Engineering A Commercial Building: Bachelor of Technology Civil Engineering

A project on
ENGINEERING A COMMERCIAL BUILDING

Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the Degree
of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
in
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Submitted to,
Mr. Shailendra Mani Tripathi
HEAD OF DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
Submitted by,
HASAN ADNAN (1636100801)

IMTIYAZ AHMED (1536100069)
JAMALUDDEEN (1536110020)
RAHUL KUMAR (1536100069)
MD KAIF (1536100056)
MOHD DANISH ALI (1536100055)
Under the guidance of

Er. Mudit Kumar Verma Er. Anwar Ahmad Er. Madan Singh
Structural Engineer Associate Professor Structural Engineer
Integral University, Lucknow
R. R. INSTITUTE OF MODERN TECHNOLOGY

LUCKNOW
SESSION: 2015-19
UNDERTAKING
We, the members of group and students of Bachelor of Technology, hereby declare
that the work detailed in this project entitled “Engineering a Commercial Building”
submitted to the Department of Civil Engineering, R.R. Institute of Modern Technology,
Lucknow, for the award of Degree of Bachelor of Technology in Civil Engineering, is our
original work. We have neither plagiarized nor submitted this work for the award of any other
Degree. In case, this undertaking is found incorrect, we accept that our Degree may be
unconditionally withdrawn.
Hasan Adnan Roll No.1636100801

Imtiyaz Ahmed Roll No.1536100069
Jamaluddeen Roll No.1536110020
Rahul Kumar Roll No.1536100069
Md Kaif Roll No.1536100056
Mohd Danish Ali Roll No.1536100055
Date:
Place:
i
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project entitled “ENGINEERING A COMMERCIAL
BUILDING” which is being submitted by The group in partial fulfilment of the
requirements for the award of Degree of Bachelor of Technology in Civil Engineering of
R.R. Institute of Modern Technology, Lucknow, is a record of their own work carried out
by them under my guidance and supervision. The results embodied in the project have not
been submitted for the award of any other Degree or Diploma.
Mr. Shailendra Mani Tripathi

Head of Department of Civil Engineering
R. R. Institute of Modern Technology
Lucknow
ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to express our deepest appreciation to all those who provided us the
possibility to complete this project. A special gratitude we give to our final year project guide
Mr. Shailendra Mani Tripathi, whose contribution in stimulatingsuggestions and
encouragement, helped us to coordinate our project specially inwriting this project.We are
also highly indebted to Er. Mudit Verma for his guidance and constantsupervision as well as
for providing necessary information regarding the project
and his support in completing this project.
Furthermore, we would also like to acknowledge with much appreciation the

crucialrole of Er. Anwar Ahmad and Mr. Madan Singhwho guided us in developing this
project. Our thanks and appreciations also go to my colleagues in developing the projectand
people who have willingly helped us out with their abilities.
Last but not the least, we have to appreciate the guidance given by the other
elitemembers of the Department of Civil Engineeringof our college R.R. Institute
ofModern Technology, Lucknow especially in our project presentation that hasimproved
our presentation skills, thanks to their comments and advices.
iii
CONTENTS
Sr. No. TOPIC PAGE
1) UNDERTAKING i
2) CERTIFICATE ii
3) ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iii
4) CONTENTS iv
5) LIST OF FIGURES vi
6) LIST OF TABLES viii
7) ABSTRACT ix
8) METHODOLOGY x
9) SECTION – I AUDITORIUM 1
a) Introduction 2
b) Literature Review 2
c) Brief Introduction of Design Procedure 3
d) Architectural Drawing 4
e) STAAD Pro Model 6
f) Material Specification 8
DESIGN OF COMPONENT 16 8
a) Load Cases 8
b) Support & Support Reactions 13
c) Calculating area of reinforcement in columns 15
as per STADD Pro & Reinforcement Detailing in Columns
d) Calculating area of reinforcement in beams with the 21
help of STADD Pro & Reinforcement Detailing of Beams
e) Calculating area of reinforcement in slabs by 28
manual approach & Reinforcement Detailing of Slabs in Component 16
f) Calculating area of reinforcement in Raft 31
Foundation by manual approach & Reinforcement Detailing
of Raft in Component 16
10) SECTION – II RETAINING WALL 36
a) Introduction 37
DESIGN OF CANTILEVER RETAINING WALL 39
a) Step 1: Design Parameters 39
b) Step 2: Foundation 39
c) Step 3: Wall Dimensions 40
d) Step 4: Earth Pressure Analysis, Stability Checks and Factor of Safety 40
e) Step 5: Seismic Design of Retaining Wall 41
f) Step 6: Reinforcement 41
g) Results 43
 Earth Pressure Analysis 43
 Seismic Earth Pressure Analysis 45
 Reinforcement Design 46
 Mannual Distribution & Detailing Of Reinforcement In Retaining Wall 47
11) SECTION – III DRIVEWAY RAMP & BASEMENT PARKING 49

a) Introduction 50
e) STAAD Pro Model 53
f) Material Specification 53
DESIGN OF DRIVEWAY RAMP & BASEMENT PARKING 53
a) Load Cases 53
iv
b) Calculating Area of Reinforcement in Columns 54
as Per Stadd Pro & Reinforcement Detailing in Columns
c) Calculating Area of Reinforcement in Beams 57
as Per Stadd Pro & Reinforcement Detailing in Beams
d) Calculating Area of Reinforcement in Slab 61
by Manual Approach and Reinforcement Detailing
12) SECTION – IV SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANTINTRODUCTION 67

a) Literature Reviews 68
b) Introduction to Sewage Treatment Plant 70
c) Method of Treatment 71
d) Design Procedure 72
DESIGN OF SEWAGE TREATMENT UNITS 74
PRE-TREATMENT 74
a) Solid Screening: Bar Screen Chamber 74
b) Equalization Tank 74
c) Raw Effluent Pumps 74
SECONDARY TREATMENT 74
a) Sequencing Batch Reactor with Diffused Aeration 74
b) Sludge Transfer & clarifier water Pumps 75
c) Pre filtration tan 75
d) Filter Feed Pumps 76
e) Pressure Sand & Activated Carbon Filter 76
f) Filtered Water Sump/Final holding tank 76
g) Treated Effluent / Distribution Feed Pumps 76
h) Sludge Holding Tank 76
i) Sludge cake characteristics 77
j) Cake thickness 77
k) Daily sludge solids generation 77
l) Chlorination 77
m) Piping and valves 77
n) Electrical 77
13) SECTION – V EMERGENCY STAIRCASE 78

a) Introduction 79
c) Design Procedure 79
DESIGN OF STAIRCASE 80
a) Staircase Parameter 81
b) Material Specification 80
c) Calculation of effective span 81
d) Computation of Loading 81
e) Moment Calculation 81
f) Depth of waist slab 81
g) Area of reinforcement & Distribution of steel in waist slab 81
14) ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING SHEET-1 83

15) ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING SHEET-2 84
16) CONCLUSION 83
17) REFRENCES 84
v
LIST OF FIGURES
Fig. A Lulu International Mall, Kochi, Kerala (The project is inspired from this mall)
Fig. 1.1 Elevation of Auditorium Component (Refer to attached drawing sheet for more detail)
Fig. 1.2 Caption of Plan of Auditorium Component with placement of beam and slab beneath the inclined
slab. (Refer to attached drawing sheet for more detail)
Fig. 1.3 Model of Component 17 of the auditorium
Fig 1.4 Model of Component 16 of the auditorium
Fig. 1.5 Rendered view of the truss used in the auditorium
Fig. 1.6 Rendered view of the arrangement of trusses and purlins for roofing of the auditorium
Fig. 1.7 Definition of Seismic Parameters in STADD Pro
Fig. 1.8 Placement of Nodal Loads on the truss
Fig. 1.9 Caption from STADD Report showing the value of Nodal Dead Loads at the respective nodes
Fig. 1.10 Placement of UDL at various members of Component 16 (Shown in Blue colour)
Fig. 1.11 (a) Caption from STADD Report showing the value of Uniformly Distributed Dead Load at the
respective members.
Fig. 1.11 (b) Caption from STADD Report showing the value of Uniformly Distributed Dead Load at the
respective members.
Fig. 1.12 Placement of Floor Loads (DEAD) at various levels (Trapezoidal & Triangular ones)
Fig. 1.13 Caption from STADD Report showing the value of Nodal Live Loading at the respective nodes
Fig. 1.14 Defining Load Combination in STADD Pro
Fig 1.15 Caption from STADD Report showing the automatically generated load combinations
Fig. 1.16 Fixed supports in the structure
Fig. 1.17 (a) Caption from STADD Report showing the calculated Support Reaction
Fig. 1.17 (b) Caption from STADD Report showing the calculated Support Reaction
Fig. 1.18 Caption from STADD Report showing bending about Z axis at various levels in a column grid.
Fig. 1.19 Caption from STADD Report showing the calculated area of reinforcement in column
Fig. 1.20 (a) Reinforcement Detailing of the Column of Component 16 (PLAN)
Fig. 1.20 (b)Reinforcement Detailing of the Column of Component 16 (ELEVATION)
Fig. 1.21 Caption of Table 4.3 showing Development length of R/F bars from SP 34:1987
Fig. 1.23 (a) Reinforcement Detailing of Beams (Cross-Section)
Fig. 1.23 (b) Reinforcement Detailing of Beams (Longitudinal-Section)
Fig. 1.23 (c) Reinforcement Detailing of Inclined Beams (Longitudinal-Section)
Fig. 1.24 Reinforcement Detailing of Slab of Component 16 (TOP VIEW)
Fig. 1.24 Caption from STADD Report showing the location of columns
Fig. 1.26 Reinforcement Detailing of Raft of Component 16
Fig. 2.1 Types of Retaining Wall
Fig. 2.2 Illustration of Design Parameters
vi
Fig. 2.3 Caption from the web application showing the design check of Seismic Forces
Fig. 2.4 Caption from the web application showing the distribution of reinforcement
Fig. 2.5 Caption from the web application showing Earth Pressure Distribution
Fig. 2.6 Caption from the web application showing the Lateral Earth Pressure Coefficient
Fig. 2.7 Caption from the web application showing Soil Pressures
Fig. 2.8: Caption from the web application showing weight & moment calculation in earth pressure analysis
Fig. 2.9: Caption from the web application showing the Lateral Earth Pressure Coefficient (Momonobe-
Okabe’s Approach)
Fig. 2.10 Caption from the web application showing weight & moment calculation in seismic earth pressure
analysis
Fig. 2.11 Caption from the web appliaction showing reinforcementb detailing
Fig. 2.12 Reinforcement Detailing of Retaining Wall
Fig. 3.1 Caption of Plan of Driveway Ramp & Basement Parking (Refer to attached drawing sheet for more
detail)
Fig. 3.2 Elevation of Driveway Ramp (Refer to attached drawing sheet for more detail)
Fig. 3.3 Model of Driveway Ramp with expansion joints
Fig. 3.4 Caption of Load Combination from STADD Pro Report
Fig. 3.5 R/F distribution in columns of the ramp
Fig. 3.6 R/F distribution in beam in x-direction
Fig. 3.7 R/F distribution in beam in z-direction
Fig. 3.5 R/F Distribution in S1
Fig. 4.1 Treatment Levels in Sewage Treatment Plant
Fig. 5.1 Caption showing the proposed area of Staircase
Fig. 5.1 R/F distribution in flight of staircase
vii
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1.1 Required area of steel in columns as per STADD Pro

Table 1.2 Provided area of steel in columns
Table 1.3 Reinforcement Distribution in Beams (in X-direction)
Table 1.5 Grouping of Beams in Component 16
Table 1.6 Properties of Slab
Table 2.1 Detailing in Retaining Wall
Table 3.1 Required area of steel in columns as per STADD Pro
Table 3.2 Reinforcement Distribution in Beams (in Z-direction)
Table 3.3 Properties of Slab in Driveway Ramp
Table 3.3 Properties of Slab in Driveway Ramp
Table 4.1 Water Quality Parameters
Table 4.2 Calculated parameters of STP
viii
ABSTRACT
As the name, ‘Engineering a commercial building’ is enough to indicate the broad scope of
the project. In this project we have tried our best to study, design and analysis various
elements of a commercial building. A commercial building is the only example of the type of
building which includes a variety of element.
In this project, after drafting the architectural drawing, we have placed the expansion joints at
30m interval as per Euro Code. However, the clause 27 of IS 456:2000 specifies the
expansion joint to be given at an interval of 45m.
After providing the expansion joint the whole project was divided into 38 different
components. In this project we have only designed and analysed commercial component of
the building, we have skipped the repeated or similar components just to prevent the
monotony of the text.
The commercial components which are considered and designed are as follows:
1) Design of Auditorium with its roof supported by trusses & metal deck (Component
no. 16&17) and having a raft foundation.
2) Retaining Wall
3) Driveway Ramp which is an inclined slab 30ft wide. (Component no. 4,5 &6)
4) Sewage Treatment Plant is also proposed in the project and will be designed under the
section of Building Services.
5) Emergency Staircases.
Fig. A: Lulu International Mall, Kochi, Kerala (The project is inspired from this mall)
ix
METHODOLOGY
The following methodology will be adopted in each upcoming section of this text.
Studying the present commercial building in

the world
The project is inspired from Lulu International
MARKET
Mall, Kochi, Kerela.
RESEARCH
Preparation of Architectural Drawing on Autodesk AutoCAD

2016.
Providing expansion joints.
PLANNING &
DRAFTING Placement of Beams & Columns
Modeling various components on STADD Pro. V8i.

