ ilia WavWavaZis
formulaSi Cveni qveynis modernizebis aucilebloba
SeTavsebulia qarTuli kulturis tradiciuli sayr-
denis SenarCunebis aucileblobasTan.
amgvari sinTezis ganxorcieleba saqarTvelos is-
toriis axlandel etapzec aqtualuria. liberaluri
demokratiis da kapitalizmis Tanmdevi Warbi pragma-
tizmi da individualizmi, masobrivi kulturis moZa-
leba da cxovrebis stilis vulgarizacia qristianul-
ma humanizmma SeiZleba gaawonasworos. igi amkvidrebs
materialuri faseulobebis mimarT sulier faseulo-
baTa arsebiT upiratesobas, zneobriv momTxovnelobas
pirvel rigSi sakuTari Tavis da ara sxvebis mimarT,
adamianis Rirsebis pativiscemis da adamianisadmi gu-
347
lisxmierebis atmosferos... yovelive es dRes saqarT-
velos ise Wirdeba, rogorc, SesaZloa, arasdros
daWirvebia.
liberalizmi amJamad kosmopolitizmis gamovline-
bad warmogvidgeba. Tavidan qristianobis kosmopoli-
turobac ufro TvalsaCino iyo, miTumetes warmarTul
`nacionalistur~ religiur kultebTan SedarebiT,
magram amis miuxedavad man CvenSi (cxadia, sxvaganac)
erovnuli Seferiloba miiRo da Cveni erovnuli TviT-
myofadobis gamokveTas da dacvas emsaxura. erovnul
niadagze aseTive adaptireba unda ganicados libera-
lurma demokratiamac.
primitivizebuli, Sinaganad mwiri kosmopolitiz-
mis yvelaze energiuli damnergavi masobrivi kultu-
raa. mas upirvelesad srulfasovani literatura da
xelovneba SeiZleba daupirispirdes, romelic buneb-
rivad aris erovnulic da universaluric, romelSic
eris da kacobriobis sulieri mTlianobaa gacxadebu-
li. oRond am dapirispirebis Sedegi socialur cxov-
rebaSi sagrZnobi da xelSesaxebi maSin iqneba, Tu sa-
xelmwifo ganaxorcielebs utyuar eTikur da esTeti-
kur faseulobaTa dasamkvidreblad da surogatebis
mRvrie nakadis Sesasusteblad mimarTul kulturul
politikas.
2001
348

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SoTa rusTavelis qarTuli literaturis

Shota Rustaveli Institute of Georgian Literature

redaqciis misamarTi: 0108, Tbilisi, 2010

literatura WeSmaritebis Ziebaa

avtobiografiuloba guramiSvilis `daviTianis~

guramiSvilis ironia da TviTironia aRmocenebulia

xSirad Cven ver vamCnevT, rom nacnobi, SeCveuli da

`he, cao, cao, xateba Seni jer kidev gulzed maqvs

SemoRamebiseuli cis xateba aris zecis rogorc su-

rom ara cidan miRebuli niSani, mixmoba `zenaarT

`Zirs gaSlil lamaz velsa yvavilni mohfenen, viTa

es is SemTxvevaa, rodesac, romantikuli tipis ame-

`Zirs gaSlils almad velsa yvavilni mohfenen

naTeli xdeba, vis eZRvneba yvavilTa `samadlobeli~

`bedi qarTlisas~ kritikul interpretaciebs Soris

usasrulobasTan, maradiulobasTan ziarebisken

Cveni sazogadoebis damokidebuleba ilias mimarT

zogadad SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom ilia WavWavaZis

axali qarTuli, realisturi prozis erT-erTi pir-

SurisZiebis istoria, romelic `glaxis naambobSia~

mwuxare filosofoss uwodebda kita abaSiZe ilia

`mze gadaxrili jer kidev srulad

`TviT madls trfobisas rom moesurvos

qalis silamaze miwieria, xorcielia da igi Tavisi

`vis ar moimxrobs, moinadirebs

mravlismetyvelia fsiqologiuri detali _ `uco-

qali iseve aRiqvams mzis Casvlas, rogorc gandegi-

`... miTqvams: iq yofna

`... ar gagondeba arc mama, deda,

gandegilis cnobierebaze Zlier STabeWdilebas ax-

`rogor iwamos da ra daarqvas

es msoflmxedvelobrivi Zvrebi gzas uxsnis gande-

`nuTu iZlia! ara da ara!..

mtkice nebisyofiT aRWurvili asketuri cnobiereba

,,gamzrdelSi, baTusTan safar-begis stumrad misv-

`stumar-maspinZlis~ dasawyisSi joyolas da zviada-

adamianis sulieri feriscvaleba, romelic vaJa-

Tumca `baxtrioni~ vaJa-fSavelas erT-erT saukeTe-

orgvarad warmodgeba `baxtrionSi~ masa.

`gvelis mWamelis~ mTavari gmiri bunebis enas euf-

igavi TavkerZobis Sesaxeb

arsebobs nawarmoebebi, romlebSic mxolod litera-

sinamdvilis warmosaxva krizisis fazaSi niSandob-

TiTqos ar aklia aRiareba da dafaseba vasil

Tavisi msoflxedva vasil barnovma gansakuTrebuli

niko lorTqifaniZes dawerili aqvs araerTi Tavise-

Tu Zvel literaturaSi qristianobisTvis wamebul

yvelasTvis cnobilia, rom diqtaturis pirobebSi

dasavlur samyarosTan SepirispirebiT gaixsneba

bevri qarTuli literaturuli nawarmoebi ar aRel-

`eSmaki~ bolSevizms unda gulisxmobdes, magram statiis pirvelad

rodesac xangrZlivi pauzis Semdeg mixeil javaxiS-

niSan-Tvisebebi, romlebic mixeil javaxiSvilis ni-

mecxramete saukunis qarTuli prozis realizms da

rogorc neoromantikosi, leo qiaCeli afxazeTs

romani `sisxli~ mxatvruli RirsebiT da popularo-

realistis simarTle da sisadave

qarTuli memuaruli da dokumenturi literaturis

sabWoeTis fantastikuri realoba, bolSevikuri

enigmaturi saxe da analizi

yoveli xelovani arsebiTad TviTonve karnaxobs

`daetyo kidec qarebs qaroba,

`oh, siyvaruli zRvebis qafia! _