Theory Temperature PDF

22 Feb.
2013
Calibration of thermometer
(L t
(Lecture anddTTraining)
i i )
Koichi NAKASHIMA
Scientific Officer
Regional Instrument Centre Tsukuba
Observations Division, Observations Department
Japan Meteorological Agency
Meteorological Instrument Center Japan Meteorological Agency

Outline
1. Temperature measurement and calibration of

thermometer (theory)
2 C
2. Calibration
lib ti off th
thermometer
t ((practice)
ti )

Schedule
Contents Place
Theory Lecture room(3F)
2 C ff Break
Coffee B k
3 Practice
P ti C lib ti room(1F)
Calibration (1F)
(Calibration)
4 Coffee Break
5 Review of practice results Lecture room(3F)

Uncertainty evaluation

1 Temperature measurement (theory)
1.
1-1.
1 1 Definition of temperature in the SI unit
1-2. ITS-90
1 3 Required uncertainty in meteorological observation
1-3.
1-4. Types of thermometer
1 5 Traceability and calibration methods in JMA
1-5.

1-1. Definition of temperature in the SI unit

Definition of the SI unit of thermodynamic
temperature (kelvin)
"The kelvin, unit of thermodynamic temperature, is

the fraction 1/273.16 of the thermodynamic
temperature of the triple point of water."
Thermometer well
Water vapor(gas)
Presssure
Water
(liquid)
Ice
(solid) Water vapor Ice(solid)
(gas)
Approx.
pp
610Pa
Triple point Water(liquid)
273.16K
273 16K Temperature
(0.01)
Water triple point cell
1-2. ITS-90

The International Temperature Scale of 1990(ITS
1990(ITS-90)
90)
t/
/ = T/K 273.15
2 31
T: thermodynamic temperature(unit: Kelvin)
t: temperature in degrees Celsius(unit: )
History
1927: ITS-27(The International Temperature Scale of 1927)
1948: IPTS-48 (The International Practical Temperature Scale of
1948)
1968: IPTS-68 (The International Practical Temperature Scale of
1968)
1976: EPS-76 (The 1976 Provisional 0.5K to 30K Temperature Scale)
1990:ITS-90

1990(ITS-90)
90)
Defined to correspond with thermodynamic

y
temperature
- Fixed points
- Interpolation methods/instruments
- Interpolation formula

1990(ITS-90)
90)
Types of instrument for ITS-90

ITS 90 interpolation
Type of instrument Applicable Principle

for interpolation
p temperature
p range
g
Helium vapor 0.65 K 5.0 K Relationship between vapor pressure
pressure and the temperature of helium-4 and
thermometer helium-3
Interpolating gas 3.0 K 24.5561 K Relationship between pressure and
thermometer the temperature of a constant volume
of gas with helium-4 and helium-3 as
working fluids
Platinum 13.8033 K Relationship between electrical
resistance 1,234.93 K resistance and the temperature of
th
thermometer
t platinum
l ti
Radiation 1,234.93 K Planck's law of radiation
thermometer

Defining fixed points of the ITS-90
Number Temperature Substance(*1) State(*2)
T90/K t90/
1 3 to 5 -270.15 to -268.15 He V
2 13 8033
13.8033 -259.3467
259 3467 e-H
H2 T
3 17 -256.15 e-H2(or He) V(or G)
4 20.3 -252.85 e-H2(or He) V(or G)
5 24.5561 -248.5939 Ne T
6 54.3584 -218.7916 O2 T
7 83.8058 -189.3442 Ar T
8 234.3156 -38.8344 Hg T
9 273.16 0.01 H2O T
10 302 9146
302.9146 29 7646 Ga
29.7646 G M
11 429.7485 156.5985 In F
12 505.078 231.928 Sn F
13 692.677 419.527 Zn F
14 933.473 660.323 Al F
15 1234.93 961.78 Ag F
16 1337.33 1064.18 Au F
17 1357.77 1084.62 Cu F
(*1)All substances except 3He are of natural isotopic composition;
e-H2 is hydrogen at the equilibrium concentration of the ortho- and para-molecular forms.
(*2)V: vapour pressure pont;
T: triple point(temperature at which the solid, liquid, and vapour phases are in equilibrium);
G: gas thermometer point;
M ,F:
F: melting point
point, freezing point
(temperature, at a pressure of 101325Pa, at which the solid and liquid phases are in equilibrium)

