/ /

( / )1223

()1

E-Mail : abbas.alshareefi@yahoo.com , abbaskareem.w@gmail.com

2014 / 12 / 22

1
 / /

( / )1223

abbas.alshareefi@yahoo.com
()1




.
, ( ),
Zn ,n (
,) S n , n , ,
, , (),
, , ,
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() .
)1 . ," . ,
, 1982 , .
)2 , , 1993 ,

.
)3 , 1982 ,
, .

2
 / /

( / )1223

( Binary :
)operation

:
,
( ) + :
+ ,
( )
1,2

1 2 = 1
, ) (, :
( ) Group :
- 1 . ,
= ( ) - 2 . , ,
- 3 = = .
( )
1 1 1
- 4 = = .
( 1 )

( ) + :

+ - . , 1
+ + = + ( + ) - . , , 2
- 0 = + 0 = 0 + . 3
- . + = + = 0 4

) (, + .

3
 / /

( / )1223

. ) ( , :

} { =
- 1 )( ,

,


- 2 )( , ,

) ( =
-3

= =

- 4 )(

= 1 = 1

) ( , .

) (, :
= ,
) (, + :
) (, : 1
- 1 .
- 2 .
1 1 = - 3 .

4
 / /

( / )1223

:
- 1 2 , 1

= 1
= 2
1 = 2
1 = 1 2
1

1 1 = 1 2
1 1 = 2 2
1 = 2

- 2 21 , 11

= 11
= 21

11 = 21
1
11 = 1 21
1 11 = 1 21
11 = 21
11 = 21

-3

= 1
= 1 1 1
1 = 1 1 1
1 = 1 1 1
1 = 1 1 1
= 1 1
= 1 1
) (, : 2
1
= 1 1 ,

5
 / /

( / )1223

, :
1 1 = 1 1
= = 1 = 1

1 1 = 1 1
= = 1 = 1
1 1
1


1 = 1 1
) (, = , = , , : 3
, , :
=
= 1
1

1 = 1
=
=
) (, , : :
= - 1 .

. 0 = - 2

= 1 1 1 1 - 3 .

) (, + :
23 = 2 + 2 + 2 = 6
80 = 0
32 = (31 )2 = (3)2 = 3 + 3 = 6

6
 / /

( / )1223

) (, , , , : : 4
. = + - 1
. = - 2
. = - 3
= 1 - 4

:
-1

= = +
+
-2

= =
.

-3

= ==

-4

= (1+1++1) = 1 1 1 = 1

7
 / /

( / )1223

1
1
= = 1 1 1 = 1

= 1

) (, = 2 ) (, . : 5
, :
= 2 = , 2

= = = 2 2
2

) (, .

) (, :
.

) (, + . :
) (, :
)( ) (, .

} , = {, , , : :

) (, . = 4

8
 / /

( / )1223

) (, :
, > <= .

. :

) (, + . 1 , 1 :

- 1 +

= 1 + 1 + + 1 = 1

- 2 = 0

0 = 10 = 0

- 3

1
= 1 + 1 + + 1 = 1 = 1 = 1

> . =< 1

> . =< 1

. : 6
) (, :

9
 / /

( / )1223

= 1 , = 2
= 1 = 2 = 1 + 2 = 2 + 1 = 2 1

) (, .

, () :
( ) = , ) ( .

)8 4 ( 2 :

8 4 = 4 = 2 . 2

)12 6 ( 2

12 6 = 6 = 3 . 2

)12 3 ( 3

12 3 = 15 = 5 . 3

)5 2 ( 2

5 2 = 3 . 2

( ) . : 7
, , :

10
 / /

( / )1223

-1

) = ( = 0 = 0 .
) (

- 2 ) (

= . ,
= . ,
) (

- 3 ) ( ( ) ,

= 1 . , 1
= 2 . , 2
=+
= +
= 1 . + 2 . = 1 + 2 . = 3 .
3 = 1 + 2
) (

, , , : 8
) ( ( ) , - 1

) ( + +
) ( . .

) ( ) ( . - 2
) ( ) ( . - 3

11
 / /

( / )1223

, , , :
-1

) (
= 1 . , 1
) (
= 2 . , 2
+ = 1 . + 2 .
+ + = 1 + 2 . = 3 .
3 = 1 + 2
) ( + +
) ( . . .

- 2 ) (

= . ,
. = . .
. . = . . , .
) (

- 3
= 1
) (
= 2
) (
( )1
) ( . .
) ( 2 2
=

12
 / /

( / )1223

) (
) (
( )1
) ( . .
) ( +1 +1
= + 1
.

