Design of Single Storey RCC Framed Building PDF

CAPSTONE PROJECT REPORT
(Project Term January-April, 2014)
(DESIGN OF SINGLE STOREY MUNICIPAL

BUILDING)
Department of Civil engineering
Submitted by:-
Mysum Shabir Registration Number: 11007722
Yavar Ahad Registration Number: 11011945
Mohd. Tajamul Registration Number: 11012119
Jaspreet Kaur Registration Number: 11001586
Amol Kumar Registration Number: 11008366
Project Group Number:-
Under the Guidance of
Miss Damanpreet Kaur
Discipline of Civil
Lovely Professional University, Phagwara
January to April, 2014
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Declaration:-
We hereby declare that the project work entitled “DESIGN OF SINGLE

STOREY MUNICIPAL BUILDING” is an authentic record of our own work
carried out as requirements of Capstone Project for the award of degree of
B.Tech in Civil engineering from Lovely Professional University, Phagwara,
under the guidance of Miss Damanpreet Kaur during January to April 2014.
Mysum Shabir
Registration Number: 11007722
Yavar Ahad
Mohd. Tajamul Islam

Jaspreet Kaur
Amol Kumar
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CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the declaration statement made by this group of students is
correct to the best of my knowledge and belief. The Capstone Project Proposal
based on the technology / tool learnt is fit for the submission and partial
fulfillment of the conditions for the award of B.Tech in Civil Engineering from
Lovely Professional University, Phagwara.
Name: Damanpreet Kaur
U.ID: 17418
Designation: Assistant Professor
Signature of Faculty Mentor
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Table of contents
Abstract………………………………………………..v
LIST OF FIGURES………………………………. ….vii
LIST OF TABLES………………………………..........viii
1.0 Introduction……………………………………… 1-5
1.1 General Introduction…………………………1-3
1.2 Proposals……………………………………….4
1.3 Statement of project……………………………4
1.4 Elements of RCC Framed Building……………4-5
2.0 Basic codes for design……………………………….5-6
3.0 Aim of design………………………………………. 7
4.0 Method of design……………………………………..7
5.0 Requirement of reinforcement
for structural member………………………. ……. 8-16
5.1 Beams…………………………………………….8-9
5.2 Slabs……………………………………………….10
5.3 Columns…………………………………………..10-11
5.4 Shear……………………………………………….11-14
5.5 Development length of bars………………………14-16
6.0 Structural design (Manual Method Of Design)………17- 76
6.1 Study of architectural drawing…………………….17
6.2 Finalization of structural configuration……………18
6.3 Design of slabs………………………………………..18-43
6.4 Design of beams………………………………………44-53
6.5 Design of columns……………………………………53-66
6.6 Design of foundation…………………………………67-76
7.0 Conclusion……………………………………………….77
8.0 References……………………………………………….78
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Abstract
Structural design is the primary aspect of civil engineering. The very basis of construction of
any building, residential house or dams, bridges, culverts, canals etc. is designing. Structural
engineering has existed since humans first started to construct their own structures. The
foremost basic in structural engineering is the design of simple basic components and
members of a building viz., Slabs, Beams, Columns and Footings. In order to design them, it
is important to first obtain the plan of the particular building that is, positioning of the
particular rooms (Drawing room, bed room, kitchen toilet etc.) such that they serve their
respective purpose and also suiting to the requirement and comfort of the inhabitants.
Thereby depending on the suitability; plan layout of beams and the position of columns are
fixed. Thereafter, the loads are calculated namely the dead loads, which depend on the
unit weight of the materials used (concrete, brick) and the live loads, which according
to the code IS:875-1987 is around 2kN/m2. Once the loads are obtained, the component
takes the load first i.e. the slabs can be designed.
Designing of slabs depends upon whether it is a one-way or a two-way slab, the end
conditions and the loading. From the slabs, the loads are transferred to the beam. The loads
coming from the slabs onto the beam may be trapezoidal or triangular. Depending on this,
the beam may be designed. Thereafter, the loads (mainly shear) from the beams are
taken by the columns. For designing columns, it is necessary to know the moments they
are subjected to. For this purpose, frame analysis is done by Moment Distribution Method.
After this, the designing of columns is taken up depending on end conditions, moments,
eccentricity and if it is a short or slender column. Most of the columns designed in this mini
project were considered to be axially loaded with biaxial bending. Finally, the footings are
designed based on the loading from the column and also the soil bearing capacity value for
that particular area. Most importantly, the sections must be checked for all the four
components with regard to strength and serviceability. Overall, the concepts and procedures
of designing the basic components of a single storey building are described. Apart from that,
the planning of the building with regard to appropriate directions for the respective rooms,
choosing position of beams and columns are also properly explained. The future of structure
engineering mainly depends on better and more effective methods of designing the
structures so that they serve better and are also economical.
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LIST OF FIGURES
S.No. FIGURE NAME PAGE

NO.
1 Load bearing masonry building 2
2 Framed Structural system 3
3 Elements of RCC framed building 5
4 Architectural plan of building 17
5 Load distribution in one way slab for slab S9 22
6 Two way slab load distribution and action for slab S3 27
7 Two slab load distribution for slab S1 32
8 Two way slab load distribution and action for slab S4 37
9 Cross section of beams 52,53
10 Layout of beams and columns 63
11 Sectional and cross sectional view of column (C1) 64
12 Cross sectional view of column (C2) 64
13 Sectional view of column (C2) 65
14 Cross sectional view of column (C3) 65
15 Sectional view of column (C3) 66
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List of tables
TABLENO. NAME OF TABLE PAGE

NO.
1 Values of partial safety factor for loads (IS 7
456:2000, TABLE 18 )
2 Maximum shear stress, τcmax , N/mm2 (Table 20 of 12

IS 456:2000)
3 Design shear strength of concrete τc, N/mm2 (table 13

19 of IS 456:2000)
4 Development length for fully stressed deformed 15
bars shear reinforcement (stirrups)
5 Live loads on floors as per IS-875(Part-2)-1987 16
6 Live loads on roofs as per IS-875(Part-2)-1987 16

7 Beam design data 51
8 Beam design data 51
9 column design data 62
10 Foundation design data 76
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Acknowledgement:-
We have taken efforts in this project. However, it would not have been possible
without the kind support and help of many individuals. We would like to extend
my sincere thanks to all of them.
We are highly indebted to Dept. of Civil Engineering for their guidance and
constant supervision as well as for providing necessary information regarding
the project & also for their support in completing the project.
We would like to take this opportunity to express our gratitude towards all those
people who have helped us in the successful completion of this capstone
project, directly or indirectly. We would also like to express our sincere
gratitude towards Miss Damanpreet Kaur for her guidance and help which she
willingly provided at every step of the project.
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1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 General Introduction
The procedure for analysis and design of a given building will depend on the type of
building, its complexity, the number of stories etc. First the architectural drawings of the
building are studied, structural system is finalized sizes of structural members are decided
and brought to the knowledge of the concerned architect. The procedure f or structural
design will involve some steps which will depend on the type of building and also its
complexity and the time available for structural design. Often, the work is required to start
soon, so the steps in design are to be arranged in such a way the foundation drawings can
be taken up in hand within a reasonable period of time. Further, before starting the structural
design, the following information of data is required:
(i) A set of architectural drawings;

(ii) Soil Investigation report (SIR) of soil data in lieu thereof;
(iii) Location of the place or city in or der to decide on wind and seismic
loadings;
(iv) Data for lifts, water tank capacities on top, special roof features or loadings, etc.
Choice of an appropriate structural system for a given building is vital for its economy and
safety. There are two types of building systems: -
(a) Load Bearing Masonry Buildings.
(b) Framed Buildings.
(a) Load Bearing Masonry Buildings:- Small buildings like houses with small spans of
beams, slabs generally constructed as load bearing brick walls with reinforced concrete
slab beams. This system is suitable for building up to four or less stories.( as shown in
fig. below). In such buildings crushing strength of bricks shall be 100 kg/cm2 minimum
for four stories. This system is adequate for vertical loads it also serves to resist horizontal
loads like wind & earthquake by box action. The design of Load Bearing Masonry Buildings
are done as per IS: 1905 - 1980 (Indian Standards Code of Practice f or Structural Safety
of Buildings: Masonry Walls(Second Revision) .
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Fig 1. Load bearing masonry building
( b) Framed Buildings: -In these types of buildings reinforced concrete frames are
provided in both principal directions to resist vertical loads and the vertical loads are
transmitted to vertical framing system i.e. columns and Foundations. This type of system
is effective in resisting both vertical & horizontal loads. The brick walls are to be
regarded as non load bearing filler walls only. This system is suitable for multi - storied
building which is also effective in resisting horizontal loads due to earthquake. In this
system the floor slabs, generally 100 - 150 mm thick with spans ranging from 3.0 m to
7.0 m. In certain earthquake prone areas, even single or double storey buildings are
made framed structures for safety reasons. Also the single storey buildings of large storey
heights (5.0m or more ) ,like electric substation etc. are made framed structure as brick
walls of large heights are slender and load carrying capacity of such walls reduces due to
slenderness.
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Fig 2. Framed Structural system
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1.2 proposals
The municipal building housed in a single storey shall have following accommodation:-
Bed room = 4 No. 3.2m x 3.15 m
Kitchen = 4 No. 3.25m x 2.40 m
Bathroom = 4 No. 2.15m x 1.25 m
Dressing room = 4 No. 1.25m x 0.95m
Living room = 4 No. 3.050m x 4.25m
Balcony = 4 No. 3.00m x 1.475m
Lobby = 1 No. 4.4m x 2.2m
1.3 statement of the project
Utility of the building------ Residential building.
No.of storeys-----------------Single storey (G).
Shape of the building-------- Rectangular.
No. of staircases-------------- 1 No.
Type of foundation----------isolated footing.
Type of building------------RCC Framed Building.
1.4 Elements of RCC Framed Building:-
1. Slab: - The flat ceiling of a storey is called a 'Slab'.