1-3. Required uncertainty in meteorological observation

Air temperature
<CIMO Guide>
Achievable measurement uncertainty; 0
0.2
2K

1-4. Types of thermometer

Types of thermometer
1. Contact-type thermometer
These are mainly
- Platinum resistance thermometer used for
meteorological
- Liquid in glass thermometer observation
- Thermocouple
etc.
CHINO
Corporation(Japan)
2. Radiation thermometer
CHINO
Corporation(Japan

Platinum resistance thermometer
Internal conductor connection

Platinum resistance thermometer
Sheath Internal filler(MgO)

(protective tube)
Internal conductor
Resistance constant-current
element(Pt)
l t(Pt) power supply
l Example of the relationship between
temperature and resistance

Liquid in glass thermometer
Principle;
Liquid in glass thermometers make
use of the differential expansion
p of a pure
p liquid
q
with respect to its glass container to indicate the
Temperature.
Precaution for use;

If bubbles or breakage
g in the liquid
q column are
found, repair is necessary.
Check that the scale plate of a thermometer does

not move, and that the scale mark has not
disappeared.

Liquid in glass thermometer
Caution for reading;

The observer ensures that
the straight line from his/her
eye to the meniscus, or
index.

1-5. Traceability and calibration methods in JMA

Traceability of Temperature (JMA) Jan. 2013 by JMA
Measurement
standards
traceable to JMA Standard Working Standard Field Instruments
national standards
National Metrology Meteorological Instruments Center (JMA) Observatory (JMA)
Institute of Japan
Temperature fixed Platinum resistance thermometer Platinum resistance
points Platinum resistance
thermometer thermometer
NSR-160 (Netsushin, Japan)
Indium point TS-81A (Chino, Japan)
(156.5985) Alternating current bridge
Mercury point F-600 (ASL, UK) Alternating current bridge
( 38 8344)
(-38.8344) Calibration
F-250 (ASL, UK)
Water triple point at the time of installation
Water triple-point cell
(0.01 ) (0.01)
Standard resistor Calibration
Standard resistor(100)
(100) every year
Calibration every 5 years
Calibration
every year Check every 6 months
NSR-160 Using water triple-point Check
every 2 years cell every 3 months
W t triple-point
Water ti l i t cellll (manned observatory)
Standard resistor every year (automatic
weather station)
Platinum resistance
thermometer Tolerable range
TS-81A ((Chino, Japan)) Mercury-in-glass thermometer 0.4
(psychrometer)
Alternating current bridge

F-250 (ASL, UK)
Measurement
standards
national standards
Institute of Japan
( 38 8344)
F-250 (ASL, UK)
(0.01 ) (0.01)
(100) every year
Calibration
W t triple-point
weather station)
Platinum resistance
(psychrometer)

F-250 (ASL, UK)
Measurement
standards
national standards
Institute of Japan
( 38 8344)
F-250 (ASL, UK)
(0.01 ) (0.01)
(100) every year
Calibration
W t triple-point
weather station)
Platinum resistance
(psychrometer)

F-250 (ASL, UK)
Alternating current Alternating 100standard
bridge current bridge resistor
(Working standard) (JMA standard)
RS232C
PC Stabilized AC100V
power powersuppl
Platinum resistance Platinum resistance supply
(Working standard) (JMA standard)
Liquid bath chamber Ice point inspection

or box
I point
Ice i t inspection
i ti
box (only for 0)
Liquid bath chamber
Measurement
standards
national standards
Institute of Japan
( 38 8344)
F-250 (ASL, UK)
(0.01 ) (0.01)
(100) every year
Calibration
NSR-160
every 2 years
Using water triple-point
cell
Uncertainty(95 level) Check
every 3 months
W t triple-point
Water ti l i t cellll
Standard resistor
050: 0.036K 0 036K (manned observatory)
every year (automatic
T=0 0.013K weather station)
Platinum resistance
-40T0
thermometer : 0.045K Tolerable range
(psychrometer)

