Fayoum University

Faculty of Engineering
Department of Civil Engineering

CE 402: Part A
Shallow Foundation Design
Lecture No. (4): Combined Footing

Dr.: Youssef Gomaa Youssef

“The most important thing is to keep the most
important thing the most important thing”

Dr. Youssef Gomaa Youssef 2

Combined Footing
 A combined footing is a long footing supporting two
or more columns in (typically two) one row.

 A combined footing is a rectangular or trapezoidal

shaped footing.

P2 P1
P2 P1

P2 P1

Dr. Youssef Gomaa Youssef 3

Using of Combined Footing

 Construction practice may dictate using only one

footing for two or more columns due to:

a) Closeness of column (for example around elevator shafts and

escalators); and

b) Due to property line constraint, which may limit the size of

footings at boundary. The eccentricity of a column placed on
an edge of a footing may be compensated by tieing the footing
to the interior column.

Dr. Youssef Gomaa Youssef 4

(CONVENTIONAL METHOD)

 DESIGN OF COMBINED FOOTINGS BY RIGID METHOD:

The rigid method of design of combined footings assumes that:

1. The footing or mat is infinitely rigid, and therefore, the deflection

of the footing or mat does not influence the pressure
distribution,

2. The soil pressure is distributed in a straight line or a plane

surface such that the centroid of the soil pressure coincides with
the line of action of the resultant force of all the loads acting on
the foundation.

Dr. Youssef Gomaa Youssef 5

(CONVENTIONAL METHOD)

The design of combined footing requires that the centroid

of the area be as close as possible to the resultant of the
two column loads for uniform pressure and settlement (if
possible).

i.e.: eccentricity, e = 0.0

Dr. Youssef Gomaa Youssef 6

 Combined Footing
a2 a1
B1 B
b2 b1

L
a2 a1
L2 L1

C2 C1

t1 X
X

t
A1
A

Dr. Youssef Gomaa Youssef 7

 Plain Concrete Footing (P.C.)
P2 R P1
For uniform stress, Resultant
L2 L1
should be at mid of ( A )
a2 a1
A a a
 X  C 1  1  L1  X  C 2  2  L 2 C2 C1
2 2 2

Assume thickness of P.C.: t1

t = (0.25 to 0.50) t
A1
X= (0.80 to 1.0) t A

Assume C2 = 0.50m

1.15(P1  P2 ) Get (B)

R  (P1  P2 ) Area  A * B 
qa

L2 * R  L * P1 Get (L2)
A a
 X  C 2  2  L2 Get (A)
Dim. of P.C. = A * B * t
2 2

Dr. Youssef Gomaa Youssef 8

 Reinforced Concrete Footing (R.C.)
P2 R P1

A1  A  2X L2 L1

a2 a1

B1  B  2X
C2 C1

1.50R
pn  t1
A1 * B1
w
1.50R Mmax
w 
A1

C 
2

M1 w 1
2

M2
C 2 
2

M 2 w
2 M1

Dr. Youssef Gomaa Youssef 9

 Reinforced Concrete Footing (R.C.)
wZ  P2  0.0 Get P2 R P1

(Z) L2 L1

wZ 2  a 
M max   P2  Z  (C 2  2 )  a2 a1
2  2  C2 C1

M
d C
t1

b * Fcu
w
Z Mmax
t1  d  cov er

Steel cover=5.0 to 7.0cm

M2

Dim. of R.C. = A1 * B1* t1 M1

Dr. Youssef Gomaa Youssef 10

 Shear Stress
P2 R P1
Q1  w *C 1 L2 L1

Q 2  P1 w *(C1  a1 ) a1
a2 d
C2 C1
Q3  w *(C 2  a2 )  P2
Q 4  w *(C 2 ) t1

Qs  Q 2 wd pn
Qs Q2
Z

Q Q4
q s  s  q su
b *d
f cu
q su  0.75 Q3
c
Q1

If qs > qsu , Increase d

Dr. Youssef Gomaa Youssef 11

 Punching Stress
P1
Column(1): a1

Q p  P1  p n *(a1  d )*(b1  d )
G.S

A p1  d *2*(a1  d )  (b1  d )
t1

pn
Qp
qp 
Ap
d/2 a1 d/2

qcup  0.5  (a / b ) f cu /  c  f cu /  c
d/2
If qp > qcup , Increase d b1
d/2

Repeat Check for column (2)

Dr. Youssef Gomaa Youssef 12

 Footing Reinforcement
Which is required? a2 a1

Top or bottom RFT

why? t1

Mmax
M max
Atop 
f y *d * j

M1
Abot 
f y *d * j
M2

M1

Dr. Youssef Gomaa Youssef 13

 Design of Hidden Beams
b1 b1

P1
G.S G.S

Main bot RFT

t1 t1 As (HB 1)

w1 B1

B1
M
B.M.D d1  C
+
b * Fcu
+

b  b1  d
+ +

d 1  d  safe
P
w1  1
B1 d1  d  take d  d1
(B1  b1 ) / 2
2
MI
M HB 1  w 1 AsH 1 
2 f y *d * j

Dr. Youssef Gomaa Youssef 14

 Design of Combined Footing
Example(1):

