08weUP Orr Worked Examples Design of Pile Foundations PDF

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Background & Applications

GEOTECHNICAL DESIGN with worked examples 13-14 June 2013, Dublin
Worked examples
d i
design off pile
il
foundations
Dr. Trevor Orr
Trinity College Dublin
Convenor SC7/EG3
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Worked example 1
design of pile foundations from load tests
DESIGN SITUATION
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GEOTECHNICAL DESIGN with

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Design situation for a pile designed from static

load test results
Pile foundations are required to support the following loads from a
building :
Characteristic permanent vertical load Gk = 6.0 MN
Characteristic variable vertical load Qk = 3.2 MN
It has been decided to use bored piles 1.2m in diameter and 15m
long
The pile foundation design is to determine how many piles are

required
i d
3 2013 Trevor Orr. All rights reserved.

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Pile load test results Pile settlements

L d MN
Load,
0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3
Load tests have been 0
performed on site on four p

p piles
20
of the same diameter and
same length 40
Pile 1
Th
The results
lt off load-settlements
l d ttl t 60 Pile 2
Settleem ent, m m
curves are plotted in Figure 1 Pile 3
80 Pile 4
Adopt settlement of the pile Mean
top equal to10% of the pile 100
base diameter as the "failure"

120
criterion (7
(7.6.1.1(3))
6 1 1(3))
140
160

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Worked example 1
design of pile foundations from load tests
SOLUTION
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Measured pile resistances
Adopting the pile load at a settlement of the top of the piles equal
to 10% of the pile diameter as the ultimate resistance means
using the measured resistances at a settlement of:
12.0 x (10/100) x 103 = 120mm
From the load-settlement graphs for each pile this gives:
Pile 1 Rm = 2.14 MN
Pile 2 Rm = 1
1.96
96 MN
Pile 3 Rm = 1.73 MN
Pile 4 Rm = 2.33 MN
Hence the mean and minimum measured pile resistances are :
Rm, mean = 2.04 MN
Rm, min = 1.73
1 73 MN
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Characteristic resistance
The characteristic pile resistance is obtained by dividing the mean

and minimum measured p pile resistances by
y the correlation factors
1 and 2 and choosing the minimum value:
(R ) (R )
R c; k = Min c;m mean ; c; m min
1 2
For four load tests, recommended 1 and 2 values are:
1 = 1.1
2 = 1.0
Hence the characteristic pile resistance:
2 .04 1 .73
R c;k = Min ; = Min {1 .85 ;1 .73 } = 1 .73
1 .1 1 .0

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Design Approach 1 partial factors
Combinations of sets of partial factors

DA1.C1 A1 + M1 + R1
DA1.C2 A2 + M1 or M2 + R4
Partial actions factors

A1 G = 1.35
1 35 Q = 1.5
15
A2 G = 1.0 Q = 1.3
Partial material factors

M1 and M2 not relevant ( = 1.0 and not used)
Partial resistance factors
R1 t = 1.15 (Total/combined compression)
R4 t = 1.5

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Design Approach 1 - pile design
Design equation Fc,d Rc,d
DA1.C1 Fc,d = 1.35 Gk+1.5 Qk = 1.35x6.0+1.5x3.2 = 12.9 MN

DA1.C1 Fc,d = 1.0 Gk+1.3 Qk = 1.0x6.0+1.3x3.2 = 10.2 MN
For a single pile

DA1.C1 Rc,d = Rc,k /t = 1.73 / 1.15 = 1.50 MN
DA1.C2 Rc,d = Rc,k /t = 1.73 / 1.5 = 1.15 MN
Assuming no pile group effect, for n piles, resistance = n x Rc,d

Hence DA1.C1 n Fc,d /Rc,d = 12.9/1.5 = 8.6
DA1.C2 n Fc,d /Rc,d = 10.2/1.15 = 8.9
Therefore DA1.C2 controls and no. piles required: n = 9

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Combination of sets of partial factors

DA2 A1 + M1 + R2

A1 G = 1.35 Q = 1.5

M1 not relevant ( = 1.0 and not used)
Partial resistance factor


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Fc,d = 1.35 Gk + 1.5 Qk = 1.35x 6.0 + 1.5x 3.2 = 12.9 MN
For a single pile

