Cause NO release -> vasodilation (veins >>> arteries); used in angina; fast

Nitrates (mechanism, use, toxicity) tolerance, hypotension, flushing, headache Pharmacology Cardio
Adverse effects of statins Hepatoxicity and muscle breakdown Pharmacology Cardio
Inhibits lipolysis and reduces VLDL secretion, lowering LDL and raising HDL;
Niacin (mechanism, use, toxicity) hyperlipidemia; flushing and hyperuricemia Pharmacology Cardio
Cholestyramine, colestipol, colesevelam Inhibits reabsorption of bile acids -> lower LDL with slight increase in HDL;
(mechanism, use, toxicity) unpigmented gallbladder stones and malabsorption Pharmacology Cardio
Ezetimibe Prevents cholesterol reabsorption -> lower LDL Pharmacology Cardio
Fibrates (gemfibrozil + -fibrates) Upregulates LPL -> lower triglycerides, slightly inc. HDL and slightly dec. LDL;
(mechanism, use, toxicity) myositis and hepatoxicity Pharmacology Cardio
Inhibits Na/K ATPase -> indirectly inhibits Na/Ca exchanger -> inc. calcium
Digoxin and digitoxin (mechanism, use, levels -> inc. contractility; stimulates the vagus; causes cholinergic symptoms
toxicity) and hyperkalemia Pharmacology Cardio
Quinidine, procainamide, and disopyramide; inc. AP duration and QT interval;
can cause torsades de pointes, cinchonism (qunidine), procainamide (drug-
Class 1A antiarrhythmics induced lupus) Pharmacology Cardio
Lidocaine, mexiletine, and tocainide; dec. AP duration especially in
Class 1B antiarrhythmics depolarized/ischemia tissue; best following MI Pharmacology Cardio
Flecainide, propafenone; no effect on AP, used in ventricular tachycardias; do
Class 1C antiarrhythmics not use post-MI due to risk for arrhythmias Pharmacology Cardio
Class 1 antiarrhythmics (general mechanism Blocks Na channels, decreasing the slope of phase 0 depolarization; toxicity
and toxicity) exacerbated by hyperkalemia Pharmacology Cardio
Beta-blockers; reduces cAMP, slowing SA and AV node activity, increases PR
Class 2 antiarrhythmics interval; adverse effects include impotence, asthma exacerbation, sedation Pharmacology Cardio
Amiodarone, ibutilide, dofetilide, sotalol; K channel blockers; inc. AP duration
Class 3 antiarrhythmics and QT interval Pharmacology Cardio
Toxicity of amiodarone Pulmonary fibrosis, hepatotoxicity, thyroid dysfunction Pharmacology Cardio
Ca channel blockers; verapamil and diltiazem; dec. conduction velocity and
Class 4 antiarrhythmics inc. PR interval; cause constipation, flushing, and edema Pharmacology Cardio
Inc. K efflux, hyperpolarizing the cell; used in supraventricular tachycardias;
Adeosine (mechanism, use, toxicity) can cause flushing, hypotension, and chest pain Pharmacology Cardio
Magnseium (mechanism, use, toxicity) Used in torsades de pointes and digoxin toxicity Pharmacology Cardio
Treatment for prolactinoma Bromocriptine or cabergoline (dopamine agonists) Pharmacology Endocrine
Treatment of secondary hyperaldosteronism Spironolactone (or other AT2 antagonist) Pharmacology Endocrine
Treatment of carcinoid syndrome Octreotide (somatostatin analogues) Pharmacology Endocrine
Rapid-acting insulins (3) Lispro, aspart, and glulisine Pharmacology Endocrine
Short-acting insulin (1) Regular Pharmacology Endocrine
Intermediate-acting insulin (1) NPH Pharmacology Endocrine
Long-acting insulins (2) Glargine and detemir Pharmacology Endocrine
Biguanide; unknown mechanism; increases insulin sensitivity and glycolysis
and decreases gluconeogenesis; can cause lactic acidosis (don't use in renal
Metformin (mechanism, use, toxicity) failure patients) Pharmacology Endocrine
Tolbutamide, chlorpropamide (mechanism, First-generation sulfonylureas; close beta-cell K channels, causing
use, toxicity) depolarization and increased insulin release; causes disulfuram-like effects Pharmacology Endocrine
Glyburide, glimepiride, glipizide Second-generation sulfonylureas; close beta-cell K channels, causing
(mechanism, use, toxicity) depolarization and increased insulin release; causes hypoglycemia Pharmacology Endocrine
Pioglitazone, rosiglitazone (mechanism, use, Thiazolidinediones; activates PPAR-gamma, increasing insulin sensitivity and
toxicity) adiponectin levels; causes weight gain, hepatotoxicity, and heart failure Pharmacology Endocrine
Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors; prevent sugar hydrolysis and absorption,
Acarbose, miglitol (mechanism, use, toxicity) reducing blood sugar levels Pharmacology Endocrine
Pramlintide (mechanism, use, toxicity) Amylin analog; reduces glucagon secretion; causes hypoglycemia Pharmacology Endocrine
 Exenatide, liraglutide (mechanism, use, GLP-1 analogues; increase insulin, decrease glucagon secretion; causes
toxicity) pancreatitis Pharmacology Endocrine
Linagliptin, saxagliptin, sitagliptin DPP-4 inhibitors; increase insulin, decrease glucagon secretion; causes mild
(mechanism, use, toxicity) urinary/respiratory infections Pharmacology Endocrine
Blocks thyroid peroxidase and 5'-deiodinase; used to treat hyperthyroidism;
Propylthiouracil (mechanism, use, toxicity) causes agranulocytosis, aplastic anemia, hepatotoxicity Pharmacology Endocrine
Methimazole (mechanism, use, toxicity) Blocks thyroid peroxidase; used to treat hyperthyrodism; teratogenic Pharmacology Endocrine
Levothyroxine, triiodothyronine (mechanism,
use, toxicity) Thyroid hormone analogs; causes thyrotoxicosis Pharmacology Endocrine
Oxytocin (mechanism, use, toxicity) Used to control uterine hemhorrage Pharmacology Endocrine
ADH antagonist used to treat SIADH; can cause photosensitivty and
Demeclocycline (mechanism, use, toxicity) bone/teeth abnormalities Pharmacology Endocrine
Inhibits phospholipase A2 activity and expression of COX-2; used for immune
suppression; can cause Cushing's syndrome, adrenal insufficiency (if
Glucocorticoids (mechanism, use, toxicity) withdrawn quickly) Pharmacology Endocrine
Cimetidine and ranitidine (mechanism, use, H2 antagonists; used to treat hyperchloridia; cimeditine is a P-450 inhibitor
toxicity) and has antiandrogenic effects, both reduce creatinine secretion Pharmacology GI
Irreversibly inhibit the H/K pump; used to treat hyperchloridia; increased risk
-prazoles (mechanism, use, toxicity) of C. difficile infection and hypomagnesemia Pharmacology GI
Bismuth, sucralfate (mechanism, use,
toxicity) Coats ulcer base and protects underlying tissue Pharmacology GI
PGE1 analog that decreases acid production and increases bicarb production;
Misoprostol (mechanism, use, toxicity) used to prevent NSAID ulcers; abortifacient Pharmacology GI
Octreotide (mechanism, use, toxicity) Somatostatin analog; used to treat VIPoma and carcinoid syndrome Pharmacology GI
Toxicity of long-term antacid use Hypokalemia Pharmacology GI
Infliximab (mechanism, use, toxicity) Anti-TNF; used to treat IBD and RA; can cause activation of latent microbes Pharmacology GI
Combination of sulfapyridine (antibacterial) and 5-aminosalicylic acid (anti-
Sulfasalazine (mechanism, use, toxicity) inflammatory); used to treat IBD; causes oligospermia Pharmacology GI
Ondansetron (mechanism, use, toxicity) 5-HT3 antagonist; used as an antiemetic Pharmacology GI
D2 antagonist; used to increase gut muscle activity and as an antiemetic;
Metoclopramide (mechanism, use, toxicity) causes parkinson signs Pharmacology GI
Can be used to prevent mast cell
degranulation Cromolyn sodium Pharmacology Heme/Onc
Treatment of lead poisoning Dimercaprol and EDTA, succimer in kids Pharmacology Heme/Onc
Activates antithrombin, which inactivates thrombin and Xa; used for
immediate coagulation and in pregnant women; some patients develop
Heparin (mechanism, use, toxicity) antibodies to platelet factor 4 (HIT) Pharmacology Heme/Onc
Enoxaparin, dalteparin (mechanism, use, Same actions as heparin, but has a longer half-life, does not have to be
toxicity) monitored as closely, and has a reduced risk of HIT Pharmacology Heme/Onc
Inactivated gamma-carboxylation of factors II, VII, IX, X, C, and S; used for
long-term and non-immediate anticoagulation; can cause tissue necrosis,
Warfarin (mechanism, use, toxicity) teratogenic Pharmacology Heme/Onc
Alteplase, reteplase, tenecteplase
(mechanism, use, toxicity) Converts plasminogen to plasmin; used as a thrombolytic Pharmacology Heme/Onc
Irreversibly inhibits COX-1 and COX-2; anti-platelet and anti-inflammatory;
Aspirin (mechanism, use, toxicity) gastric ulcers, tinnitus, Reye's syndrome in childhood viral infections Pharmacology Heme/Onc
Clopidogrel, ticlodipine, prasugrel, ticagrelor Irreversibly blocks ADP receptors on platelets, preventing degranulation; used
(mechanism, use, toxicity) for acure coronary syndrome; ticlodipine causes neutropenia Pharmacology Heme/Onc
Cilostazol, dipyridamole (mechanism, use, Phosphodiesterase inhibitor, increases cAMP and decreases ADP, preventing
toxicity) platelet degranulation; nausea, headache, facial flushing, hypotension Pharmacology Heme/Onc
 Abciximab, eptifibatide, tirofiban GPIIb/IIIa inhibitors, preventing platelet aggregation; bleeding,
(mechanism, use, toxicity) thrombocytopenia Pharmacology Heme/Onc
Inhibits dihydrofolate reductase, inhibiting DNA synthesis; myelosuppression,
Methotrexate (mechanism, use, toxicity) macrovesicular fatty change in liver Pharmacology Heme/Onc
Pyrimidine analog that is activated and inhibits thymidylate synthase,
5-fluorouracil (mechanism, use, toxicity) inhibiting DNA synthesis; myelosuppression, photosensitivity Pharmacology Heme/Onc
Pyrimidine analog that inhibits DNA polymerase; leukopenia,
Cytarabine (mechanism, use, toxicity) thrombocytopenia, megaloblastic anemia Pharmacology Heme/Onc
Purine analogs that are activated by HGPRT and inhibit purine synthesis;
Azathioprine, 6-mercaptopurine, 6- toxicity is increased with allopurinol, causes bone marrow, GI, and liver
thioguanine (mechanism, use, toxicity) toxicity Pharmacology Heme/Onc
Dactinomycin (actinomycin D) (mechanism,
use, toxicity) DNA intercalator; used for childhood tumors; myelosuppression Pharmacology Heme/Onc
Doxorubicin (Adriamycin), daunorubicin Generates free radicals that cause DNA strand breaks; dilated cardiomyopathy
(mechanism, use, toxicity) (Dexrazoxone, an iron chelator, prevents this), myelosuppression, alopecia Pharmacology Heme/Onc