Calculation of support reaction for designing the foundation.
LOAD
CALCULATION
Considering the results of STADD Pro.V8i and making it

suitable for provision of reinforcement.
Gouping various structural elements as per the
REINFORCEMENT
CALCULATION
reinforcement range and proving drafting final result.
Once the structural elements are grouped, a detailed

R/F structural drawing with their behavior to the applied loading
DETAILING & will be produced.
PUBLISHING
FINAL
RESULTS
x
SECTION – I
AUDITORIUM
I. INTRODUCTION
1
Auditorium is classified under Assembly Buildings as per National Building Code. It is a
type of structure which is subjected to huge live load. In general, the auditoriums have got a
staircase seating arrangement. These are built on an inclined slab which is generally 15° from
the horizontal. The capacity of auditorium in this project is of 300 people and is having an
area of 835396.6 sq. ft. The auditorium is supported on raft foundation.
II. LITERATURE REVIEW

S. Dilipan Bose & S. Aravindan (ISSN 2229-5518):The project titled “Seismic analysis of
Indoor Auditorium” has been taken up with an objective to determine the seismicresponse
and behaviour of an Auditorium constructed in Chennai area. Even though Chennai is
considered as least prone to majorearthquake, it is expected that a structure would survive
major earthquakes without collapse that might occur unexpectedly during the lifeof the
building. It should also be noted that after the Bhuj earthquake, Indian Standard IS: 1893 was
revised and Chennai city wasupgraded from zone II to zone III which leads to a substantial
increase of the design ground motion parameters. Hence, this projectpresents an exploratory
analysis of the seismic performance of multi-storey buildings system built in the specified
area with a comparativestudy of the structures under past major earthquakes. Computer
modelling is undertaken using ANSYS is a multi-purpose software whichenables to run and
simulate tests or working conditions. It also helps in determining and improving weak points,
computing by 3Dsimulations in virtual environment.
Prince Yadav &Debarati Datta (ISSN (Online) 2456-1290):Trusses are triangular frame
works, consisting of essentially axially loaded member which are more efficient inresisting
external loads since the cross section is nearly uniformly stressed.Trusses are used in roofs of
single storey industrialbuildings and multi storey industrial buildings. The loads on the roof
truss are dead load, live load, wind load and earthquake load.Trusses are also used to support
long span floors of multi storey building to resist gravity load. The axial forces in members
arecalculated by taking these loadings and their critical combinations.For design of trusses,
effect of wind force is predominant tocalculate the member forces. SP 38(S&T):1987-
provides designing for structures with steel roof trusses and their weightcomparison. It gives
details of specific roof truss configuration. This Paper represents analysis and design of roof
trusses whoseconfiguration are other than that specified in SP 38(S&T):1987. However, their
span to depth ratio is same as the trussconfiguration given in SP 38(S&T):1987. The trusses
which has been analysed having span 12m, 18m and 24 m and angle sectionhas been
used for design purpose. The analysis has been done for three basic wind pressure 100 kg/m2,
150 kg/m2 and 200 kg/m2,so that we can compare the weight of these trusses with A-type
roof truss of having same span which is specified in SP38(S&T): 1987.The purpose of this
study is to suggest the most feasible truss section, when longer span roof sheets are used.
Now aday’s roof sheets of longer span are available in market. So we can use the
configuration which have less number of purlins or widerpanel. The truss configurations are
distinguished between three categories namely Pitched roof trusses, Parallel chord trusses
andTrapezoidal trusses. The advantages and disadvantages of different truss configuration are
discussed in detail.
Ch. Pratyusha, V. Vijaya Kumar (ISSN (Online): 2347 – 4718):This literature deals with
the design of anauditorium so as to accommodate 1200 persons. Requiredarea is calculated as
per NBC. This includes planning,analysis of loads and designing of structural elements
2
basedon the loads coming on them (live loads, dead loads, windloads as per IS:875). The
shape of the auditorium islinear(rectangular). This is so because the plan is based onacoustic
and vision point of view, which are taken fromNBC part-VIII, for which linear shape is best
suitable.
III. BRIEF INTRODUCTION OF DESIGN PROCEDURE

The following methods was adopted for the design of auditorium:
1) Like every other designing procedure, the initiation if the design is right from
architectural aspect. Thus we did a research in the market for making a rough draft of
the auditorium. Apart from that, we have also read some the international journals
related to the design of auditorium.
2) After making a rough draft, a final architectural drawing if the component was made.
There was also a provision of expansion joint in the auditorium.
3) After getting the final architectural drawing, we considered a suitable range of data
for making the model in STADD Pro. The assumptions were made in bearing capacity
of the soil, earthquake zone, materials specifications, etc. The details of the
assumption are in further headings of this section.
4) We analysed the structure in STADD Pro to obtain the following results:
a. Support Reaction
b. Area of reinforcement in Beams and Columns.
5) On getting the area of reinforcement in Beams and Columns the beams and columns
are grouped as per there area of steel in them. Grouping of the structural members is
important because they bring less complex shuttering arrangement.
6) On the other hand, the design of slab and raft foundation was done manually. For the
design, we had already assumed the suitable loading cases as per Indian Standards.
We have preferred the plain base raft foundation in our project.
7) The separate design of Component 16 & 17 was done in the project.
NOTE
 The structure is designed by considering the seismic forces as per IS 1893:2002.
 The loading cases are as per IS 875:1997 (PART I) & IS 875:1997 (PART II).
 The provision of Expansion Joint is as per Euro code (i.e. provided at the interval of 30m).
IV. ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING
3
Fig. 1.1 Elevation of Auditorium Component (Refer to attached drawing sheet for more detail)
4
Fig. 1.2 Caption of Plan of Auditorium Component with placement of beam and slab beneath the inclined slab.
(Refer to attached drawing sheet for more detail)
5
V. STAAD Pro MODEL
An expansion joint divides the whole auditorium in two components (16&17). The rendered
view of other vital structural elements of the auditorium are presented below:
Fig. 1.3 Model of Component 17 of the auditorium
Fig 1.4 Model of Component 16 of the auditorium
6
Fig. 1.5 Rendered view of the truss used in the auditorium
Fig. 1.6 Rendered view of the arrangement of trusses and purlins for roofing of the auditorium
VI. MATERIAL SPECIFICATION