2. Beams:- The peripheral horizontal member supporting the slab is called
'Beam'.
3. Plinth Beam:-The beam at ground level or plinth level is called 'Plinth
Beam'.
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4. Column:-The vertical member supporting the beam is called 'Column'.
5. Foundation: - The system below ground transferring the entire load of the
structure to the soil is called 'Foundation'.
• slab
• Beams
•Plinth beam
•Columns
•Foundation
Fig 3. Elements of RCC framed building
2.0 Basic Codes for Design :-
The design should be carried so as to conform to the following Indian code for reinforced
concrete design, published by the Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi.
Purpose of Codes:- National building codes have been formulated in different countries to
lay down guidelines for the design and construction of structure. The codes have evolved
from the collective wisdom of expert structural engineers, gained over the years. These codes
are periodically revised to bring them in line with current research, and often, current
trends.
Firstly, they ensure adequate structural safety, by specifying certain essential minimum
requirement for design.
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Secondly, they r ender the task of the designer relatively simple; often, the result of
sophisticate analyses is made available in the form of a simple formula or chart.
Thirdly, the codes ensure a measure of consistency among different designers.
Finally, they have some legal validity in that they protect the structural designer from any
liability due to structural failures that are caused by inadequate supervision and/or faulty
material and construction.
(i) IS 456 : 2000 – Plain and reinforced concrete – code of practice (fourth revision)
(ii) Loading Standards
These loads to be considered for structural design are specified in the following loading
standards:
IS 875 ( Part 1 - 3) : 1987 – Code of practice f or design loads (other than earthquake) f
or buildings and structures (second revision )
Part 1: Dead loads
Part 2: Imposed (live) loads
Part 3: Wind loads
IS 13920: 1993 – Ductile detailing of reinforced concrete structure subject to seismic forces.
Design Handbooks
The Bureau of Indian standards has also published the following handbooks, which serve
as useful supplement to the 1978 version of the codes. Although the handbooks need to be
updated to bring them in line with the recently revised ( 2000 version) of the Code,
many of the provisions continue to be valid ( especially with regard to structural design
provisions).
SP 16 : 1980 – Design Aids (for Reinforced Concrete) to IS 456 : 2000
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3.0 AIM OF DESIGN:-
The aim of design is achievement of an acceptable probability that structures being designed
shall, with an appropriate degree of safety –
 Perform satisfactorily during their intended life.

 Sustain all loads and deformations of normal construction & use
 Have adequate durability
 Have adequate resistance to the effects of misuse and fire.
4.0 METHOD OF DESIGN:-
Structure and structural elements shall normally be designed by Limit State Method.
DESIGN LOAD:- Design load is the load to be taken for use in appropriate method of design. It
is
Characteristic load with appropriate partial safety factors for limit state design.
Table 1:- values of partial safety factor for loads (IS 456:2000, TABLE 18 )
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5 REQUIREMENT OF REINFORCEMENT FOR STRUCTURAL MEMBER
5.1 Beams
5.1.1 Tension reinforcement
(a) Minimum reinforcement:- The minimum area of tension reinforcement shall not be less than
that given by the following:-
As/bd = 0.85/fy
where
As = minimum area of tension reinforcement.
b = breadth of beam or the breadth of the web of T-beam.
d = effective depth, and
fy = characteristic strength of reinforcement in M/mm2
(b) Maximum reinforcement:- the maximum area of tension reinforcement shall not exceed
0.04bD.
5.1.2 Compression reinforcement
The maximum area of compression reinforcement shall not exceed 0.04 bd. Compression
reinforcement in beams shall be enclosed by stirrups for effective lateral restraint.
5.1.3 Maximum spacing of shear reinforcement
Maximum spacing of shear reinforcement means long by axis of the member shall not
exceed 0.75 d for vertical stirrups and d for inclined stirrups at 45‖ where d is the
effective depth on the section under consideration. In no case shall be spacing exceed
300mm.
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5.1.4 Minimum shear reinforcement
Minimum shear reinforcement in the form of stirrups shall be provided such that:
Asv / bsv > 0.4/0.87 fy
Where
Asv = total cross-sectional area of stirrups legs effective in shear.
Sv= stirrups spacing along the length of the member
b = breadth of the beam or breadth of the web of flange beam, and
fy = characteristic strength of the stirrups reinforcement in N/mm2which shall not taken

greater than 415 N/mm2
5.1.5 Minimum Distance between Individual Bars
(a) The horizontal distance between two parallel main reinforcing bars shall usually be
not-less than the greatest of the following:
(i) Dia of larger bar and
(ii) 5 mm more than nominal maximum size of coarse aggregate.
(b) When needle vibrators are used it may be reduced to 2/3rdof nominal maximum size of
coarse aggregate,Sufficient space must be left between bars to enable vibrator to be immersed.
(c) Where there are two or more rows of bars, bars shall be vertically in line and the minimum
vertical distance between bars shall be 15 mm, 2/3rd of nominal maximum size of
aggregate or the maximum size of bars, whichever is greater.
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5.2. Slabs:-
5.2.1 Minimum reinforcement:- The mild steel reinforcement in either direction in slabs
shall not be less than 0.15 percent of the total cross-sectional area. However, this value can be
reduced to 0.12 percent when high strength deformed bars or welded wire fabric are used.
5.2.2 Maximum diameter. The diameter of reinforcing bars shall not exceed one eight of the
total thickness ofslab.
5.2.3 Maximum distance between bars - Slabs
1) The horizontal distance between parallel main reinforcement bars shall not be more
than three times the effective depth of solid slab or 300 mm whichever is smaller.
2) The horizontal distance between parallel reinforcement bars provided againstshrinkage

and temperature shall not be more than five times the effective depth of a solid slab or 300 mm
whichever is smaller.
5.2.4 Torsion reinforcement - Slab
Torsion reinforcement is to be provided at any corner where the slab is simply supported
on both edges meeting at that corner. It shall consist of top and bottom reinforcement,
each with layers of bars placed parallel to the sides of the slab and extending from the
edges a minimum distance of one-fifth of the shorter span. The area of reinforcement in each of
these four layers shall be three-quarters of the area required for the maximum mid-span moment
in the slab.
5.3. Columns
5.3.1 Longitudinal Reinforcement
a. The cross sectional area of longitudinal reinforcement shall be not less than 0.8% nor more
than 6% of the gross sectional area of the column. Although it is recommended that the
maximum area of steel should not exceed 4% to avoid practical difficulties in placing &
compacting concrete.
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b. In any column that has a larger cross sectional area than that required to support the load, the
minimum percentage steel must be based on the area of concrete resist the direct stress & not on
the actual area.
c. The bar should not be less than 12 mm in diameter so that it is sufficiently rigid to stand up
straight in the column forms during fixing and concerting.
d. The minimum member of longitudinal bars provided in a column shall be four in rectangular
columns & six in circular columns.
e. A reinforced concrete column having helical reinforcement must have at least six bars of
longitudinal reinforcement with the helical reinforcement. These bars must be in contact with
the helical reinforcement & equidistance around its inner circumference.
f. Spacing of longitudinal should not exceed 300 mm along periphery of acolumn.
g. In case of pedestals, in which the longitudinal reinforcement is not taken into account in
strength calculations, nominal reinforcement should be not be less than 0.15% of cross sectional
area.
5.3.2 Transverse Reinforcement
a. The diameter of lateral ties should not be less than ¼ of the diameter of the largest longitudinal
bar in no case should not be less than 6 mm.
b. Spacing of lateral ties should not exceed least of the following:-
 Least lateral dimension of the column

 16 times the smallest diameter of longitudinal bars to be tied.
 300mm.
5.4 SHEAR
5.4.1 Nominal Shear Stress
The nominal shear stress in beams of uniform depth shall be obtained by the
following equation:
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τv =Vu/ b.d
where
Vu = shear force due to design loads;
b = breadth of the member, which for flanged section shall be taken as the breadth ofthe web,
bw; and
d = effective depth.
With Shear Reinforcement
Under no circumstances, even with shear reinforcement, shall the nominal shear stress
in beams should not exceed given in Table 20 of IS 456:2000.
 For solid slabs, the nominal shear stress shall not exceed half the appropriate values given
in Table 20 of IS 456:2000.
CONCRETE M15 M20 M25 M30 M35 M40 & above

GRADE
Τc max , N/mm2 2.5 2.8 3.1 3.5 3.7 4.0
TABLE 2:- MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESS, τcmax , N/mm2 (Table 20 of IS 456:2000)
5.4.2 Minimum Shear Reinforcement
When τv, is less than τc given in Table 19 of IS 456:2000 , minimum shear reinforcement
shall be provided in accordance with clause 26.5.1.6 of IS 456:2000.
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100 Ast / bd Concrete grade
M15 M20 M25 M30 M35 M40 & above
<0.15 0.28 0.28 0.29 0.29 0.29 0.30
0.25 0.35 0.36 0.36 0.37 0.37 0.38
0.50 0.46 0.48 0.49 0.50 0.50 0.51
0.75 0.54 0.56 0.57 0.59 0.59 0.60
1.00 0.60 0.62 0.64 0.66 0.67 0.68
1.25 0.64 0.67 0.70 0.71 0.73 0.74
1.50 0.68 0.72 0.74 0.76 0.78 0.79
1.75 0.71 0.75 0.78 0.80 0.82 0.84
2.00 0.71 0.79 0.82 0.84 0.86 0.88
2.25 0.71 0.81 0.85 0.88 0.90 0.92
2.50 0.71 0.82 0.88 0.91 0.95 0.95
2.75 0.71 0.82 0.90 0.94 0.96 0.98
3.00 & above 0.71 0.82 0.92 0.96 0.99 1.01
TABLE 3:- design shear strength of concrete τc, N/mm2 (table 19 of IS 456:2000)
5.4.3 Design of Shear Reinforcement
When τv, is exceeds τc , given in Table 19, shear reinforcement shall be provided in any of the
following forms:
a) Vertical stirrups,
b) Bent-up bars along with stirrups, and Where bent-up bars are provided, their
contribution towards shear resistance shall not be more than half that of the total shear
reinforcement.
Shear reinforcement shall be provided to carry a shear equal to Vu/ τc b d
the strength of shear reinforcement Vus
shall be calculated as below:
a) For Vertical Stirrups:
Vus = 0.87 fy Asv d/ Sv
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b) For inclined stirrups or a series of bars bent up at different cross –section:
Vus = 0.87 fy Asv d (Sin ά + Cos ά) / Sv
c) For single bar or single group of parallel bars, all bent up at the same cross sections:
Vus = 0.87 fy Asv Sin ά
Where
Asv = total cross –sectional area of stirrups legs or bent-up bar within a distance Sv
Sv = spacing of the stirrups or bent-up bars along the length of the member.
τv = nominal shear stress,
τc = design shear strength of the concrete,
b = breadth of the member which for flanged beams, shall be taken as the breadth of the web
bw.
fy = characteristic strength of the stirrup or bent-up reinforcement which shall not be taken
greater than 415 N/mm2ά = angle between the inclined stirrup or bent up bar and the axis of
the member not less than 45o and
d = effective depth
5.5 DEVELOPMENT LENGTH OF BARS
5.5.1 Development of Stress in Reinforcement
The calculated tension or compression in any bar at any section shall be developed on each side
of the section by an appropriate development length or end anchorage or by a combination
thereof. Development length Ld is given by:-
Ld = Φσst /4τbd
Φ = nominal diameter of bar,
τbd = design bond stress
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σst = stress in bar at the section considered at design load
 Design bond stress in limit state method for plain bars in tension is given in clause
26.2.1.1 in IS 456:2000
 For deformed bars conforming to IS 1786 these values are to be increased by 60 %.
 For bars in compression, the values of bond stress for bars in tension is to be increased
by 25 percent