Rc,d = Rc,k /t = 1.73 / 1.1 = 1.57 MN
Assuming no pile group effect, for n piles, resistance = n x Rc,d
Hence Fc,d n Rc,d
Therefore
h f no. piles
l required:
d n = Fc,d / Rc,d = 12.9 / 1.57 = 9 piles
il

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Combination of sets of partial factors:

DA3 A1 + M1 + R3
Partial resistance factor:

Since the R3 recommended partial resistance factor is equal to

1 0 no safety margin on the resistance is provided if DA3 is used
1.0,
to calculated the design pile resistance from pile load test results
Hence piles should not be designed from load test results using
Design Approach 3 and the recommended partial resistance factor

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Conclusions from pile worked example 1
The same design number of piles, 9 is obtained for both DA1 and
DA2
Since the recommended partial resistance factors are 1.0 for DA3,
this Design Approach should not be used for the design of piles
from pile load test results unless the partial resistance factors are
increased

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Worked example 2
design of pile foundations from test profiles
DESIGN SITUATION
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Design situation for a pile designed from a

CPT test profile
The piles for a building are each required to support the following
loads:
Characteristic permanent vertical load Gk = 300 kN
Characteristic variable vertical load Qk = 150 kN
The ground consists of dense sand beneath loose sand with soft
clay and peat to 16.5m as shown in figure on next slide
It has been decided to use 0.45m diameter bored piles
The pile foundation design involves determining the length of the

piles
l

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Bhole log/CPT profile qc
Loose sand,
1 CPT was carried out soft clay
and some
Soil has upper 11m layer of peat
loose sand, soft clay and some

peat over 5.5m of clay with peat
Clay with
seams peat seams
Cautious average qc = 2.5 MPa

St
Stronger
onge layer
l e of medium
medi m to 16.5m
dense sand starts at depth of
16.5m Medium to
dense sand
Cautious average qc = 12.5 MPa
Assume the soil above 16.5m
provides
id no shaft
h ft resistance
i t
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Unit pile resistances

Table D.3
Unit base resistance pb of cast in-situ piles in coarse soil
with little or no fines
The base and shaft pile resistances Normalised Unit base resistance pb, in MPa,
settlement s/Ds; at average cone penetration resistance
are calculated using Tables D.3 s/Db qc (CPT) in MPa
qc = 10 qc = 15 qc = 20 qc = 25
and D.4
D 4 of EN 1997
1997-22 relating a 0 02
0,02 0 70
0,70 1 05
1,05 1 40
1,40 1 75
1,75
0,03 0,90 1,35 1,80 2,25
single cautious average qc value in 0,10 (= sg) 2,00 3,00 3,50 4,00
stronger soil to the unit base and NOTE Intermediate values may be interpolated linearly.
In the case of cast in-situ piles with pile base enlargement, the values
shaft resistances,
resistances pb and ps shall be multiplied by 0
0,75.
75
s is the normalised pile head settlement
Assume the ULS settlement of the Ds is the diameter of the pile shaft
Db is the diameter of the pile base
pile head, sg so that the sg is the ultimate settlement of pile head
normalised settlement is 0.1 Table D.4

Unit shaft resistance ps of cast in-situ piles in coarse soil
Interpret linearly between relevant with little or no fines
qc values to obtain pb and ps from Average cone penetration Unit shaft resistance ps
resistance qc (CPT)
(C )
these tables: MPa MPa
0 0
pb = 2.5 MPa 5 0,040
10 0,080
ps = 0.1
0 1 MPa > 15 0 120
0,120
NOTE Intermediate values may be interpolated linearly

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Worked example 2
design of pile foundations from test profiles
SOLUTION
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Characteristic pile resistance

Pile diameter D = 0.45m
Pile base cross sectional area Ab = x 0.452 / 4 = 0.159 m2
Pile shaft area per metre length As = x 0.45
0 45 = 1.414
1 414 m2 /m
Length of pile in stronger layer providing shaft resistance = Ls
Calculated compressive pile resistance for the one profile of test results:
Rc;cal = Rb;cal + Rs;cal = Ab x pb + As x Ls x ps
= (0.159 x 2.5 + 1.414 x Ls x 0.10) x 103 kN
Rc;cal = 398 + 141 x Ls kN
Hence, applying the recommended correlation factors 3 and 4, which are both
the same and equal to 1.4 for one profile of test results because the mean and
minimum
i i calculated
l l t d resistances
i t are th
the same so that
th t 3 and
d 4 = = 1.4
1 4 and
d
the characteristic base and shaft compressive pile resistances are:
Rb;k = Rb;cal / = 398/1.4 = 284 kN
Rs;k = Rs;cal / = 141 x Ls /1.4 = 101 Ls