Generates free radicals that cause DNA strand breaks; pulmonary fibrosis with
Bleomycin (mechanism, use, toxicity) minimal myelosuppression Pharmacology Heme/Onc
Cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide (mechanism, Crosslinks DNA (must be activated by liver); myelosuppression, hemhorragic
use, toxicity) cystitis (can be minimized with mesna) Pharmacology Heme/Onc
Carmustine, lomustine, semustine,
streptozocin (mechanism, use, toxicity) Used to treat CNS tumors Pharmacology Heme/Onc
Busulfan (mechanism, use, toxicity) Alkylates DNA; pulmonary fibrosis, hyperpigmentation Pharmacology Heme/Onc
Vincristine, vinblastine (mechanism, use, Block microtubule polymerization; vincristine causes neurotoxicity, vinblastine
toxicity) causes bone marro suppression Pharmacology Heme/Onc
Paclitaxel (mechanism, use, toxicity) Blocks microtubule breakdown; myelosuppression Pharmacology Heme/Onc
Cisplatin, carboplatin (mechanism, use, Crosslinks DNA; nephrotoxicity (minimize with chloride diuresis, amifostine),
toxicity) acoustic n. damage Pharmacology Heme/Onc
Etoposide, teniposide (mechanism, use,
toxicity) Inhibits topoisomerase II; myelosuppression, GI upset, alopecia Pharmacology Heme/Onc
Inhibits ribonucleotide reductase and increases HbF; used in cancers and
Hydroxyurea (mechanism, use, toxicity) HbSS disease; bone marrow suppression Pharmacology Heme/Onc
Prednisone (mechanism, use, toxicity) Unknown but may trigger apoptosis in dividing cells; Cushingoid symptoms Pharmacology Heme/Onc
Prevents estrogen receptor binding; used in breast cancer and prevention of
Tamoxifen, raloxifene (mechanism, use, osteoporosis; tamoxifen increases the risk of endometrial cancer due to
toxicity) agonist effects. Raloxifene = no increase in endometrial cancer. Pharmacology Heme/Onc
Trastuzumab (mechanism, use, toxicity) Antibody against HER-2 receptor; cardiotoxicity Pharmacology Heme/Onc
Imatinib (mechanism, use, toxicity) Antibody against bcr-abl tyrosine kinase Pharmacology Heme/Onc
Antibody against CD20; used to treat non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and
Rituximab (mechanism, use, toxicity) rheumatoid arthritis Pharmacology Heme/Onc
Vemurafenib (mechanism, use, toxicity) B-raf kinase inhibitor (V600 mutation); used in metastatic melanoma Pharmacology Heme/Onc
Bevacizumab (mechanism, use, toxicity) Antibody against VEGF Pharmacology Heme/Onc
Ibuprofen, naproxen, indomethacin,
ketorolac, diclofenac (mechanism, use, Reversible COX inhibitor; gastric ulcers, renal ischemia (due to constriction of
toxicity) afferent arteriole) Pharmacology Musculoskeletal
Reversible COX-2 inhibitor; anti-inflammatory without damage to gastric
Celecoxib (mechanism, use, toxicity) mucosa; sulfa allergy, thrombosis Pharmacology Musculoskeletal
Acetominophen (mechanism, use, toxicity) COX inhibitor in the CNS (not anti-inflammatory); causes hepatic necrosis Pharmacology Musculoskeletal
Pyrophosphate analog that inhibits osteoclasts; used to treat osteoporosis,
Alendronate (mechanism, use, toxicity) hypercalcemia, and Paget's disease; corrosive esophagitis Pharmacology Musculoskeletal
Allopurinol (mechanism, use, toxicity) Xanthine oxidase inhibitor, reduces production of uric acid Pharmacology Musculoskeletal
Febuxostat (mechanism, use, toxicity) Xanthine oxidase inhibitor Pharmacology Musculoskeletal
 Probenecid (mechanism, use, toxicity) Inhibits reabsorption of uric acid in PCT Pharmacology Musculoskeletal
Colchine (mechanism, use, toxicity) Inhibits microtubule polymerization, preventing neutrophil extravasation Pharmacology Musculoskeletal
Etanercept (mechanism, use, toxicity) TNF-alpha receptor that binds free TNF-alpha Pharmacology Musculoskeletal
Infliximab, adalimumab (mechanism, use,
toxicity) Anti-TNF-alpha antibody Pharmacology Musculoskeletal
PGF2 analog that increases the outflow of aqueous humor; can cause
Latanoprost (mechanism, use, toxicity) darkening of the iris Pharmacology Neurology
Morphine, fentanyl, cofeine, heroin,
methadone, meperidine, dextromethorphan, Mu opioid agonists that open K channels and close Ca channels, inhibting
diphenoxylate (mechanism, use, toxicity) synaptic transmission; addiction, respiratory depression, constipation, miosis Pharmacology Neurology
Mu opioid partial agonist; used to treat severe pain; causes withdrawal if
Butorphanol (mechanism, use, toxicity) being treated with full agonist Pharmacology Neurology
Weak opioid agonist that inhibits serotonin and NE reuptake; increases risk for
Tramadol (mechanism, use, toxicity) seizures Pharmacology Neurology
First-line therapy for simple partial seizures Carbamazepine Pharmacology Neurology
First-line therapy for complex partial
seizures Carbamazepine Pharmacology Neurology
First-line therapies for tonic-clonic seizures
(3) Carbamazepine, phenytoin, valproate Pharmacology Neurology
First-line therapy for absence seizures Ethosuximide Pharmacology Neurology
Increases Na channel inactivation and inhibits glutamate release; used for
simple, complex, and tonic-clonic seizures and status epilecticus prophylaxis;
nystagmus, gingival hyperplasia, hirsutism, megaloblastic anemia,
Phenytoin (mechanism, use, toxicity) teratogenic, drug-induced lupus, P450 inducer Pharmacology Neurology
Increases Na channel inactivation; first-line for simple, complex, and tonic-
clonic seizures and trigeminal neuralgia; agranulocytosis, aplastic anemia,
Carbamazepine (mechanism, use, toxicity) P450 inducer, SIADH, liver toxicity Pharmacology Neurology
Blocks Na channels; used for simple, complex, and tonic-clonic seizures;
Lamotrigine (mechanism, use, toxicity) Steven-Johnson syndrome Pharmacology Neurology
Inhibits Ca channels; used for simple, complex, and tonic-clonic seizures,
Gabapentin (mechanism, use, toxicity) migraine prophylaxis, peripheral neuropathy, bipolar disorder; ataxia Pharmacology Neurology
Blocks Na channels and increases GABA secretion; used for simple, complex,
and tonic-clonic seizures and migraine prevention; mental dulling, kidney
Topiramate (mechanism, use, toxicity) stones, weight loss Pharmacology Neurology
Increases GABA channel action; first-line for simple, complex, and tonic-clonic
Phenobarbital (mechanism, use, toxicity) seizures in children; P450 inducer Pharmacology Neurology
Increases Na channel inactivation and increases GABA levels; first-line for
tonic-clonic seizures, used for simplex, complex, tonic-clonic, and myoclonic
Valproate (mechanism, use, toxicity) seizures; hepatotoxicity, neural tube defects, weight gain, tremor Pharmacology Neurology
Blocks thalamic Ca channels; first-line for absence seizures; GI distress,
Ethosuximide (mechanism, use, toxicity) Steven-Johnson syndrome Pharmacology Neurology
Increases frequency of GABA channel opening; first-line for status epilepticus
(diazepam, lorazepam), used for eclampsia seizures (diazepam, lorazepam),
Benzodiazepines (mechanism, use, toxicity) anxiety, alcohol withdrawl, sleep walking, night terrors; sedation Pharmacology Neurology
Tiagabine (mechanism, use, toxicity) Inhibits GABA reuptake; used for simple and complex seizures Pharmacology Neurology
Irreversibly inhibits GABA transaminase, increasing GABA concentration; used
Vigabatrin (mechanism, use, toxicity) for simple and complex seizures Pharmacology Neurology
Levetriacetam (mechanism, use, toxicity) Unknown mechanism; used for simple, complex, and tonic-clonic seizures Pharmacology Neurology
Phenobarbital, pentobarbial, thiopental, Increase duration of GABA channel opening; induction of anesthesia, sedative;
secobarbital (mechanism, use, toxicity) CNS depression, P450 inducer, contraindicated in patients with porphyrias Pharmacology Neurology
 Triazolam, oxazepam, midazolam
(mechanism, use, toxicity) Short-acting benzodiazepines; more addictive potential Pharmacology Neurology
Barbituates vs. benzodiazepines
(mechanism) Increase duration vs. increase frequency Pharmacology Neurology
Zolpidem, zaleplon, eszopiclone
(mechanism, use, toxicity) BZ1 subtype GABA channel agonists; used to treat insomnia Pharmacology Neurology
Blocks NMDA receptor; used as an anesthetic; increases cardiac activity,
Ketamine (mechanism, use, toxicity) hallucinations, bad dreams Pharmacology Neurology
Order of sensory loss when using local
anesthetics Pain -> temperature -> touch -> pressure Pharmacology Neurology
ACh receptor agonist, produces sustained depolarization and desensitization;
Succinylcholine (mechanism, use, toxicity) used as a paralytic; hypercalcemia, hyperkalemia, malignant hyperthermia Pharmacology Neurology
Tubocurarine, -curium drugs (mechanism,
use, toxicity) ACh antagonists; used as paralytics Pharmacology Neurology
Inhibits release of Ca from sarcoplasmic reticulum and skeletal muscle; used
Dantrolene (mechanism, use, toxicity) to treat malignant hyperthermia and neuroleptic-malignant syndrome Pharmacology Neurology
Converted to dopamine by dopa decarboxylase in CNS/inhibits peripheral
Levodopa/carbidopa (mechanism, use, dopa decarboxylase activity; used to treat parkinson symptoms; can cause
toxicity) arrhythmias and "on/off" phenomenon Pharmacology Neurology
MAO-B (prefers dopamine for breakdown) inhibitor, inhibits dopamine
breakdown; used to treat parkinson symptoms; enhances adverse effects of
Selegiline (mechanism, use, toxicity) levodopa Pharmacology Neurology
Donepezil, galantamine, rivastigmine ACh esterase inhibitors; used to treat Alzheimer's disease; cholinergic
(mechanism, use, toxicity) symptoms Pharmacology Neurology
Agonist at 1B/1D serotonin receptors; used to treat acute migraines and
Sumatriptan (mechanism, use, toxicity) cluster headaches; coronary vasospasm Pharmacology Neurology
High potency antipsychotics that antagonize D2 receptors; used to treat
schizoprehnia, psychosis, mania, and Tourette's; hyperprolactinemia, anti-
cholinergic symptoms (dry mouth, constipation), extrapyramidal effects
Trifluoperzine, fluphenazine, haloperidol (dyskinesia), neuroleptic malignany syndrome, tardive dyskinesia
(mechanism, use, toxicity) (haloperidol) Pharmacology Psychiatry
Low potency antipsychotics that antagonize D2 receptors; used to treat
Chlorpromazine, thioridazine (mechanism, schizophrenia, psychosis, mania, and Tourette's; corneal deposits