In auditorium, the use of reinforced members and steel members are done, so the materials
specification are as follows:
1) Reinforced Members
a) Grade of concrete for super-structure M 20
b) Grade of concrete for sub-structure M 30
7
c) Grade of steel for super-structure Fe 415
d) Grade of steel for sub-structure Fe 500
2) Steel Members
a) Section for purlins for placing metal deck ISMC 150 * 12
b) Section for vertical members of the truss ISA 75 * 75 * 10 SD
c) Section for horizontal members of the truss ISA 150 * 150 * 12 SD
d) Section for diagonal members ISA 150 * 150 * 12 SD
e) Metal Deck with Zinc Coating Grade A (as per IS 277:2003)
DESIGN OF COMPONENT 16
For making the project free of monotony, we have only designed component 16 of the
Auditorium.
I. LOAD CASES
1) Seismic Load in X- direction
Generated for ZONE III and important building in medium dense soil.
2) Seismic Load in Z-direction
Generated for ZONE III and important building in medium dense soil.
Fig. 1.7 Definition of Seismic Parameters in STADD Pro
3) Dead Load (As per IS 875:1997 PART 1)

a) Nodal Loads
8
Fig. 1.8 Placement of Nodal Loads on the truss
Fig. 1.9 Caption from STADD Report showing the value of Nodal Dead Loads at the
respective nodes
b) Beam Loads (UDL)
Fig. 1.10 Placement of UDL at various members of Component 16 (Shown in Blue colour)
9
Fig. 1.11 (a) Caption from STADD Report showing the value of Uniformly Distributed Dead
Load at the respective members.
10
Fig. 1.11 (b) Caption from STADD Report showing the value of Uniformly Distributed Dead
Load at the respective members.
c) Floor Load
i) For Corridor, Basement Parking & Retail Shops: 4kN/m2
ii) For inclined slab (auditorium): 5kN/m2
Fig. 1.12 Placement of Floor Loads (DEAD) at various levels (Trapezoidal & Triangular ones)
4) Live Load (As per IS 875:1997 PART 2)

11
a) Nodal Loads
Fig. 1.13 Caption from STADD Report showing the value of Nodal Live Loading at the respective nodes
b) Floor Load
i) For Corridor, Basement Parking & Retail Shops: 4kN/m2
ii) For inclined slab (auditorium): 5kN/m2
5) Load Combination
The load combination for Component 16 are generated by STADD Pro.
Fig. 1.14 Defining Load Combination in STADD Pro
12
Fig 1.15 Caption from STADD Report showing the automatically generated load combinations
II. Support & Support Reactions
Fixed supports are used in the commercial building like every other R.C.C.
building resting on ground. The support reactions are calculated with the help of
STADD Pro which are shown in the diagram below:
Fig. 1.16 Fixed supports in the structure
13
Fig. 1.17(a) Caption from STADD Report showing the calculated Support Reaction
14
Fig. 1.17(b) Caption from STADD Report showing the calculated Support Reaction
III. Calculating area of reinforcement in columns as per STADD

Pro&Reinforcement Detailing in Columns
In STADD Pro we make the model of the building as per the idea of centre to distance of
the structural elements. The STADD Pro model of the Component 16 can be checked in
Fig. 1.4. Once the geometric model is created, we apply the suitable loading conditions as
Indian Standards and also specify the specification of the materials. SATDD Pro analyses
and designs the model as per the commands given by us. Some of the specification
provided by us are as follows:
1) Depth of clear cover for column was taken as 40 mm.

2) Maximum area of steel reinforcement was taken as 4%
3) Minimum and maximum diameter of the steel bar was 12 mm and 20 mm
respectively.
15
Fig. 1.18 Caption from STADD Report showing bending about Z axis at various levels in a column grid.
Fig. 1.19 Caption from STADD Report showing the calculated area of reinforcement in column.
Table No. 1.1 Required area of steel in columns as per STADD Pro
COLUMN AREA OF STEEL DISTRIBUTION
16
IDENTITY (in mm2) (No. Of Bars#Diametre of bars in mm)
1 1693 16#12
2 1693 16#12
3 1693 16#12
4 1693 16#12
5 2472 8#20
6 4424 24#16
7 1693 16#12
8 1693 16#12
9 3386 32#12
10 5745 20#20
11 1693 16#12
12 1424 8#16
13 3386 32#12
14 5840 20#20
15 1862 20#12
16 1693 16#12
17 1693 16#12
18 1693 16#12
19 1693 16#12
20 1304 12#12
17
On obtaining the results from STADD Pro, we grouped the column and did the reinforcement
detailing.
Table No. 1.2 Provided area of steel in columns
COLUMN ELEMENTS OF THE GROUP AREA OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF

TYPE REINFORCEMENT REINFORCEMENT
(GROUP) (PROVIDED) (No. Of Bars#Diametre of
(in mm2) bars in mm)
C1 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 16, 7, 18, 19 1693 16#12
C2 9, 13 3386 32#12
C3 10,14 5840 20#20
C4 5 2472 8#20
C5 12,20 1424 8#16
C6 15 1862 20#12
C7 6 4424 22#16
Fig. 1.20 Reinforcement Detailing of the Column of Component 16 (PLAN)
18
`
Fig. 1.20 Reinforcement Detailing of the Column of Component 16 (ELEVATION)
NOTE
 The detailing of the columns was done as per SP 34:1987.

 Offset cranked bar splicing is done for reinforcement bars in columns
 The lap length for the bar is to be taken 30ϕ or Ld as per SP 34.
 Not more than 50% of the reinforcement bars should be spliced at one section. Staggering
should be done.
 Splicing should always be done at the section where the moment is less than 50% of the
moment of resistance.
19
IV. Calculating area of reinforcement in beams with the help of STADD Pro
&Reinforcement Detailing of Beams
20
GRID REFERNCE & DIMENSION DISTRIBUTION