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Combinations of sets of partial factors:

DA1.C1 A1 + M1 + R1
DA1.C2 A2 + M1 or M2 + R4
Partial actions factors:

A1 G = 1.35
1 35 Q = 1.5
15
A2 G = 1.0 Q = 1.3
Partial material factors:

M1 and M2 not relevant ( = 1.0)
Partial resistance factors:
R1 b = 1.25 s = 1.0
R4 b = 1.6 s = 1.3

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Design
D i actions
ti
DA1.C1 Fc,d = 1.35 Gk+1.5 Qk = 1.35x300+1.5x150 = 630 kN
DA1.C1 Fc,d = 1.0 Gk+1.3 Qk = 1.0x300+1.3x150 = 495 MN
Design resistances
DA1.C1 Rc,d = Rb,k /b + Rs,k /s = 284/1.25 + 101 x Ls/ 1.0
DA1 C2 Rc,d = Rb,k /b + Rs,k /s = 284/1.6
DA1.C2 284/1 6 + 101 x Ls/ 1.3
13
Equating actions and resistances

DA1.C1 630 = 284/1.25 + 101 x Ls/ 1.0 Ls = 3.99 m
DA1.C2 495 = 284/1.6 + 101 x Ls/ 1.3 Ls = 4.08 m
g p
Hence DA1.C2 controls and DA1 design pile length
g L = 16.5 + Ls = 21m

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Partial action factors same as for Example 1

R2 b = 1.1 s = 1.1
Design action
Fc;d = 1.35 Gk+1.5 Qk = 1.35x300+1.5x150 = 630 kN
Design resistance
Rc;d = Rb;k /b + Rs;k /s = 284/1.1 + 101 x Ls/ 1.1
E
Equating
i actions
i and
d resistances
i
630 = 284/1.1 + 101 x Ls/ 1.1 Ls = 4.05 m
Hence the DA2 design pile length L = 16.5

16 5 + Ls = 21m

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DA3 A1 + M1 + R3
R3 b = s = 1.0
Since the R3 recommended partial resistance factors are both

equal to 1.0, no safety margin is provided if these factors are
used in DA3 to calculated the design pile resistance from a CPT
test profile
Hence piles should not be designed using the DA3 recommended

partial resistance factors applied to the characteristic pile
resistance obtained from a CPT test profile

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The same design pile length, 21m is required for both DA1 and
DA2
Since the recommended partial resistance factors are 1.0 for DA3,
this Design Approach should not be used for the design of piles
from profiles of ground test results unless the partial resistance
factors are increased

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Worked example 3
design of pile foundations from soil parameters
DESIGN SITUATION

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Design situation for a pile designed from soil

parameters
The piles for a proposed building in Dublin are each required to support
the following loads:
Characteristic permanent vertical load Gk = 600 kN
Characteristic variable vertical load Qk = 300 kN
The ground consists of about 3m Brown Dublin Boulder Clay over Black
Dublin Clay to great depth
It has been decided to use 0.45m diameter driven piles
The pile foundation design involves determining the length of the piles

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Characteristic undrained Brown DBC
shear strength
Figure shows plot of SPT N values
obtained plotted against depth Black DBC
Shaft resistance in Brown Dublin Boulder

Average N = 57
Clay is ignored
Cautious average N value = 45
Average N value
l in Black
l k Dublin
bl Boulder
ld
Clay = 57
A cautious average N value = 45
cu = f1 x N
PI of the Dublin Boulder Clay = 14%
From Stroud and Butler plot of f1 vs. N
Ad t f1 = 6
Adopt
Hence characteristic undrained shear
strength cu;k = f1 x N = 6 x 45 = 270 kPa