use, toxicity) (chlorpromazine), retinal desporits (thioridazine) Pharmacology Psychiatry
Olanzapine, clozapine, quetiapine, Atypical antipsychotics with unknown mechnism; used for schizophrenia,
risperidone, aripripazole, ziprasidone bipolar disorder, OCD, and others; weight gain (olanzapine, clozapine),
(mechanism, use, toxicity) agranulocytosis (clozapine), seizures (clozapine), prolonged QT (ziprasidone) Pharmacology Psychiatry
Unknown mechanism; used for bipolar disorder and SIADH; tremor, sedation,
Lithium (mechanism, use, toxicity) edema, hypothyroidism, polyuria Pharmacology Psychiatry
Agonizes 1A serotonin receptors; used for generalized anxiety disorder; no
Buspirone (mechanism, use, toxicity) side effects, but takes 1-2 weeks for improvement Pharmacology Psychiatry
Block reuptake of serotonin from the synaptic cleft; depression and others;
Fluoxetine, paroxetine, sertraline, citalopram sexual dysfunction, sertonin syndrome (hyperthermia, myoclonus, flushing,
(mechanism, use, toxicity) diarrhea, seizures) Pharmacology Psychiatry
Venlafaxine, duloxetine (mechanism, use, Block reuptake of NE and serotonin from synaptic cleft; depression, diabetic
toxicity) neuropathy (duloxetine); hypertension Pharmacology Psychiatry
TCAs, block reuptake of NE and serotonin; depression, bewetting
-iptyline, -ipramine, doxepin, amoxapine (imipramine), OCD (clomipramine); convulsions, coma, arrhythmias, sedation,
(mechanism, use, toxicity) hypotension, anti-cholinergic effects Pharmacology Psychiatry
 Inhibit breakdown of NE, serotonin, and dopamine; used for atypical
Tranylcypromine, phenelzine, isocarboxazid, depression, anxiety, and hypochondriasis; hypertensive crisis (tyramine in
selegiline (mechanism, use, toxicity) wine/cheese), don't use with other serotonin agonists Pharmacology Psychiatry
Bupropion (mechanism, use, toxicity) Increases NE and dopamine; used for smoking sensation, depression; seizures Pharmacology Psychiatry
Alpha-2 antagonist, increases NE and serotonin release, and serotonin
receptor agonist; used for depression; sedation, increased appetite with
Mirtazapine (mechanism, use, toxicity) weight gain; Pharmacology Psychiatry
Maprotiline (mechanism, use, toxicity) Blocks NE reuptake; used for depression; sedation, hypotension Pharmacology Psychiatry
Trazodone (mechanism, use, toxicity) Inhibits serotonin uptake; used for insomnia; pripism Pharmacology Psychiatry
Osmotic diuretic; used to treat drug overdose and increased ICP; pulmonary
Mannitol (mechanism, use, toxicity) edema, CHF Pharmacology Renal
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor; used for glaucoma, metabolic alklalosis;
Acetazolamide (mechanism, use, toxicity) hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis, ammonia toxicity, sulfa allergy Pharmacology Renal
Inhibits NKCC channel, preventing urine concentration; used in hypertension,
CHF, hypercalcemia; ototoxicity, hypokalemia, hypocalcemia, nephritis, gout,
Furosemide (mechanism, use, toxicity) sulfa allergy Pharmacology Renal
Inhibits NKCC channel; used in patients with furosemide (sulfa) allergy;
Ethacrynic acid (mechanism, use, toxicity) hyperuricemia Pharmacology Renal
Inhibits NaCl reabsorption in DCT and increases Ca reabsorption; hypertension
Hydrochlorothiazide (mechanism, use, and hypercalcinuria; hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, hyperuricemia,
toxicity) hypercalcemia, sulfa allergy Pharmacology Renal
Spironolactone, eplerenone (mechanism, Aldosterone receptor antagonists; hyperaldosteronism, CHF, hypokalemia;
use, toxicity) hyperkalemia (arrhythmias), antiandrogen effects with spironolactone Pharmacology Renal
Triamterene, amiloride (mechanism, use,
toxicity) Block sodium channels in cortical collecting duct; hyperaldosteronism, CHF Pharmacology Renal
ACE inhibitor, leads to reduced angiotensin II levels and decreases GFR;
Captopril, enalapril, lisinopril (mechanism, prevents heart remodeling, hypertension, CHF; cough, angioedema, transient
use, toxicity) creatinine increase, hyperkalemia Pharmacology Renal
Losartan, valsartan (mechanism, use, Angiotensin II receptor antagonists; similar to ACE inhibitors, but do not cause
toxicity) cough due to normal metabolism of bradykinin Pharmacology Renal
GnRH analog that acts as an agonist in pulsatile doses and an antagonist in
continuous doses; used as an agonist for infertility and an antagonist for
Leuprolide (mechanism, use, toxicity) prostate cancer, fibroids, and precocious puberty; antiandrogenic Pharmacology Reproductive
Finasteride (mechanism, use, toxicity) 5-alpha reductase inhibitor; used for BPH and male-pattern baldness Pharmacology Reproductive
Flutamide (mechanism, use, toxicity) Testosterone receptor antagonist; used in prostate cancer Pharmacology Reproductive
Inhibits 17,20-desmolase, stopping sex steroid synthesis; used to treat
Ketoconazole (mechanism, use, toxicity) polycystic ovarian syndrome Pharmacology Reproductive
Partial estrogen agonist in the hypothalamus, increases release of LH and
Clomiphene (mechanism, use, toxicity) FSH, stimulating ovulation; used for infertility and PCOS Pharmacology Reproductive
Estrogen receptor antagonist at the breast; used for breast cancer; partial
Tamoxifen (mechanism, use, toxicity) agonist at the uterus, can cause endometrial hyperplasia Pharmacology Reproductive
Estrogen receptor agonist at bone, inhibits osteoclast activity and stimulates
Raloxifene (mechanism, use, toxicity) osteoblast activity; used to treat osteoporosis Pharmacology Reproductive
Anastrozole, exemestane (mechanism, use,
toxicity) Aromatase inhibitors; used in breast cancer Pharmacology Reproductive
Progesterone receptor antagonist, given with misoprostol for abortion;
Mifepristone (mechanism, use, toxicity) abortifacient; bleeding, abdominal pain Pharmacology Reproductive
Terbutaline (mechanism, use, toxicity) Beta-2 agonist, inhibits uterine contractions Pharmacology Reproductive
Tamsulosin (mechanism, use, toxicity) Alpha-1 antagonist; used to treat BPH Pharmacology Reproductive
 Phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors, causing inc. cGMP levels and smooth muscle
Sildenafil, vardenafil (mechanism, use, relaxation; used in erectile dysfunction; impaired blue-green vision,
toxicity) contradindicated with nitrates Pharmacology Reproductive
Partial androgen receptor agonist; used to treat endometriosis and hereditary
Danazol (mechanism, use, toxicity) angioedema; weight gain, acne, hirsutism, low HDL, hepatoxicity Pharmacology Reproductive
Treat methemoglobinemia with Methylene blue Pharmacology Respiratory
(First generation) H1 antagonists; used in allergies, motion sickness,
Diphenhydramine, dimenhydrinate, insomnia; sedation, antiadrenergic, antiserotonergic, and antimuscarinic
chlorpheniramine (mechanism, use, toxicity) effects due to CNS penetration Pharmacology Respiratory
Loratadine, fexofenadine, desloratadine, H1 antagonists, 2nd gen; used in allergies; less fatigue than 1st gen
cetrizine (mechanism, use, toxicity) antihistamines due to decreased CNS penetration Pharmacology Respiratory
Albuterol (mechanism, use, toxicity) Short-acting beta-2 agonist; asthma Pharmacology Respiratory
Salmeterol, formoterol (mechanism, use,
toxicity) Long-acting beta-2 agonist; asthma; tremor, arrhythmias Pharmacology Respiratory
Phosphodiesterase inhibitor, increases cAMP and causes bronchodilation;
Theophylline (mechanism, use, toxicity) asthma; cardiotoxicity, neurotoxicity Pharmacology Respiratory
Ipratropium (mechanism, use, toxicity) Muscarinic antagonist, prevents bronchoconstriction; asthma and COPD Pharmacology Respiratory
Beclomethasone, fluticasone (mechanism, Inhibit cytokine synthesis, reducing inflammation due to asthma; 1st line for
use, toxicity) chronic asthma Pharmacology Respiratory
Montelukast, zafirlukast (mechanism, use,
toxicity) Leukotriene receptor antagonists; especially useful in aspirin-induced asthma Pharmacology Respiratory
Inhibits activity of 5-lipoxygenase, inhibiting leukotriene production; reduces
Zileuton (mechanism, use, toxicity) inflammation Pharmacology Respiratory
Omalizumab (mechanism, use, toxicity) Anti-IgE antibody; used in refractory allergic asthma Pharmacology Respiratory
Guaifenesin (mechanism, use, toxicity) Thins respiratory secretions Pharmacology Respiratory
Loosens mucus plugs; used in CF patients and as an antidote to
N-acetylcysteine (mechanism, use, toxicity) acetominaphen posioning Pharmacology Respiratory
Antagonizes endothelin-1 receptors, reducing vascular resistance in the
Bosentan (mechanism, use, toxicity) pulmonary vessels; used in pulmonary hypertension Pharmacology Respiratory
Dextromethorphan (mechanism, use, Antagonizes NMDA receptors, inhibiting coughing; produces opioid effects in
toxicity) large doses and carries mild abuse potential Pharmacology Respiratory
Alpha-1 agonists that reduce edema and nasal congestion; rhinitis;
Pseudoephedrine, phenylephrine hypertension, quick tolerance (recurrence of symptoms despite continued
(mechanism, use, toxicity) treatment) Pharmacology Respiratory
Difference in competitive vs noncompetitve
inhibitors? competitive = decrease potency, noncompetitive = decrease efficacy. Pharmacology General
What is Km? Inverse relation of affinity of enzyme for its substrate. Pharmacology General
What is Vmax? Direct proportion to enzyme concentration Pharmacology General
What is bioavailability? Fraction of administered drug that reaches systemic circulation unchanged. Pharmacology General
Time to steady state depends on? depends on half-life. Does not depend on frequency or size of dose. Pharmacology General
What is rate of elimination in zero order
kinetics? constant amount eliminated per time. Pharmacology General
Give three drugs that are zero order
eliminated. PEA - phenytoin, Ethanol, Aspirin. Pharmacology General
What is the rate of elimination for first order
kinetics? A constant FRACTION is eliminted, variable by concentration! Pharmacology General
Ionzied species are trapped in urine and not resorbed. Neutral can be
How does ionization relate to urine pH? resorbed. Pharmacology general
How do you treat overdose of weak acid?