:
= ( ) = = + . ,
.

:

= 0 , 1 , , 1

= 0, 1, , 1

:
1 = 0

3 = 0, 1, 2

8 = 0, 1,2,3,4,5,6,7

( ) + :

+ = +

+ = +

13
 / /

( / )1223

( ) . :

. = .

. = .

3 +4 4 = 7 = 3

3 . 4 4 = 12 = 0

) ( , + . : 9

, , :

- 1
+ = +

- 2
= + + + +
= + +
= + +
= + +
= + +
- 3
= + 0 = + 0
= 0 + = 0 +

= 0
- 4
+ = + = = 0

14
 / /

( / )1223

+ = + = = 0
1
=

) ( , + .

) ( , + . 1 : 10
:
0 1
= 1 + 1 + + 1 = 1 + 1 + + 1 = 1 ,

) ( , + . 1

) ( , + :
) , = 1 ( 1

) (4 , +4 :
4 = 0,1,2,3

=4

2,4 = 2 1

3,4 = 1
) (4 , +4 }. {1, 3

) (6 , +6 :
15
 / /

( / )1223

6 = 0,1,2,3,4,5

=6

2,6 = 2 1

3,6 = 3 1

4,6 = 2 1

5,6 = 1
) (6 , +6 }. {1, 5

:
.

:
. ) ( ,
.

! ( ! = ) . :

. 4 = 4! = 24 , 3 = 3! = 6 :

} = {1 , 2 , , } = {1 , 2 , , 3
:

1, 1 , 2, 2 , , ,

16
 / /

( / )1223

1 2
1 2

} = {1, 2 ,3 :
1 =2 , 2 =1 , 3 =3

1 2 3
2 1 3

:
1 2 1 2
= , =
1 2 1 2

1 2
=
1 2

:
1 2 3 1 2 3
= = ,
2 1 3 3 1 2

1 2 3
=
1 3 2

17
 / /

( / )1223

:
1 2
. 1 2
) ( , - 1
1 2 1 2
. 1 2
1 2
- 2
- 3 ) ( , . 3

1 = 1, 2, , , = +1 , :
} {1 , 2 , , 1 1 1 =
.

:
1 2 3
)= (123
2 3 1

. 3

1 2 3 4
)= (12
2 1 3 4

. 2

:
- 1 2 .
- 2 ) (1 , 2 , , ) . (1 , , 1 , . . . , 2
- 3
.

18
 / /

( / )1223

:
1
13254 = 14523
1
12 )= (12

:
1 2 3 4
= 12 34 = 34 12
2 1 4 3

:

.

123 :

1324

:
- 1 .
- 2 .
- 3 .

) ( , :
!
= . ) ( ,
2

19
 / /

( / )1223

3 = 3! = 6

3 = , 12 , 13 , 23 , 123 , 132

3! 6
= 3 = =3
2 2
})3 = { , 123 , (132

) (3 , :
(123)2 = ((123)1 )2 = (132)2 = 132 132 = 123

) (, , ) (, ) (, )(, :
)(,) (,

)(, +) (, + :
)( , +) (, +

) ( , +) (, + 1, 3 . 1 + 3 = 4

:
) ({}, - 1
.

20
 / /

( / )1223

- 2 ) (, ) (,
}{ .
- 3 .

) (, , ) (,) (, : 11
1 ,
) ( , ) ( , :

1 , 2

21 ( )

1 21

1 21

:
- 1 .
- 2 .

) (, ) (2 ,) , (1 , ) (, : 12
)(1 2 ,) (,

21
 / /

( / )1223

:
) (1 ,) (,
1 , 1
) (2 ,) (,
2 , 2
1 2 , 1 2
, 1 2
, 1 , 2
1 1 1 2
1 1 2

) (, :
} = { (,) , ,

) (() , ,
.

) (, }{ = :
:

} { =

2 2 ,+ ) (, + :
:

22
 / /

( / )1223

2 = 2 = , 6, 4 , 2 , 0 , 2 ,4 ,6 ,

) (, , ( = ) :
.

