Curie Temperature

NeilMcGlohon &NathanBeck(2012)
TimCorbly&RichardMihelic(2013)
The Curie Point
Curiepoint,alsocalledCurieTemperature,temperatureatwhichcertainmagnetic
materialsundergoasharpchangeintheirmagneticproperties.
ThistemperatureisnamedfortheFrenchphysicistPierreCurie,whoin1895
discoveredthelawsthatrelatesomemagneticpropertiestochangein
temperature.
Atlowtemperatures,magneticdipolesarealigned.Abovethecuriepoint,random
thermalmotionsnudgedipolesoutofalignment.

Anexampleofacuriependulumwhichutilizes
theeffectsofheatonaferromagnetic
substancesmagnetization.Themotionis
periodicandfollowstheheating/coolingprocess
oftheswingingbob.
Curie Pendulum
TheheatengineusesaprincipleofmagnetismdiscoveredbyCurie.Hestudiedthe
effectsoftemperatureonmagnetism.
Ferromagnetismcoversthefieldofnormalmagnetismthatpeopletypically
associatewithmagnets.Allnormalmagnetsandthematerialthatareattractedto
magnetsareferromagneticmaterials.
PierreCuriediscoveredthatferromagneticmaterialshaveacriticaltemperatureat
whichthemateriallosestheirferromagneticbehavior.ThisisknownasitsCurie
Point.
OncethematerialreachestheCuriePoint,itwilllosesomeofitsmagnetic
propertiesuntilitcoolsawayfromtheheatsourceandregainsitsmagnetic
properties.Itisthenpulledintotheheatsourceagainbytheenginemagnetto
cyclethroughagain.

Theheatsourcecouldbeaflame
orevenalightdependingonthe
materialofthebob.
Heat Engines
Aheatenginetransfersenergyfroma
hotreservoirtoacoldreservoir,
convertingsomeofitintomechanical
work.
Noengineoperatingbetweentwo
heatreservoirscanbemoreefficient
thanaCarnotengineoperating
betweenthesamereservoirs.
Examplesofheatengines:
Curiepoint
Stirling Engine
Steamengine
Elasticengine
Diagram of Apparatus

VariableLengthPlumbRod(nonferromagneticpreferably)

N S

NeodymiumMagnet
TeaCandle

ScissorLift
How it works!

H:magneticfieldintensity
M:magnetization
How it works!

1:Bobiscool,butisheatingup 2:BobisHot,Itislosingits
magnetization

4:Bobiscool,regainingits 3:BobisHot,butiscoolingdown
magnetization
Carnot Cycle PV Diagram

OurheatengineisnotexactlyaCarnotcycle,howevertherearesimilarities
betweenitandourHMdiagram.
Paramagnetism vs. Ferromagnetism
Materials are made up of
magnetic domains, which
contain atomic dipoles coupled
together in some direction.
Typically, these domains are
aligned in random directions,
and so there is no overall
magnetic direction.
In the presence of a magnetic
field, domains parallel to the
field grow while others shrink.
Paramagnetic materials have a
positive magnetic susceptibility.
Ferromagnetic materials have
a strong positive susceptibility.
Ferromagnetic materials can
remain magnetized after the
external field is removed.
 Nickelscuriepointis
The Curie Point 627K,thisis
equivalenttoaround
354degreesCelsius.
Thismakeitoptimal
foraflamebased
CuriePendulum.

GadoliniumhasaCurieTemperatureof293K.
Thisisequivalenttoaround20degreesCelsius.
Thismakesforagoodmaterialinalightbased
CuriePendulum.
DatafromF.Keffer,Handbuch der Physik,18,pt.2,NewYork:Springer
Verlag,1966andP.Heller,Rep.Progr.Phys.,30,(ptII),731(1967)
Temperatures of Interest
NickelhasaCurie
Temperatureof627K.
Weexpectthebobto
followanoscillatorypath
thatorbitsthecuriepoint
withaperiodunder10
seconds(fromobservation
ofexamples).
Candle Temperature Profile

Horizontaldistancefromflame:
Source:http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0143816699000378
Neodymium Magnets
Couldwedamagethemagnetitselfwiththeflame?