Give drug examples. Treat with Bicarb to make neutral. Exp: phenobarbital, methotrexate, aspirin. Pharmacology general
How do you treat overdose of weak base?
Give drug examples. Treat with ammonium chloride. exp: amphetamines. Pharmacology general
What is phase I drug metabolism? What pt. Reduction, Oxidation, hydrolysis with CYP450. Often gives neutral products.
population loses this? Geriatrics lose this phase. Pharmacology general
What is phase II metaboloism? What Conjugation (Glucuronidation, Acetylation, and Sulfation.) Gives charged
population depend on this? products. Geriatrics depend on this, old people have GAS. Pharmacology general
What is efficacy? maximal effect a drug can produce. Pharmacology general
What is potency? amount of drug needed for the same effect. Pharmacology general
What happends to efficacy when a partial DECREASED efficacy. fight for same binding site, full agonist cant exert full
agonist and full agonist are mixed? effect. Pharmacology general
LD50/ED50. Median lethal dose divded by median effective dose. Safer drugs
What is therapetuic index? have a higher TI. pharmacology general
What is a therapeutic window? Minimum effective dose to minimum toxic dose. Think of it as range of use. pharmacology general
What are the two types of Nicotonic
receptors? What kind of messenger do they 1. Nicotinic - Ligang gated Na/K channels. Two nicotinic types: Nm(NMJ) and
use? Nn(autonomic ganglia. 2. Muscarinic - G-proteins. 5 types, M1-M5. pharmacology general
Alpha-1 sympathetic receptor (G-protein q, increase: vasc. smooth muscle contraction, pupillary dilator muscle
class, major function) contraction, intestinal and bladder sphincter contaction. pharmacology autonomics
Alpha-2 sympathetic receptor(G-protein i, decrease: sympathetic outflow, insulin release, lipolysis. increase: platlet
class, major function) aggregation. pharmacology autonomics
Beta-1 sympathetic receptor(G-protein class,
major function) s, increase: heart rate, contractilty, renin release, lipolysis pharmacology autonomics
s, vasodilation, brochodilation, increase: heart rate, contractility, lipolysis,
Beta-2 sympathetic receptor(G-protein class, insulin release, aqueous humor production. decrease: uterine tone, ciliary
major function) muscle tone. pharmacology autonomics
M-1 Parasymp receptor(G-protein class,
major function) q, CNS, enteric nervouse system. pharmacology autonomics
M-2 Parasymp(G-protein class, major
function) i, decease: heart rate, contractility of atria pharmacology autonomics
increase: exocrine gland secretion (tears, gastric, etc), gut peristalsis, bladder
M-3 parasymp(G-protein class, major contraction, bronchoconstriction, pupillary spinchter contraction, cilliary
function) muscle contraction. pharmacology autonomics
What receptor is responsible for miosis and
accomadation? Parasympathetic M-3. pharmacology autonomics
What receptor is responsbile for mydriasis? Sympathetic Alpha-1. pharmacology autonomics
Dopamine D-1 receptor(G-protein class,
major function) s, relaxes renal vascular smooth muscle pharmacology autonomics
Dopamine D-2 receptor(G-protein class,
major function) i, modulates transmitter release especially in brain. pharmacology autonomics
Histamine H-1 receptor(G-protein class,
major function) q, increase: mucus production, contraction of bronchioles, pruritus, pain. pharmacology autonomics
histamine H-2 receptor(G-protein class,
major function) a, increase gastric acid secretion pharmacology autonomics
vasopression V-1 receptor(G-protein class,
major function) q, increase: vascular smooth muscle contraction pharmacology autonomics
vasopression V-2 receptor(G-protein class, s, increase water permeability and reabsorption in kidneys. (V2 found in 2
major function) kidneys). pharmacology autonomics
Which receptors work via Gq ->
Phospholipase C ->Pip2->DAG + IP3? H1,Alpha1,V1,M1,M3. (remember HAVe 1 M&M) pharmacology autonomics
DAG causes activation of what? Protein Kinase C. pharmacology autonomics
IP3 causes increase in what? Calcium -> smouth muscle contraction pharmacology autonomics
 Which receptors work via Gi->Adenyly
cyclase ->cAMP ->Protein Kinase A? M2, Alpha2, D2. (remember MAD 2's.) pharmacology autonomics
Which receptors work via Gs->adenylyate
cyclase ->cAMP->Protein Kinase A? Beta1, Beta2, D1, H2,V2. pharmacology autonomics
What does protein kinase A do? increase calcium release in heart and blocks myosin light chain kinase. pharmacology autonomics
What are the two classes of
cholinomimetics? 1. direct agonsts 2. indirect agonists (anticholinesterases). pharmacology autonomics
Direct cholinomimetic. Postop or neurogenic ileus, urinary retention.
Bethanechol(mechanism,use,toxicity) COPD+asthma exacerbation, peptic ulcers. pharmacology autonomics
Direct Cholinomimetic. Identical to Ach. Glaucoma, pupillary contraction, relief
Carbachol(mechanism,use,toxicity) of IOP. COPD+asthma exacerbation, peptic ulcers. pharmacology autonomics
Direct Cholinomimetic. Stimulates tears, salvia, sweat. Open and closed-angle
Pilocarpine(mechanism,use,toxicity) glaucoma.COPD+asthma exacerbation, peptic ulcers. pharmacology autonomics
Direct Cholinomimetic. challenge test of asthma diagnosis. COPD+asthma
methacholine(mechanism,use,toxicity) exacerbation, peptic ulcers. pharmacology autonomics
Indirect cholinomimetic agonist. NO cns penetration. Postop and neurogenic
ileus, myasthenia gravis, reversal of NMJ block. COPD+asthma exacerbation,
Neostigmine(mechanism,use,toxicity) peptic ulcers. pharmacology autonomics
indirect cholinomimetic agonist. Long acting myasthenia gravis treatment.
pyridostigmine(mechanism,use,toxicity) COPD+asthma exacerbation, peptic ulcers. pharmacology autonomics
indirect cholinomimetic agonist. Short acting, for myasthenia gravis diagnosis.
edrophonium(mechanism,use,toxicity) COPD+asthma exacerbation, peptic ulcers. pharmacology autonomics
indirect cholinomimetic agonist. for anti-cholinergic overdose, crosses BBB.
Physostigmine(mechanism,use,toxicity) COPD+asthma exacerbation, peptic ulcers. pharmacology autonomics
indirect cholinomimetic agonist. Alzheimers disease. COPD+asthma
Donepezil(mechanism,use,toxicity) exacerbation, peptic ulcers. pharmacology autonomics
DUMBBELSS (diarrhea, urination, miosis, bronchospasm, bradycardia,
signs of cholinesterase inhibitor poisoning. excitation of skeletal muscle +CNS, lacrimation, sweating, salvia.) tx: atropine
treatment. + pralidoxime. pharmacology autonomics
Irreversible cholinesterase inhibitor, ACH overdose. Tx: atropine +
Parathion(mechanism, treatment) pralidoxime. pharmacology autonomics
Muscarinic antagonist. produces mydriasis and cycloplegia. (Atropine also
Atropine, homatropine, tropicamide used for bradycardia). Causes hot as a hare, dry as bone, red as beet, blind as
(mechanism, use, toxicity). bat, mad as a hatter. pharmacology autonomics
Muscarinic antagoist. Parkinsons disease (park my benz). Can be used in
haloperiodal O.D, whihc causes torticolliosis. Causes hot as a hare, dry as
Benztropine(mechanism,use,toxicity) bone, red as a beet, blind as a bat, mad as a hatter. pharmacology autonomics
Muscarinic antagonist. Motion sickness. causes hot as a hare, dry as a cone,
Scopolamine(mechanism,use,toxicity) red as a beet, blind as a bat, mad as a hatter. pharmacology autonomics
Ipratropium,tiotropium (mechanism, use, Muscarinic antagonist. COPD, Asthma. Causes hot as a hare, dry as a bone,
toxicity) red as a beet, blind as a bat, mad as a hatter. pharmacology autonomics
Muscarinic anatagonist. reduces urgency in mild cystitis and reduce bladder
spasms. causes hot as a hare, dry as a bone, red as a beet, blind as a bat,
Oxybutynin(mechanism,use,toxicity) mad as a hatter.