LEVEL (in mm)
DISTRIBTUION AT END DISTRIBUTUION AT MID

OF SPAN SPAN
12@-3.66 600 X 460 T: 5#20 T: 5#20

B: 3#20 B: 3#20
12@-3.66 500 X 460 T: 4#20 & 1#12 T: 4#20 & 1#12

B: 3#20 B: 3#20
11@-3.66 600 X 460 T: 8#20 & 1#12 T: 8#20 & 1#12

B: 8#16 & 1#12 B: 8#16 & 1#12
11@-3.66 500 x 460 T: 5#20 T: 5#20

T: 3#16 T: 3#16
24@-3.66 600 x 460 T: 9#20 T: 9#20

B: 6#20 B: 6#20
24@-3.66 500 X 460 T: 5#20 T: 5#20

B: 4#12 B: 4#12
23@-3.66 600 X 460 T: 9#20 T: 9#20

B: 3#20 B: 3#20
23@-3.66 500 X 460 T: 5#20 T: 5#20

B: 4#16 B: 4#16
10@-3.66 600 X 460 T: 5#20 & 2#10 T: 5#20 & 2#10

B: 3#20 B: 3#20
10@-3.66 500 X 460 T: 5#20 T: 5#20

B: 3#16 B: 3#16
12@0.00 600 X 460 T: 7#16 T: 7#16

B: 6#12 B: 6#12
12@0.00 500 X 460 T: 7#16 T: 7#16

B: 6#12 B: 6#12
11@0.00 600 X460 T: 7#20 T: 7#20

B: 6#16 B: 6#16
11@0.00 500 X460 T: 7#16 T: 7#16
21
B: 4#12 B: 4#12
24@0.00 600 X 460 T: 7#20 T: 7#20

B: 7#16 B: 7#16
24@0.00 500 X 460 T: 5#20 T: 5#20

B: 4#12 B: 4#12
23@0.00 600X460 T: 7#20 T: 7#20

B: 7#16 B: 7#16
23@0.00 500 X 460 T: 5#20 T: 5#20

B: 4#12 B: 4#12
10@0.00 600 X 460 T: 5#20 T: 5#20

B: 4#16 B: 4#16
10@0.00 500 X 460 T: 5#20 T: 5#20

B: 4#16 B: 4#16
12@4.27 600 X 460 T: 6#16 T: 6#16

B: 6#12 B: 6#12
12@4.27 500 X 460 T: 3#20 T: 3#20

B: 3#16 & 1#10 B: 3#16 & 1#10
11@4.27 600 X 460 T: 7#20 T: 7#20

B: 4#20 B: 4#20
11@4.27 500 X 460 T: 6#12 T: 6#12

B: 4#12 B: 4#12
24@4.27 600 X 460 T: 7#20 T: 7#20

B: 7#16 B: 7#16
24@4.27 500 X 450 T: 7#16 T: 7#16

B: 4#12 B: 4#12
23@4.27 600 X 450 T: 7#20 T: 7#20

B: 7#16 B: 7#16
23@4.27 500 X 460 T: 6#16 T: 6#16

B: 4#12 B: 4#12
10@4.27 600 X 460 T: 7#16 T: 7#16

B: 4#16 B: 4#16
22
10@4.27 500 X 460 T: 7#16 T: 7#16
B: 2#16 & 1#10 B: 2#16 & 1#10
12@7.92 600 X 460 T: 3#20 & 2#10 T: 3#20 & 2#10

B: 3#16 & 1#10 B: 3#16 & 1#10
12@7.92 500 X460 T: 4#16 & 2#12 T: 4#16 & 2#12

B: 3#16 & 1#10 B: 3#16 & 1#10
11@7.92 600 X 460 T: 6#20 T: 6#20

B: 6#16 B: 6#16
11@7.92 500 X 460 T: 3#20 T: 3#20

B: 4#12 B: 4#12
24@7.92 600 X 460 T: 4#16 & 1#20 T: 4#16 & 1#20

B: 7#16 B: 7#16
24@7.92 500 X 460 T: 4#20 T: 4#20

B: 4#12 B: 4#12
23@7.92 600 X 460 T: 7#20 T: 7#20

B: 7#16 B: 7#16
23@7.92 500 X 460 T: 7#16 T: 7#16

B: 4#12 B: 4#12
10@7.92 600 X 460 T: 6#16 T: 6#16

B: 4#16 B: 4#16
10@7.92 500 x 460 T: 7#16 T: 7#16

B: 4#12 B: 4#12
12@11.58 600 X 460 T: 6#16 T: 6#16

B: 2#20 & 1#10 B: 2#20 & 1#10
11@11.58 600 X 460 T: 6#20 T: 6#20
B: 4#20 B: 4#20
24@11.58 600 X 460 T: 4#16 & 1#20 T: 4#16 & 1#20
B: 7#16 B: 7#16
10@11.58 600 X 460 T: 7#16 T: 7#16
B: 4#16 B: 4#16
23@11.58 600 X 460 T: 7#20 T: 7#20
B: 7#16 B: 7#16
12@15.85 600 X 460 T: 3#16 T: 3#16
B: 3#16 B: 3#16
12@15.85 500 X 460 T & B 4#12 T & B 4#12
11@15.85 600 X 460 T: 3#16 T: 3#16
23
B: 3#16 B: 3#16
11@15.85 500 X 460 T: 4#12 T: 4#12

B: 4#12 B: 4#12
24@15.85 600 X460 T: 3#16 T: 3#16
B: 3#16 B: 3#16
24@15.85 500 X 460 T: 4#12 T: 4#12
B: 4#12 B: 4#12
23@15.85 600 X 460 T: 7#16 T: 7#16
B: 3#16 B: 3#16
23@15.85 500 X 460 T: 4#12 T: 4#12
B: 4#12 B: 4#12
10@15.85 600 x 460 T: 3#16 T: 3#16
B: 3#16 B: 3#16
10@15.85 500 X 460 T: 4#12 T: 4#12
B: 4#12 B: 4#12
NOTE
 Shear reinforcement of 2L-8mm ϕ @ 150 mm C/C is provided in all the beams in X-
direction.
 Apart from that, 2-12 mm ϕ bars are placed at both the legs to facilitate the
reinforcement.
 Not more than 50% of the reinforcement bars will be spliced at one section of the
beam.
BEAM DIMENSION DISTRIBUTION