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Pile resistances
Pile diameter D = 0.45m
Pile base cross sectional area Ab = x 0.452 / 4 = 0.159 m2
Pile shaft area per metre length As = x 0.45 = 1.414 m2 /m
Length of pile in Black Dublin Clay providing shaft resistance = Ls
The characteristic unit pile base and shaft resistances, qb;k and qs;k are
obtained as follows:
qb;k = Nq x cu = 9 cu
qs;k = x cu = 0.4 x cu
Characteristic base resistance
Rb;k = Ab x qb;k = 0
0.159
159 x 9 x 270 = 386 kN
Characteristic shaft resistance
Rs;k = As x Ls x qs;k = 1.414 x Ls x 0.4 x 270 = 153 Ls

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Design Approach 1 partial and model factors
Combinations of sets of partial factors:

DA1.C1 A1 + M1 + R1
DA1.C2 A2 + M1 or M2 + R4

A1 G = 1.35
1 35 Q = 1.5
15
A2 G = 1.0 Q = 1.3
Partial material factors:

M1 and M2 not relevant (resistances factored not soil parameters)

R1 b = 1.0 s = 1.0
R4 b = 1.3 s = 1.3
Model factors:
R;d = 1.75 (In Irish NA and applied to b, s and t)
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Design Approach 1 - pile design to Irish NA

Design actions
DA1.C1 Fc;d = 1.35 Gk+1.5 Qk = 1.35 x 600+1.5 x 300 = 1260 kN
DA1.C1 Fc;d = 1.0 Gk+1.3 Qk = 1.0 x 600+1.3 x 300 = 990 kN
g resistances
Design
DA1.C1 Rc;d = Rb;k /(b x R;d) + Rs;k /(s x R;d)
= 386/(1.0x1.75)+ 153 x Ls /(1.0x1.75) = 221 + 87.4 Ls kN
DA1.C2 Rc;d = Rb;k /(b x R;d) + Rs,k
s k /(b x R;d)
= 386/(1.3x1.75) + 153 x Ls /(1.3x1.75) = 170 + 67.3 Ls kN
Equating actions and resistances
DA1 C1 1260 = 221 + 87.4
DA1.C1 87 4 Ls Ls = 11.9
11 9 m
DA1.C2 990 = 170 + 67.3 Ls Ls = 12.2 m
Hence DA1.C2
DA1 C2 controls and the DA1 design pile length L = 3.0
3 0 + Ls = 15.5m
15 5m

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Combination of sets of partial factors

DA2 A1 + M1 + R2

A1 G = 1.35 Q = 1.5

M1 not relevant ( = 1.0)
Partial resistance factor

R2 b = 1.1 s = 1.1
Model
M d l factors:
f t
R;d = 1.75 (In Irish NA and applied to b, s and t)
R;d = 1.27 (In German NA giving b = 1.1x1.27 = 1.4, s = 1.1x1.27 = 1.4

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Design Approach 2 - pile design to Irish NA
Design equation Fc;d Rc;d
Design action
Fc;d = 1.35 Gk+1.5 Qk = 1.35 x 600+1.5 x 300 = 1260 kN
D i
Design resistance
i
Rc;d = Rb;k /(b x R;d) + Rs;k /(s x R;d)
= 386/(1.1 x 1.75)+ 153 x Ls /(1.1 x 1.75) = 201 + 79.5 Ls kN
Equating design action and resistance

1260 = 201 + 79.5 Ls Ls = 13.3 m
Hence the DA2 design pile length L = 3.0 + Ls = 16.5m

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Design Approach 2 - pile design to German NA
Design equation Fc;d Rc;d
D i
Design action
ti
Fc;d = 1.35 Gk+1.5 Qk = 1.35 x 600+1.5 x 300 = 1260 kN
Design resistance
Rc;d = Rb,k /b + Rs,k /s
Note: R1 partial factors of 1.1 have been increased to 1.4, i.e. a model
factor of 1
1.4/1.1
4/1 1 = 1
1.27
27 has been applied
= 386 /1.4 + 153 x Ls /1.4 = 276 + 109 Ls kN

1260 = 276 + 109 Ls Ls = 9.0 m
Hence DA2 design pile length L = 3.0

3 0 + Ls = 12.0m
12 0m

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DA3 A1* or A2 + M2 + R3 * on structural actions
on geotechnical actions
A1 G = 1.35 Q = 1.5
A2 G = 1.0 Q = 1.3
Partial material factor:

