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in mean velocity. In such tubes there is no lateral pressure gradient between any two cross
sections as there is in rigid tubes; instead there is a, potential energy gradient which is
proportional to the energy loss along the tube. Under certain conditions the flow of
liquid through a collapsible tube is described with a reasonable degree of accuracy by a
modification of Poiseuille's law for tubes of elliptical cross section.
clined to some angle between slightly above into the upper end of the collapsible tube, Pj,
horizontal and vertical. In mammals the flow through the tube to P 2 where the collapsible tube
through veins that are above heart level is was connected to a rigid tube, and through semi-
rigid tubes to the outflow, Z, located several centi-
generally of this nature; an extreme example meters below P 2 . The flow in milliliters per second
is the flow of blood through the external jugu- through the collapsible tube was changed by vary-
lar vein of the giraffe, when the head is above ing the resistance between the Mariotte bottle and
heart level. In these studies we have been Pj, and was measured by collecting the outflow in
interested in learning the inter-relationships a graduate cylinder in a given time. The collap-
sible tube was placed within a plethysmograph
between the following factors: rate of flow which was connected to a volume recorder con-
(milliliter per second), cross section, mean sisting of a paraffin-coated 120 cm. long glass tube,
velocity (centimeter per second), viscosity, having a radius of 0.15 cm., containing a small
length of tube, resistance, potential energy bubble of water. With zero flow through the
difference between any two cross sections of collapsible tube the position of the water bubble
the tube, and the perimeter of the tube. in the volume recorder was read. A few seconds
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Scale
FIG. 1 Left, Jlodel used in studying flow of liquids through ;i collapsible tube.
PIG. 2 Right. Diagrams of the cross section of a "collapsible" tube through which different
amounts of liquid are flowing: 1, zero flow; S, small flow; 3 and 4, larger flows; 5, flow so
large that the tube has become circular and no longer functions as a collapsible tube, a and
h, major and minor semi-axes of the elliptical cross section.
sures were measured by means of water manome- factors on theflowcross-sectioncurve was studied.
ters or Statham strain gages, and recorded with a All of the studies have been carried out on thin-
Brush electromagnetic oscillograph. The pressure walled Penrose rubber tubing having lengths from
at different points within the collapsible tube was 9.75 to 78.5 cm., and perimeters of 2.0, 3.85 and
measured by passing a small-bore polyethylene 6.0 cm.
tube through a side arm near Pi to different points Two other series of similar experiments were
throughout the length of the collapsible tube. The carried out which differed from the above in that
conformation of the collapsible tube at its upper the plethysinograph was not used; instead an in-
and lower ends differs from that of the rest of dicator was injected instantaneously at P^ and its
the tube, and was studied by photographing the time-concentration curve recorded at P.,. This
ends of the tube. The volume of the collapsible method gave inconsistent results, as shown by the
tube at its ends was calculated by planimetering fact that the outflow calculated from the indicator
the area on the photographs, and in some eases dilution curve frequently differed greatly from the
the measured volume of the tube was corrected by true outflow. This may be explained by the fact,
subtracting the excess volume at the two ends from as shown by Rossi et al.,10 that with streamline
the total. This correction was generally small. flow the indicator dilution technie does not give an
In an experiment all of the factors (viscosity, accurate measure of flow.
length, perimeter, and potential energy difference
between the ends of the tube) were maintained con- RESULTS
stant, and the volume and cross section of the verti-
cal collapsible tube determined for flows ranging In a liquid-filled system such as shown in
from zero to 20 ml./sec. This was carried out with figure .1, when there is zero flow through a 78
the tube inclined to angles of 9, 18, 30, 57 and i n . long collapsible tube inclined to some
00; in this way the potential energy difference, be- angle with the horizontal, the tube has a uni-
tween the ends of the tube was changed. This entire
procedure was carried out for different viscosity form shape extending throughout its length.