F-250 (ASL, UK)
Measurement
standards
national standards
Institute of Japan
( 38 8344)
F-250 (ASL, UK)
(0.01 ) (0.01)
(100) every year
Calibration
W t triple-point
weather station)
Platinum resistance
(psychrometer)

F-250 (ASL, UK)
<Not 0> <0>
Alternating current
bridge
(Working
standard)
Platinum
resistance
thermometer Platinum
(Working resistance
standard) thermometer
o
or
Mercury-in-glass
thermometer
(Field
instruments))
Ice point
inspection box
Liquid bath
chamber

2. Calibration of thermometer (practice)

Todays
Today s practice
1. Calibration practice at 0 Ice point

((Mr. NOMURA))
2. Calibration practice at 30 Liquid bath
chamber
(Mr. NAKASHIMA)
Participants are separated into 2 groups.

Each group do two practice in turn.

Todayss practice
Today
Group A;
<Bangladesh, Cambodia, Laos, Maldives, Mongolia,
Myanmar, Nepal>
2. Calibration practice at 30 Liquid bath chamber
Group B; <Oman, Pakistan, Qatar, Sri Lanka, Thailand,

VietNam, China>
1. Calibration practice at 30 Liquid bath chamber

1. Calibration practice at 0Ice point
Calibrated items:
Li id i l
Liquid-in-glass th
thermometert : 3sets
3 t
Goal:
E ti t instrumental
Estimate i t t l error att 0.
0
Liquid-in-glass
thermometer
Box ((Ice and water))

2. Calibration practice at 30 Liquid bath
chamber
Calibrated items:
Liquid in glass thermometer : 1set
Liquid-in-glass
Platinum resistance thermometer : 1set
Goal:
Estimate instrumental error and
uncertainty at 30.
Working Platinum resistance

standard thermometer
Liquid-in-glass
thermometer
Chamber

<Practice
ac ce time>
e

Conditions (hypothesis)
1. Calibration method
To compare working standard and instruments to be calibrated in chamber.
Observer makes 5 times comparative reading
reading.
2. Working standard
(1) Standard uncertainty of the working standard is 0.03 due to
calibration certificate.
certificate
(2) Minimum unit (resolution): 0.01
3. Instruments to be calibrated
Mi i
Minimum unit
it ((resolution):
l ti )
0.01 (Platinum resistance thermometer)
0.1(Liquid-in-glass thermometer)
4. Chamber
Distribution of temperature: 0.03 (manufactures specification)

List up of input quantities and possible sources which effect
measurement results
Reference standard Instrument to be calibrated

(a-1) (b-1)
Variations in Variations in
repeated
t d repeated
(a-3)
observations observations
Uncertainty of
reference (a-2) (b-2)
standard Resolution Resolution
(c-1)
Distribution
Chamber
Fishbone diagram
Uncertainty
y estimate example:
Liquid-in-glass thermometer;
Minimum unit ((resolution):
) 0.1 ((Liquid-in-glass
q g thermometer))

Budget Sheet
Input quantities Standard Evaluation Sensitivity Contributi
uncertainty
y method coefficients on to u(y)
(y)
[] [] []
Standard (a-1)
Variation
(a-2)
Resolution
(a-3)
Standard
To be (b 1)
(b-1)
calibrated Variation
(b-2)
Resolution
Chamber (c-1)
Distribution

To compare working standard and instruments to be
calibrated in chamber.
Ob
Observer makes
k 5 titimes comparative
ti reading.
di

Budget Sheet
(a-1),(b-1)
Variations in repeated
observations
Calibrated
Standard thermometer
thermometer
Time of
The
Calibration Point Readin Correcti The value after The value of
No. value of Error
g on correction reading
reading [D]-[C]
[B] [C]=[A]+[B] [D]
[A]
[] hh
hh:mm [] [] [] [] []
30 1 10:00 29.98 0.02 30.00 30.1
30 2 10:02 30.02 0.02 30.04 30.2
30 3 10:04 30.03 0.02 30.05 30.2
30 4 10:06 29.97 0.02 29.99 30.1
30 5 10:08 30.02 0.02 30.04 30.2
Average 30.024 30.16 0.1
standard
0.0121 0.0245
uncertainty