M2 cu = 1.4
14

R3 b = 1.0 s = 1.0
Model factor:
R;d = 1.75 (applied to b, s and t)

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Design
g action
Fc,d = 1.35 Gk+1.5 Qk = 1.35 x 600+1.5 x 300 = 1260 kN
Design resistance
Rc,d = Rb,d + Rs,d
= Ab x qb;d + As x Ls x qs;d
= (AbxNqxcu;k/cu)/(R;dxb) + (AsxLsxxcu;k/cu)/(R;dxs)
= (0.159x9x270/1.4)/(1.75x1.0) + (1.414xLsx0.4x270/1.4)/(1.75x1.0)
= 158 + 62.3 Ls
1260 = 158 + 62.3 Ls Ls = 17.7 m
Hence the DA3 design pile length L = 3.0 + Ls = 21 m

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The design pile lengths obtained from ground strength parameters using
the alternative procedure and the model factor in the Irish and German
National Annexes are:
DA1 (Irish NA) L = 15.5 m
DA2 (Irish NA) L = 16.5 m
DA3 (Irish NA) L = 21
21.0
0m
DA2 (German NA) L = 12.0 m
Application of the model factor of 1.75 as well as the material factor of 1.4
to obtain the design resistance when using DA3, results in DA3 providing
a longer design pile length and hence the least economical Design
Approach in Ireland
The longer design pile length of 16.5 m when using the Irish NA with DA2
compared to 12.0 m when using the German NA is because of the model
factor of 1.75 in the Irish NA and 1.27 in the German NA

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Background & Applications

GEOTECHNICAL DESIGN with

Design situation for a pile designed from static

Characteristic variable vertical load Qk = 3.2 MN

The pile foundation design is to determine how many piles are

3 2013 Trevor Orr. All rights reserved.

GEOTECHNICAL DESIGN with

Pile load test results Pile settlements

performed on site on four p

base diameter as the "failure"

4 2013 Trevor Orr. All rights reserved.

GEOTECHNICAL DESIGN with

Measured pile resistances

GEOTECHNICAL DESIGN with

The characteristic pile resistance is obtained by dividing the mean

7 2013 Trevor Orr. All rights reserved.

GEOTECHNICAL DESIGN with

Design Approach 1 partial factors

Combinations of sets of partial factors

Partial actions factors

Partial material factors

8 2013 Trevor Orr. All rights reserved.

GEOTECHNICAL DESIGN with

Design Approach 1 - pile design

Design equation Fc,d Rc,d

DA1.C1 Fc,d = 1.35 Gk+1.5 Qk = 1.35x6.0+1.5x3.2 = 12.9 MN

For a single pile

Assuming no pile group effect, for n piles, resistance = n x Rc,d

Therefore DA1.C2 controls and no. piles required: n = 9

9 2013 Trevor Orr. All rights reserved.

GEOTECHNICAL DESIGN with

Design Approach 2 partial factors

Combination of sets of partial factors

Partial actions factors

Partial material factors

Partial resistance factor

10 2013 Trevor Orr. All rights reserved.

GEOTECHNICAL DESIGN with

Design Approach 2 - pile design

Design equation Fc,d Rc,d

Fc,d = 1.35 Gk + 1.5 Qk = 1.35x 6.0 + 1.5x 3.2 = 12.9 MN

For a single pile

Assuming no pile group effect, for n piles, resistance = n x Rc,d

Hence Fc,d n Rc,d

11 2013 Trevor Orr. All rights reserved.

GEOTECHNICAL DESIGN with

Design Approach 3 partial factors

Combination of sets of partial factors:

Partial resistance factor:

Since the R3 recommended partial resistance factor is equal to

12 2013 Trevor Orr. All rights reserved.

GEOTECHNICAL DESIGN with

Conclusions from pile worked example 1

13 2013 Trevor Orr. All rights reserved.

GEOTECHNICAL DESIGN with

Design situation for a pile designed from a

It has been decided to use 0.45m diameter bored piles

The pile foundation design involves determining the length of the

15 2013 Trevor Orr. All rights reserved.

GEOTECHNICAL DESIGN with

Bhole log/CPT profile qc

loose sand, soft clay and some