liquids, tubes of different length, and tube of differ- Tts cross section is of the shape shown in stage
ent perimeter. Tims the effect of each of the above 1. figure 2. When a small constant flow is
FLOW T l l R O r m i COLLAPSIBLE Tl/BES 345
40
With Collapsible Tube
x No Collapsible Tube
,30
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4 8 12 12 4 8 12 16
Flow (ml/sec.) Flow (ml./sec)
FIG. 4. A, Belationship between pressure head, (Y-Pi), and flow with the collapsible tube in
the system and with the tube removed from the system. B, Belationship between lateral pres-
sure and flow. The lateral pressure was measured in the collapsible tube, at a point 3 em.
below the upper end of the tube, taking this point as the zero reference level. C, Kelationshlp
between cross section and flow through a 78 cm. long, 3.85 cm. perimeter collapsible tube
inclined to an angle of 30 for liquids having relative viscosities of 1, 2.9, 5.7 and 12.5.
D, Relationship between cross section and flow of a 12.5 viscosity liquid flowing through a
78.5 cm. long, 3.85 cm. perimeter collapsible tube when inclined to 9, 18, 30, 57 and
90 with the horizontal. E, Relationship between flow and cross section for collapsible tubes of
different lengths. The numbers 9.8, 19.5, 39.5 and 78 cm. are the lengths of the tubes. F,
Relationship between flow and cross section for 78 cm. long collapsible tubes of different
perimeters. The numbers 2.0, 3.85 and 5.8 cm. are the perimeters of the tubes, v is viscosity.
78 cm. long, 3.85 cm. perimeter tube inclined in pressure from 107.8 cm. water below atmos-
90 to the horizontal. In this experiment the pheric to 3 cm. below atmospheric. Further
zero position was taken as the point of pres- increase in flow was associated with a slight
sure measurement in the tube 3 cm. below the increase in pressure, until it reached zero,
upper end of the tube. As the flow increased where it remained for large flows. Measure-
from zero to 2 ml./sec. there was a rapid rise ment of the lateral pressure at all points
PLOW THROUGH COLLAPSIBLE TUBES 347
FIG. 6. A , Relationship between the elliptical cross tube inclined to different angles with the horizontal.
section function, a
(ill
and flow for liquids of dif- This data was taken from figure 40. p is the spe-
b
cific gravity of the liquid; g is the acceleration due to
ferent viscosities flowing through a 78 cm. long, 3.85 gravity; 7d and It? are the vertical heights of the two
cm. perimeter tube inclined to an angle of 30. This ends of the collapsible tube above a reference plane.
data was taken from figure 4C. B, Relationship be- 1), Relationship between the elliptical cross section
tween viscosity and the elliptical cross section func-
a'b' , for the data shown in figure 4C C, function, -, and the length of the collapsible tube
tion, (f+b
<r+V for tubes of different length. Data from figure
Relationship between the elliptical cross section
4E. E, Relationship between the elliptical cross see-
function, n'b*;, and the product (flow divided by
ar+V tion function, - , and the flow for tubes of dif-
the potential energy difference between the two ends
of the tube) for liquid flowing through a collapsible ferent perimeters. Data from figure 4F.
ities of 1, 2.9, 5.7, and 12.5 flowed through this was done for the data in figure 46', re-
a 78 cm. long, 3.85 cm. perimeter tube inclined sults shown in figure 6A were obtained. The
30 to the horizontal. It will be noted that as relationship is approximately linear for flows
the flow increases the cross section increases greater than 2 ml./sec. with the elliptical
in a curvilinear manner, and that for any function increasing as the flow increases.