2 ) (5 , +5 :

5 = 1 , 2 , 3 , 4

25 = 2+5 2+5 2+5 2+5 2 = 10 = 0

2 =5

) (, , : :

= = ,

) (, = ) (, . : 13

) (, :


) (,
= ,


=

23
 / /

( / )1223

) (,

) (, + = ) (, + . :
) (, ). , (, : 14

:
=

1 = 1

= 1 1

= 1 1

= 1

= ( ) 1

= 1 = 1

24
 / /

( / )1223

) , (,

) (, , : :

= =

. :

) (3 , :

12 = 3 12 = 12

12 = 12

12 12 = 12 12

13 12 12 13

23 12 12 23

123 12 12 123

132 12 12 132

12 = , 12

. 1 ) (, . , : 15

:
25
 / /

( / )1223

1 = 1

1 = 1

= 1

= 1

= 1 1 1

1 = 1 1

1 = 1

1 = 1

) (, , ). , (, : 16

:
=

( )15

26
 / /

( / )1223

1 = 1

1 = 1

= 1

= ( ) 1

= 1 = 1

) , (,

) (, , = . : 17

27
 / /

( / )1223

(( ))

- 1

= ( , ) - ( ,) -

- 2 ) ( 0, 4, 8, 12 , +16
- 3 . 2 2 :
- 4 .

)( , - 5 ) ( , =
.
1
. - 6 ) ( , . ) ( , = 1 1
2
. - 7 ) ( , . ) ( , = 2 2
- 8 ( )5 .
.
- 9 ( )6
- 10 . 2 = .
2 2 - 11
.
- 12 ) ( . , ,
- 13 .
- 14 :
15 , +15 - 11 , +11 - 8 , +8 -
- 15 ) (14 , +14 . 7
- 16 ) (5 , ). (12345

28
 / /

( / )1223

. 123 , - 17 ) (3 ,
1
. 8 - 18 ) (21 , +21 = 4
2 1
. 132 ) (1342 - 19 ) (4 , :
, , , , , ) ( , - 20
, ,
= - 21 ) (, , .
.
- 22 . , +
- 23 12 ). (3 ,
- 24 ) (8 , +8 . 2 , 4 , 3 , 2 :
- 25 ) ( , } = {1, 1, , .
- 26 13 , +13 :
1
3 - 4 - 8 +13 [11] -
- 27 ) (22 () , ). 22 () = 22 (
- 28 ) (, . , . 1

29
 / /

( / )1223

) (, , (,) (,), :
} { =

) (, ) (, .

} { =

) (, ) (, .

, +4 , 4 , +4 = 0 , 2 :
4 = 0,1,2,3

, +4 4 , +4

, +4 4 , +4

0+4 = 0 +4 0 , 0 +4 2 = 0 , 2

1+4 = 1 +4 0 , 1 +4 2 = 1 , 3

2+4 = 2 +4 0 , 2 +4 2 = 2 , 0

3+4 = 3 +4 0 , 3 +4 2 = 3 , 1

, +4 4 , +4

+4 0 = 0 +4 0 , 2 +4 0 = 0 , 2

+4 0 = 0 +4 1 , 2 +4 1 = 1 , 3

+4 2 = 0 +4 2 , 2 +4 2 = 2 , 0

+4 3 = 0 +4 3 , 2 +4 3 = 3 , 1

30
 / /

( / )1223

) (, , (,) (,) , : 18
. - 1
- = . 2
- = . 3
1 - = . 4
- = = . 5

-1

- 2 =

=,

= = 1 = 1

31
 / /

( / )1223

= 1

=
/
=

- 3 =

/ .

- 4 1 =

( )1

= 1

= 1

= 1

32
 / /

( / )1223

=
/ = 1

1 = 1

1 = 1

= 1

= 1

( )2

- 5 .

= 1 = 2 , 1 , 2

1 = 2

1 1 = 1 2

1 1 = 1 2

1 = 1 2

1 = 1 2

33
 / /

( / )1223

= 1 21 1 2 21

1 21 = 1 2 21

1 21 = 1

2 21

1 21

( )4 = .

) (, : 19

} = < > = { , , 2 , 3 , , 1

. : 20

) (, :
, ,
- }{ = , .
- }{

= ,

1 = ,

34
 / /

( / )1223

=
,

= + <, 0

= +

< 0
< = 0

35
 / /

( / )1223

=
) (, .

) (, , (,) (,), :
() .

, +4 4 , +4 = 0 , 2 :

4 = 0,1,2,3

0+4 = 0 +4 0 , 0 +4 2 = 0 , 2

1+4 = 1 +4 0 , 1 +4 2 = 1 , 3

2+4 = 2 +4 0 , 2 +4 2 = 2 , 0

3+4 = 3 +4 0 , 3 +4 2 = 3 , 1

, +4 4 , +4

0+4 , 1+4

4 = 2

, + , + :

- 1

+ = +

= 21 + 22 1 , 2

36
 / /

( / )1223

= 2 1 + 2 1 , 2

= = 23 3 = 1 + 2

- 2

+ = +

= 21 + 1 + 22 1 , 2

= 2 1 + 2 + 1 1 , 2

= = 23 + 1 3 = 1 + 2

, +4 4 , +4 ,

= 2

) (, (,) (,) , : 21
() .