TABLE 4 :- DEVELOPMENT LENGTH FOR FULLY STRESSED DEFORMED
BARS SHEAR REINFORCEMENT (STIRRUPS)
Development length and anchorage requirement is satisfied, in case of stirrups and
transverse ties, when Bar is bent –
• Through an angle of at least 90 degrees (round a bar of at least its own dia) & is
continued beyond for a length of at least 8 υ, or
• Through an angle of 135 degrees & is continued beyond for a length of at least 6 υ or
• Through an angle of 180 degrees and is continued beyond for a length of at least 4 υ
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Type of floor usage Live load (KN/m2)
RESIDENTIAL 2.0
OFFICIAL – WITH SEPARATE STORAGE 2.5
– WITHOUT SEPARATE 4.0
STORAGE
SHOPS,CLASS ROOMS,WAITINGS
ROOMS,
RESTAURANTS,WORK
ROOMS,THEATRES ETC
-WITHOUT FIXED SEATING 4.0
- WITH FIXED SEATING 5.0
FACTORIES & WAREHOUSES 5.0 - 10.0
STACK ROOM IN LIBRARIES ,BOOK 10.0
STORES
GARRAGES –LIGHT VEHICLES 4.0
–HEAVY VEHICLES 7.5
STAIRS -NOT LIABLE TO OVER 4.0
CROWDING
- LIABLE TO OVER CROWDING 5.0
Table 5 :- LIVE LOADS ON FLOORS AS PER IS-875(Part-2)-1987
Type of access to roof Live load (KN/m2)
Roof with access 1.5
Roof without access 0.75
Table 6:- LIVE LOADS ON ROOFS AS PER IS-875(Part-2)-1987
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6.0 STRUCTURAL DESIGN (MANUAL METHOD OF DESIGN):-
6.1: STUDY OF ARCHITECTURAL DRAWINGS:- Before proceeding for structural

design of any building it is ensure that approved working drawings are available in the office.
All working drawings i.e. each floor plan, elevations, sections, are studied thoroughly &
discrepancy if any brought to the notice of concern Architect for rectification/correction. The
problems coming in finalization of structural configuration may also be intimated to
concern Architect for rectification/correction if any.
Fig 4. Architectural plan of building
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6.2: FINALIZATION OF STRUCTURAL CONFIGURATION. After receiving
corrected working drawing from the architectural wing, the structural system is finalized. The
structural arrangements of a building is so chosen as to make it efficient in resisting vertical as
well as horizontal loads due to earthquake. The span of slabs co chosen that thickness of slab
100-150mm and slab panels, floor beams, and columns, are all marked and numbered on the
architectural plans. Now the building is ready for structural design to start.
6.3: DESIGN OF SLABS
One way slab (S9) : (LOBBY- 2.2*4.1 m² c/c)
Step 1: Design constants and limiting depth of neutral axis :-
For, Fy = 415 N/mm2 => Xu,max/d = 0.479 and Ru =2.761
Fck = 20 N/mm2
Step 2: Computation of design B.M. and S.F. :-
 Assume,L/d = 20 for simply supported slab (from the point of deflection)
Pt = 20% for under reinforced section
ft (Modification factor) = 1.5
Taking c/c dis. L = 3.2m => L/d = 20×1.5 { L=4100mm}
4100/d = 20×1.5
d = 136.66 mm. 140mm.
Providing 20mm. nominal cover and 8mm. Ø bars
D = 140+20+4 = 164 165mm.
 Design load (Wu) :-
For, depth (D) = 165mm. = 0.165m.
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DL (wt. of slab/m2) = vol. × density
= (0.165m.×1m.×1m.)×(25 KN/m2) = 4.125 KN/m2
LL+FF (imposed loads) = 1.5 KN/m2 + 1.5 KN/m2 = 3 KN/m2
So, Total load = 4.125 + 3 = 7.125 KN/m2
Design load (Wu) = 1.5 × 7.125 = 10.687 KN/m2
 Design shear force (Vu) :-
Vu = Wu × l/2 = 10.687 × 3.2 / 2 = 17.09 KN
 Design bending moment (Mu):-
Mu = Wu ×l2/8 = ( 10.687 × 3.22) / 8 = 13.68 KN-m
Step 3: Computation of effective depth :-
For, b(width) = 1m. =1000mm
d = √Mu / (Ru×b) = √(13.68×106) / (2.761×1000) = 70.38mm
dassumed = D-20-4 = 165-20-4 = 141mm => So.provide d = 141mm
Step 4:- Steel reinforcement :-
Main reinforcement :
Astreq. = 0.5fck/fy {1-√1- 4.6Mu/ / fck×b×d2 }×bd
= 0.5 × 20/415 {1-√1 - 4.6(13.68×106)/(20×1000×1412)} ×1000×141
= 280.42 300 mm2
Spacing (S) = (1000 × 50.3) / 300 = 167 160mm c/c , which is < 3d =423mm and 300mm
Astactual = (1000×50.3)/160 = 314.3mm2
Pt = 100Ast/bd = (100×314.3)/(1000×141) =0.22 = 20% (Page no.-73)
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Note :- Bend alternate bars of main reinforcement up at a dis. of l/7 = 4100/7 = 585.7mm from
the face of support.
Distribution reinforcement:-
Astmini. = 0.12% × bD = (0.12/100)×1000×165 =198mm2
Spacing (S) = (1000×50.3)/198 = 254mm. ,which is <5d (705) and 450mm
Step 5:- Check for limit state of serviceability for deflection :-
Pt = 20% = 0.2
(page no.-38 table) fs = 0.58fy.Astreq./Astprovided
= 0.58×415×300/314.3 =229.7 240
See,table for fs=240 and Pt=0.2 => ft (modification factor) =1.68
From the deflection pt. of view, L/dreq. = 20×ft
4100/dreq. = 20×1.68 =122 => dreq. =125mm
But,available dprovided = 141mm
Hence ,safe.
Step 6:- Check for shear :-
Nominal shear stress (ʈv) : (page no. 72)
ʈv = VuD/ bd { VuD = S.F. due to design loads
=(15.58×103)/(1000×141) = Vu – Wu(0.141)
=0.110 N/mm2 = 17.09 -(10.687×0.141) =15.58 KN}
20 | P a g e
Design shear strength of concrete (ʈc.k):
* Page no.72:- 40.2.11 => k= for D=165mm.
*Page no.73:table19 => ʈc =0.28 for M20 ,Pt = 10% ( at supports =1/2×20%)
So, k.ʈc = ×0.28 =
Now, ʈv <<< k.ʈc
0.110<<<<<
Hence section is safe.
Step7:-Check for development length :- (page no.42)
Page no.44:- At simple supports, Ø of bars should be so restricted that following requirement
is satisfied :- (1.3Mu1/Vu )+ LO > Ld
*Mu1 = 0.87fyAst1/(d - 0.416xu) {*Ast1 at supports of short span=½ (314.3mm2)
= 0.87×415×157.15 / (141-0.416×7.88) *Xu = 0.87 fy.Ast1/(0.36 fck.b) =7.88mm }
= 411.98 Nmm
*Vu (as calculated in step2) = 17090 N at centre of support
* Assume that width of support ls =300mm and a side cover(x‘) of 25mm
Providing 90° bend ; Lo= ls/2 – x‘+3 =300/2 -25+3×8 =149mm
*Ld (Development length of bars: page no.42):-
Ld = Øσs / 4 ʈbd {page no.43:- ʈbd for M20 =1.2 and this
21 | P a g e
= 60 % of 0.87fyØ / (4ʈbd) value should be increased by 60%}
= 0.6 ×{0.87×415×8 / 4×1.2 }
=376 mm
So, (1.3Mu1/Vu) + LO > Ld
(1.3×6.5×106/15301) + 149 >Ld
=> 701 >376
Hence,satisfied.
Step 8: Load distribution in one way slab :
Fig 5 load distribution in one way slab for slab S9
22 | P a g e
Two way slab (S3) :- (KITCHEN : 2.5×3.4 and BATHROOM+W.C. :2.5×3.4)
Fck = 20 N/mm2
Step 2: Computation of design load and B.M. :-
 (Page no. 35):-

