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7issues of Line Current Harmonics, Power Factor, Distortion Factor of AC To DC Converters PDF
7issues of Line Current Harmonics, Power Factor, Distortion Factor of AC To DC Converters PDF
IssuesoflineCurrentHarmonics,PowerFactor,DistortionFactor
ofACtoDCConverters
gradestack.com/gateexam/electrical/powerelectronics/issuesoflinecurrentharmonics/
11/27/2015
IssuesoflineCurrentHarmonics,PowerFactor,DistortionFactorofACtoDCConverters
Aharmoniisasinusoidalcomponentofaperiodicwaveorquantityhavingafrequencythatisanintegermultipleof
thefundamentalfrequency.
AnACperiodicvoltageorcurrentcanberepresentedbyaFourierseriesofpuresinusoidalwaveswhichcontain
thebasicorfundamentalfrequencyanditsmultiplescalledharmonics.
Powerfactor:PowerfactorisdefinedasthecosineoftheanglebetweenvoltageandcurrentinanACcircuit.Ifthe
circuitisinductive,thecurrentlagsbehindthevoltageandpowerfactorisreferredtoaslagging.However,ina
capacitivecircuit,currentleadsthevoltageandthepowerfactorissaidtobeleading.Theratiobetweentrue(active)
powerandapparentpoweriscalledthepowerfactorforthiscircuit.
HarmonicDistortionreferstothedistortionfactorofavoltageorcurrentwaveformwithrespecttoapuresinewave.
Distortionfactor(Harmonicfactor):Itistheratiooftherootmeansquareoftheharmoniccontenttotherootmean
squarevalueofthefundamentalquantity,expressedasapercentofthefundamental.
Harmonicdistortionisdividedintotwoclasses,voltagedistortion
andcurrentdistortion.Sincethevoltageiscommontoallloadsin
asystem,anyvoltagedistortionwillresultinacorresponding
currentdistortionassumingthesourceimpedanceisverylow.
Ontheotherhandcurrentdistortionresultsinvoltagedistortion
onlytotheextentthatthesourceimpedanceprovidescommon
couplingimpedance.
Theeffectsofharmoniccurrentsfromnonlinearloadsarenot
widelyunderstood.Duetothelowimpedanceofmostpowersystems,thepowersystemcangenerallyabsorb
signicantamountsofharmoniccurrentwithoutconvertingthesetounacceptablevoltagedistortionlevels.Harmonic
distortioncanbecausedbytheutilityorbytheload.Typicalexamplesofnonlinearloadsincludearcingdevices
(suchasarcfurnacesanduorescentlighting),ferromagneticregulators,andsiliconcontrolledrectiersandswitch
moderectiers.
Percentimpedance(%Z)isanimportantparametertospecifywhendeningtheacsupplysource.Thiswill
determinethevoltageregulationattheloadandtheabilitytosourcehighpeakcurrentdemandfromloads.
Alow%Zindicatesastiffsourceandahigh%Zindicatesasoftsource.
Asoftsourcewillpresentgreatervoltagedistortionalbeitattheloadconnections.
%Z=(Irated/Isc)100
where%ZisthepercentimpedanceTM,Iratedistheloadordevicefullratedcurrentinamperes,andIscisthe
maximumshortcircuitcurrentavailablefromthesupplyinamperes.
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10/30/2016 IssuesoflineCurrentHarmonics,PowerFactor,DistortionFactorofACtoDCConverters
Agoodisolationtransformershouldbeinthe3%to5%range.
Recommendeddistributionsystemimpedanceshouldnotbemorethan3%forsmallbranchcircuitsandnotmore
than5%forlongbranchcircuits.
SourcesofNonunityPowerFactorandHarmonicdistortion:
Linearreactiveloads(inductiveorcapacitive)drawcurrentfromthepowersourcewhichisatthesamefrequencyof
thepowersystem(50or60Hzforexample).
Largeinductivedevicessuchasmotorsexhibitlaggingcurrentsandpowerfactorcanbedeterminedbythephase
anglebetweenthevoltageandcurrent.Motorloadsaremostlylinearbutalsohavenonlinearcharacteristics.
Capacitorsandsynchronousmotorsareusedinindustrytocompensateforthelargeinductiveloadinginfactories
causedbymotors.Theyexhibitaleadingcurrentandcanadjustpowerfactorwithinabuildingorsystemtokeep
reactivepowerowprovidedbythenetworktoaminimum.Thereactivepowergeneratespowerlossesinthe
transmissionsystemcablesandreducestheoverallefciencyofthepowersystem.
Nonlinearloadsgenerallydonotcausereactivepowertoowatthefundamentallinefrequency.Theycan,
however,drawhigherRMScurrentsandhenceaddtodistributionsystemlossesforagivenload.
Thenonlinearnatureoftheseloadsthendrawsnonpuresinewavecurrentsthuscausingharmonicsofthe
fundamentalcurrenttobepresent.
Sinceharmonicdistortioniscausedbynonlinearelementsconnectedtothepowersystem,anydevicethathas
nonlinearcharacteristicswillcauseharmonicdistortion.
Examplesofcommonsourcesofpowersystemharmonics,someofwhichnevercauseseriousproblems,are
1.Transformersaturationandinrush
2.Transformerneutralconnections
3.MMFdistributioninACrotatingmachines
4.Electricarcfurnaces
5.Fluorescentlighting
6.Computerswitchmodepowersupplies
7.BatterychargesImperfectACsources
8.Variablefrequencymotordrives(VFD)Inverters
9.Televisionpowersupplies.
Switchmodepowersupplies,UninterruptablePowerSupplies(UPS)andelectroniclightingballastsmayhavelow
powerfactorandcangenerateharmonicdistortion.
NextChapter:IntroductionofPowerElectronics
Previous:CharacteristicsofSemiconductorPowerDevices
TOPICS
IntroductionofPowerElectronics
CharacteristicsofSemiconductorPowerDevices
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10/30/2016 IssuesoflineCurrentHarmonics,PowerFactor,DistortionFactorofACtoDCConverters
DCtoDCConversion
SingleandThreePhaseConfigurationofUncontrolledRectifiers
LineCommutatedThyristorBasedConverters
BidirectionalACtoDCVoltageSourceConverters
IssuesofLineCurrentHarmonics,PowerFactor,DistortionFactorofACtoDCConverters
SinglePhaseandThreePhaseInverters
SinusoidalPulseWidthModulation
ViewCompleteEEStudyNotes
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