:

))))Diphontine equations

.. : ...........
.:............
.2015/1/ 15... :........
... : .........
 :
)1
)2
::

:

(( ))
2 2 2 = 1
1500 250
3
. = .) + = 3( +

((476 .)) .

(850930-) ( )

.
( ) 3 = +
3 = 2 +

.

2
 ((:
- : :

1
.
:
-1 + = 9 ) (a,9-a
2
a .
-2 = 2 + 1
3
-3 2 + 2 = 52
32+42=52
(-3)2+(-4)2=52
(-4)2+32=52
32+(-4)2=52
42+(-3)2=52
42+32=52
(-4)2+(-3)2=52
(-3)2+42=52
-4 : 2 + 2 = 2
) (, ,
4
, , .
n>3 5
-5 = +
xyz
.
-6 2 2 = 1
(1996_1611) = 1
6 =0

2 5 2 = 1 = 4

.1 , 225
2 _ , , 236
3 _ , , 236
4 _ , , 236
5 _ , , 236
6 , ,228

3
 = 9
7
-7 = 1 1844
, , ,
, = = 3, = = 2
2003
8
-8 ! + 1 = 2

5+1=112
, 7+1=712
4+1=52
n5000

(( : ))
, ,
.
- : :
:

9
- )1: = + .
10
-)2 = + + .
... :
11
((( :)1 |) )) (,

7 , .228
8 , ,228
9 _ , , 236
10 _ , , 236
11 _ , , 237

4
 :12 = ) (, +
) (, .
, = . = ) (,
, = . + :
= = + ) (, = + .
(:13)2 ) (0 , 0 = +

= 0 + .
)(,

= 0 (,) .

:14 = ) .(. . = , = , ) (0 , 0
) (, .
0 + 0 = = +) (0 ) = ( 0
) )*( (0 ) = ( 0
(, ) = 1 ) |(0 ), |( 0 k:

X=x0-k ,y=y0+k = 0 = , 0

) (x0 +nk ,y0 mk

-ax +by=ax0 k
+by0 +k

=ax0 + by0 = c

.
( - :15)3 1 1 + 2 2 + + = :
) (1 , 2 . . , - 2
: 16 ) = (1 , 2 . . , 1 , 2 , ,
= =1 | = 1 .
d| =1 .d|c

12 _ , , 237
13 _ , , 237
14 _ , , 237
15 , ,235
16 , ,235

5
 .d|c r Z .c = dr ) (1 , 2 . . ,
= 1 , 2 , , Z = =1
= = =1 :
= 1 = 1 , 2 = 2 , .
: 17 :
:
252 54 36 = 0
)(252,-54) (252,54 .
252= 54 .4+63
54=36 . 1 +18
36=18 . 2 + 0
(252,-54)=18
18|36
) (252,-54
14 3 2 = 0

.
14 2 = 3
3
2 14
- =
3 3
2 2 12
- = -
3 3 3
2 2
(+ - )= 4
3 3
2 2
-
3 3
2 2
- = 14
3 3

2 -2 = 3 :

17 _ , , 237

6
 3 =3 +2
2
3
= +1
2
2 1
= u + +1
2 2
1
= + +1
2
1

2
1
=
2

=2
1
=2 , .
1
: = + +1
2

= 3 + 1
: 14 3 = 2
14(3 + 1)-2= 3
42 +12=3
= 14 + 4

))3 + 1, 14 + 4

t=1 t=0 =0+1
=3+1 =0+1
=4 =0
= 4 = 14 + 4 =4+0
= 18 y=4

)(4,18 )(, )=(1,4

) (1,4 ( )2 :t

7
 = 1 + 3
= 14 + 4

,
:
-)1 .
-)2
-)3 ( mod )
-)4 .
-)5 .