Assume,L/d = 35 for simply supported slab (If HYSD bars are used then L/d must be
L/d=35×0.8 multiplied with 0.8, but if mild steel is
used then no need to multiply)
Pt = 20% for under reinforced section (can be taken upto 30% for HYSD bars
and 40-50% for mild steel and these
values are generally taken byexperience)
ft (Modification factor) = 1.68 (*page no.-380)
Now,L/d =35×0.8×1.68 (for slabs spanning in two directions,
=> 2500/d= 35×0.8×1.68 L=shorter of two spans(3.4×2.5) should
=> d = 53.14 60mm. be used for calculating L/d ratio)
Providing nominal cover of 20mm. and 8mmØ bars
D= 60+20+4=84mm 100mm
23 | P a g e
 Design load(Wu) :
for D=100mm =0.1m
DL(wt. of slab/m2) = vol.×density
=(0.1m×1m×1m)×25KN/m2 =2.5KN/m2
LL+FF(imposed loads) =1.5+1.5 =3KN/m2
So,total load =2.5+3 = 5.5KN/m2
Design load(Wu) =1.5 ×5.5 =8.25KN/m2
 Design moment(Mu) :
Taking d=60mm: ly = 3.4+0.06 =3.46mm {page no.91 table:27 :- for ly/lx =3.46/2.56= 1.4 ,
lx =2.5+0.06 =2.56mm => αx =0.099,αy =0.051 }
Mux = αx..Wu..lx2 = 0.099×8.25×2.562 =5.353KN-m
Muy = αy.Wu.ly2 = 0.051×8.25×3.462 = 5.037 KN-m
(Page no. 90) :For long span, width of middle strip =3/4 ly = ¾( 3.46) =2.6m
width of edge strip =½(3.46-2.6) = 0.43m
For short span ,width of middle strip =3/4 lx= ¾(2.56) =1.92m
Width of edge strip = ½(2.56-1.92) =0.32m
 For, b(width) = 1m. =1000mm
d = √Mu/(Ru×b) = √(5.35×106) / (2.761×1000) = 44.01mm
 but,,from point of deflection,Dassumed =100mm with nominl cover=20mm and 8mmØ bars
24 | P a g e
So,dshort span =100-20-4 =76mm
dlong span = 100-20-4-8 = 68mm
Step 4: Computaion of steel reinforcement for short span (lx =2.56m):-
 Astx =0.5fck/fy{1-√1-4.6Mux/fck.b.d2}.b.d.
=0.5×20/415 {1-√1 – (4.6×5.35×106)/(20×1000×762)}×1000×76
= 206.9 207mm2
Providing 8mmØ bars, Spacing( Sx) =1000×50.3/207 =242.99mm 200mmc/c
Hence,providing 8mmØ bars @200mmc/c for middle strip of short span = ¾(lx) =1.92m
 Edge strip of lx =0.32m
Reinforcement in edge strip =1.2D = 1.2(100) =120mm2
Spacing(S) = 1000×50.3/120 = 419mm c/c
Note: Bend half the bars up at a distance of 0.15lx =0.15(2.56) = 0.384m =384mm from centre
of support.
Step 5 :Reinforcement for long span (ly=3.46m):
 Asty=0.5×20/415{1-√1- (4.6×5.037×106)/(20×1000×682)}
=220mm2
Providing 8mmØ bars, Spacing (Sy) =1000×50.3/220 =229mm 220mm c/c
Hence,providing 8mmØ bars@220mmc/c in middle strip of ¾(ly) = ¾(3.46) =2.6m
 Edge strip of ly =0.43m
Reinforcement in edge strip =1.2D =120mm2
25 | P a g e
Spacing(S) =1000×50.3/120 =419mm c/c
Step 6: Torsional reinforcement at corners:
Size of torsional mesh = lx/5 =2.56/5 =0.512m from the centre of support
Area of torsional reinforcement =¾Astx =¾(207) =155.25mm2
Spacing (S) =1000×50.3/155.25 =323mm c/c
Step 7 :Check for shear and development length in short span(lx) :-
Shear force at long edges(Vu) =Wu×lx×r/(2+r) =8250×2.56×1.4/(2+1.4) =8696.4 N
Page no.72 :- ʈv =Vu/b.dx =8696.4/(1000×76) =0.114 N/mm2
Page no.44:- At simply supports, Ø of bars should be so restricted that following
requirement is satisfied :- (1.3Mu1/Vu )+ LO > Ld
*Mu1 = 0.87fyAst1/(d - 0.416xu) {*Ast1 at supports of short span=½(1000×50.3/200)
= 0.87×415×125.75 / (100-0.416×6.3) =125.75mm2
= Nmm *Xu = 0.87 fy.Ast1/(0.36 fck.b) =6.3mm }
*Assuming that width of support ls =160mm and a side cover(x‘) of 20mm
Provinding no hooks ; Lo = ls/2 – x‘ =160/2 -20 =60mm
26 | P a g e
= 0.6 ×{0.87×415×8 / 4×1.2 }
=376 mm
(1.3×3.3×106/8696.6) + 60 >Ld
=> 553 >376
Hence,satisfied.
Step 8 :-Distribution of loading in two way slab :- (page no. 41)
Fig 6 two way slab load distribution and action for slab S3
27 | P a g e
Two way slab (S1) :- (BEDROOOM: 3.15 ×3.4m2 c/c)
Fck = 20 N/mm2
 Assume,L/d = 35 for simply supported slab (If HYSD bars are used then L/d must be
ft (Modification factor) = 1.68 (*page no.-380)
D= 70+20+4=94mm 100mm
28 | P a g e
for D=100mm =0.1m
=(0.1m×1m×1m)×25KN/m2 =2.5KN/m2
Taking d=70mm { page no.91 table:27
long span:_ly = 3.4+0.07 =3.47mm for ly/lx =3.46/3.26= 1.06
short span:-lx =3.15+0.07 =3.22mm => αx =0.074,αy =0.061 }
Mux = αx..Wu..lx2 = 0.074×8.25×3.222 =6.329KN-m
Muy = αy.Wu.ly2 = 0.061×8.25×3.472 = 6.059 KN-m
(Page no. 90) :For long span(ly), width of middle strip =3/4 ly = ¾( 3.47) =2.60m
For short span(lx) ,width of middle strip =3/4 lx= ¾(3.22) =2.415m
width of edge strip = ½(3.22-2.415) =0.402m
d = √Mux/(Ru×b) = √(6.329×106) / (2.761×1000) = 47.87mm
29 | P a g e
 but,,from point of deflection,Dassumed =100mm with nominal cover=20mm and 8mmØ
bars
So,dshort span(x) =100-20-4 =76mm
dlong span(y) = 100-20-4-8 = 68mm
 Astx =0.5fck/fy{1-√1-4.6Mux/fck.b.d2}.b.dx.
=0.5×20/415 {1-√1 – (4.6×6.327×106)/(20×1000×762)}×1000×76
= 247.40 250mm2
Spacing(S) = 1000×50.3/120 = 419mm c/c
of support
 Asty=0.5×20/415{1-√1- (4.6×6.059×106)/(20×1000×682)}×1000×68
=268.9mm2 270mm2
30 | P a g e
Spacing(S) =1000×50.3/120 =419mm c/c
Note: Bend half the bars up at a distance of 0.15ly =0.15(3.47) = 0.52m =520mm from centre
of support.
Spacing (S) =1000×50.3/187.5 =268mm c/c
Step 7 :Check for shear and development length in short span(lx) :-
Shear force at long edges(Vu) =Wu×lx×r/(2+r) =8250×3.22×1.4 /(2+1.4) = 10938N
Page no.72 :- ʈv =Vu/b.dx = 10938 /(1000×76) =0.413 N/mm2
Page no.44:- At long edges, Ø of bars should be so restricted that following requirement
*Mu1 = 0.87fyAst1/(dx - 0.416xu) {*Ast1 at supports of short span=½(1000×50.3/250)
= 0.87×415×100.6/(76-0.416×5.04) =100.6mm2
= 491.47 Nmm *Xu = 0.87 fy.Ast1/(0.36 fck.b) =5.04mm

}
31 | P a g e
Provinding no hooks ; Lo= ls/2 – x‘ =160/2 -20 =60mm
= 0.6 ×{0.87×415×8 / 4×1.2 }
=376 mm
(1.3× /10938) + 60 >Ld
=> >376
Hence,satisfied.
Fig 7 two slab load distribution for slab S1
32 | P a g e
Two way slab (S4) : (LIVING ROOM:3.2*4.4mm c/c)
Fck = 20 N/mm2
 (Page no. 35):-

Assume,L/d = 35 for simply supported slab (If HYSD bars are used then L/d must be
ft (Modification factor) = 1.68 (*page no.-380
D= 60+20+4=84mm 100mm
33 | P a g e
for D=100mm =0.1m
=(0.1m×1m×1m)×25KN/m2 =2.5KN/m2
Taking d=60mm: ly = 3.4+0.06 =3.46mm {page no.91 table:27 :- for ly/lx =3.46/2.56= 1.4
lx =2.5+0.06 =2.56mm => αx =0.099,αy =0.051 }
Mux = αx..Wu..lx2 = 0.099×8.25×2.562 =5.353KN-m
Muy = αy.Wu.ly2 = 0.051×8.25×3.462 = 5.037 KN-m
(Page no. 90) :For long span(ly), width of middle strip =3/4 ly = ¾( 3.46) =2.6m
For short span(lx),width of middle strip =3/4 lx= ¾(2.56) =1.92m
Width of edge strip = ½(2.56-1.92) =0.32m
d = √Mu/(Ru×b) = √(5.35×106) / (2.761×1000) = 44.01mm
 but,,from point of deflection,Dassumed =100mm with nominl cover=20mm and 8mmØ bars
34 | P a g e
So,dshort span =100-20-4 =76mm
dlong span = 100-20-4-8 = 68mm
 Astx =0.5fck/fy{1-√1-4.6Mux/fck.b.d2}.b.d.
=0.5×20/415 {1-√1 – (4.6×5.35×106)/(20×1000×762)}×1000×76
= 206.9 207mm2
Spacing(S) = 1000×50.3/120 = 419mm c/c
of support.
 Asty=0.5×20/415{1-√1- (4.6×5.037×106)/(20×1000×682)}
=220mm2
35 | P a g e
Spacing(S) =1000×50.3/120 =419mm c/c
Spacing (S) =1000×50.3/155.25 =323mm c/c
Step 7 :Check for shear and development length in short span :-
Shear force at long edges(Vu) =Wu×lx×r/(2+r) =8250×2.56×1.4/(2+1.4) =8696.4KN
Page no.72 :- ʈv =Vu/b.dx =8696.4/(1000×76) =0.114 N/mm2
Page no.44:- At simply supports, Ø of bars should be so restricted that following
requirement is satisfied :- (1.3Mu1/Vu )+ LO > Ld
*Mu1 = 0.87fyAst1/(d - 0.416xu) {*Ast1 at supports of short span=1000×50.3/400
= 0.87×415×125.75 / (100-0.416×6.3) =125.75mm2
= 466.23 Nmm *Xu = 0.87 fy.Ast1/(0.36 fck.b) =6.3mm }
Provinding no hooks ; Lo= ls/2 – x‘ =160/2 -20 =60mm
36 | P a g e
= 0.6 ×{0.87×415×8 / 4×1.2 }
=376 mm
(1.3×3.3×106/8696.6) + 60 >Ld
=> 553 >376
Hence,satisfied.
Fig 8 two way slab load distribution and action
37 | P a g e
One way slab (S9,Staircase):
Step 1 :General arrangement of stairs:-
Height of each flight =3/2 =1.5m.
No. of Rises required=1.5/0.15 =10 in each flight.
No. of treads reqired in each flight = 10-1 =9
Space occupied by treads = 9×230 = 2070mm.
Landing =1m
Space for Passage =0.55m
Step 2 :Computation of design constants :
For , fy = 415N/mm2 => Xumax / d =0.479 and Ru = 2.761
Step 3: Computation of Loading and Bending moment :
Let the bearing of landing slab in the wall to be 160mm
Effective span = 2.07+1m+(0.16/2) =3.15m
Let thickness of waist slab =200mm.
Weight of slab w‘ on slope =200/1000×1×1×25000 =5000 N/m2
Dead wt. on horizontal area (W1) = (w‘√R2 + T2 ) / T = 5000√1502 + 2302 /230 =5969 N/mm2
Dead wt. of steps (W2) = R / (2×1000) ×25000
= 150 /2000 ×25000 = 1875 N/m2
38 | P a g e
Total dead wt/mm = 5969+1875 =7844 N
Weight of finishing =100 N (assumed)
LL =2500 N
Total (LL +finishing) =10444 N
Wu =1.5×1044 =1566 N/m
Mu =15666×3.152 /8 = 19.93×106 N-mm
Step 4 :Design of waist slab :
d = √Mu / Ru×b =√19.43×106 / 2.761×1000 =83.88mm
Adopt overall depth (D) of 150mm ,using 20mm nominal cover and 10mmØ bars
d= 150-20-5 = 125mm
Step 5 : Computation of reinforcement :-
Ast = (0.5×20 /415) ×1000×125×{1-√1-(4.6×19.43×106 / 2.761×1000×1252)}
= 1390 mm2
No. of bars for 1.05 width =1.05×1390/ 78.54 =19 bars
Spacing , S = 1050 /19 =55mm c/c
Asd = 0.12 ×150×1000 /100 =180 mm2
Spacing of 8mmØ bars = 1000×50.3 /180 =279 mm c/c
39 | P a g e
CANTILEVER SLAB ,S2 : (BATHROOM 1.475 overhang )
Fck = 20 N/mm2
Step 2: Computation of design B.M. and S.F. :-
 Assume,L/d = 7 for cantilever slab (from the point of deflection)
Pt = 20% for under reinforced section
ft (Modification factor) = 1.68
Taking c/c dis. L = 1.535m => L/d = 7×1.68 {Leffective =1.475+(.12/2) =1.535 mm}
1535/d = 7×1.68
d = 130 mm.
Provide D=146mm at fixed end and 110mm at free end
Averagw thickness = (146+110)/2 =128 mm
 Design load (Wu) :-
For, depth (D) = 128mm. = 0.128m.
DL (wt. of slab/m2) = vol. × density
= (0.128m.×1m.×1m.)×(25 KN/m2) = 3.2 KN/m2
LL+FF (imposed loads) = 1.5 KN/m2 + 1.5 KN/m2 = 3 KN/m2
So, Total load = 3.2 + 3 = 6.2 KN/m2
Design load (Wu) = 1.5 × 6.2 = 9.3 KN/m2
40 | P a g e
 Design shear force (Vu) :-
Vu = Wu × l = 9.3×1.475 = 13.717 KN {for cantilever Vu =Wu×l}
 Design bending moment (Mu):-
Mu = Wu ×l2/2 = ( 13.71×1.4752) /2 = 10.116 KN-m {for cantilever Mu =Wu×l2/2}
For, b(width) = 1m. =1000mm
d = √Mu / (Ru×b) = √(10.116×106) / (2.761×1000) = 60.53mm
providing nominal cover of 15mm and using 8mmØ bars
dassumed = D-15-4 = 146-15-4 = 127mm {D=146mm}
Reducing D =100mm at free end
Step 4:- Steel reinforcement :-
Main reinforcement :
Astreq. = 0.5fck/fy {1-√1- 4.6Mu/ / fck×b×d2 }×bd
= 0.5 × 20/415 {1-√1 - 4.6(10.116×106)/(20×1000×1272)} ×1000×127
= 239 239 mm2
Spacing (S) = (1000 × 50.3) / 300 = 167 160mm c/c , which is < 3d and 300mm
Distribution reinforcement:-
Astmini. = 0.12% × bD = (0.12/100)×1000×146 = 175.2mm2
Spacing (S) = (1000×50.3)/175.2 = 287 270mm c/c , which is <5d and 450mm
Pt =100Ast /bd = 100×186/1000×127 =0.146%
Also, provide distribution reinforcement in the form of 8mmØ bars @300mm c/c
41 | P a g e
Step 6:- Check for shear :-
Nominal shear stress (ʈv) : (page no. 72)
ʈv = VuD/ bd
=(13.71×103)/(1000×127)
=0.108 N/mm2
Design shear strength of concrete (ʈc.k):
* Page no.72:- 40.2.11 => k= 1.3 for D=146mm.
*Page no.73:table19 => ʈc =0.28 for M20 ,Pt = 10%
So, k.ʈc = 1.3×0.28 = 0.364 N/mm2
Now, ʈv <<< k.ʈc
0.110<<<<<0.364
Hence section is safe.
Step7:-Check for development length :- (page no.42)
Page no.44:- At simple supports, Ø of bars should be so restricted that following requirement
*Mu1 = 0.87fyAst1/(d - 0.416xu) {*Ast1 at supports of short span=½ (314.3mm2)
= 0.87×415×157.15 / (141-0.416×7.88) *Xu = 0.87 fy.Ast1/(0.36 fck.b) =7.88mm }
42 | P a g e
= Nmm
*Vu (as calculated in step2) = 17090 N at centre of support
* Assume that width of support ls =300mm and a side cover(x‘) of 25mm
Providing 90° bend ; Lo= ls/2 – x‘+3 =300/2 -25+3×8 =149mm
= 0.6 ×{0.87×415×8 / 4×1.2 }
=376 mm
(1.3×6.5×106/15301) + 149 >Ld
=> 701 >376
Hence,satisfied.
43 | P a g e
6.4:- DESIGN OF BEAMS
DESIGN OF BEAM OF BED ROOM ALONG X-AXIS (beam-1)
Span of beam (L) = 3.4 m
Width of beam = 230 mm
Take Depth of beam= 350 mm
Concrete mix=M20
Characteristic strength= 415N/mm2
COMPUTATION OF DESIGN BENDING MOMENT:-
Slab load = (1/2(3.4+.25) x1.575x6.25)/3.4 = 5.28 KN/m
Self-weight of beam= 0.23x0.35x1x25 = 2.125 KN/m
Total design load (WD) = 1.5x (5.28+2.0125) = 11.11 KN/m
Factored resisting moment (MR) = WDxL2/8= 11.11x3.42/8 = 16.05 KN-m
COMPUTATION OF EFFECTIVE DEPTH (d):-
Mu=.36 x Xu, max/d [1 - .42 x Xu,max/d] fck bd2
Xu, max/d = 700/ [1100 + .87fy] = .479
. .. Mu= 2.761 bd2
And from above equation d=√Mu/2.761 bd2 = √16.05x106/2.761x230 = 159mm
Provide 25mm clear cover and using 20mm dia. bars with 8mm stirrups
Overall beam Depth (D) = 159+25+8+20/2 = 202 mm
However keep beam Depth= 350mm
Therefore, effective depth of beam (d) = 350-25-8-20/2 = 307 mm
44 | P a g e
STEEL REINFORCEMENT:-
Ast = 0.5 fck/fy [1 - √1-(4.6 Mu/fck bd2)] bd= 151.62mm2
Astmin = 0.85bd/fy = 144.62 mm2
Astmax = 0.04bD = 3220 mm2
No. of 20mm dia. Bars = 151.62/π/4x122 = 1.34≈2bars of 12 mm dia.
Horizontal Spacing should be lesser of greatest of the following:-
a) Diameter of the bar