T(a-1) is
i measured
d values
l obtained
bt i d ffrom repeated
t d
observations Type A evaluation
Average;
T ( a 1 )
30 . 00 30 . 04 30 . 05 29 . 99 30 . 04 30 . 024 [ ]
5
Experimental standard deviation of the mean;

Standard uncertainty

u T( a 1) 0.0121[]

Budget Sheet
uncertainty
(y)
[] [] []
Standard (a-1)
Variation
0.0121 Type-A
(a-2)
Resolution
(a-3)
Standard
To be (b 1)
(b-1)
(b-2)
Resolution
Chamber (c-1)
Distribution

Budget Sheet
uncertainty
(y)
[] [] []
Standard (a-1)
0.0121 Type-A 1 0.0121
Variation
(a-2)
Resolution
(a-3)
Standard
To be (b 1)
(b-1)
(b-2)
Resolution
Chamber (c-1)
Distribution

Budget Sheet
uncertainty
(y)
[] [] []
Standard (a-1)
0.0121 Type-A 1 0.0121
Variation
(a-2)
Resolution
(a-3)
Standard
To be (b 1)
(b-1)
(b-2)
Resolution
Chamber (c-1)
Distribution

2. Working standard
( ) Minimum unit (resolution):
(2) ( ) 0.01

Type B evaluation
rectangular distribution
10.585 10.59 10.595 []
0.005 [] 0.005 []
St d d uncertainty
Standard t i t off T(a-2);
u Ta 2
0.005
2.89 10 3 []
3
Budget Sheet
uncertainty
(y)
[] [] []
Standard (a-1)
0.0121 Type-A 1 0.0121
Variation
(a-2)
0.00289 Type-B 1 0.00289
Resolution
(a-3)
Standard
To be (b 1)
(b-1)
(b-2)
Resolution
Chamber (c-1)
Distribution

Budget Sheet
uncertainty
(y)
[] [] []
Standard (a-1)
0.0121 Type-A 1 0.0121
Variation
(a-2)
0.00289 Type-B 1 0.00289
Resolution
(a-3)
Standard
To be (b 1)
(b-1)
(b-2)
Resolution
Chamber (c-1)
Distribution

2. Working standard
(1) St
Standard
d d uncertainty
t i t off th
the WWorking
ki standard
t d d iis
0.03 due to calibration certificate.
Normal distribution
Type
yp B evaluation
32 ++2 +3
Standard uncertainty of T(a-3)

(a 3);
u Ta 3 0.03[]

Budget Sheet
uncertainty
(y)
[] [] []
Standard (a-1)
0.0121 Type-A 1 0.0121
Variation
(a-2)
0.00289 Type-B 1 0.00289
Resolution
(a-3)
0.03 Type-B 1 0.03
Standard
To be (b 1)
(b-1)
(b-2)
Resolution
Chamber (c-1)
Distribution

Budget Sheet
uncertainty
(y)
[] [] []
Standard (a-1)
0.0121 Type-A 1 0.0121
Variation
(a-2)
0.00289 Type-B 1 0.00289
Resolution
(a-3)
0.03 Type-B 1 0.03
Standard
To be (b 1)
(b-1)
(b-2)
Resolution
Chamber (c-1)
Distribution

To compare working standard and instruments to be
calibrated in chamber.
Ob
Observer makes
k 5 titimes comparative
ti reading.
di

Budget Sheet
(a-1),(b-1)
Variations in repeated
observations
Calibrated
Standard thermometer
thermometer
Time of
The
Calibration Point Readin Correcti The value after The value of
No. value of Error
g on correction reading
reading [D]-[C]
[B] [C]=[A]+[B] [D]
[A]
[] hh
hh:mm [] [] [] [] []
30 1 10:00 29.98 0.02 30.00 30.1
30 2 10:02 30.02 0.02 30.04 30.2
30 3 10:04 30.03 0.02 30.05 30.2
30 4 10:06 29.97 0.02 29.99 30.1
30 5 10:08 30.02 0.02 30.04 30.2
Average 30.024 30.16 0.1
standard
0.0121 0.0245
uncertainty