REFERENCE (in mm)
END OF SPAN MID SPAN
M@-3.66 500 x 460 T: 6#16 T: 6#16

B: 6#16 B: 6#16
N@-3.66 500 X 460 T: 4#16 T: 4#16

B: 4#16 B: 4#16
k@-3.66 500 X 460 T: 5#16 T: 5#16

B: 4#16 B: 4#16
24
l@-3.66 500 X 460 T: 4#16 T: 4#16
B: 3#16 B: 3#16
M@0.00 500 X 460 T: 6#12 & 1#10 T: 6#12 & 1#10

B: 3#20 B: 3#20
N@0.00 500 X 460 T: 7#16 T: 7#16

B: 4#16 B: 4#16
k@0.00 500 X 460 T: 3#20 T: 3#20

B: 4#16 B: 4#16
l@0.00 500 X 460 T: 4#16 T: 4#16

B: 4#16 B: 4#16
M@4.27 500 X 460 T: 6#16 & 1#10 T: 6#16 & 1#10

B: 3#16 B: 3#16
N@4.27 500 X 460 T: 3#20 T: 3#20

B: 4#12 B: 4#12
k@4.27 500 X 460 T: 4#16 & 1#10 T: 4#16 & 1#10

B: 4#16 B: 4#16
l@4.27 500 X 460 T: 4#16 T: 4#16

B: 4#12 B: 4#12
M@7.92 500 X 460 T: 3#20 T: 3#20

B: 4#12 B: 4#12
N@7.92 500 X 460 T: 6#16 T: 6#16

B: 3#16 B: 3#16
k@7.92 500 X 460 T: 3#20 T: 3#20

B: 4#120 B: 4#120
l@7.92 500 X 460 T: 4#16 T: 4#16

B: 4#12 B: 4#12
M@11.58 500 X 460 T: 4#16 T: 4#16

B: 4#12 B: 4#12
N@11.58 500 X 460 T: 3#20 T: 3#20

B: 3#16 B: 3#16
k@11.58 500 X 460 T: 4#16 & 2#12 T: 4#16 & 2#12
25
B: 3#20 B: 3#20
l@10.11 500 X 460 T: 3#16 T: 3#16

B: 3#16 B: 3#16
M@15.85 500 X 460 T: 3#16 T: 3#16

B: 3#16 B: 3#16
N@15.85 500 X 460 T: 3#16 T: 3#16

B: 3#16 B: 3#16
k@15.85 500 X 460 T: 3#16 T: 3#16

B: 3#16 B: 3#16
l@15.85 500 X 460 T: 3#16 T: 3#16

B: 3#16 B: 3#16
In the table 1.2 and 1.3 we can clearly observe that, how the distribution of area of steel was
done in the project. Now in practical condition, the beams are grouped as per their respective
distribution of steel. This reduces the complexities at the site and apart from that it makes the
bar bending schedule uniform in nature.
For the grouping of beams, we have only considered the -3.66 level of the Component 16 for
the sake of simplicity. The grouped identities of the beams are as follows:
Table 1.5 Grouping of Beams in Component 16
COLUMN BEAM DIMENSION DISTRIBUTION SHEAR R/F

ID REFERENCE
GRID
END SPAN MID SPAN
Bm 1 12 600 X 460 T: 5#20 T: 5#20 2L-12mm

B: 3#20 B: 3#20 ϕ @150
mm C/C
2L-12mm
Bm 2 11 600 X 460 T: 8#20 & 1#12 T: 8#20 & 1#12 ϕ @150
B: 8#16 & 1#12 B: 8#16 & 1#12 mm C/C
2L-12mm
Bm 3 24, 23 600 X 460 T: 9#20 T: 9#20 ϕ @150
B: 6#20 B: 6#20 mm C/C
2L-12mm
Bm 4 10 600 X 460 T: 5#20 & 2#10 T: 5#20 & 2#10 ϕ @150
B: 3#20 B: 3#20 mm C/C
2L-12mm
Bm 5 12 500 X 460 T: 4#20 & 1#12 T: 4#20 & 1#12 ϕ @150
B: 3#20 B: 3#20 mm C/C
26
2L-12mm
Bm 6 11, 23, 10 500 X 460 T: 5#20 T: 5#20 ϕ @150
B: 4#16 B: 4#16 mm C/C
2L-12mm
Bm 7 24 500 X 460 T: 5#20 T: 5#20 ϕ @150
B: 4#12 B: 4#12 mm C/C
2L-12mm
Bm 8 M 500 X 460 T: 6#16 T: 6#16 ϕ @150
B: 6#16 B: 6#16 mm C/C
2L-12mm
Bm 9 N, k, l 500 X 460 T: 5#16 T: 5#16 ϕ @150
B: 4#16 B: 4#16 mm C/C
Fig. 1.23 (a) Reinforcement Detailing of Beams (Cross-Section)
Fig. 1.23 (b) Reinforcement Detailing of Beams (Longitudinal-Section)
27
Fig. 1.23 (c) Reinforcement Detailing of Inclined Beams (Longitudinal-Section)
V. Calculating area of reinforcement in slabs by manual approach &

Reinforcement Detailing of Slabs in Component 16
For limiting the scope of the project, we have only designed one kind of slab under this
heading, rest of the slabs are designed under upcoming headings.
Table 1.6 Properties of Slab
SLAB NATURE POSITION TYPE DIMENSION LOADING

IDENTITY
S1 INCLINED INTERIOR PANEL TWO LZ:5.61 DL: 5

WAY LX: 4.91 LL: 5
S1 (Interior Panel & Inclined @ 15°)
The slab is designed by considering them as Restrained Slabs;

a) Calculating aspect ratio and total on the slab
i. Aspect ratio = Lz/Lx = 1.2
ii. Total Load = 10.35 kN/m2
b) Moment calculation as per ANNEX - D of IS 456:2000
Table 1.7 Moment Calculation in Slab
DIRECTIO CO-EFFIECIENT MOMENT CO-EFFIECIENT MOMENT (AT

N (+VE MOMENT) (AT MID (-VE MOMENT) SUPPORTS)
SPAN) (in kN-m)
(in kN-m)
X 0.032 7.95 0.043 10.68
Y 0.024 5.96 0.032 7.95

28
c) Calculation of depth of slab
As, Mu = 0.138 fckbd2

So, 1.5*10.68*106 = 0.138*20*1000*d2
d = 76.18 mm
dprovided = 130 mm
with a clear cover of 20 mm, total depth of slab is 150 mm.
d) Calculation of Area of Steel in S1
4.6∗M u∗106
As, A st = ( √
0.5∗20
415
1− 1−
20∗1000∗d
2)∗1000∗d
So, Area of steel in x-direction = 236.58 mm2/m

Area of steel in z-direction = 174.31 mm2/m
e) Distribution of reinforcement
Along x-axis
Middle Strip (BOTTOM) = 236.58 mm2(Required)
Spacing in mm per metre = 300 mm for 10 mm dia. Bar (Provided)
Also, 50% of the bottom r/f are bend up at 0.892 m from the face of the support
for making up the tension reinforcement (C/C distance – 600 mm) as per
ANNEX-D of IS 456:2000.
Edge Strip (TOP) = 118.29 mm2(Required)
The top reinforcement extends up to 1.5 m from the face of the support as per the
above spacing of 600 mm C/C.
a. Along z-axis
Middle Strip (BOTTOM)= 174.31 mm2(Required)

Edge Strip (TOP) = 87.15 mm2(Required)
The top reinforcement extends up to 1.332 m from the face of the support as per
the above spacing of 600 mm C/C.
29
Fig. 1.24 Reinforcement Detailing of Slab of Component 16 (TOP VIEW)
VI. Calculating area of reinforcement in Raft Foundation by manual

approach & Reinforcement Detailing of Raft in Component 16
30
Fig. 1.24 Caption from STADD Report showing the location of columns
For designing the raft foundation, we have considered the support reaction from the results of
STADD Pro. (refer Fig. 1.17). The deign procedure of raft foundation of component 16 are as
follows:
a) Assumption & Estimation of prerequisite information