b) 5mm more than the nominal size of aggregate
Hence provide horizontal spacing of 12 mm between the bars [IS 456:2000 Clause 26.3.2 (a) ]
Actual Ast = 2x(π/4x122) = 226.2 mm2
Moment of resistance at mid span is :-
MR = 16.705 KN-m (evaluated above).
Mu,lim = 2.761 bd2 = 58.85 KN-m
Since Mu < Mu,lim. The design is ok.
SHEAR REINFORCEMENT:-
The critical section for shear is at a distance of d=(0.307 m) from face of support. Note that
distance of theoretical centre of support from face = d/2=0.307/2=0.16
Therefore, VuD = Wu L/2 – Wu (d/2 + d)=(11.11x3.4)/2 – 11.11x(0.307+0.16) = 13.70 KN
τv = VuD/bd= 13.70x103/(230x307) = 0.194N/mm2
100Ast/bd (at the support) = 100x226.2/(230x307) = 0.32%
From table 19 of IS 456:2000 τc = 0.39N/mm2
Since τv < τc , min. shear reinforcement is given according to clause 26.5.1.6 of IS456:2000.
45 | P a g e
As per IS 456:2000, nominal shear reinforcement is given by the expression:-
Asv/b.sv > 0.4/0.87 fy or sv = 2.175 Asv . fy/b
Using 2 legged 8mm dia. Stirrups, Asv = 2 x π/4 (8)2 = 100.5 mm2
Sv= 2.175x100.65x415/230 = 335.66 mm
Max. spacing is least of:-
0.75 d= 0.75x307 = 230.25 mm
Or
(i) 300 mm
Hence provide 8 mm dia. 2-legged stirrups @225 mm c/c throughout the length of the beam.
Provide 2-10 mm dia. holding bars at the top.
CHECK FOR DEVELOPMENT LENGTH:-
Ld ≤ 1.3 M1/V + Lo
Xu = 0.87 fy Ast1/0.36 fck b = 0.87x415x226.2/0.36x20x230 = 49.31mm ≈ 50mm
M1 = 0.87 fy Ast1 (d – 0.42 Xu) = 0.87x415x226.2 (307 – 0.42x50) = 23.35x106 KN-m
Vu = Wu L /2 = 11.11x3.4 /2 = 18.88 KN
Ld = 0.87 fy x diameter of bar / 4τb (clause 26.2.1 of IS456:2000)
Ld = 0.87x415x12/4x1.2x1.6 = 564.14 mm ≈ 565 mm
Lo = sum of anchorage beyond centerline of support and anchorage hook value.
If no hook is provided, then Lo = Ls/2 – x‘
Where Ls = wall thickness
x‘ = side cover which is assumed to be 40 mm
46 | P a g e
Therefore, Lo = 200/2 -40 = 60 mm
Ld/3 = 565/3 = 188.33 mm ≈ 189 mm
Available distance beyond face of support = Lo + Ls/2 = 60+ 200/2 = 160 mm < Ld/3.
Hence hook is required.
According to codal provision, Anchorage Value of standard U-type hook shall be equal to 16
times the diameter of bar (clause 26.2.2.1, IS456:2000).
Hence, Lo = 16x diameter of bar = 16x12 = 192 mm
Therefore, 1.3 M1/V + Lo = 1.3 x (23.35x106/18.88x103) +192 = 1799.78 mm > Ld .
Hence O.K.
DESIGN OF LOBBYBEAM (beam-10,11)
Span of beam (L) = 2.2 m
Width of beam = 230 mm
Take Depth of beam= 350 mm
Concrete mix=M20
Characteristic strength= 415N/mm2
COMPUTATION OF DESIGN BENDING MOMENT:-
staircase load = 10.44/2.2 = 4.74 KN/m
Self-weight of beam= 0.23x0.35x1x25 = 2.0125 KN/m
Total design load (WD) = 1.5x (4.74+2.0125) = 10.13 KN/m
Factored resisting moment (MR) = WDxL2/8= 10.13x2.22/8 = 6.13 KN-m
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COMPUTATION OF EFFECTIVE DEPTH (d):-
Mu=.36 x Xu, max/d [1 - .42 x Xu,max/d] fck bd2
Xu, max/d = 700/ [1100 + .87fy] = .479
. .. Mu= 2.761 bd2
And from above equation d=√Mu/2.761 bd2 = √6.13x106/2.761x230 = 98.25mm ≈ 93mm
Provide 25mm clear cover and using 20mm dia. bars with 8mm stirrups
Overall beam Depth (D) = 93+25+8+16/2 = 134 mm
However keep beam Depth= 350mm
Therefore, effective depth of beam (d) = 350-25-8-16/2 = 309 mm
STEEL REINFORCEMENT:-
Ast = 0.5 fck/fy [1 - √1-(4.6 Mu/fck bd2)] bd= 55.88mm2
No. of 16mm dia. Bars = 55.88/π/4x102 = 0.71≈2bars of 10mm dia.
Horizontal Spacing should be lesser of greatest of the following:-
a) Diameter of the bar