Muscarinic anatagonist. IP: given in preop to reduce airway secretions. oral:
reduce drooling, peptic ulcer. Can cause hot as a hare, dry as a bone red as a
Glycopyrrolate(mechanism,use,toxicity) beet, blind as a bat, mad as a hatter. pharmacology autonomics
Jimson Weed(mechanism, toxicity) muscarinic antagonist, causes gardner's pupil (mydriasis). pharmacology autonomics
Epinephrine(Mechanism, receptors bound, Direct Sympathomemetic. A1,A2,B1,B2. Anaphylaxis, open angle glaucoma,
use, toxicity) asthma, hypotension. pharmacology autonomics
Norepinephine(Mechanism, receptors bound, direct sympathomemetic. A1,A2, some B1. used in hypotension but it
use, toxicity) decrease renal perfusion. pharmacology autonomics
Isoproterenol(Mechanism, receptors bound, Direct sympathomemetic. B1, B2. Used in Torsade de pointe and
use, toxicity) bradyarryhmia. Can cause tachycardia and worsen cardiac ischemia. pharmacology autonomics
Direct sympathomimetics. Receptors depend on dose. low = D1, med = D1,
dopamine(Mechanism, receptors bound, use, B2,B1, high = A1,A2,B1,B2,D1. Used in shock and heart failure (ionotropic and
toxicity) chronotropic). pharmacology autonomics
dobutamine(Mechanism, receptors bound, Direct sympathomimetic. Mostly B1, little a1,a2,b2. Used in heart failure and
use, toxicity) cardiac stresstest (ionotrpic and chronotropic) pharmacology autonomics
Phenylephrine(Mechanism, receptors bound, Direct sympathomimetic. A1, A2. Used in hypotension, to cause mydriasis,
use, toxicity) and rhinitis (decongestant). pharmacology autonomics
Direct sympathomimetic. Mostly B2, some b1. Sal = long term ashtma or
Albuterol, salmetrol, terbutaline copd. Albuterol for short term asthma. Terbutaline for to reduce premture
(Mechanism, receptors bound, use, toxicity) uterine contractions. pharmacology autonomics
Ritodrine(Mechanism, receptors bound, use, Direct sympathomimetic. B2 only. Used to reduce premature uterine
toxicity) contractions. pharmacology autonomics
indirect sympathomimetic. Releases stored catecholamines. Used for
Amphetamine (mechanism, use) narcolepsy, obesity, ADD. pharmacology autonomics
indirect sympathomimetic. Releases stored catecholamines. Used for nasal
Epinephrine(Mechanism, use, toxicity) decongestion, urinary incontience, hypotension. pharmacology autonomics
direct sympathomimetic. Reuptake inhibitor. Causes vasoconstriction and
Cocaine (mechanims, use). local anesthesia. pharmacology autonomics
Why must B-Blockers be avoided in
suspected cocaine intoxication? mixing them can lead to unopposed A1 activation and extreme hypertenion. pharmacology autonomics
How does norepinephrine cause reflex stimulates A1>B2. Causes increased vasoconstrciton -> increased BP. This
bradycardia? causes reflex bradycardia and slowing of HR. pharmacology autonomics
How does isoproterenol cause reflex Stimulates B2>A1. This cause vasodilation and dropping of BP. B1 is
tachycardia? stimulated and causes tachycardia. pharmacology autonomics
Centrally acting alpha-2 agonists, this causes LESS peripheral sympathetic
Clonidine, alpha-methyldopa(Mechanism, release.Used in hypertension, especially renal disease due to no increase in
receptors bound, use) renal blood flow! pharmacology autonomics
Phenoxybenzamine(Mechanism, receptors IRREVERSIBLE nonslective alpha blocker. Used in pheochromosytoma BEFORE
bound, use, toxicity) surgery! toxic: orhtostatic hypotension, reflec tachycardia. pharmacology autonomics
phentolamine(Mechanism, receptors bound, REVERSBILE nonselective alpha blocker. give to patients on MAOI who each
use, toxicity) tyramine contraining foods. pharmacology autonomics
Prazosin, Terazosin, Doxazosin,Tamsulosin Alpha-1 blocker. Used in hypertension, urinary rentention in BPH. tox:
(Mechanism, receptors bound, use, toxicity) orthostatic hypotension, dizziness, headache. pharmacology autonomics
Alpha-2 blocker. Used in depression. tox: sedation, hypercholesterolemia,
Mirtazapine (mechanism, use, toxicity) increased apetite. pharmacology autonomics
Describe what occurs when you alpha- Before blockade: Both epi and phen RAISES BP. After alpha blockade: only epi
blockade epi vs. phenylephrine. raises, no change in phenyl. Why: Epi has B binding, phenyl does NOT. pharmacology autonomics
Angina - decreases HR and contractility, decreasing oxygen use. MI - decrease
mortality. SVT - decrease AV duction. Hypertension - decrease CO and renin
Give 6 applications of Beta-blockers in secretion. CHF - slows progression. Glaucoma - decrease secretion of aqueous
general. humor. pharmacology autonomics
impotence, asthma exacerbation, bradycardia, seizures, sedation, hides
give general toxicites of b-blockers hypoglycemia. pharmacology autonomics
What are the B1 selective b-blockers? When A BEAM. acebutolol, betaxolol, Esmolol, Atenolol, Metoprolol. Useful in
are they useful? comorbid pum. disease. pharmacology autonomics
What are the nonselective ( b1 = b2) b- Please Try Not Being Picky. Propranolol, Timolol, Nadolol, Pindolol. B = B-
blockers? blocker. pharmacology autonomics
 what are the nonselective a and b-
antagonists? Carvedilol, labetalol. pharmacology autonomics
What are the partial B-agonists? Pindolol, Acebutolol. pharmacology autonomics
Give treatment for acetaminophen overdose. N-Acetylcysteine (replenishes glutathione). pharmacology overdose
Give treatment for salicylates overdose. NaHCO3 (alkalinize urine) pharmacology overdose
give treatment for amphetamines overdose NH4Cl (acidify urine) pharmacology overdose
Give treatment for antimuscarinic and
anticholinergic overdose. Phygostigmine and control the hyperhermia. pharmacology overdose
Give treatment for b-blocker overdose Glucagon pharmacology overdose
Give treatment for digitalis overdose (KLAM) normalize K, Lidocaine, Anti-dig fab fragments, Mg2 pharmacology overdose
give treatment for iron overdose. deFEroxamine, deFErasirox. pharmacology overdose
give treatment for lead overdose CaEDTA, dimercaprol, succimer, penicillamine pharmacology overdose
give treatment for mercury, arsenix, gold
overdose Dimercaprol, succiner pharmacology overdose
give treatment for copper, arsenic, gold
overdose penillamine pharmacology overdose
give treatment for cyanide nitrite + thiosulfate, hydroxocobalamin pharmacology overdose
give methemoglobin treatment Methylene blue, vitamin c pharmacology overdose
Give Carbon monocide treatment 100% oxygen or hyperbaric oxygen pharmacology overdose
give treatment for methanol, ethylene glycol
overdose Fomepizole>Ethanol, dialysis pharmacology overdose
give treatment for opiods overdose naloxone/naltrexone pharmacology overdose
give treatment for benzodiazepine overdose flumazenil pharmacology overdose
give treatment for TCA overdose NaHCO3 (alkalinize plasma) pharmacology overdose
give treatment for heparin overdose protamine pharmacology overdose
give treatment for warfarin overdose Vitamin K, fresh frozen plasma pharmacology overdose
give treatment for tPA, Streptokinase,
urokinase overdose aminocaproic acid pharmacology overdose
give treatment for theophylline overdose B-Blockers pharmacology overdose
give treatment for acetylcholinesterase
inhibitors atropine + pralidoxime pharmacology overdose
causes coronary vasospam cocaine, sumatriptan, ergots pharmacology reactions
causes cutaneous flushing (VANC) Vancomycin, Adenosine, Niacin, Ca blocker pharmacology reactions
causes dilated cardiomyopathy doxorubicin, daunorubicin pharmacology reactions
causes torsades de pointes class III (sotalol) and class Ia (quinidine) pharmacology reactions
causes agranulocytoisis Clozapine, Carbamazepine, Colchine, Propylthiouracil, Methimazole, Dapsone pharmacology reactions
causes aplastic anemia chloramphenicol, benzene, NSAIDs, propylthiouracil, methimazole pharmacology reactions
causes direct coombs positive hemolytic
anemia methyldopa, penicillin pharmacology reactions
causes gray baby syndomr chloramphenicol pharmacology reactions
(hemolysis IS PAIN)isoniazid, sulfonamides, primaquine, aspirin, ibuprofen,
causes hemolysis in G6PD-defiect patients nitrofurantoin pharmacology reactions
(females with PMS are on full BLAST mode) Phenytoin, Methotrexate, Sulfa
causes megaloblastic anemia drugs pharmacology reactions
Causes thrombotic complications OCPs like estrogen pharmacology reactions
Causes cough ACE inhibitors pharmacology reactions
causes pulmonary fibrosis Bleomycin, amiodarone, Busulfan pharmacology reactions
causes acute cholestatic hepatits, jaundice erthryomycin pharmacology reactions
causes focal to massice hepatic necrosis Halothane, Amanita Phalloides, Valrpoic acid, Acetaminophen pharmacology reactions
causes hepatits isoniazid pharmacology reactions
can lead to pseudomembranous colitis clindamycin, ampicillin pharmacology reactions
 can lead to adrenocortical insufficiency glucocorticoid withdrawl via HPA suppression pharmacology reactions
`(Some drugs create awkward knockers) spironolactone, digitalis, cimetidine,
can causes gynecomastia chronic alcohol use, ketoconazole pharmacology reactions
causes hot flashes estrogen, clomophene pharmacology reactions
causes hypergylcemia niacin, tacrolimus, protease inhibitor, HCTZ, corticosteriods pharmacology reactions
causes hypothyroidism lithium, amiodarone, suldonamides pharmacology reactions
causes fat redistribution glucocoricoids, protease inhibitors pharmacology reactions
causes gingival hyperplasia phenytoin, verpamil pharmacology reactions
causes gout furosemide, thiazides, niacin, cyclosporine pharmacology reactions
fibrates, niacin, colchine, hydroxychloroquine, interferon-alpha, penicillamine,
causes myopathies statins, glucocorticoids pharmacology reactions
causes osteoporosis corticosteroids, heparin pharmacology reactions
causes photosensitivty (SAT for a PHOTO) Sulfonamides, amiodarone, tetracycline pharmacology reactions
penicillin, ethosuximide, carbamazepine, sulfa drugs, lamotrigine, allopurinol,
causes rash/SJS phenytoin, phenobarbital pharmacology reactions
cause drug induced lupus Hydralazine, isonizid, procainamine, phenytoin pharmacology reactions
causes teeth problems tetracyclines pharmacology reactions
causes tendonitis, tendon rupture, tooth
damage fluoroquinolones pharmacology reactions
causes diabetes insipidus lithium, demeclocycline pharmacology reactions
causes fanconi's syndome expired tetracycline pharmacology reactions
causes hemorrhagic cystits Cyclophosamide, ifosfamide pharmacology reactions
causes interstital nephritis methicllin, NSAID, furosemide pharmacology reactions
causes SIADH carbamazepine, cyclophosamide pharmacology reactions
causes cinchonism Quinidine, qunine pharmacology reactions
causes parkinson-like syndome antipsychotics, resperine, metoclopramide pharmacology reactions
(with seizures, I BITE My tongue) isoniazid, Buproprion, imipenem, Tramadol,
causes seizures Enflurane, Metoclopramide pharmacology reactions
causes tardive dyskinesia antipsychotics pharmacology reactions
acts like an anti-muscarinic Atropine, TCA, H1-blocker, neuoleptics pharmacology reactions
can cause a disulfiram like reaction metronidazole, some cephalosporins, procarbazine, 1st gen sulphonoureas pharmacology reactions
can cause nephro/ototoxicity aminoglycosides, vancomycin, loop dieuetics, cisplatin pharmacology reactions