Make a complete design for a combined footing for the two

columns shown in figure (1). The net allowable pressure is 1.10
kg/cm2 and the foundation level is 2.0m below ground surface

a1 = 0.90m. b1= 0.30m P1=140t

a2 = 0.50m b2= 0.30m P2=90t

0.50 0.90
90t 140t qa = 1.10kg/cm2 = 11.0t/m2.
0.30 0.30
3.20 fcu = 250kg/cm2.

fy =3600kg/cm2

Dr. Youssef Gomaa Youssef 15

 Plain Concrete Footing (P.C.)
P2 R P1
For uniform stress, Resultant
L2 L1
should be at mid of ( A )
a2 a1
A a a
 X  C 1  1  L1  X  C 2  2  L 2 C2 C1
2 2 2

Assume thickness of P.C.: t1

t = 0.30 t
A1
X= t = 0.30 A

Assume C2 = 0.50m
1.15(P1  P2 ) 1.15*230
R  (P1  P2 )  140  90  230t Area  A * B    24.10m 2
qa 11

L2 *230  3.20*140 L2 = 1.95

B = 4.02 = 4.05m
A 0.50
 0.30  0.50   1.95  3.00m
2 2
A = 6.00m
Dim. of P.C. = 6.00 * 4.05 * 0.30

Dr. Youssef Gomaa Youssef 16

 Reinforced Concrete Footing (R.C.)
P2 R P1

L2 L1
A1  A  2X  6.00  2*0.30  5.40m
a2 a1
C2
B1  B  2X  4.05  2*0.30  3.45m
C1

t1
R 1.50*230
pn    18.52t / m
A1 * B1 5.40*3.45
pn
Mmax
R 1.50*230
w    63.90t / m 2
A1 5.40

C 
2
0.902
M1 w 1  63.90*  25.88m .t
2 2
M2
C 2  0.50
2 2

M 2 w  63.90  8.00m .t
2 2 M1

Dr. Youssef Gomaa Youssef 17

 Reinforced Concrete Footing (R.C.)
wZ  P2  63.90* Z  1.50*90 Z=2.11 P2 =135 R P1 =210

L2=1.25 L1 = 1.95

wZ 2  a 
M max   P2  Z  (C 2  2 )  a2 a1
2  2  0.50 0.90

t1

63.90*2.112  0.5 
M max   1.50*90* 2.11  (0.50  )  41.36m .t
2 
pn
2  Mmax
Z

M 41.36*105
d C  5*  34.6  35cm
b * Fcu 345*250

t1  d  cov er  35  5  40cm
M2

Dim. of R.C. = 5.80 * 3.20* 35 M1

Dr. Youssef Gomaa Youssef 18

 Shear Stress
Q1  63.95*0.90  57.55t P2=135 R P1=210

L2 L1

Q2  210  63.95*(0.90  0.90)  95.89t

0.50 d 0.90
0.50 0.90
Q3  63.95*(0.50  0.50) 135  71.05t

Q4  63.95*(0.50)  31.98t 35

Qs  95.89  63.95*0.35  73.51t pn

Qs Q2
Z

73.51*103 Q4
qs   7.10kg / cm 2
345*30
f cu 250
q su  0.75  0.75  9.68 Q3
c 1.50
Q1

Dr. Youssef Gomaa Youssef 19

 Punching Stress
P1 =210
Column(1): 0.90

Q p  P1  p n *(a1  d )*(b1  d ) G.S

Q p  210  18.52*(0.90  0.35)*(0.30  0.35)  194.95t

0.40
A p1  d *2*(a1  d )  (b1  d )
Pn =18.52
A p1  0.35*2*(0.90  0.35)  (0.30  0.35)  1.33m 2
Qp 194.95*103
qp   4
 15.98kg / cm 2 d/2 0.90 d/2
Ap 1.33*10
qcup  0.5  (b / a) f cu /  c  f cu /  c
d/2
qcup  0.5  (0.30 / 0.90) 250 /1.50  10.75kg / cm 2
0.30
d/2
qp > qcup , Increase d= 45cm

Repeat Check for column (2)

Dr. Youssef Gomaa Youssef 20

 Design of Hidden Beams
B1=0.30 b1

P1=210
G.S G.S

Main bot RFT

50 t1 As (HB 1)

w1 B1

B1= 3.45 b  b1  d  0.30  0.30  0.65

B.M.D
+ +
75.50*105
+ + d1  5  100.3  105cm
75*250

w1 
P1 210
  60.87t / m ' d1  d  take d  105
B1 3.45 MI 75.5*105
AsH 1    24.2cm 2
(3.45  0.30) / 2
2 f y * d * j 3600*105*0.826
M HB 1  60.87  75.50m .t
2 7  22

Dr. Youssef Gomaa Youssef 21

 Footing Reinforcement
0.50 0.90

110
5
M1 25.88*10
Atop    8.30cm 2
f y * d * j 3600*110*0.826
Mmax= 40.36

5  12 / m '

M max 40.36
Abot    12.93cm 2
f y * d * j 3600*105*0.826
M2=8.0
5  12 / m ' 0
M1=25.88

Dr. Youssef Gomaa Youssef 22