b) 5mm more than the nominal size of aggregate
Hence provide horizontal spacing of 12 mm between the bars [IS 456:2000 Clause 26.3.2 (a) ]
Actual Ast = 2x(π/4x102) = 157 mm2
Moment of resistance at mid span is :-
MR = 6.13 KN-m (evaluated above).
Mu,lim = 2.761 bd2 = 60.63 KN-m
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Since Mu < Mu,lim. The design is ok.
SHEAR REINFORCEMENT:-
The critical section for shear is at a distance of d=(0.309 m) from face of support. Note that
distance of theoretical centre of support from face = d/2=0.309/2=0.16
Therefore, VuD = Wu L/2 – Wu (d/2 + d)=(10.13x2.2)/2 – 10.13x(0.309+0.16) = 6.40 KN
τv = VuD/bd= 6.40x103/(230x309) = 0.09N/mm2
100Ast/bd (at the support) = 100x157/(230x309) = 0.22%
From table 19 of IS 456:2000 τc = 0.336N/mm2
Since τv < τc , min. shear reinforcement is given according to clause 26.5.1.6 of IS456:2000.
As per IS 456:2000, nominal shear reinforcement is given by the expression:-
Asv/b.sv > 0.4/0.87 fy or sv = 2.175 Asv . fy/b
Using 2 legged 8mm dia. Stirrups, Asv = 2 x π/4 (8)2 = 100.5 mm2
Sv= 2.175x100.65x415/230 = 335.66 mm
Max. spacing is least of:-
(i) 0.75 d= 0.75x307 = 230.25 mm
Or
(ii) 300 mm
Hence provide 8 mm dia. 2-legged stirrups @230 mm c/c throughout the length of the beam.
Provide 2-10 mm dia. holding bars at the top.
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CHECK FOR DEVELOPMENT LENGTH:-
Ld ≤ 1.3 M1/V + Lo
Xu = 0.87 fy Ast1/0.36 fck b = 0.87x415x157/0.36x20x230 = 34.22 mm ≈ 35mm
M1 = 0.87 fy Ast1 (d – 0.42 Xu) = 0.87x415x157 (309 – 0.42x35) = 16.68x106 KN-m
Vu = Wu L /2 = 10.13x2.2 /2 = 11.143 KN
Ld = 0.87 fy x diameter of bar / 4τb (clause 26.2.1 of IS456:2000)
Ld = 0.87x415x10/4x1.2x1.6 = 471 mm
Lo = sum of anchorage beyond centerline of support and anchorage hook value.
If no hook is provided, then Lo = Ls/2 – x‘
Where Ls = wall thickness
x‘ = side cover which is assumed to be 40 mm
Therefore, Lo = 200/2 -40 = 60 mm
Ld/3 = 471/3 = 157 mm
Available distance beyond face of support = Lo + Ls/2 = 60+ 200/2 = 160 mm < Ld/3.
Hence hook is required.
According to codal provision, Anchorage Value of standard U-type hook shall be equal to 16
times the diameter of bar(clause 26.2.2.1, IS456:2000).
Hence, Lo = 16x diameter of bar = 16x10 = 160 mm
Therefore, 1.3 M1/V + Lo = 1.3 x (16.68x106 /11.143x103) +160 = 2105.97 mm > Ld
Hence O.K.
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 Other beams are similarly designed and the all values are tabulated below:-
S.NO BEAM NO. Span Width Depth Design Design moment

(m) (mm) (mm) load(KN) (KN-m)
1 Beam-1 3.40 230 350 11.11 16.05

2 Beam-2 3.15 250 400 10.39 12.88
3 Beam-3 5.00 250 400 14.06 47.52
4 Beam-4 &5 2.50 250 400 16.875 24.25
5 Beam-6 2.50 250 400 19.11 30.96
6 Beam-7 3.20 230 350 14.013 17.94
7 Beam-8 &12 4.40 250 400 24.36 58.96
8 Beam-9 3.20 250 400 19.95 25.54
9 Beam-10 & 11 2.20 230 350 10.13 6.13
10 Beam-13 3.65 230 350 11.56 19.25
Table 7:- beam design data
BEAM NO. Ast Dia of No.of Actual Dia of shear Spacing of

2
Required(mm ) bars bars(Ast/ Ast reinforcement shear
2
(Φmm) Φ ) (mm2) (mm) reinforcement
c/c (mm)
Beam-1 151.62 12 2 226.2 8 225
Beam-2 102.41 10 2 157 8 260
Beam-3 407.45 10 6 471 8 260
Beam-4 &5 197.28 12 2 226.2 8 260
Beam-6 253.87 12 3 339.3 8 260
Beam-7 169.24 12 2 226.2 8 225
Beam-8 &12 520.68 10 5 565.5 8 260
Beam-9 208.33 12 2 226.2 8 260
Beam-10 & 55.88 10 2 157 8 225
11
Beam-13 183.67 12 2 226.2 8 225
Table 8 :- beam design data
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52 | P a g e
Fig 9. X-Section of beams
V:-DESIGN OF COLUMNS:-
There are usually three types of columns that are usually encountered while designing. These are
as follows along with their nomenclature used .
1. Axially loaded columns (C1)

2. Columns with axial load and uniaxial bending (C2)
3. Columns with axial load and biaxial bending (C3)
Design of column C1:
Using fck=20N/mm2
,fy=415N/mm2
Unsupported length= 3-0.4=2.6m (Cl:25.13)
Leff =1*2.6= 2.6m (Annex E)
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Load calculations:
Load from beam 9=(19.95*3.20)/2=31.92KN
Load from beam 8=(4.4*24.36)*2/2=107.184KN
Load from beam4= (3.4*16.875)/2=28.6875KN
Self weight= 1.5(25*B2*3*10-6) KN =112.5*10-6B2 KN (Assuming a square column)
Total axial force due to D.L+L.L=(167.79+112.5*10-6B2 )KN
1)Size of Column: Assuming P=0.01
Ag= [p/{(0.4fck)(1-p/100)+(p/100)(0.67fy)} ]
Ag = [(167.79*1000+0.1125Ag)/{(0.4*20)(1-1/100)+(1/100)(0.67*20)}]
Ag =[(167790+0.1125Ag)/8.054]
Ag= 21128.25 mm2
So B=D= 145.35 mm
Let us provide a column size of 300*300
2) Slenderness ratio of a column
Effective length (l)= 2.6m=2600mm
l/D=2600/300=5.6<12 (so,it will behave as a short column)
3) Minimum Eccentricity
emin =[(l/500)+(D/30)]
emin= [(2600/500)+(300/30)]= 15.2 ( subject to a minimum of 20mm)
0.005D= 0.005*300= 15mm
Since emin >0.005D, the column needs to be redesigned
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Lets provide a column section of 400x400
emin=[(2600/500)+(400/30)]=18.53~20mm
0.05(400)=20mm
4) Longitudinal Reinforcement:[cl 26.5.3.1]
Asc =(1/100)(21142.10)=211.42mm2
Providing 12mm bars, so the no. of bars =211.42/(0.785x144)=1.87
However providing a minimum of 4 bars of HYSD grade (415),with a clear cover of 40mm
So actual Asc provided =4x0.785x144=452.16mm2
5) Transverse reinforcement: [cl 26.5.3.2]
Providing 8mm dia ties as 8>(12/4)
Pitch of lateral ties=
Least of
lateral dimension=400
16(Dia of longitudinal rein.)=16*12=192
300
So provide 8mm ties@180mmc/c
c/c distance between main bars=400-2 x 40-2x6=308mm<48(8).
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Load calculations :
Load from beam 13: (3.65x11.56)/2=21.097 KN
--------------------6 : ( 0.5x3.4x19.11x2/3)=21.65 KN
--------------------8 : (4.4x24.36/2) =53.592 KN
---------------------7: (3.2x14.013/2)=22.42KN
--------------------5 : (3.4x16.875/2)(2/3)=19.125KN
Total load (L.L+D.L)=137.884 KN
Let us provide a column section of (350x400)
Self weight=(25x0.35x0.4x3)x1.5=15.75KN
So total axial load =153.634 KN~160KN
Maximum Moment=30.96 KNm~50KNm
Effective length of column= 2.6m [cl 39.1 and cl 39.2]
Step1: check for slenderness of the column:
[lex/D]= 2600/400= 6.5<12
[ley/B]= 2600/350 =7.42 <12
Therefore it is a short column in both axes of bending.
Step2: Moment due to min eccentricity
Eccentricity about X axis
exmin=[(l/500)+(D/30)]=[(2600/500)+400/30]=18.53~20mm
Moment due to exmin= (Pcu . exmin)= (160X20)/1000= 3.2 KNm
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Eccentricity about Y axis
eymin=[(2600/500)+(350/30)]=16.86 ~20mm
Moment due to eymin= (Pcu. eymin=)=(160x20)/1000= 3.2 KNm
Let the cross sectional area of main reinforcement for the column be 1 percent and it is
distributed equally on four sides. 16 mm diameter bars shall be used with 50mm effective cover
Step 3: Calculation of various ratios
Ratio of percentage of steel to characteristic strength of concrete
(p/fck)= (1/20)=0.05
Ratio (Pcu/fckBD)=(160x1000/20x400x350)=0.053
Ratio of effective cover to overall depth
(d‘/D)=(50/400)=0.125
Ratio of effective cover to width
(d‘/B)=(50/350=0.142
From SP 16-1980 from charts 44 and 45
fy=415 N/mm2 and( Pcu/fck B.D)=0.053
p/fck=0.05 and reinforcement is distributed equally on all four sides
(Mcu xlim/fck BD2)=0.1 and (Mcu ylim/fck B2D)=0.08
Bending strength of column about X axis
Mcu xlim=112KNm
Bending strength of column about Yaxis
Mcu ylim=78.4KNm
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The column is subjected to biaxial bending (Viz-Given uniaxial bending about X-axis and
moment due to eccentricity about y axis)
Step 4. Check for interaction equation [cl 39.5]
Column section shall be safe in case ,the following interaction equation is satisfied.
[Mcu,x/Mcu,x1]αn+[Mcu,y/Mcu,y1]αn ≤1 (1)
Where
Mcu,x1= Mcuxlim=maximum uniaxial moment capacity for an axial load Pcu,bending about x- axis
Mcu,y1= Mcuylim=maximum uniaxial moment capacity for an axial load Pcu,bending about y- axis
Ratio αn=(Pcu/Pcuz)
Pcuz=(0.45fckAc+0.75fyAsc)= (0.45fckBD+(0.75fy-0.45fck)x P.B.D/100]
Pcuz=[0.45x20x350x400/1000+(0.75x415-0.45x20)(1x350x400/100x1000)]
Pcuz = 1683.1
[Pcu/Pcuz]=[160/1683.1]=0.095, since 0.095<0.2
Then αn=1 [cl 39.6]
[Mcu,x/Mcu,x1]αn+[Mcu,y/Mcu,y1]αn
[50/112]1+[3.2/78.4]1=0.48<1 okay
Therefore column section is safe with given size and assumed percentage of main
reinfircement
Step 5 . Crossectional area of steel reinforcement.
From the above interaction equation calculations, it is seen that the column section is having the
strength nearly equal to its value needed. Therefore, the assumed percentage of reinforcement is
adopted. Hence the crossectional area of steel reinforcement:
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(1x350x400/100)=1400 mm2
Using 16mm diameter bars(HYSD)
No. of bars= 1400/200.96=6.96 =~ 8 bars
Provide 8 bars of 16mm diameter
So, Ast provided = 8x200.96=107.68
Step 6: Transverse reinforcemernt
The diameter of lateral ties should not be less than 5mm or (υ/4) of steel bars
Using 8mm HYSD steel bars,
Pitch =
1)Least dimension= 350
2)16υ=16x16=256
3)300
So, provide 8mm ties @250mmc/c
Load calculations:
Load from beam 1=(11.11x3.4)/2= 18.887KN
Load from beam 13= (3.65x11.56)/2=21.097 KN
Let us provide a column section of 400x450
Self weight = (25x0.4x0.45x3)1.5= 20.25 KN
Total factored axial load =Pu=60.227~ 70KN
Mux=16.05 KNm ,Muy=19.25KNm
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lex=ley=2600mm
lex/D=(2600/450)=5.77 <12 &
ley/B=(2600/400)=6.5<12
so, it is a short column in both axes of bending.Take effective cover =60mm.
Step 1: check for mimimum eccentricity
ex= (Mux/Pu)=(16.05x1000/70)=229.285mm
ey= (Muy/Pu)=(19.25x1000/70)=275mm
exmin=[(lx/500)+(D/30)]= [(2600/500)+450/30]= 20.2>20mm
eymin==[(ly/500)+(D/30)]=[(2600/500)+400/30]= 18.53~20mm
Step 2: Selection of trial reinforcement ,taking a=1.15
Mu=a√(Mux2+Muy2)= 1.15√(16.152+19.252)=28.82KNm
Since My>Mx, design the column for uniaxial bending with Mu=28.82 for bemding along y axis.
d‘/B=[60/400]=0.15 [ chart no 45 of SP16]
[Pu/fckBd]=[(70x1000)/(20x400x450)]=0.019
[Mu/fckB2D]=[(28.82x106 ) /(20x4002x450)]= 0.020
We get[ P/fck]=0.01…
P=0.01x20=0.2%= 100xAs/BD However take p=1%, as p>0.8%
As=P.B.D/100=1x400x450/100=1800mm2
Provide 16mm [HYSD] bars
No. of bars=1800/(0.785x256)=8.95
Provide 10 bars of 16mm dia,
60 | P a g e
Actual Ast= (10x0.785x256)=2009.6 mm2
P=(100xAs/B.D)= (100x2009.6/400x450)=1.116
[P/fck]=0.055
Step 3:Uniaxial moment capacity of the section about X-X
d‘/D=(60/450)=0.133, Pu/fckBD=0.013
Hence from chart 45 of ISI hand book,For Pu/fckbD=0.019 and p/fck=0.055 we have
We get [Mu/fckbd2]=0.075
Mu=[0.075x20x400x450x450]=`121.5KNm
Step 4:Uniaxial moment capacity of the section about Y-Y
d‘/b=[60/400]=0.15
Hence from chart 45 of ISI hand book,For Pu/fckbD=0.019 and p/fck=0.055
We‘ve =[Mu/fckb2d]=0.075
Mu =[0.075x20x4002x450]=108 KNm
Step 5:Computation of Puz
p=1.116 ,fy=415N/mm2 ;fck= 20N/mm2 d‘/D=(60/450)=0.133
check for the trial section
For bending about x-axis
αn=[Pcu/Pcuz]
Pcuz=(0.45fckAc+0.75fyAsc)= (0.45fckBD+(0.75fy-0.45fck)x p.B.D/100]
Pcuz=[(0.45x20x400x450/1000)+(0.75x415-0.45x20)(1.16x400x450/1000x100)]=2250.57KN
αn=[Pcu/Pcuz]=[70/2250.57]=0.0311<0.2
61 | P a g e
Then αn=1 [cl 39.6]
[Mcu,x/Mcu,x1]αn+[Mcu,y/Mcu,y1]αn
[16.05/121.05]1+[19.25/108]1=0.310 <1 ,so safe.
Step 6: Design of transverse reinforcement
Diameter of lateral ties >υ/4
Provide 8mm ties ,
Spacing of ties =min of
1) least lateral dimension=400mm