T(a-1) is
i measured
d values
l obtained
bt i d ffrom repeated
t d
observations Type A evaluation
Average;
T ( b 1 )
30 . 1 30 . 2 30 . 2 30 . 1 30 . 2 30 . 16 [ ]
5
Experimental standard deviation of the mean;

Standard uncertainty

u T( b 1) 0.0245[]

Budget Sheet
uncertainty
(y)
[] [] []
Standard (a-1)
0.0121 Type-A 1 0.0121
Variation
(a-2)
0.00289 Type-B 1 0.00289
Resolution
(a-3)
0.03 Type-B 1 0.03
Standard
To be (b 1)
(b-1)
0 0245
0.0245 T
Type-A
A 1 0 0245
0.0245
(b-2)
Resolution
Chamber (c-1)
Distribution

Budget Sheet
uncertainty
(y)
[] [] []
Standard (a-1)
0.0121 Type-A 1 0.0121
Variation
(a-2)
0.00289 Type-B 1 0.00289
Resolution
(a-3)
0.03 Type-B 1 0.03
Standard
To be (b 1)
(b-1)
0 0245
0.0245 T
Type-A
A 1 0 0245
0.0245
(b-2)
Resolution
Chamber (c-1)
Distribution

3. Instruments to be calibrated
Mi i
Minimum unit
it ((resolution):
l ti )
0.1(Liquid-in-glass thermometer)
Type B evaluation
0.05 [] 0.05 []
Standard uncertaintyy of T(b-2);
u Tb 2
0.05
2.89 10 2 []
3

Budget Sheet
uncertainty
(y)
[] [] []
Standard (a-1)
0.0121 Type-A 1 0.0121
Variation
(a-2)
0.00289 Type-B 1 0.00289
Resolution
(a-3)
0.03 Type-B 1 0.03
Standard
To be (b 1)
(b-1)
0 0245
0.0245 T
Type-A
A 1 0 0245
0.0245
(b-2)
0.0289 Type-B 1 0.0289
Resolution
Chamber (c-1)
Distribution

Budget Sheet
uncertainty
(y)
[] [] []
Standard (a-1)
0.0121 Type-A 1 0.0121
Variation
(a-2)
0.00289 Type-B 1 0.00289
Resolution
(a-3)
0.03 Type-B 1 0.03
Standard
To be (b 1)
(b-1)
0 0245
0.0245 T
Type-A
A 1 0 0245
0.0245
(b-2)
0.0289 Type-B 1 0.0289
Resolution
Chamber (c-1)
Distribution
4. Chamber
Di t ib ti off ttemperature:
Distribution t 0 03
0.03
(manufactures specification)
Type B evaluation
-0.03 0.00 +0.03 []
Standard uncertaintyy of T(c-1);
u Tc 1
0.03
0.0173[]
3

Budget Sheet
uncertainty
(y)
[] [] []
Standard (a-1)
0.0121 Type-A 1 0.0121
Variation
(a-2)
0.00289 Type-B 1 0.00289
Resolution
(a-3)
0.03 Type-B 1 0.03
Standard
To be (b 1)
(b-1)
0 0245
0.0245 T
Type-A
A 1 0 0245
0.0245
(b-2)
0.0289 Type-B 1 0.0289
Resolution
Chamber (c-1)
Distribution 0.0173 Type-B 1 0.0173

Budget Sheet
uncertainty
(y)
[] [] []
Standard (a-1)
0.0121 Type-A 1 0.0121
Variation
(a-2)
0.00289 Type-B 1 0.00289
Resolution
(a-3)
0.03 Type-B 1 0.03
Standard
To be (b 1)
(b-1)
0 0245
0.0245 T
Type-A
A 1 0 0245
0.0245
(b-2)
0.0289 Type-B 1 0.0289
Resolution
Chamber (c-1)
Distribution 0.0173 Type-B 1 0.0173

Combined standard uncertainty;
y;
uc y ciu xi 2
0.0120 2 0.00289 2 0.032 0.02452 0.0289 2 0.01732
0.053

Calibration result
Reference Calibrated Deviation Expanded
temperature indication (B) - (A) uncertainty
((A)) temperature
p ((C)) ((C))
(C) (B)
(C)
30 0
30.0 30 1
30.1 01
0.1 0 11
0.11
Note
The reported expanded uncertainty is stated as the
combined standard uncertainty multiplied by the
coverage factor k = 2, which for a normal distribution
corresponds to a coverage probability of approximately
95 %
%.

