Chapter 8

Electron Configuration and Periodicity

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 Orbitals
region of probability of finding an electron
around the nucleus
4 types => s p d f
maximum of 2 electrons per orbital

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 Pure Atomic Orbitals
shape # of orbitals / energy level
s spherical 1
p dumbbell 3
d complex 5
f very complex 7

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Pauli Exclusion Principle

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 Electronic Configurations
The shorthand representation of the
occupancy of the energy levels (shells and
subshells) of an atom by electrons.

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 Electronic Configuration
shells => energy levels
subshells => orbitals

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Regions by Electron Type

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 Electron Filling Order
Diagram
1s
2s 2p
3s 3p 3d
4s 4p 4d 4f
5s 5p 5d 5f
6s 6p 6d
7s
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 Electronic Configuration
H atom
1 electron
1s1

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 Electronic Configuration
He atom
2 electrons
1s2

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 Electronic Configuration
Li atom
3 electrons
1s2, 2s1

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 Electronic Configuration
Cl atom
17 electrons
1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p5

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 Electronic Configuration
As atom
33 electons
1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 4s2, 3d10, 4p3
or
[Ar] 4s2, 3d10, 4p3

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 Mn: [Ar]4s2 3d?
How many d electrons does Mn have?

4, 5, 6

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 Electronic Configuration
negative ions
add electron(s), 1 electron for each negative
charge

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 Electronic Configuration
S-2 ion
(16 + 2)electrons
1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6

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 Electronic Configuration
positive ions
remove electron(s), 1 electron for each
positive charge

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 Electronic Configuration
Mg+2 ion
(12-2)electrons
1s2, 2s2, 2p6

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How many valence electrons are in Cl,
[Ne]3s2 3p5?

2, 5, 7

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For Cl to achieve a noble gas configuration,
it is more likely that

electrons would be added

electrons would be removed

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 Trends in the
Periodic Table
atomic radius
ionic radius
ionization energy
electron affinity

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 Atomic Radius
decrease left to right across a period
as nuclear charge increases, number of
electrons increase; however, the nucleus acts as
a unit charge while the electrons act
independently, pulling electrons towards the
nucleus, decreasing size

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 Atomic Radius
increase top to bottom down a group
each additional electron shell shields the
outer electrons from the nuclear charge

Zeff = Z - S
where Zeff => effective nuclear charge
Z => nuclear charge, atomic number
S => shielding constant
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 Atomic Radius
increases from upper right corner to the
lower left corner

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Atomic Radius vs. Atomic Number

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Atomic Radius

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 Ionic Radius
same trends as for atomic radius
positive ions smaller than atom
negative ions larger than atom

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 Ionic Radius
Isoelectronic Series
series of negative ions, noble gas atom, and
positive ions with the same electronic
confiuration
size decreases as positive charge of the
nucleus increases

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Ge is a semiconductor. If half of the Ge
atoms of a sample of Ge are replaced with
Ga atoms, with what element should the
other half of the Ga atoms be replaced in
order for this new compound to be
isoelectronic with Ge?

Sn, As, Se

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 Ionization Energy
energy necessary to remove an electron to
form a positive ion
low value for metals, electrons easily
removed
high value for non-metals, electrons
difficult to remove
increases from lower left corner of periodic
table to the upper right corner
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 Ionization Energies
first ionization energy
energy to remove first electron from an
atom
second ionization energy
energy to remove second electron from a +1
ion
etc.
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Ionization Energy vs. Atomic Number

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 Electron Affinity
energy released when an electron is added
to an atom
same trends as ionization energy, increases
from lower left corner to the upper right
corner
metals have low EA
nonmetals have high EA

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 Magnetism
Result of the spin of electrons
diamagnetism - no unpaired electrons
paramagnetism - one or more unpaired
electrons
ferromagentism - case of paramagnetism
where the substance retains its magnetism

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 Magnetism

Without applied field Without applied field

With applied field With applied field

Paramagnetism Ferromagnetism

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