particular flow the greater the viscosity the Velocity Increases As Flow Increases. In
larger the cross section. It it is assumed figure oA is shown the relationship between
that the cross section of the tube is of ellip- the flow in milliliters per second and the mean
tical shape, then the function of the elliptical velocity of flow in centimeters per second for
the data in figure 46\ As the flow increases
cross section, -. can be calculated. AYhen the mean velocitv increases in a curvilinear
or + i2
FLOW THROUGH COLLAPSIBLE TUBES 349
manner, and for a given flow the velocity de- Increase in Length Causes Increase in Cross
creases as the relative viscosity increases. Section. The relationship between flow per
Cross Section Increases As Velocity In- unit time and cross section for a 5.7 viscosity
creases. The relationship between mean ve- liquid in 3.85 cm. perimeter tubes of different
locity of flow and the cross section of the lengths, inclined to angles such that the verti-
collapsible tube for the data in figure 4C is cal difference between the ends of the tube
shown in figure 5B. As the velocity increases was always 9.8 cm. (and so having a constant
the cross section increases in a curvilinear potential energy difference between the ends
manlier. of the tube), is shown in figure 42?. As the
Cross Section Directly Belated to Viscosity. flow increases so does the cross section and
When for a particular flow, for the data there is a family of curves which describes
shown in figure 46', the cross section is plotted this relationship for tubes of all lengths. For
against the viscosity, a curvilinear relation- any given flow the cross section is greater
ship is obtained with the cross section in- the longer the tube. For each flow when
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creasing as the viscosity increases. When the the elliptical function of the cross section,
elliptical function of the cross section, al
a?b3 , is plotted against the length, from
, is plotted against the viscosity for
2 a- + b-
a~ b
the data in figure 42?, a family of curves is
this data the results shown in figure 67J are
obtained as shown in figure QD. As the length
obtained. As the viscosity increases, the
increases the elliptical cross section function
elliptical function of the cross section in-
increases in a curvilinear manner.
creases in a linear fashion for flows greater
Perimeter Increase Causes an Increase in
than 2 ml ./sec.
Gross Section. The relationship between flow
Cross Section Inversely Related to Potential
per unit time and cross section for a 5.6 vis-
Energy Difference Between Upper and Lotoer
cosity liquid in 78 cm. long collapsible tubes
Ends of the Tube. Figure 4D shows the rela-
oi different perimeters, inclined to an angle
tionship between the flow per unit time and
of 9 degrees with the horizontal, and so hav-
cross section of a 78.5 cm. long, 3.85 cm. per-
ing a vertical difference between the two ends
imeter collapsible tube when the potential
of 9.8 cm., is shown in figure 4F. As the
energy difference between the two ends of the
flow increases the cross section increases, and
tube was changed by inclining the tube to
for any particular flow the larger the perim-
angles of 9, 18, 30, 57 and 90 for a
eter the larger the cross section. In figure 67?
liquid having a relative viscosity of 12.5. For
is shown the relationship between the flow
a given flow, as the angle of inclination to
and:r :i the function of the cross section,
the horizontal decreases the cross section in- ab
, for tubes of different perimeters.
creases ; and there is a family of curves which
a" + b-
describes the relationship between flow and
These data are taken from curves in figure
cross section for all angles of inclination.
IF. There is an approximately linear rela-
When the elliptical cross section function,
tionship, and this relationship is the same for
a3b3 tubes of different perimeters. When the po-
, is plotted against the flow divided tential energy difference between the two ends
a- + b" of the tube was increased, by increasing the
by the potential energy difference between the angle of inclination with the horizontal, the
two ends of the tube, F/(h\ p IJ Ibj p g), for cross sections were smaller than those in figure
the data in figure \l) the linear relationship (>/*.', and under these circumstances the ellipti-
obtained is shown in figure (iC. As the frac- cal cross section function, -, was always
2
a- + b
tion, flow divided by the potential energy
larger for the smaller perimeter tubes. The
difference, increases so does the elliptical cross
section function. reason for this is not clear.