2) 16υ=16x16=256mm
3) 300mm
So provide 8mm ties @250mmc/c
Column Unsupported No. Size(L*B) (L.L+D.L)m Self Total Mmax

Designati Length (m) of ax Wt. Axial (KNm)
on col (KN) (KN) force(KN)
C1 3 2 400*400 167.79 12 179.79 N.A
C2 3 20 350*400 137.884 15.75 153.634 30.1=50
C3 3 8 400*450 39.984 20.25 60.234 Mx=16.05,
My=19.25
Table 9:- column design data
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Fig10. layout of beams and columns
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Fig11. Fig showing sectional view of column (C1)
Fig 12 cross sectional view of column (C2)
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Fig 13 sectional view of column (C2)
Fig 14 cross sectional view of column (C3)

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Fig 15 sectional view of column (C3)
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6.6:- DESIGN OF FOOTING
FOOTING FOR COLUMN (C1)

Design footing for column C1 size 400*400, load on column is 181.79, and moment is
0KN-M.
Soil bearing capacity is 200 KN /m2
Solution:-
1- Design constants
For M20 and Fe 415 combination
Xu max /d =0.479, Ru=2.761
2- Size of footing
W=181.79, W‘=10% of W= 18.179,
Total weight = 181.79 +18.179= 199.969 ~~ 200 KN
Equating the maximum and minimum soil pressure to safebearing capacityof soil
Total weight/B^2 + M /(B^3/6) = soil bearing capacity
M=0,
200 = 199.969 B^2
B=1.1M
So we provide the footing of size = (1.2*1.2) m^2
The maximum and soil pressure is given by
po1 = W/B^2 +6M/B^3
po1= 200/(1.2)^2 = 138.88 KN
here moment is zero therefore minimum and maximum soil pressure is equal
Pressure intensity under the column is
po = 0.5 (138.88) = 69.44 kN/m^2
3- Design of section for bending compression

Intensity of net soil pressure below the column face is
po‘ = 69.44+( (138.88-69.44)/0.6)
therefore po‘ =92.586 KN/m^2
maximum B.M will occur at face AB of cantilever length
= 0.5(B-b) = 0.5 (1.2-0.4) =0.4 m
Total force under cantilever = (1.2*1)(92.586+138.79)/2
= 138.87KN
Distance of its centroid from face AB
= ( (92.58+(2*138.79))/(92.58+138.79))* 1/3
= 0.533m
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Bending moment =138.87*0.533 = 73.96 KNm
Alternatively M= (B(B-b)^2) /24 * (2po1 + po‘)
M = 1.2 (1.2- 0.4)^2 *(2* 138.79 +92.58)
M = 11.85 KNm
Mu =1.5 * 0.1185 * 10^8 = 1.77 * 10^7 N-mm
d = root (M/(Ru*b1))
d= root (1.77 * 10^7/ (2.761 * 400))
d= 126.84mm ~~~ 130mm
However keep d= 150mm and D = 150 + 50 = 200mm , thus providing an effective

cover of 50mm . Effective depth available for second layer
= 150 -12 = 138mm, Using 12mm dia bars . also keep D= 100mm at the ends.
So that available d at the end is equal to 100-50 = 50mm
4- Design for shear:-

The depth found above should be safe for shear. For two way shear (punching stress) .
The critical plane lies at d/2 = 150/2 = 75mm from the column face for which width bo
= b + d/2 = 400 + 75 = 475mm.
The punching shear stress = ⌡v= Fu /(4*bo*do)
Fu = 1.5(W-po*b^2) = 1.5 (181.79— 92.58 * 0.475^2)
Fu = 241.35 KN
do = d1 + (d- d1)/ ((B - b)/2) * (B-b-d)/2
= 50 + (150 - 50)/ ((1200 - 1500)/2) * (1200 – 400 – 150 ) / 2
do = 111.90 mm~~ 112mm
⌡v = (241.35 * 1000 ) / (4* 475* 112)
Punching shear stress :- ⌡v = 1.029 N/mm^2
Permissible shear stress = ks * 0.25 root fck = 1 * 0.25 root 20
= 1.118 N / mm^2
Hence thickness found from point of view of bending compression is safe .
For one way shear , the critical plane CD lies at distance d = 150 mm from column face.
The cantilever length to the right of CD = 0.6 – 0.25 – 0.15 = 0.2 mm.
Intensity of pressure po‘‘ at CD is given by
po‘‘ = 138.79 + (138.79/ 1.2) * (1.2 – 0.20)
po‘‘ = 254 KN/m^2
the section at CD will be trapezoidal ...
the width at top , b = ((400 +1200 – 400) /1000) * 150

b = 520 mm
effective depth d‘ = ((50 + 150 – 50 )/ 1000) * 181.79
d‘ = 69mm
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for balanced section Xu max / d = 0.476
let Xu / d = 0.4 for under reinforced section
so that Xu = 0.4 d‘ = 0.4 * 69= 27.6mm
therefore width of section at NA is given by
bn = 520 +9 (1200 – 520 )/ 19) * 27.6 = 1507mm
bn =~ 1500mm
Vu = 1.5 * 1.2 * 0.2 * 0.5 * (138.88 + 254) = 70.17 KN
⌡v = Vu‘/( bn * d‘)
⌡v = (70.71 * 1000) / (1500 * 69) = 0.638N/mm^2
Permissible shear stress at P = 0.3% (under reinforced section )
= 0.384 N/mm^2 with k =1 (IS code table 7.1 and 7.2)
Hence thickness provided from point of view bending compression is adequate.
5- Design for bending tension for under reinforced section

Ast = (0.5* fck) /fy )* (root (1-(( 4.6 *1.77*10^7) / (20 * 400*150^20)))
Ast = 889.94 mm^2 ~~~ 890mm^2

:- therefore No. Of 8 mm dia bars = 890/ 50.24 = 17.86 ~~~ 18 bars
6- Check for development length
Ld = 47* dia of bars = 47 * 8 = 376mm
Available length , providing a side cover of 50 mm = 600-50 = 540 mm
Hence safe ,:-
Design footing for column C2 size 350*400, load on column is 153.634, and moment is 30kNm .
Soil bearibg capacity is 200 kn /m2
Solution :-
1- Design constants
Xu max /d =0.479, Ru=2.761
2- Size of footing
W=153.634KN , W‘=10% of W= 15.363 KN,
Total weight = 168.99 KN ~~ 170 KN
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M=0,
200 = 170 B^2
B=1.08M
po1 = W/B^2 +6M/B^3
po1= 200/(1.2)^2 + (6*30)/1.2^3 = 243 KN- maximum
po2 = W/B^2 - 6M/B^3
po1= 200/(1.2)^2 - (6*30)/1.2^3 = 34.65 KN - minimum

po = 0.5 (243 + 34.65) =138.825 kN/m^2

po‘ = 138.825+( (243 - 138.825)/0.6) *0.2
therefore po‘ = 173.55 KN/m^2
= 0.5(B-b) = 0.5 (1.2-0.35) =0.425 m
Total force under cantilever = (1.2*1)( 173.55 +138.82)/2
= 187.425KN
= ( (173.55 +(2*138.82))/(173.55 +138.79))* 1/3
= 0.481m
Bending moment =187.425 *0. 481= 90.15 KNm
M = 1.2 (1.2- 0.35)^2 *(2* 234 +173.55)
M = 556.22 KNm
Mu =1.5 * 5.562 * 10^8 = 8.343 * 10^7 N-mm

d= root (8.343 * 10^7/ (2.761 * 400))
d= 126.84mm ~~~ 230mm

70 | P a g e
= b + d/2 = 350 + 125 = 475mm.
Fu = 1.5(W-po*b^2) = 1.5 (153.634 – 138.825 * 0.475^2)
Fu = 183.46 KN
do = d1 + (d- d1)/ ((B - b)/2) * (B-b-d)/2
= 50 + (250 - 50)/ ((1200 - 250)/2) * (1200 – 400 – 250 ) / 2
do = 176.31 mm~~ 176mm
⌡v = (183.46 * 1000 ) / (4* 475* 176)
= 1.118 N / mm^2
po‘‘ = 34.11 + ((243 – 34.11)/ 1.2) * (1.2 – 0.20)
po‘‘ = 208.185 KN/m^2
the width at top , b = ((400 +1200 – 400) /1000) * 150

b = 520 mm
effective depth d‘ = 50 + ((250 – 50 )/ 1000) * 153.634
d‘ = 180.84mm~~ 180mm
so that Xu = 0.4 d‘ = 0.4 * 180= 72mm
bn = 520 +( (1200 – 520 )/ 19) * 72 = 3096mm
bn =~ 3096mm
Vu = 1.5 * 1.2 * 0.2 * 0.5 * (254 + 208.125) = 83.182 KN
⌡v = Vu‘/( bn * d‘)
⌡v = (83.183 * 1000) / (1500 * 180) = 0.308N/mm^2
71 | P a g e