(Momma Barb Steals Phen-phen and Refuses Greasy Carbs Chronically)
Modafinil, Barbiturates, St. John wart, phenytoin, rifampin, griseofulvin,
list p450 inducers carbamazepine, chronic alcohol use. pharmacology reactions
(MAGIC ROCKS in GQ) Macrolides, amiodarone, grapefruit juice, isoniazid,
cimetidine, ritonavir actue alcohol use, ciprofloxacin, ketoconazole,
list p450 inhibitors sulfonamides, gemfibrozil, quinidine. pharmacology reactions
(Popular FACTSSS) probenacid, furosemide, acetazolamide, celecoxib,
lists the sulfa drugs thiazide, sulfonamide antibiotics, sulfaasalazine, sulfonylureas pharmacology reactions
Difference between peniciliin G and V. G = IV and IM. V = oral. pharmacology micro
Bind penicillin-binding proteins(transpeptidases), block cross linking of
peptidoglycans;most effective on G+, also N. Meningitidis, Treponema;
Penicillin(mechanism,use,toxicity) hypersensitivy reaction, hemolytic anema. pharmacology micro
Oxacillin,Naficillin,Dicloxacillin(mechanism, bind transpeptidases, penicillanse resistant due to bukly r-group blocking B-
use,toxicity) Lactamse; S. Aureus, except MRSA; hypersensitivity and interstitial nephritis. pharmacology micro
bind transpeptidases, wide spectrum and more penicillinase sensitive. combo
with claculanic acid to protect from B-lactams;kills enterococci(HELPSS)H.iB,
Ampicillin, amoxicillin(mecanism,use, E.coli,Listera,Proteus,Salmonella,Shigella,enterococci;hypersensitivity
toxicity) reaction,rash,pseudomemrane colitis. pharmacology micro
Which has better bioavailibility; amoxicllin or
ampicillin? amOxicllin has better Oral bioavilability. pharmacology micro
What does clavulanic acid do? B-lactamse inhibitor pharmacology micro
transpeptidase inhibitor but extended spectrum;pseduomonas and g- rods,
Ticarcillin,piperacillin(mechanism,use, use with claculanic acid due to B-lactamse suspectibilty; hypersensitivity
toxicity) reaction. pharmacology micro
List the B-lactamse inhibitors (CAST) Clavulanic Acid, Sulbactam,Tazobactem. pharmacology micro
inhibit cell wall synthesis but are less susceptible to B-lactamases, are
bactericidal;use depends on generation, there are four;hypersensitivty
Cephalosporin(mechanism,use,toxiciity) reactions, vitamin K defiency, increased nephrotoxicity of aminoglycosides. pharmacology micro
1st generation cephalosporins. PEcK. Proteus, E.coli,Klebsiella. Cefazolin used
give use of cefazolin, cephalexin. preop to prevent A.aureus infections. pharmacology micro
2nd generation cephalosporins. HEN PEcKs. H.ib, Enterbacter, Neisseria,
give use of cefoxitin, cefaclor,cefuroxime` Proteus, E.coli,Klebsiella, Serratia. pharmacology micro
give use of ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, 3rd gen. cephalosporins. Serious gram - infections. Ceftriaxone = meningitis
ceftazidime and gonorrhea. Ceftazidime = pseudomonas. pharmacology micro
give use of cefepime. increased activity against pseudomonas and G+ bugs. pharmacology micro
a monobactem resistant to B-lactamases, prevents binding to PBP3 and is
synergistic with aminoglycosides;gram - rods only;very nontoxic, some GI
Aztreonam(mechanism,use,toxicty) upset. pharmacology micro
what transpeptidase inhibitor can be used in
penicillin allergy? aztreonam. pharmacology micro
broad spectrum, B-lactamase resistent but imipenem needs cilastatin to
imipenem/cilastatin,meropenem,etrapenem, inhibit renal dehydropeptidase. later carbepenems do not;G+ cocci,G- rods,
doripenem(mechanism,use,toxicity) anerobes. used only in life threating events;skin rash, CNS toxicity, seizures. pharmacology micro
inhibits cell wall binding peptidoglycan formation by binding D-ala percursors,
is bacterialcidal; G+ only, especially for multidrug resistant onces;NOT -
Vancomycin(mechanism,use,toxicty) nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity, thrombophlebitis, red man syndrome. pharmacology micro
How is redman syndrome prevented in
vancomycin use? slow infusion and rate and antihistamines. pharmacology micro
How does vancomycin resistant occur? amino acid change of D-ala D-ala to D-ala D-lac. pharmacology micro
AT 30, CCEL at 50. 30S = Aminoglycosides, Tetracyclines. 50S =
List antibiotic protein synthesis inhibitors Chloramphenicol, Clindamycin, Erythromycin, Linezolid. pharmacology micro
Gentamicin, neomycin, amikacin, aminoglycosides, bacterialcidal, block translocation but require oxygen for
tobramycin,streptomycin(mechanism,use, uptake;ineffective in anaerobes,use in gram - rod infections and before bowel
toxicity) surgery; nephrotoxicty, NMJ block, ototoxicity, teratogen. pharmacology micro
how does resistenace to aminoglycosides transferase enzymes that inactivate the drug by acetylation, phosphorylation,
occur? or adenylation. pharmacology micro
bacteriostatic, prevents aminoacyl-tRNA binds;Borrela, M. Pneuomo,
Rickettsia, Chlamysia; can't take with milk, antacids, iron because ions bind it,
tetracycline, doxycycline, demecycline, GI distress, discoloration of teeth, inhibition of bone growth, contraindication
minocycline(mechanism, use, toxicity) in pregnancy. pharmacology micro
how does resistance to tetracyclines occur? decrease uptake into cells or increased efflux by pumps. pharmacology micro
bacteriostatic, blocks translocation; atypical pneumonias, chlamydia, gram +
Azithromycin, clarithromycin, erythromycin cocci; MACRO: increased Motility, arrhythmia, Cholestatic hepatitis, Rash,
(mechanism,use,toxicity) eOsinophilia. pharmacology micro
how does resitance to macrolides occur? methylation of 23s rRNA binding site. pharmacology micro
Bacterialstatic, blocks peptidlytransferase; Meningitis in adults, used in power
countries due to being cheap; dose dependent anemia, dose independent
Chloramphenicol(mechanism,use,toxicity) aplastic anemia, gray baby syndrome. pharmacology micro
 use of chloramphenicol in premature infants, they lack UDO-glucuronyl-
what causes grey baby syndrome? transferase. pharmacology micro
How does resistance to chloramphenicol
occur? plasmid-encoded acetyltransferase. pharmacology micro
Bacteriostatic. Blocks peptide transfer; anaerobic infections in lung infections
clindamycin(mechanism,use,toxicity) and oral anerobes; C. Diff infection, fever, diarrhea. pharmacology micro
Bacteriostatic, PABA metabolites inhibit dihydropteroate synthase; Gram +, G-
Sulfamethoxazole(SMX), sulfisoxazole, , Nocardia, Chlamydia, UTI; hypersensitivty, hemolysis in G6PD, nephrotoxic,
sulfadiazine(mechanism, use, toxicity) kernicterus, displaces other drugs from albumin. pharmacology micro
how does resistance to sulfonamides occur? altered bacterial dihydropteroate or increased PABA synthesis. pharmacology micro
Bacteriostatic, inhibits bacterial dihydrofolate reductase, blocks folate
synthesis; used in UTI, PCP (prophylacis and treatment), shigella, salmonella;
Trimethoprim(mechanism,use,toxicity) megaloblastic anemia, leukopenia, granulocytopenia. pharmacology micro
bactericidal, inhibits DNA gyrase(topo II and IV);G- rods of urinary and GI
tracts, Neisseria, some G+;( lones hurt the bones) tenonitis and tendon
ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, levofloxacin, etc... rupture, superinfections, don't give to kids or pregnant women due to
(mechanism, use, toxicity) cartilage damage. pharmacology micro
how does resistance to fluroquinolones
occur? mutation in DNA gyrase or efflux pumps. pharmacology micro
What groups are susceptible to
fluorquinolone tendon rupture? older than 60 or taking prednisone pharmacology micro
bacterialcidal, forms free radical toxic metabolites that damge bacterial DNA
damage; (GET GAP) Giardia, Entamoeba, trichomonas, Gardnerella,
Metronidazole(mechanism, use, toxicity) Anaerobes, Pylori; causes disulfiram like reaction, headache, metallic taste. pharmacology micro
decrease synthesis of mycolic acids, bacterial catalase peroxidase(KatG) must
activate INH; TB drug, only one used as prophylaxis and in latent TB;
peripheral neuropathy, hepatoxic, lupis like drug interaction, pyridoxine
Isoniazid(mechanism,use,toxicity) antagonist. pharmacology micro
inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase; TB, Leprosy, prophylaxis in
Rifampin(mechanism,use,toxicity) meningococcus and Hib type B; hepatotox, p450 inducer, orange body fluids. pharmacology micro
Pyrazinamide(mechanism, use, toxicity) unknown; TB; hyperuricemia, hepatotoxic. pharmacology micro
decreased carbohydrate polymerization of TB cell wall, blocks
Ethambutol(mechanism,use,toxicity) arabinosyltransferase; TB; optic neuropathy(red-green color blindness_ pharmacology micro
binds fungal ergosterol, causes holes in membranes; use in systemtic and CNS
mycoses infections; fever/chills, hypotension, arrythmias, nephrotoxic, IV
Amphotericin B(mechanism, use, toxicity) phlebitis, must supplement K and MG. pharmacology micro
binds fungal ergosterol;topical only due to high toxicity, used for oral thrush
nystatin(mechanism,use,toxicty) and topical diaper rash or vaginal candidiasis. pharmacology micro
Fluconazole, ketoconazole, clotrimazole, inhibits fungal ergosterol synthesis by binding p450;Fluconazole for
itraconazole, voriconazole(mechanism, use, suppression of cryptococcus in AIDs patients, itraconazle for blasto, coccio,
toxicity) histo. pharmacology micro
inhibits fungal DNA and RNA synthesis by conversion to 5FU; used in systemic
Flucytosine(mechanism, use, toxicity) fungal infections, especially cryptococcus; bone marrow suppression. pharmacology micro
Caspofungin, micafungin(mechanism, use, inhibits fungal cell wall synthesis by inhibiting B-glucan synthesis; invasive
toxicity) aspergillosis, candida; flushing via histamine releae. pharmacology micro
inhibits fungal squalene epoxidase; treat dermatophytes - toe nail infection
terbinafine(mechanism,use,toxicity) especially;abnormal LFT, visual disturbances. pharmacology micro
interferes with microtubules, stops mitosis in fungi;deposits in keratin so used
in superficial infections, stops dermatophytes; teratogenic, carcinogenic,
Griseofulvin(mechanism,use,toxicity) confusion, p450 inducer. pharmacology micro
Pyrimethamine use toxoplasmosis pharmacology micro
 suramin and melarsoprol use trypanosoma brucei pharmacology micro
nifurtimox use trypanosoma cruzi pharmacology micro
sodium stibogluconate use leshmaniasis pharmacology micro
blocks formation of heme into hemozoin. Heme accumulates and is toxic to
Chloroquine(mechanism,use,toxicity) plasmodia;used on all species but falciparum(too much resitance); retinopathy pharmacology micro
quinidine use lifethreatening malaria pharmacology micro
artemether/lumifantrine use p. falciparum killing pharmacology micro
inihibits influenza neuraminidase, stops progeny release; treamt of influenze a
Zanamivir,oseltamivir(mechanism,use) and b pharmacology micro
inhibits sythesis of guanine nucleotides by competitvely inhibiting IMP
Ribavarin(mechanism,use,toxicity) dehydrogenase; RSV, chronic hep C; hemolytic anemia, severe teratogen pharmacology micro
Guanosine analog, inhibits viral DNA polymerase; monophosphorylated by
Acyclovir,valacyclovir(mechanism, use, thymidine kinase in HSV/VZV so active in lesions and encephalitis, good for
toxicity) prophylaxis, pharmacology micro
Famciclovir use used in herpes zoster active infections pharmacology micro