( : 22 )
.

) (, :
, ,
, 1 , 2 , , 1

= 1 2 1

37
 / /

( / )1223

= , 1 1

= + + +

= .

= .


( )22 :
) (, ) (, ) (, ) (, :
:

= ,

12 , +12 = 0 , 4 , 8 , = 0 , 6 :
, +12 12 , +12 , , +12 12 , +12

+12 = 0 , 2 ,4 , 6 , 8 , 10

) (, (,) (,) , ) (, ( ) :
:
=
). , (,

4 , +4 = 0 , 2 , +4 4 , +4 :
4 = 0,1,2,3

0+4 = 0 +4 0 , 0 +4 2 = 0 , 2 = +4 0

1+4 = 1 +4 0 , 1 +4 2 = 1 , 3 = +4 1

2+4 = 2 +4 0 , 2 +4 2 = 2 , 0 = +4 2

3+4 = 3 +4 0 , 3 +4 2 = 3 , 1 = +4 3
38
 / /

( / )1223

+4 = +4 4

. , +4 4 , +4

)({e},) , (G, :
.

. : 23
) (, :
, ,
=

= 1 , 1 ,

) (,
= 1

= 2 , 2 ,

) (,
= 2

) , (,

39
 / /

( / )1223

) , + (, + ) (, + . :
) (, . :
3 , +3 {}, +3 , 3 , +3 . :
, + . , +

. : 24

) (, :
, ,
=

= = 1
= =
) (, .

5 , +5 5 . :
2 . :
) (, , : 25
1

, 1 :
1

= 1 1 , 1 ,

40
 / /

( / )1223

,
=

= 1
2 1 = 2

= 1 1

= 2 1 = 1

1
/ 1 , .

= 1 , 1 ,

1 1 1

1 1

1 1 = ,

= = 1 = 1 1

= 2 , 2 ,

1 2 1 1 1

1 1 1

1 2

1 2 = ,
41
 / /

( / )1223

= = 2 = 1 2

, ,

. , , ) (, : 26
( , , () )14 :

1
1

= 1 ,

= = 1

, ,

) (, ) , (, :
:
} { =

, + :
, + , +

= + = ,

42
 / /

( / )1223

) (, ) , (, :
:

= , , ,

) (, , , , ) ( , . : 27
:
=
, ,

= = , = , , , ,
- 1

= =y

y
- 2

= yz

43
 / /

( / )1223

- 3

= = =

= = =

- 4

= 1 1 = 1

1 = 1

= = 1

1 = 1

= = 1

1 .

) ( , .

) (, ) ( , . : 28
, :
,

44
 / /

( / )1223

= , = , ,

= =y

= =
. ,

) (, ) (, :
, :

, = 1 1

, + :
2 , 4 = 2 + 4 + 21 + 41 = 2 + 4 + 2 + 4 = 0

) (3 , :
1 1
12 , 123 = 12 123 12 123

= 12 123 12 132

= 23 13 = 123

) (, , : :
, = , ,

) (, ) ( , , . : 29
:
45
 / /

( / )1223

, 1 ,

, 1

= 1 , , ,

= 1 1 = , ,

, 1 ,

) , , (,

46
 / /

( / )1223

(( ))

- 1 .
- 2 .
- 3 ( )20 .
. 13 - 4 ), (3 ,
. 123 - 5 ), (3 ,
- 6 . 4 4 = 4
2 , , , 1 , , - 7 ) (G ,
1 2 , ,
- 8 .
- 9 ) (S3 , .
- 10 ) (G , . , , , ,
. ,
- 11 ) (S3 , )). 3 ((12
- 12 ( )28 .
- 13 ) (, + . , = 0 ,
- 14 ) (S3 , ]). [ 132 , (123

47
 / /

( / )1223

, , , , ,
:
( )homomorphism

= ,

, , : , :
=
,

= =

, , , , , : :

=
,
,

= = =

, + , + : :

=+1

,

+ =++1 +1 + +1 = +

+ +

48
 / /

( / )1223

:
- 1 , , , ,
.
- 2 , , .