i. Safe Bearing Capacity = 98 kN/m2
ii. Total Load on soil mass = 44533.1 kN
iii. Dimension of the raft = 20.9*18.89
=394.801 m2 (AREA)
b) Determining the centre of gravity and eccentricity of the raft
Along the x-direction
Along the x-direction, we have taken the moment of all the three strips about the left
most strip in order to calculate the centroidal axis.
8.84 ( 14507.8 )+ 14.38 ( 11122.4 )+ 19.96(9420)
X́ =
44533.1
X́ =10.69 m
Hence, the centroidal axis along x-direction lies at 10.69 m from the left (Southern)
edge of the raft.
Now, eccentricity, e= lx/2 - X́
e= 0.46 m from z-axis
Along the z-direction
31
Along the z-direction, we have taken the moment of all the three strips about the left
most strip in order to calculate the centroidal axis.
5 ( 10367.3 ) +9.37 ( 10250.2 ) +14.27 ( 9015 ) +18.89(7212.2)
Ź=
44533.1
Ź=9.268 m
Hence, the centroidal axis along z-direction lies at 9.268 m from the bottom (Eastern)
edge of the raft.
Now, eccentricity, e= lz/2 - Ź
e= 0.177 m from x-axis
c) Calculation of Moment of Inertia
About x-axis
20.9∗18.89 3 4
I x= =11739.8 m
12
About z-axis
18.89∗20.913 4
Iz= =14371.08 m
12
d) Calculation of Base Pressure
In Strips along x-axis
Base pressure can be easily calculated by the following formula:
σ =P/ A
Where,
σ = Base Pressure
P = Total Load at strip
A = Area of strip
i. Strip A-A (along ref. line 12)
Breadth of the strip = 2.31 m @ σ = 124 kN/m2
ii. Strip B-B (along ref. line 11)
Breadth of the strip = 4.76 @ σ = 127.5 kN/m2
iii. Strip C-C (along ref. line 24)
iv. Strip D-D (along ref. line 23)
v. Strip E-E (along ref. line 10)
32
In Strips along z-axis
i. Strip 1-1 (along ref. line M)
Breadth of the strip = 4.42 @ σ = 104.25 kN/m2
ii. Strip 2-2 (along ref. line N)
vi. Strip 3-3 (along ref. line k)
vii. Strip 4-4 (along ref. line l)
e) Calculation of Moment
In Strips along x-axis
Moment about x-axis can be calculated by the following formula:
σ∗x
M=
10
Where,
M = Moment developed
σ = Base Pressure
x = Lever arm (8.84 m)
Moment developed along x-axis are as follows:
i. Maximum Moment @ AA about x-axis = 969 kN-m
ii. Maximum Moment @ BB about x-axis = 830 kN-m
iii. Maximum Moment @ CC about x-axis = 1015.8 kN-m
iv. Maximum Moment @ DD about x-axis = 827.04 kN-m
v. Maximum Moment @ EE about x-axis = 945.56 kN-m
Maximum moment about z-axis = 1015.8 kN-m
In Strips along z-axis

On considering the moment due to maximum base pressure, we get
Maximum moment about z-axis = 1351.72 kN-m

Clearly, we can observe that moment due base pressure is greater about x-axis as
compared moment about z-axis.
f) Calculation of depth of raft at various vital positions

33
The depth of raft foundation is calculated on the principle of Two-Way Punching
Shear. We equate the shear strength of the raft to the strength of the concrete in order
to calculate the depth of foundation.
 The concrete used for casting is of M30 grade. Hence, the shear strength of
concrete of this grade is τ v =1.37 kPa .
 The shear strength of concrete as per Two Way Punching is given by:
Pd
τ=
b0 d
Where,
τ = Shear Strength of Raft
b0 = Perimeter of critical section
d = Depth of raft
i. Corner @ Pd = 1818 kN & (b0 = d+920), we have d = 1100 mm

ii. Edge @ Pd = 2428 kN & (b0 = 1.5d + 920), we have d= 1059 mm
iii. Centre @ Pd = 3438 kN & (b0 = 2d + 960), we have d= 1161.147 mm
Hence, we have provided a totaldepth of 1250 mm throughout the raft foundation.
The raft foundation isFlat Base Type Raft Foundation.
g) Calculation of area of reinforcement of raft foundation

The area of reinforcement is calculated by the following formula:
f y A st
M max =0.87 f y A st d− ( f ck b )
Where,
fy = Yield Strength of Steel = 500 MPa
fck = Characteristic strength of concrete = 30 MPa
Ast = Area of steel
d = Depth of the raft foundation
b = Breadth of the raft = 1000 mm
Along x-axis
Maximum Moment = 1015.8 kN-m
Area of reinforcement as per above equation = 2001.62 mm2
Along z-axis
34
Maximum Moment = 1351.72 kN-m
Area of reinforcement as per above equation = 2690 mm2
h) Distribution of reinforcement in the raft
Along x-axis
Providing 16 mm dia. R/F bars @ 150 mm C/C above the R/F in z-axis in both top
and bottom of the section.
Along z-axis
Providing 20 mm dia. R/F bars @ 200 mm C/C below the R/F in x-axis in both top
and bottom of the section.
Fig. 1.26 Reinforcement Detailing of Raft of Component 16
35
SECTION – II
RETAINING WALL
36
I. INTRODUCTION
Retaining walls are relatively rigid walls used for supporting the soil mass laterally so that
the soil can be retained at different levels on the two sides. Retaining walls are structures
designed to restrain soil to a slope that it would not naturally keep to (typically a steep, near-
vertical or vertical slope). They are used to bound soils between two different elevations
often in areas of terrain possessing undesirable slopes or in areas where the landscape needs
to be shaped severely and engineered for more specific purposes like hillside farming or
roadway overpasses.
A retaining wall is a structure designed and constructed to resist the lateral pressure of soil.
Lateral earth pressures are zero at the top of the wall and – in homogenous ground – increase
proportionally to a maximum value at the lowest depth. Earth pressures will push the wall
forward or overturn it if not properly addressed. Also, any groundwater behind the wall that
is not dissipated by a drainage system causes hydrostaticpressure on the wall. The total
pressure or thrust may be assumed to act at one-third from the lowest depth for lengthwise
stretches of uniform height.
Fig 2.1 Types of Retaining Wall
Here in this project the Cantilever Retaining Wall is to be used.

Y.C. Tan & C.M. Chow (G&P Geotechnics Sdn bhd, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: The
design of retaining walls and support systems for deep basement construction requires careful
analysis, design and monitoring of performance. This is especially critical for deep basement
construction in urban areas where the need of space and high land prices justify the deep
basement construction. Due to close proximity of existing buildings in urban areas, careful
selection of suitable retaining walls and support system is important, taking into
consideration criteria such as control of ground movement, lowering of ground water table,
encroachment into neighbouring land, etc. the design of retaining walls and support systems
requires careful evaluation of various possible failure modes, such as overall stability, basal
heave failure, hydraulic failure, structural failure, etc. In addition to conventional ‘working
37
state design’, the assessment of associated ground movement due to deep basement
construction is also important to ensure neighbouring structures are not affected. The risk
associated with deep basement construction works is high as failures of retaining walls or
support systems will be catastrophic and will affect surrounding areas. As such, the design of
retaining wall and support systems and deep basement construction works requires careful
consideration of soil-structure interaction and this is usually accomplished using finite
element method (FEM). However, the use FEM requires proper understanding of limitations
associated with methods and also proper modelling of structures in order to make a
representative analysis. This paper presents design approaches commonly used to assess
various potential failure modes, serviceability limits and recommended guidance on the use
of FEM for analysis and design of retaining walls and support systems for deep basement
construction.
B.S. Tasildar, Principal, SIT, Yadrav, India:It is necessary to check the relevance &
suitability of such type of retaining wall in the field, the economy of thewall, selection of
suitable method for computation of active earth pressure, number of relief shelves to be used,
and theamount of reduction in the section of wall. Therefore, it is necessary to study the
theoretical & practical aspects &model studies in this area of field. Under special
circumstances where base width of a retaining wall is to berestricted, a relief shelf can be
used to reduce base width. Construction of very tall retaining walls with smaller basewidths
is possible by providing no. of relief shelves to the cantilever wall. In this paper stability of
retaining wall isstudied for retaining earth and water.