- : :

(:18)1 :

) ( 2 + 1)( 2 + 1) + 2( )(1 ) = (4 +

) 2 2 + 2 + 2 + 1 + 2 2 2 2 + 7 2 = 4(1 +

2 2 + 2 + 2 + 1 + 2 2 2 2 + 2 2 4 = 4

2 2 + 1 2 + 2 + 2 2 + 2 2 2 2 + 2 2 = 4

( 1)2 + ( )2 + 2( ) 2( ) = 4

( 1)2 + ( )2 + (2 2)( ) = 4

( 1)2 + ( )2 2( 1)( ) = 4

( )

[( 1) ( )]2 = 4

( 1 + )2 = 4

[( 1) + ( 1)]2 = 4

.page 4 , An introduction to Diophantine equation , Tito Andrescu and Dorin andrica , 18

9
 ( : +1)( -1)=2

+1=-2 +1=-1 +1=2 +1=1

-1=-1 -1=-2 -1=1 -1=2

(0,3),(1,2),(3,0),(-2,-1):

(: +1)( -1)=-2

+1=2 +1=1 +1=-2 +1=-1

-1=-1 -1=-2 -1=1 - 1=2

(-3,2),(0,-1),(-2,3),(1,0):

_ (19:)2 ) (, :

( 7)2 = 2 + 2

2 2 14 + 49 = ( + )2 2

2 2 + 36 12 + 13 = ( + )2

( 6)2 + 13 = ( + )2

( 6)2 ( + )2 = 13

-6-( + )=-13 : _ : -6-( + )=-1:

-6+( + )=1 -6+( + )=13

-( + ) =-7 : -( + )=5 :

+( + )=7 +( + )=19

=0 : =12

, page6 , An introduction to Diophantine equation , Tito Andrescu and Dorin andrica , 19

10
 =7 + =7 +

)(0,7),(7,0),(3,4),(4,3

(20:)3 :

2 ( 1) + 2 ( 1) = 1

=+1 :

=+1

( + 1)2 + ( + 1)2 = 1

(2 + 2 + 1) + ( 2 + 2 + 1) = 1

2 + 2 + + 2 + 2 + = 1

( + ) + 4 + + = 1

( + + 4) + 4 + + = 1

( + + 4) + ( + + 4) = 5

( + 1)( + + 4) = 5

+1=5 +1=1 +1=-5 +1=-1

4=-5 + + + + 4=-1 4=5 + + + +4=1

++ =-6 =-2 =0 =4
=-9 + =-5 + 1 + = = 3

) (0,1),(1,0),(-6,1),(1,-6): (,

) (,.(1,2),(2,1),(-5,2),(2,-5):

- : :

page , An introduction to Diophantine equation , Tito Andrescu and Dorin andrica , 20

11

21
.
22
(:)1
) (, 3 + 3 = ( + )2
:
)(,
+ 0

3 + 3 = ( + )2

( + )( 2 + 2 ) = ( + )2

2 + 2 = 0

2 2 2 + 2 2 2 2 = 0

2 + 2 2 + 2 + 2 2 2 = 0

2 + 2 2 + 2 + 2 2 2 + 1 + 1 = 2

( )2 + ( 1)2 + ( 1)2 = 2

( 1)2 1, ( 1)2 1,

, ][0,2

) (, ( ,) 1,2) , )2,1 ( , )0,1( , )1,0( :

) 2,2

, page 13 , An introduction to Diophantine equation , Tito Andrescu and Dorin andrica , 21

, page 13 , An introduction to Diophantine equation , Tito Andrescu and Dorin andrica , 22

12
 23
(:)2
, ,
1 1 1 3
= + +
5
1 1 1


3 3 3 1 1 1
+ +
5
1
:
3
1 1
}{ 2,3,4,5
5
1

0
3

5
1 3

5
1 1 1 3
= 2 = + +
2 5
12 1 1 1 11 1
+ = +
10
1 1 1 1
> 10 20
10 20
10
= } { 11, 12,20
10
100
= 10+ Y-10 | 100 ( )
10

) )2,15,30) )2,14,35(, )2,12,60( , )2,11,110( , (, ,

)2, 20, 20( ,
1 1 4
= + =3
15

}{3,4,5,6,7
15
= 4-1 | 15 ))3,4,60
415
)3, 6,10 ( , )3,5,15 ( ,
= 4

, page 14 , An introduction to Diophantine equation , Tito Andrescu and Dorin andrica , 23

13
 }{4,5
20
= ( )4,4,10
720

= 5 =5 = 5 ()5,5,5
24
(:)3
) (, , ,
2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2( 1) + 2y(z + 1) = 2
: )( + + 1)2 = 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2( 1
+2( 1) 2 + 1
( + + 1)2 < w2<( + + + 1)2
) 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2( 1) + 2y(z + 1
( + + )2
= ) (, , ,) .(, , , 2 +
,
- : : mod