, , : 30
= - 1
,
,
1
= 1 . -2

:
-1

= =

- 2 1

1 = 1 = =

1 = 1 = =

49
 / /

( / )1223

1
1


1
= 1

, , : 31
- 1 , , . , ,
- 2 , , . 1 , ,

:
-1

, , 1
1
= 1 = 1

, ,

-2

1 =

, = 1

50
 / /

( / )1223

1
, 1
1
= 1 = 1
1
, ,

1 1

1 , ,

, , , , : 32
. , ,

( ) 31 :
, ,

1
1 1
,

=
1
= 1

= 1 = 1

, ,

1 1

51
 / /

( / )1223

( )32 . :
, , , , : 33
. 1 , ,

( ) 31 :
1 , ,
1 1 1
1
1
= 1 = 1

, ,
1

1 1

1 1 1

1 , ,

, , :
:

= =
52
 / /

( / )1223

. ,

} = {1 , 1 , , , + , . : :
=
.
,

+ = + = . = .

1 0 0 = 0 = 1

1 2 2 = 2 = 1

= 1 1 = 1

3 3 = 3 =

:

= = 1

= = 1

= = 4 ,

= 4

}{ = .
: , , : 34
=
:

= =

53
 / /

( / )1223

= =


/ =
,

=
1 1
= 1 = 1 = =

= 1

, , . , , : 35
:
= =

, =

,
1
= 1 = 1 = =

, ,
1 1
,
54
 / /

( / )1223

1 = 1
1
=
1
= =

, ,

, , , , : 36
=
.

, :
= = =

=
.

, , , ( ) isomorphic :
. , , , ,

. 4 , +4 , . } = {1 , 1 , , :

55
 / /

( / )1223

4 , +4 , .

= 4
,

+4 = +4 = . = .

1 0 4 0 = 0 = 1

1 2 4 2 = 2 = 1

= 1 4 1 = 1

3 4 3 = 3 =

. 4 , +4 , .

. , + : 37
, :

, , +

56
 / /

( / )1223

= ,
1 , 2 1 , 2

1 2 = 1 + 2 = 1 + 2 = 1 + 2

1 = 2

1 = 2

1 = 2


=
.

, , + .
. , +

. , + : 38
, :
} = < > = { , , 2 , 3 , , 1

, , +

= , 0 1
1 , 2 1 , 2

57
 / /

( / )1223

1 2 = 1 + 2

= 1 + 2 = 1 + 2 = 1 + 2

1 = 2

1 = 2

) ( 1 2

1 = 2 + . ,

1 = 2 + . = 2 .

= 2
= 2
= 2

1 = 2
.

=
.

, , +
. , +

. :
. :
, , , :
( ) 38

58
 / /

( / )1223

, , +

, , +

, + ,

, ,
.

, , , , : 39
=
.

, :
=

1 = 1

1 = 1

1 1

59
 / /

( / )1223

= = 1 = 1


.

= , , : 40
.

. :

( : 41 )
, . , ,

:
=

, ,

=
,

= = =

60
 / /

( / )1223

1 = 1

1 = 1

( : 42 )
, , , , ,
, , = .

:
, ,

=

, , ,

1 =

61
 / /

( / )1223

= = 1 = 1 =

=
.

= = =

)( = )( = =

, , =

= = = =

. :

( : 43 )
, , , . , ,

62
 / /

( / )1223

, , , ,
=

= :
, ,

=
, , =

=


=

= =

, ,

, + , . = 1 , 1 :
, , ,

, + , .

1 ,
=
1 ,

63
 / /

( / )1223

- 1 + ,

+ = 1 = 1 .1 = .

+ - 2 ,

+ = 1 = 1 . 1 = .

+ - 3 ,

+ = 1 = 1 . 1 = .

- 4 + ,

+ = 1 = 1 . 1 = .

+ = 1 = 1 . 1 = .

+ = . ,

1 2 2 =1

1 3 3 = 1

, ,

= = = = 1

= = + = ,

, , ,

64
 / /

( / )1223

) (, ( ) :
= , +

8 , +8 2 :
8 = 8 = 23

6 , +6 :
6 = 6
, + .

. : 44
) (, :
, ,

= , +
=

= , 1
, .

) (, ) (,) , (, :
= 1

65
 / /

( / )1223

(( ))

- 1 ) + , ( , + )( = +
.
- 2 ) , + ( /{0} , .
2 , 0
=
1 , =0
.
- 3 ) , + (2 , +2
0 ,
=
1 ,
.
- 4 , , ( ) .
. , , , , - 5
. , () ,
- 6 = :
, , = + , + ,
, , + = ,
.
- 7 = .
- 8 ). , + (/{0},
, , . - 9 ,
. , ,
- 10 , , , ,
= 1 ,
, , .
- 11 ( ) 7 ( )
. ,

66