mechanism for resistance to acyclovir mutated viral thymidine kinase pharmacology micro
guanosine analog, 5'-monophosphate formed by CMV viral kinase, inhibits
Ganciclovir,valgangciclovir(mechanism,use, viral DNA polymerase;CMV infections;leukopenia,neutopenia,
toxicity) thrombocytopenia,renal toxicity pharmacology micro
mechanism for resistance to acyclovir mutated CMV DNA polymerase or lack of viral kinase pharmacology micro
viral DNA polymerase inhibitor, binds to pyrofosphate binding site, doesn't
need viral kinase activation;CMV retinitis when ganciclovir fails and acyclovir
Foscarnet(mechanism,use,toxicity) restitant HSV; nephrotoxic pharmacology micro
mechanism for resistance to foscarnet mutated DNA polymerase pharmacology micro
inhibits DNA polymerase, doesn't require activiation by viral kinase; CMV
retenitis, acyclovir resistant HSV; nephrotoxic(coadminister with probenacid
cidofovir(mechanism,use,toxicity) and IV saline to reduce toxicity). pharmacology micro
HAART consist of what? [2 NRTI] +[1 NNRTI OR 1 protease inhibitor OR 1 integrase inhibitor] pharmacology micro
give mechanism and toxicity of protease all end in -NAVIR! stops HIV mRNA cleavage into functional parts;
inhibitors hyperglycemia, GI upset, lipodystrophy. pharmacology micro
Ritonavir does what to be a "booster" inhibits cytochrome p-450, boosting concentration of other drugs. pharmacology micro
(NRTI)competitively blocks binding of nucleotide to reverse transcriptase, only
Tenofovir, emtricitabine, abacavir, tenofovir doesn't need to be activated;all NRTIs, zidovidine used in pregnancy
lamivudine, zidovudine, didansoine, to reduce fetal transmision; bone marrow suppression, lactic acidosis,
stavudine(mechanism,use,toxicity peripheral neuropathy. pharmacology micro
(NNRTI) bind at a site different from NRTIs, no don't require activation don't
Nevirapine, Efavirenz, Delavirdine compete with nucleotides; bonow marrow suppression, peripheral neuropathy,
(mechanism,use,toxicity) lactic acidosis, pharmacology micro
inhibits integrase, which stops HIV integration into host cells;HIV;
Raltegravir(mechanism,use,toxicity) hypercholesterolemia pharmacology micro
glycoproteins synthesized my virus infected cells, block RNA and DNA virus
replication; INFa- chronic hep b and c, Kaposi sarcoma, IFN-b -MS, INF-gamma
Interferons(mechanism,use,toxicity) -NADPH oxidase defiency; neutropenia, myopathy. pharmacology micro
SAFe Children Take Really Good Care. sulfonamides(kericterus),
aminoglycosides(ototox), fluoroquinolones(cartilage damage), Clarithromycin
What antibiotics must be avoided in (embryotoxic), Tetracycline(teeth,bone damage),Ribavarin(teratogenic),
pregnancy? Griseofulvin(teratogenic),Chloramphenicol(grey baby) pharmacology micro
cause direct toxicity to nerves vincristine and paclitaxil pharmacology reactions
By what mechanism does isoniazid cause B6 isoniazid structurally similar to B6, which causes renal excretion of B6 and
(pyridoxine) loss? competes for B6 binding sites. pharmacology micro
 What medications can be given before
Amphotercin B infusion to lessen side
effects? antihistamines and antipyretics. pharmacology micro
Does digoxin cause hyper or hypokalemia?
which states increases patient susceptibility digoxin causes hyperkalemia. HOWEVER, a HYPOkalemic state increses
to digoxin toxicity? patient susceptibility to digoxin toxicity. pharmacology cardio
list signs of ammonia overdose ataxia, slurred speech, somnolence, vomiting pharmacology overdose
cause restrictive lung disease bleomycin, busulfan, amiodarone, methotrexate pharmacology reactions
Contrast urine Ca with loop diuretics and loop diuretics: increased urine Ca via decreased reabsorption. thiazides:
thiazides decreased urine Ca. pharmacology renal
What is a sensitive indicator of alcohol
abuse? Serum gamma-glutamyltransferase. pharmacology psych
What is the treatment for delirium tremens? benzodiazepenes pharmacology psych
Why is the naloxone-buprenorphine combo
used for heroin addiction treatment? The naloxone is only active if inected, making it hard to abuse the combo. pharmacology psych
What is neuroleptic malignant syndrome? What is the rigidity, myoglobinuria, autonomic instability. seen with antipsychotics overdose. treatment:
treatment? dantrolene and bromocriptine (d2 agonist) pharmacology psych
What is tardive dyskinesa? Is it reversible? sterotypical oral-facial movements, from long term antipsychotic use. often NOT reversible. pharmacology psych
occurs with any drug that increases serotonin (MAO inhibitor, SNRI, TCA) hyperthermia,
What is serotonin syndrome? what is the treatment? confusion, myoclonus, cardio collapse, flushing. tx: cyproheptadine (5ht antagonist) pharmacology psych
What can long term Phenactin use cause? Translitional cell carcinoma of the bladder pharmacology renal
What are the teratogenic effects of ACE inhibitors? renal damage pharmacology reactions
What are the teratogenic effects of alkylating agents? absence of digits, toes pharmacology reactions
What are the teratogenic effects of aminoglycosides? CV VIII toxicity pharmacology reactions
What are the teratogenic effects of carbamazepine? neural tube defects, craniofacial defects pharmacology reactions
What are the teratogenic effects of diethylstilbestrol? vaginal clear cell adenocarcinoma, congenital mullerian anomalies pharmacology reactions
What are the teratogenic effects of folate antagonists? neural tube defects pharmacology reactions
What are the teratogenic effects of lithium? ebstein's anomaly -> atrialized right ventricle pharmacology reactions
What are the teratogenic effects of phenytoin? fetal hydantoin syndrome->microcephaly,dysmorphic face pharmacology reactions
What are the teratogenic effects of tetracyclines discolored teeth pharmacology reactions
What are the teratogenic effects of thalidomide limb defects like flipper arms pharmacology reactions
What are the teratogenic effects of valproate? inhibitor of maternal folate absorption ->neural tube defects pharmacology reactions
What are the teratogenic effects of warfarin? bone deformities, fetal hemorrhage, abortion pharmacology reactions
At what time period is a fetus most susceptable to
teratogens? 3rd -8th week. pharmacology reactions
What are the teratogenic effects of vitamin a? extremely high risk for spontaneous abortion pharmacology reactions
What are the teratogenic effects of cocaine? placental abruption, developmental abnormalities pharmacology reactions
What are the teratogenic effects of smoking? preterm labor, placental problems, ADHD pharmacology reactions
What drug is the leading cause of birth defects and
mental retardation? alcohol pharmacology reactions
What are the toxicities of Loop diuretics? (OH DANG) Ototox, hypokalemia, dehydration, allergy(sulfa), Nephritis, Gout pharmacology reactions
What are the toxicites of HCTZ? (hyperGLUC) hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, hyperuricemia, hypercalcemia. pharmacology reactions
1. Volume contraction ->AT II increases ->increased bicarb absorbed in PT. 2. K loss leads to K
By what mechanisms do thiazides and loop diutetics leaving all cells and thus H entering all cells. 3. in a low K state, H is exchanged instead of K for
cause metabolic alkalosis? Na in the CCT leading to paradoxical aciduria. pharmacology reactions
What drugs can stimulate prolactin secretion? OCP and dopemaine antagonists (antipsychotics) pharmacology endocrine
What is a difference in the mechanism of PTU and
methimazole? PTU disables peroxidase AND 5'-deiodinase. Methimazole only inhibits peroxidase. pharmacology endocrine
Can sulfonylureas be used in type 1 DM? NO, they require some islet function to release insulin. type 1 - those cells are dead. pharmacology endocrine
What drugs can be used to treat type 1 AND 2 DM? Insulins, amylin analongs(pramlintide). pharmacology endocrine
What drug is used to prevent tumor lysis urate
neuropathy? allopurinol stops urate crystal collection -> no gout. pharmacology MSK
List acute and chronic gout drugs. acute: NSAID, indomethicin. Chronic: allopurinol, febuxostat, probenacid, colchicine pharmacology MSK
used in chronic gout; inhibits reabsorption of uric acid in the proximal tubule; inhibits secretion of
probenacid(mechanism, use, tox) penicillin; do NOT use in renal dysfunction. pharmacology MSK
febuxostat(use, mechanism) used in chronic gout, inhibits xanthine oxidase. pharmacology MSK
binds to G- cell membrane phospoholipids, disrupting them; only works in g-; peripheral
Polymixin B(mechanism, use, toxicity) neuropathy, dizziness, nsytagmus, nephrotoxicity. pharmacology micro
Methylphenidate, destroamphetamine, increase catecholamines at synaptic cleft, especially NE + dopamine; ADHD, nacrolepsy, appetite
methamphetamine(mechanism, use) control pharmacology psych
Phytonadione(use) this is vitamin K, used in warfarin overdose pharmacology heme/onc
folinic acid, it is a metabolite of folic acid; given with methotrexate to replish the body's folate
Leucovorin(use,mechanism) stores. pharmacology heme/onc
antidote to heparin overdose. Protamine is a postive ion that binds to negative heparin,
Protamine sulfate (use, mechanism) inactivating it. pharmacology heme/onc
What is tyramine crisis caused by? When someone taking MAO inhibitors eats hard cheeses and drinks wine, causing a crisis. pharmacology reactions
Why is phenoxybenzamine prefered over phentolamine
for presurgery pheochromocytoma surgery? it has a MUCH longer half life, plus it is irrversible while phentolamine is reversible pharmacology autonomics
Why is Lactulose fed to people with hepatic It is broken down in the gut into an acid. This acid acts as both as osmotic (draws out some
encephalopathy? ascites) and also it gets rid of excess ammonia, which is causing the encephalopathy. pharmacology GI
Eculizumab(mechanism, use) Complement inhibitor, used in Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria. pharmacology heme/onc
Cladribine(mechanism, use) adenosine analog, used in treatment of hairy cell leukemia pharmacology heme/onc
Trans-retinoic acid(use) Used in treating the M3, promyelocytic subtype of AML. pharmacology heme/onc
Yes, they lower GFP by stopping efferent arteriole constrinction. Creatinine can increase up to
Is an increase in serum creatinine normal after starting 30% and should peak by 1 weak. This can be BAD in renal artery stenosis, where ACE II is what
ACE inhibitors? is keeping the kidney alive. pharmacology renal
causes depolarization of cellular membrane; used in invasive MRSA; myopathy, raised CPK,
Daptomycin(mechanism, use, toxicity) inactivated by pulmonary surfactant pharmacology micro
Ondansetron acts on 5HT3 receptors in what location, in chemoreceptor trigger zone (area postrema), the solitary nucleus, and in the presynpatic vagus
order to decrease nausea? nerve. pharmacology GI
Why must mu agonists be avoided in suspected
pancreatic or biliary pain? They cause constriction of the spinchter of oddi -> increased billiary pressures -> billiary colic. pharmacology neuro
What drugs inhibit dihydrofolate reductase? trimethoprim, methotrexate, pyrimethamine. pharmacology general
partial agonist for nicotinic aCh channels in CNS. fights with ciggeratte nicotine for channel.