Calibration result
Image
Distribution of Calibrated
Indication temperature
30.0 30.1
0.11 0 11
0.11
Reference
temperature
95

measurement results

(a-3) (b-1)
Uncertainty of (a-1)
reference repeated
standard repeated
t d
(a-2) (b-2)
Resolution Resolution
(c-1)
Distribution
Chamber
Fishbone diagram
measurement results for more real estimation

(a-3) (b-1)
Uncertainty of (a-1)
reference repeated
standard repeated
t d
Long term (a-2) Reproducibility (b-2)
stability
t bilit Resolution Resolution
Stability
(c-1)
Distribution
Chamber
Fishbone diagram
Thank You!
Mascot of JMA Harerun

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22 Feb.

Meteorological Instrument Center Japan Meteorological Agency

1. Temperature measurement and calibration of

Meteorological Instrument Center Japan Meteorological Agency

Theory Lecture room(3F)

5 Review of practice results Lecture room(3F)

Meteorological Instrument Center Japan Meteorological Agency

Meteorological Instrument Center Japan Meteorological Agency

Meteorological Instrument Center Japan Meteorological Agency

"The kelvin, unit of thermodynamic temperature, is

Meteorological Instrument Center Japan Meteorological Agency

Meteorological Instrument Center Japan Meteorological Agency

Defined to correspond with thermodynamic

Meteorological Instrument Center Japan Meteorological Agency

Types of instrument for ITS-90

Type of instrument Applicable Principle

Meteorological Instrument Center Japan Meteorological Agency

Meteorological Instrument Center Japan Meteorological Agency

Meteorological Instrument Center Japan Meteorological Agency

Meteorological Instrument Center Japan Meteorological Agency

Meteorological Instrument Center Japan Meteorological Agency

Meteorological Instrument Center Japan Meteorological Agency

Internal conductor connection

Sheath Internal filler(MgO)

Meteorological Instrument Center Japan Meteorological Agency

Precaution for use;

Check that the scale plate of a thermometer does

Meteorological Instrument Center Japan Meteorological Agency

Caution for reading;

Meteorological Instrument Center Japan Meteorological Agency

Meteorological Instrument Center Japan Meteorological Agency

Alternating current bridge

Alternating current bridge

Alternating current bridge

Liquid bath chamber Ice point inspection

Alternating current bridge

Alternating current bridge

Meteorological Instrument Center Japan Meteorological Agency

Meteorological Instrument Center Japan Meteorological Agency

1. Calibration practice at 0 Ice point

Participants are separated into 2 groups.

Meteorological Instrument Center Japan Meteorological Agency

2. Calibration practice at 30 Liquid bath chamber

Group B; <Oman, Pakistan, Qatar, Sri Lanka, Thailand,

2. Calibration practice at 0 Ice point

Box ((Ice and water))

Meteorological Instrument Center Japan Meteorological Agency

Working Platinum resistance

Meteorological Instrument Center Japan Meteorological Agency

Meteorological Instrument Center Japan Meteorological Agency

Meteorological Instrument Center Japan Meteorological Agency

Reference standard Instrument to be calibrated

Meteorological Instrument Center Japan Meteorological Agency

Meteorological Instrument Center Japan Meteorological Agency

Meteorological Instrument Center Japan Meteorological Agency

Meteorological Instrument Center Japan Meteorological Agency

Experimental standard deviation of the mean;

Meteorological Instrument Center Japan Meteorological Agency

Meteorological Instrument Center Japan Meteorological Agency

Meteorological Instrument Center Japan Meteorological Agency

Meteorological Instrument Center Japan Meteorological Agency

10.585 10.59 10.595 []

Meteorological Instrument Center Japan Meteorological Agency