350 HOLT
Energy Relationships. On the basis of the in the lateral pressure difference between the
law of conservation of energy, applying Ber- two ends of the tube in addition to an increase
noulli 's theorem9 to the flow of viscous liquids, in the above product. Thus, in collapsible
the sum of the total mechanical energy and tubes, inclined to some angle with the horizon-
heat energy at any cross section of a perfectly tal, there is no lateral pressure gradient be-
collapsible tube must be the same as that at tween any two cross sections, instead there is
any other cross section. This is expressed in a potential energy gradient which is propor-
the equation9: tional to the energy loss along the tube:
AMg (lh-h2) + puiiv, AT p~a2v2 AT = hx P ghi P g
1/2 &M (i^-W) + TL AM ~ T = _ = T P
where AM Gm. of liquid enter a cross section In the above we were concerned with energy
near the upper end of the tube and A M Gm. changes within the collapsible tube extending
simultaneously exit through a cross section from the point farthest upstream where the
near the lower end in the time, AT. pi is tube is collapsed to the farthest point down-
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the lateral pressure, a^ the cross section, hx stream where the tube is collapsed. In the
the vertical height above an appropriate plane, case of a horizontal collapsible tube, or one
and Vi the velocity of the liquid particles at inclined to some angle below horizontal, at
a cross section near the upper end; while p2, the outflow end of which is applied a subat-
a2, h2, and v% are the corresponding values mospheric pressure, Po, the collapsible tube is
near the lower end of the tube, r is the heat open throughout its entire length except a
energy per unit mass, per unit length, lost by few millimeters of the tube which are col-
the liquid; L is the length of tube between the lapsed at its outflow end.1 The pressure, Plt
two cross sections where the pressure is meas- immediately upstream to the collapsed seg-
ured, and g is the acceleration due to gravity. ment in the open part of the collapsible tube,
Since, as shown earlier, the cross section, lat- is slightly above atmospheric, while the pres-
eral pressure and velocity are the same at all sure at some point within the collapsed
cross sections of the tube, three of the above segment is atmospheric. The pressure differ-
terms drop out of the equation leaving: ence from immediately above to immediately
AMg (hrh,) = L AM below the short collapsed segment is (PiPo).
That is, the flow through such collapsible If the cross sections of the open tube above
tubes is a special ease of Bernoulli's theorem and below the collapsed segment are the same
for the flow of viscous liquids, in which the then the energy difference across the segment
potential energy difference between any two is:
cross sections is equal to the heat energy loss PithXv AT i/=r AT =TL AM.
due to friction as the liquid moves from the A collapsible tube inclined to some angle
upper to the lower cross section. In a collaps- with the horizontal, to which a negative pres-
ible tube having a certain difference in vertical sure is applied on the downstream side of the
height between the two ends of the tube, an collapsible tube, consists of two collapsible
increased flow through the tube causes no segments in series; that is, the long collapsed
change in the lateral pressure but causes an segment extending throughout the length of
increase in the cross section. The increased the inclined tube, and the collapsed segment
energy difference between any two cross sec- at its outflow end. The energy difference,
tions of the collapsible tube, that is associated between the upper end of the long collapsible
with an increased flow through the tube, mani- segment and the point immediately down-
fests itself as an increase in the product: stream to the collapsible segment at the out-
AMg (7*1 - ho). This is in contrast to the flow flow end, is the sum of the energy differences
through a comparable rigid tube in which ease from the inflow to the outflow ends of the
the increase in energy difference between the two collapsed segments.
two ends of the tube, associated with an in- Resistance. The resistance to flow through
crease in flow, manifests itself as an increase a rigid tube system of constant cross sec-
FLOW THROUGH COLLAPSIBLE TUBES 351
tion is generally taken to be the product. The fact that the cross section is the same
/\ t) throughout the length of a long collapsible
-, where Ap is the lateral pressure differ- tube is in contrast to the fact that the cross
F section of a free-falling liquid, poured from
ence between two cross sections along the a beaker, decreases as the distance from the
length of the tube, and F the flow per unit beaker increases. The reason for this differ-
of time. In laminar flow as the Ap increases ence would appear to be the fact that there
the F increases and the resistance remains is little or no frictional resistance at the air-
constant. Since the lateral pressure is zero liquid interface of the free-falling liquid,
at all points in a collapsible tube, inclined to while in the collapsible tube there is frictional
some angle with the horizontal, and does not resistance at the liquid-solid interface at the
change as the flow changes, if we substitute perimeter of the collapsible tube.
the vertiele height (7ii 7i2), above a fixed refer- These studies indicate that in a perfectly
ence plane, of the two cross sections for the collapsible tube inclined to angles between
Downloaded from http://circres.ahajournals.org/ by guest on November 22, 2017
lateral pressure Pi and po, then the resistance horizontal and vertical the lateral pressure
mav be taken to be, R = hj L 9~lh p . This is zero at all points regardless of the flow.