Wecould,ifthemagnetcrossesitsCuriepoint,itwill
permanentlyloseitsmagnetization.Butfromtheflame
profileinthepreviousslidethemagnetiskeptatasafe
enoughhorizontaldistancetoavoiddamage.Themagnet
stayedcoolenoughtotouchthroughouttheexperiment.
Example of Basic Apparatus
Mark I

Periodofabout7seconds.
Mark II

Periodofabout5seconds.
Stefan-Boltzmann Law - Cooling
Energyradiatedbyablackbodyradiatorpersecond
perunitareaisproportionaltothefourthpowerof
theabsolutetemperatureandisgivenbythe
StefanBoltzemann Law:
P
T 4

A
Butnoteveryradiatorisideal inwhichcasethe
proportionalityconstantforemissivityis
introduced: P
(idealradiator:e =1) eT 4

A
Stefan-Boltzmann Law - Cooling
Ifthehotobjectisradiatingenergytoitscooler
surroundingsattemperatureTs thenthetotal
energyradiatedis:

P eA(T T )4
s
4

Ourconcernwiththisisthecandlesootthatbuilds
uponthependulumbobcouldaffecttheemissivity
ofthenickelandchangethepropertiesofthe
systemovertime.
Data - Magnetic Field
Measurementswithamagneticfield
probe,outputavoltagecorresponding
totwodifferentsweetspotsthat
measuredtheAxialandTransverse
potentialatagivenpoint.

Xdistance:Horizontaldistancefrom
edgeofmagnet.Positiveaway.

Ydistance:verticaldistancefrom
centerofmagnet.Positivedown.

State1,thepositionofthebobwhenit
isatitsmaximummagneticfield
amplitude.

State2,thepositionofthebobafterit
fallsfromthemagnet.
Missing Data - Temperature
Optimallywewouldhavespotweldedathermocouple
tothebobtomeasureitstemperatureatthedifferent
spots.Thiswouldallowustohaveadefinitivenumber
fortheamountofworkwehaveharvestedfromthe
candle.

Possibleissues:
Thethermocoupleisnotwithoutmass,thiscouldaffect
howthebobinteractswiththemagnet,changethe
period,etc.
TheThermocouplemaybeferromagneticitselfand
haveadifferentcuriepointthanthatofthebob,this
couldalterhowthemagnetinteractswiththebobas
well.
Thoughts How can we benefit?
Hopes:
Tomakeamoreefficientheatengine.
Optimallywewouldhaveaferromagneticpendulumbob
withanonferromagnetic,nonconductingswingrod.
UseaRatchetsystemtotakeenergyout
Concerns:
Thesootfromthecandlecaneffectthecoolingandheating
rateofthebob.
Thecandleflameisnotstable
Thecurrentpendulumrodisbothconductingand
ferromagnetic.
Duetothegeometryofthebob,therearetwonodesthatit
canstablyresidein.Forthemostpartduringoperation,it
prefersthelowerofthetwo,whichisoptimal.
Possible Improvements
MarkIII RotaryCurieEngine

N S
Examples of Rotary Type

Aluminumdiskwitha
continuousnickelloop

Aluminumdiskwithindividual
nickelloops
Example of Rotary Curie Engine

Theperiodofthisenginewasapproximately1rotationevery5
secondsatanaverageof16Coutsidetemperature.Thetemperature
betweenthediskandlightfluctuatedbetween65C and85Candthe
temperaturenexttothelightwasabout90C.
Sources:
http://scitoys.com/scitoys/scitoys/magnets/magnets.html#curie_effect
http://dx.doi.org/10.1119/1.14959
http://www.imagesco.com/articles/heatengine/HeatEngine.html
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0143816699000378
http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=endscreen&v=RWrTvB
oK94&NR=1
http://fire.nist.gov/bfrlpubs/fire05/PDF/f05141.pdf
http://www.omega.com/literature/transactions/volume1/emissivityb.html
http://hyperphysics.phyastr.gsu.edu/hbase/thermo/stefan.html
http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/@api/deki/files/7647/=Screen_shot_2010
1216_at_12.39.24_PM.png
http://library.thinkquest.org/C006011/english/sites/thermo3.php3?v=2
http://www.doitpoms.ac.uk/tlplib/ferromagnetic/curieweiss.php
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304885308011487