Dablo, Stephanie I.

Grade 12- STEM

Standard test for Biomolecules

A. STARCH
A chemical test for starch is to add iodine solution (red) and see if it turns blue/black in
colour. It is possible to distinguish starch from other carbohydrates using this iodine solution
test. For example, if iodine is added to an peeled potato then it will turn black.

Testing for starch

Glucose is sweet and dissolves in water while starch is not sweet and does not dissolve well
in water.
A further test to distinguish starch from glucose is to shine a beam of light through
solutions of each.
This is also called the Tyndall Beam Effect. Dispersal only happens in starch as the large
starch molecules are big enough to affect the light. This is a physical test.

B. PROTEIN
C. FAT
Fat Tests
Quick revise
There are three ways to do this.
The first involves grinding up the food and mixing it with water. Pass the liquid part of the
solution through filter paper, squeezing out any 'gunge' - thick bits of the suspension into the
same test tube. You should now have a slightly opaque liquid mixture in your test tube.
Because fat is less dense than water, if you leave this mixture it will separate out into a
layer of fat and a layer of water.
The second test is even easier. Rub the food sample on filter paper and then hold the filter
paper up to the light. If the paper is translucent (slightly see-through) there was fat present
in the food. Don't try this with watery foods - the water will make the paper translucent and
you'll get a false positive.
The third method involves adding ethanol to a very small amount of the test substance.

Shake or crush the food to make it dissolve. Filter or dilute the food and ethanol mix so that

you get a clear liquid (a solution of fat in ethanol). Add this to a test tube of water. A white

(milk-like) emulsion indicates the presence of fats or oils.

D.SUGAR

How Do I Prepare for the Blood Glucose Test?

Before taking the blood glucose test, you will not be allowed to eat anything for at least eight
hours.

What Happens During the Blood Glucose Test?

During a blood glucose test, blood will be drawn and sent to a lab for analysis.

What Do the Results of the Blood Glucose Test Mean?

Normal fasting blood glucose -- or blood sugar -- is between 70 and 100 milligrams per deciliter
or mg/dL for people who do not have diabetes. The standard diagnosis of diabetes is made
when two separate blood tests show that your fasting blood glucose level is greater than or
equal to 126 mg/dL.

However, if you have normal fasting blood sugar, but you have risk factors for diabetes
or symptoms of diabetes, your doctor may decide to do a glucose tolerance test (see below) to
be sure that you do not have diabetes.

Some people have a normal fasting blood sugar reading, but their blood sugar rapidly rises as
they eat. These people may have impaired glucose tolerance. If their blood sugar levels are
high enough, they may be diagnosed with diabetes.

E. CHOLESTEROL

How Do I Prepare for My Cholesterol Test?

If your doctor recommends a "non-fasting" cholesterol test, the lab will look only at your total
cholesterol (and sometimes your HDL) numbers. For that test, you merely need to show up at the
lab and have some blood drawn. If your doctor suggests a "fasting" cholesterol test (also called a
"lipid profile"), the lab will analyze your levels of LDL, HDL, triglycerides, and total
cholesterol. For that test, you will need to fast nine to 12 hours before the blood test.
Sometimes a doctor will ask you to do a non-fasting cholesterol test first. Depending on the
results, he or she may then send you back for the more complete lipid profile.
How Will My Doctor Use Results From My
Cholesterol Test?
After reviewing your blood test, The doctor will also consider other risk factors you might have
for heart disease, including:

Your family history

Age
Weight
Race
Gender
Diet
Blood pressure and whether or not youre being treated for high blood pressure
Activity level
Smoking status
History of diabetes

Then, your doctor will talk with you about your level of risk and the potential benefit to be
derived by taking steps that include changes in your level of activity and diet as well as
using medication to improve your cholesterol levels in order to reduce your overall risk.
Dablo, Stephanie I.
Grade 12- STEM
APPLICATION OF ENZYMES
APPLICATION OF ENZYMES
1 Enzymes used to treat disorders:
2.Enzymes used to assist metabolism
3 Enzymes used to assist drug delivery
re used in three cases here
a) To break the internal blood clots.
b) To dissolve the hardening of walls
of blood vessels.
c) To dissolve the wound swelling to
promote healing.
In some disorders like low blood pressure,
or head or spinal injuries, there are
chances of formation of blood clots. These
clots lead to obstruction of blood flow to
the target organ. This can be life
threatening if it is in the brain or heart
which require constant supply of oxygen
and energy. The only way out then is to
dissolve the clots.
In old or geriatric patients, the digestive
capacity is low due to insufficient
secretion of digestive enzymes. Hence
their digestive system cannot digest food
materials efficiently. In such cases they
can experience malnutrition, constipation,
bloating etc. To aid digestion, enzymes
like Papain are administered orally after
food for easier digestion.
Some drugs need to penetrate deeper
tissues for better action. For this some
enzymes are used along with drugs in
intra-muscular injection forms to help
proper penetration of tissues. One of the
such enzyme is Hyaluronidase.
This is a natural human enzyme present in
human sperm to help sperm penetrate uterine tissue
and fertilize with ova. Here the
 same enzyme is manufactured by
rDNA technology and administered along
with drugs to enable efficient drug delivery
to the target site.

4 Enzymes to diagnose disorders Enzymes of liver, kidney, skeletal muscle,

heart etc leak into blood during related
disorders. Measuring the levels of the
corresponding enzyme for their presence
in high or low levels in blood indicates the
specific disorder.

5.Enzymes used in manufacture of Immobilized enzymes are used in

medicines manufacture of many drugs and anti-
biotic.This is possible as enzymes convert
the pro-drug molecules to drugs or
starting material to drugs. Also steroidal
drugs are manufactured by enzyme action
on plant steroids.