Ast = (0.5* fck) /fy )* (root (1-(( 4.6 *1.77*10^7) / (20 * 400*150^20)))
Ast = 889.94 mm^2 ~~~ 890mm^2

:- therefore No. Of 8 mm dia bars = 890/ 50.24 = 17.86 ~~~ 18 bars
Ld = 47* dia of bars = 47 * 8 = 376mm
Available length , providing a side cover of 50 mm = 600-50 = 540 mm
Hence safe ,:-
Design footing for column C3 size 400*450, load on column is 60.234, and moment is
16.02kNm . Soil bearibg capacity is 200 kn /m2
Solution :-
1- Design constants
Xu max /d =0.479, Ru=2.761
2- Size of footing
W= 60.234KN , W‘=10% of W= 6.0234KN,
Total weight = 66.25 KN ~~ 70 KN
M=0,
200 = 70 B^2
B=2.8M
po1 = W/B^2 +6M/B^3
po1= 70/(2.8)^2 + (6*16.05)/2.8^3 =13.306 KN- maximum
po2 = W/B^2 - 6M/B^3
po1= 70/(1.2)^2 - (6*30)/1.2^3 = 4.54KN - minimum

po = 0.5 (13.306 + 4.54) =8.923 kN/m^2
72 | P a g e
po‘ = 8.923+( (13.306 – 8.923)/1.4) *0.25
therefore po‘ = 10.23 KN/m^2
= 0.5(B-b) = 0.5 (2.8-0.45) =1.175 m
Total force under cantilever = (2.8*1)( 10.23 +13.306)/2
= 32.950KN
= ( (10.23 +(2*13.306))/(10.23 +32.950))* 1/3
= 0.521m
Bending moment =32.950 *0.521 = 17.66 KNm
M = 2.8 (2.8- 0.45)^2 *(2* 13.306 +10.23)
M = 569.577 KNm
Mu =1.5 * 5.69 * 10^8 = 8.535 * 10^7 N-mm

d= root (8.535 * 10^7/ (2.761 * 450))
d= 262.094mm ~~~ 260mm


= b + d/2 = 450 + 130 = 320mm.
Fu = 1.5(W-po*b^2) = 1.5 (60.234 – 8.923 * 0.320^2)
Fu = 88.98 KN
do = d1 + (d- d1)/ ((B - b)/2) * (B-b-d)/2
= 50 + (260 - 50)/ ((2800 - 260)/2) * (2800 – 450 – 260 ) / 2
do = 274 mm
⌡v = (88.98 * 1000 ) / (4* 320* 274)
73 | P a g e
= 1.118 N / mm^2
po‘‘ = 4.54 + ((13.30 – 4.54)/ 2.8) * (2.8 – 0.7)
po‘‘ = 11.11 KN/m^2
the width at top , b = 60.05 +((2800 – 450) /1000) *450

b = 1117mm
effective depth d‘ = 100 + ((450 – 50 )/ 1000) * 60.05
d‘ = 124mm
so that Xu = 0.4 d‘ = 0.4 * 124= 49.6mm
bn = 1117 +( (2800 – 1117 )/ 24) * 49.6 = 4595mm
bn =~ 3096mm
Vu = 1.5 * 2.8 * 0.7 * 0.5 * ( 13.30+ 11.11) = 35.88 KN
⌡v = Vu‘/( bn * d‘)
⌡v = (35.88 * 1000) / (4595 * 124) = 0.0629N/mm^2

Ast = (0.5* fck) /fy )* (root (1-(( 4.6 *8.535*10^7) / (20 * 450*260^2)))*450*260
Ast = 1140.22 mm^2 ~~~ 1140mm^2

:- therefore No. Of 12 mm dia bars =1140/ 113.4 = 10.08 ~~~ 10 bars
Ld = 47* dia of bars = 47 * 10 = 470mm
Available length , providing a side cover of 50 mm =
1400-250 =1150mm
Hence safe ,:-
74 | P a g e
Designation No. Of Load on Depth of Size of Diameter No.of
Of column columns column footing footing Of bars bars
used used
C1 2 181.79 200 1.2m 12mm 18
KN mm *1.2m
C2 20 153.634 300 1.2m * 8mm 18

KN mm 1.2m
C3 8 60.234 310 2.8m* 12mm 10
KN mm 2.8m
Table 10:- Foundation design data
75 | P a g e
7. Conclusion:-
 In an RCC framed structure, the load is transferred from a slab to the beams then to the
columns and further to lower columns and finally to the foundation which in turn
transfers it to the soil. The walls in such structures are constructed after the frame is ready
and are not meant to carry any load. As against this, in a load bearing structure, the loads
are directly transferred to the soil through the walls, which are capable of carrying them.
 The floor area of a R.C.C framed structure building is 10 to 12 percent more than that of
a load bearing walled building. Hence, there is actual economy in case of RCC framed
structures especially where the cost of land is very high.
 Also, in case of RCC framed structures, the inside planning of rooms, bathrooms, W.Cs
etc. can be altered by changing the position of partition walls. Thus, there is greater
flexibility in planning.
 Monolithic construction is possible with R.C.C framed structures and they can resist
vibrations, earthquakes and shocks more effectively than load bearing walled buildings.
 Overall, the concepts and procedures of designing the basic components of a single storey
building are described. Apart from that, the planning of the building with regard to
appropriate directions for the respective rooms, choosing position of beams and columns
are also properly explained.
 The advancement of innovative and environmentally friendly building materials are also
coming up. They can give a new direction to the structural engineering field as the
availability of concrete and steel is not only decreasing but also they are harmful to the
environment. Hence, ecofriendly materials which are economical and more effective
methods of designing will decide the future of structure engineering.
76 | P a g e
8. REFERENCES
[1] www.theconstructor.org
[2] www.wholebuilding design .org/structure.php
[3] www.listdesign.co.uk/civil-engineering.html
[4] www.civilprojectsonline.com/building-construction/specification-for-
RCC-construction
[5] www.scribd.com/basic-components-of-a-structure
[6] www.ghareexpert.com/articles/cement-concrete.1644/column-frame-
structure
[7]B.C.Punmia, Ashok Kumar Jain, Arun Kumar Jain (2008) ‗Building
Construction‘-10th edition: Laxmi publications
[8] B.C.Punmia, Ashok Kumar Jain, Arun Kumar Jain (2008) ‗Limit State
Design of Concrete Structures: Laxmi publications
[9] IS codes (IS 456:2000, IS 875 (Part 1 - 3): 1987).

[10] Design Handbooks - SP 16: 1980 – Design Aids (for Reinforced
Concrete) to IS 456: 2000
[11] Dr.Ramachandra, Virendra Gehlot (2007) ―Limit State Design of
Concrete Structures‖:- STANDARD PUBLISHERS DISTRIBUTORS
[12] AutoCAD
77 | P a g e
78 | P a g e

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CAPSTONE PROJECT REPORT

(Project Term January-April, 2014)

(DESIGN OF SINGLE STOREY MUNICIPAL

Department of Civil engineering

Project Group Number:-

Under the Guidance of

Miss Damanpreet Kaur

Lovely Professional University, Phagwara

January to April, 2014

We hereby declare that the project work entitled “DESIGN OF SINGLE

Mohd. Tajamul Islam

Name: Damanpreet Kaur

Designation: Assistant Professor

Signature of Faculty Mentor

S.No. FIGURE NAME PAGE

TABLENO. NAME OF TABLE PAGE

2 Maximum shear stress, τcmax , N/mm2 (Table 20 of 12

3 Design shear strength of concrete τc, N/mm2 (table 13

6 Live loads on roofs as per IS-875(Part-2)-1987 16

1.1 General Introduction

(i) A set of architectural drawings;

(a) Load Bearing Masonry Buildings.

(b) Framed Buildings.

Bed room = 4 No. 3.2m x 3.15 m

Kitchen = 4 No. 3.25m x 2.40 m

Bathroom = 4 No. 2.15m x 1.25 m

Dressing room = 4 No. 1.25m x 0.95m

Living room = 4 No. 3.050m x 4.25m

Balcony = 4 No. 3.00m x 1.475m

Lobby = 1 No. 4.4m x 2.2m

1.3 statement of the project

Utility of the building------ Residential building.

No.of storeys-----------------Single storey (G).

Shape of the building-------- Rectangular.

No. of staircases-------------- 1 No.

Type of foundation----------isolated footing.

Type of building------------RCC Framed Building.

1.4 Elements of RCC Framed Building:-

1. Slab: - The flat ceiling of a storey is called a 'Slab'.

Fig 3. Elements of RCC framed building

2.0 Basic Codes for Design :-

Thirdly, the codes ensure a measure of consistency among different designers.

(ii) Loading Standards

Part 1: Dead loads

Part 2: Imposed (live) loads

Part 3: Wind loads

SP 16 : 1980 – Design Aids (for Reinforced Concrete) to IS 456 : 2000

 Perform satisfactorily during their intended life.

4.0 METHOD OF DESIGN:-

5.1.1 Tension reinforcement

As = minimum area of tension reinforcement.

b = breadth of beam or the breadth of the web of T-beam.

d = effective depth, and

fy = characteristic strength of reinforcement in M/mm2

5.1.2 Compression reinforcement

5.1.3 Maximum spacing of shear reinforcement

Asv / bsv > 0.4/0.87 fy

Asv = total cross-sectional area of stirrups legs effective in shear.

Sv= stirrups spacing along the length of the member

b = breadth of the beam or breadth of the web of flange beam, and

fy = characteristic strength of the stirrups reinforcement in N/mm2which shall not taken

5.1.5 Minimum Distance between Individual Bars

(i) Dia of larger bar and