Varenicline(mechanism, use) reduces nicotine withdrawl cravings while attenuating the rewarding effects. pharmacology neuro
What class of drug can precipitate mania in those with
bipolar disorder? antidepressants pharmacology psych
What is the treatment for sleep enuresis? Desmopression (sleep enuresis = bed wetting) pharmacology renal
In general, what is the best drug to use for edema of furosemide. TAL of Henlee absorbs the most NA here compared to where over diuretics work. will
any kind? reduce edema quickly. pharmacology renal
Which drug used for hyperthyroidism decreases
peripheral T3->T3 conversion? PTU does. Methimazole does NOT. pharmacology endocrine
Can atropine be used to block gastric secretions? why NO. G cells are under vagal influence but they do not use ACh as a neurotransmitter. Instead,
or why not? they use GRP. pharmacology GI
Fomepizole(mechanism, use) Inhibits alcohol dehydrogenase; used as an antidote to methanol or ethylene glycol poisoning. pharmacology neuro
Inhibits acetaldehyde dehydrogenase, makes acetaldehyde accumulate leading to hanger; used in
Disulfiram(mechanism, use) alcohol abuse. pharmacology neuro
What can be given to those suffering from
hyperammonia caused by a metabolic derangement? Benzoate or Phenylbutyrate will bind amino acids and lead to excretion. pharmacology general
What is first dose effect, typically seen in A1 blockers? On first dose, patient gets severe hypotension. Correct this by starting with a small dose. pharmacology cardio
Isosorbide mononitrate can be swallowed. It has an almost 100% biavailability that way. Others
Which nitrate can be given PO? cannot due to first pass metabolism. pharmacology cardio
Colchine stops what specific cell to decrease gout
symptoms? Stops chemotaxis of neutrophils pharmacology GI
What is the first line drug used to treat hypertension in
pregnancy? methlydopa pharmacology repro
Why is MRSA resistant to Naficillin but normal S. All S. Aureus has Beta-lactamases. Naficillin fights this. But MRSA has this AND altered penicillin
Aureus is not? binding proteins, which prevents Naficillin from working in MRSA. pharmacology micro
Palizumab(mechanism, use) antibody against F protein, prevents pneumonia from RSV in infants pharmacology micro
IgG anti-RH antibodies. given to mom at 28 weeks and also at birth, it sticks to the RH antigens in
Rhogam(mechanism, use) the MOM's blood, keeping her from developing antibodies. pharmacology repro
COMT blockers, which increase DOPA levels; Both stop peripheral methylation and only
Entacapone, Tolcapone (mechanism, use, tox) Tolcapone stops central methylation; tolcapone causes hepatotoxicity pharmacology neuro
What opioid effect is most resistant to tolerance? Constipation Pharmacology Neuro
Aldesleukin (mechanism, use) IL 2; used in RCC, metastaic melanoma pharmacology heme/onc
Epoetin Alfa(mechanism, use) erythropoietin; anemias, especially in renal failure pharmacology heme/onc
Filgrastim, Sargramostim (mechanism, use) Fil = GC-SF, Sar = GM-CSF; both used in recovery of bone marrow, aplastic anemia pharmacology heme/onc
alpha-inerferon(use) hepatitis B and C, Kaposi sarcoma, Leukemias, Malignany Melanoma pharmacology heme/onc
B-Interferon(use) Multiple sclerosis pharmacology heme/onc
gamma-interferon(use) Chronic Granulamatous disease pharmacology heme/onc
Oprelvekin(mechanism, use) IL-11; thrombocytopenia pharmacology heme/onc
thromopoietin(use) thrombocytopenia pharmacology heme/onc
Muromonab-CD3 (mechanism, use) antibody to CD3; used in acute transplant rejection pharmacology heme/onc
Digoxin Immune Fab(mechanism, use) antibody to digoxin; used as antidote to digoxin intoxication pharmacology heme/onc
Recombinat version of Urate oxidase, breaks uric acid down into allantoin; use in tumor lysis
Rasburicase (mechanism, use) syndrome and gout pharmacology endocrine
monoclonal anitbody that binds to RANKL and prevents its interaction with RANK, inhibiting
denosumab(mechanism, use) osteoclasts; decreases bone loss in bone mets pharmacology heme/onc
It's high water solubility. Things with a high lipid solubility (unconjugated bilirubin) tend to cross the
placenta while things with high water solubility(conjugated bilirubin) tend to not. binds albumin =
What keeps heparin from crossing the placental barrier? probably lipid soluble pharmacology general
Used in transplant anti-rejected, treatment of graft-vs-host disease, and psoriasis; binds calineurin
on T cells, stopping IL2 from being expressed, lowering T cell response; nephtrotox and
cyclosporine(mechanism, use, toxicity) lymphomma risk pharmacology heme/onc
a retinoid that has immunomodulatory effects, binds nuclear receptors; psorisias and acne; severe
Isotretinoin, tretinoin, Acitretin(mechanism,use,toxicity teratogen pharmacology heme/onc
Calcipotrol(mechanism, use) vitamin D analog; used in topical psoariasis treatment pharmacology heme/onc
Orlistat(mechanism, use) Inhibits intestinal lipase, decreasing fat absorption; used to treat obesity pharmacology GI
giving what drug 30 minutes before Niacin can help
reduce flushing? aspirin. Niacin increases prostaglandin D2. release. asprin blocks this release = lower flushing pharmacology GI
Paclitaxil or sirolimus are commonly used in cardiac
stents. why? Prevent growth of intima by inhibiting cellular growth = no restenosis pharmacology cardio
What is the drug used for Pre-eclampsi and ecplamsia? IV magnesium sulfate for seizures pharmacology repro
Protease inhibitor, proteases are overactive in some cancers and can destroy pro-apototic
Bortezomib(mechanism,use, toxicity) proteins; used in multiple myeloma; peripheral neuropathy pharmacology heme/onc
What causes nitroprusside toxicity? What is the
antidote? Nitroprusside degrades into cyanide. Give thiosulfide to inactivate. pharmacology reactions
Memantine(mechanism, use, toxicity) blocks NMDA-type glutamate receptors; used in alzheimers; confusion pharmacology neuro
What vitamin is used in alzheimer's treatment? Vitamin E (generic name is alpha-tocopherol) pharmacology neuro
In gas anesthesias, what is the lipid solubility and the
blood solubility? Lipid solubility = potency (MAC). Blood solubility = speed of induction. pharmacology neuro
topical vitamin D analogs, activate nuclear receptors that inhibit keratinocyte proliferation and
Calcitrol, calcipotriene, tacalcitol (mechanism, use) enhance keratinocyte differentiation; psoriasis pharmacology msK
monoclocal antibody that binds IL-12 and IL-12 thus inhibiting activation of Th1 cd4+ t cells; used
Usetekinumab(mechanism, use) in psoriasis pharmacology msK
Why is it required to wait 14 days after stoping a MAO-i MAO-inhbitors (phenelzine) inactive the MAO-I enzymes. It takes 2 weeks for them to get re-
before starting an SSRI? synthesized. If both SSRI and MAO-I are active at the same time, serotonin syndrome could occur pharmacology neuro
Lepirudin, Bivalirudin (mechanism, use) from leeches, inhibit thrombin; used as an alternative to heparin in HIT. pharmacology heme/onc
are D2 agonists that DON'T need to be activated like l-dopa does; used in parkinsons and restless
Ropinirole, Pramipexole (mechanism, use) leg syndrome pharmacology neuro
what are the uses of amantidine for parkinsons? indirect and direct D agonist, also some anticholingergic functions which reduces tremors pharmacology neuro
What compound can cause sickling of sickle cell trait
RBC's? sodium metabisulite, found as a food additive and sanitizer pharmacology reactions
How do atypical antipsychotics avoid causing They act on D4 instead of D2 receptors -> no risk of tardive dyskinesia or parkinson's like
parkinson's symptoms and tardive dyskinesia? symptoms pharmacology neuro
Which anti-inflammatories will not impair platlet
aggregation? why? Celecoxib. It only impairs COX2. COX1 is predominate in platlets. pharmacology heme/onc
binds alpha-4 integrin, which blocks movement of WBC into orgrans;used in crohns and MS; can
Natalizumab(mechanism, use, toxicity) cause PML and hepatotoxicity. pharmacology msk
What drugs are preferred in medication induced
parkinson's treatment? why? Anti-muscarinics (Benzotropine). Giving dopamine agonists would exacerbate psychosis. pharmacology psych
induction = lower solubility in blood, quicker induction. potency = higher with higher lipid solubility
What defines induction and potency in gas anesthetics? =1/MAC. pharmacology neuro