25
.
26
(:)1

)+1)2+( +2)2++( +2001)2= y2
= -1001 :
( -1000)2+( -999)2+..+( -1)2+ 2+( +1)2+ ..+( +1000)2= y2
100010012001
2001 2+2 =y2
6

2001 2+(10001001667)= y2
2 3

page 14 , An introduction to Diophantine equation , Tito Andrescu and Dorin andrica , 24

, page 29 An introduction to Diophantine equation , Tito Andrescu and Dorin andrica , 25
, page 29 , An introduction to Diophantine equation , Tito Andrescu and Dorin andrica , 26

14
 27
(:)2
p
+1 = 2 2
2+1= 22
,
. x, y 0 2+1= 2 2
1= 22-2
+1 = 2 2
+(22-2)=2 2
p2 1 22 ( p) 2 2 +1 = 2 2
(1- )+2y2=2 2 2 2 22 p , y p
.
2
< < = + +1= 2( )2
2
+1 = 22-4 ++1
2
= 22-4 +
4 =2 = 4 -1 4 =+1

2 2 = 4 =2 =0 = -1 = 7 -1

=7 ) =(2,5)(, .
- : :
(( :
) (n))n1 :
n ) (n
, :

, page 30 , An introduction to Diophantine equation , Tito Andrescu and Dorin andrica , 27

15
 ) (m > ,
> ) (j
) (n : > ,
) (n ,
> 1 > 2 ,
)).28
:
(29 :)1 > 1 > 2
: 0 ) (n
. < 0 ) (n

)30:)2 ) i) i0
1 2 . 0= 0+1
(:31)1 3 + 2 3 = 4 3 :
: ) (0,0,0 ,
: ) (1 , 1 , 1 ( )nontrivial
3 3
,2 4

1 > 0, 1 > 0, 1 > 0
1 3 + 21 3 = 41 3
2| 1
8 23+213=413
4 23+13=413
2z 1=22
+

2 + 1=2 2
) (2 , 2 , 2
1 > 2 , 1 > 2 , 1 > 2

, page 48 , An introduction to Diophantine equation , Tito Andrescu and Dorin andrica , 28

, page48 , An introduction to Diophantine equation , Tito Andrescu and Dorin andrica , 29
, page49, An introduction to Diophantine equation , Tito Andrescu and Dorin andrica , 30
, page49, An introduction to Diophantine equation , Tito Andrescu and Dorin andrica , 31

16
 ) ,( , ,
1 > 2 > 3 ..
()1 .
):32)2 :
= 2 + 1
: ) (0, z+ )(1,1

.
1 , 1 | 1
(( (, )|1
1 1 1 |21 1
< < 1
= + < < 0

-1=2+ -12
2 -1=2 . 2 -1
(2 ) . 2 1
=(2 + 1 1) . 2 1
) = 2 -1(1
|2 -11
1 |21 1
| 1 < < 1
2 2 2 < 1
1 > 2 > ..
.

( :33)3 2 + 2 ,
) (1981) , (1 ) (2 + + 22

, page 49 , An introduction to Diophantine equation , Tito Andrescu and Dorin andrica , 32

17
 : ) =(1,1)(,
, = = = 1
) (, < < 0
< <
[ (2 2 )2 = ( )2 + 22 ]2
= [( )2 + ( ) 2 ]2
[2 ( ) ( )2 ]2
) ( , 0 <
( )2 ) (, )( ,
= = 1
)(1,1

) (, )(, +
(1,1)(2,1)(3,2)(4,3)..

))0

=0 , 1 =1 , +1 = +1 0
1

1981 =159716
:
15 2 +16 2 =3524578
:
,

.

, page 50 , An introduction to Diophantine equation , Tito Andrescu and Dorin andrica , 33

18
19
 (())
_:



.


,
.
:



.
.

20
 .......

-Tito Andrescu and Dorin andrica, ((An introduction to Diophantine

equations)) Springer science +business Media, LLC2010.
- ((, )).
- / (( , / ))2

........

2 :
3 : : .
3 : .
5 : : .
5 : .
5 : .

21
 5 : .
5 : .
6 : .
10 : : .
10 : .
13 : .
16 : .mod
18 : .
23
24
25

22