F Our results confirm those obtained by Duo-
resistance has the same dimensions and mean- marco et al.7 in studies on a model, and are in
ing as the conventional resistance. "With zero general agreement with the theoretical and
flow in a collapsible tube, the resistance is experimental results he reported5 for the ve-
infinite, and as the flow increases the resist- nous system of the dog (when held in the
ance decreases. vertical, head-up, position).
In the case of a horizontal collapsible tube, Although the resistance to flow through
collapsed only at its downstream end, the veins in'the circulatory system is generally
PiP.. small when the veins are not collapsed, it
resistance, R, is equal to : As the flow should be pointed out that the resistance is
F high in collapsed veins. The giraffe is an
increases the resistance decreases, and with example; only a relatively small amount of
zero flow the resistance is infinite. Thus, in energy is required to move a given quantity
a collapsed tube system in which the above of blood from the aorta to the head of a
two collapsed segments are in series, as in giraffe, with the head at heart level, however,
a collapsible tube inclined to some angle be- a much larger amount of energy is required
tween vertical and horizontal, and to which to raise the same amount of blood to head
suction is applied at the downstream end of level when the head is in the vertical position
the collapsed segment, the total resistance is because of the large potential energy differ-
the sum of the above resistances. ence between head and heart level. This
DISCUSSION large amount of potential energy is dissipated
Since the rate of flow through a collapsible in the form of heat when the blood passes
tube system, with the tube collapsed through- from the head back to the heart through the
out its length, is unaffected by the presence collapsed veins in the neck where the resist-
of the collapsible tube, it is clear that freely ance is large and the velocity high. It would
collapsible veins running from a part above appear that the collapse of veins in the neck
heart level, such as the head, back to the of the giraffe is a protective mechanism that
heart can exert no siphoning effect on the tends to maintain the pressure in the capil-
flow of blood to the part. Thus, the flow laries of the head above atmospheric, and to
is determined solely by the pressure head, dissipate the large amount of potential energy
from the aorta to the highest point where that the blood possesses at head level on its
the vein is collapsed, and the resistance to return to the heart; in this way the blood
flow along these arterial and capillary chan- returns to the heart without excessive kinetic
nels. energv.
352 HOLT
tubo. Esseva monstrate que, eon le excep- veins. Am. J. Physiol. 178: 215, 1954.
tion del longor del tubo, le fluxo a transverso 6. RODBARD, S.: Distribution of flow through a
tal tubos pote esser deseribite eon grados pulmonary manifold. Am. Heart J. 51: 106,
adequate de aecuratia per un modification 1956.
(pro tubos elliptic) del lege de Poiseuille 7. DUOMARCO, J., RIMINI, R., AND RECARTE, P.:
La presion de los troncos venosos de torax:
pro tubos circular e que le fluxo de fluidos Apendice. Rev. argent, eardiol. 12: 129,
viscose a transverso tal tubos es un caso 1945.
special del theorema de Bernoulli, eon le S. MILNE-THOMSOX, L. M.: Theoretical Hydro-
functiones del energia cinetic e del pression dynamics. New York, Macmillan, 1950.
lateral deveniente zero de maniera que sol- 9. FERENCE, M., JR., LEMON, H. B., AND STEPH-
ENSON, R. J.: Analytical Experimental
mente le functiones de energia potential e de Physics. Second Revised Edition, Univer-
energia caloric remane. II non existe, in le sity of Chicago Press, 1956, p. 152.
fluxo de fluido a transverso tal tubos, un 10. Rossi, H. H., POWERS, S. H., AND DWORK, B.:
gradiente de pression lateral. II existe sol- Measurement of flow hi* straight tubes by
mente un gradiente de energia potential. means of the dilution technique. Am. J.
Physiol. 173: 103, 1953.
Flow of Liquids Through "Collapsible" Tubes
J. P. HOLT
doi: 10.1161/01.RES.7.3.342
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