The following steps are adopted for the design of cantilever retaining wall:
1. We have taken a section of architectural plan where the retaining wall has to be
designed. It is situated by the side of basement ramp way.
2. We have studied various International papers on the design of retaining walls.
3. The design considerations are taken according to a web application developed by
Aniket Jain under supervision of Dr. A. Murali Krishna (IIT, Guwahati) for
designing a cantilever retaining wall.
4. It contains the following steps-
a) Design parameters
b) Wall design
c) Seismic design
d) Reinforcement
5. The following assumptions are made for this design:
 A perfectly granular backfill is considered for the analysis, which means there is
no cohesion in backfill soil.
 Proper drainage is assumed to be provided by the designer so that no hydrostatic
pressure is developed on the back of the wall.
 It is assumed that a triangular pressure distribution is developed on the back of the
wall due to backfill earth.
 All earth pressure forces are considered to act on a vertical plane, which pass
through the rear end of base slab.
38
 The wall inclination and friction angle between wall and backfill, are assumed
zero for this plane while calculating the earth pressure coefficients.
IV. DESIGN OF CANTILEVER RETAINING WALL
STEP 1: DESIGN PARAMETERS
The following design parameters that are already known or can be calculated as suitable, are
taken as
 Height of earth Retained, h = 7.3152 m (24 ft.)
 Unit weight of soil = 18 kN/m2
 Unit weight of concrete = 24 kN/m2
 Angle of internal friction of soil, φ = 35°
 Slope of backfill, β = 0°
 Soil-wall interface friction, δ = 29°
 Surcharge pressure on backfill, ws = 0 kN/m2
Fig 2.2 Illustration of Design Parameters

STEP 2: FOUNDATION
 Depth of foundation given, d (in m) = 1.2 m (assumed)

 So, the total height of wall will be, H in m = 7.3152 + 1.2 = 8.5152 m
 Bearing capacity of soil taken, in kN/m2 = 96 kN/m2
STEP 3: WALL DIMENSIONS
39
a) Base Dimensions:
The values that are taken, were firstly assumed for the premilinary calculations and
after some calculations, the values were found inappropriate to meet the stabilty
requirements of the retainig wall. So the values are then adjusted and the final values
are taken as:
1. Base thickness, t ( The thickness of base slab is taken as 8-12 % of total height of
wall (H) including surcharge );
So, Base thickness is assumed as = 850 mm (0.85 m)
2. Length of heel slab, LH = H (ka/3)1/2

And, ka = 1-sin φ
1+sin φ
LH = 2.59 m, but at this value stability requirement do not meet, so
Taking, LH = 6 m
3. Length of toe slab, LT:

 should be greater than half of the heel length
 for preliminary design considerations, the length of toe slab is taken as 1/3rd of
total length of base to provide a triangular pressure distribution at the base
so, LT = 1.3 m (as for LH = 2.59 m) but as finally LH is taken as 6 m, so

LT = 3 m
4. Total length of base slab = 6 + 3 = 9 m
NOTE
Length of heel slab and base slab are adjusted to meet the seismic and stability
requirements.
b) Stem Dimensions:
1. Thickness of stem at base, in mm(should be greater than or could be taken equal to

the thickness of base slab),
So, taking as 900 mm
2. Thickness of stem at top, in mm (should be greater than 150 mm)

So, taking as 250 mm
STEP 4: EARTH PRESSURE ANALYSIS, STABILITY CHECKS AND

FACTOR OF SAFETY
a) Before Seismic Design
 Stability against overturning:
Factor of safety, FSoverturning = 5.97 > 1.4
40
 Soil Pressure at footing base:
Eccentricity of vertical reaction from CG of footing, e = -0.22 < 1.13 m
Maximum Pressure on soil at the base, Pmax = 93.557 < 96 kN/m2
 Check for Sliding stability:

Factor of safety, FSsliding = 2.21 > 1.4
b) After Seismic Design
Fig 2.3 Caption from the web application showing the design check of Seismic Forces
STEP 5: SEISMIC DESIGN OF RETAINING WALL
Seismic considerations are taken from;

 IS 1893
 International Journal on ‘SEISMIC STABILITY OF REINFORCED
RETAINING WALL’ (table – 1).
Horizontal seismic acceleration coefficient = 0.192

Vertical seismic acceleration coefficient = 0.096
These coefficients are taken for following considerations;

 For earthquake zone: Zone-III
 Type of Soil mainly constituting the foundation: Medium Soil
 Type of Structure: Retaining Wall
STEP 6: REINFORCEMENT
Note: Reinforcement Design has been done according to IS 456:2000

 Grade of concrete used: M30
 Grade of steel used: Fe 415
1. Toe:
Toe reinforcement diameter = 16 mm
41
Clear cover, mm = 120
2. Heel:
Heel reinforcement diameter = 16 mm
3. Stem:
Stem reinforcement diameter = 24 mm
 Spacing Provided
Fig 2.4 Caption from the web application showing the distribution of reinforcement
42
V. RESULTS
 EARTH PRESSURE ANALYSIS
Fig 2.5Caption from the web application showing Earth Pressure Distribution
Lateral Earth Pressure Coefficients
Coefficient Coulomb's Rankine's
Active 0.283 0.271
Passive 3.69 3.69
Figure 2.6: Caption from the web application showing the Lateral Earth Pressure Coefficient
Lateral Earth pressure due to backfill soil, Pa =176.849 kN

@ 2.838 m from bottom of heel slab.
43
Lateral Earth pressure due to surcharge, Ps =0 kN
@ 4.258 m from bottom of heel slab.
Resultant pressures at the base and moment of forces about the bottom of the heel.
Fig 2.7Caption from the web application showing Soil Pressures
Fig 2.8 Caption from the web application showing weight & moment calculation in earth pressure analysis
1. Stability against overturning:

Overturning moment, Mo = 1427.228 kN-m
Net moment due to lateral earth pressure about heel = 501.897 kN-m
Distance of resultant vertical force from heel = 3.334 m
Stabilizing moment (about Toe), Mr = 5880.668 kN-m
Factor of safety against overturning, FSoverturning = 10.55 (Checked)
2. Soil Pressure at footing base:

Eccentricity of vertical reaction from CG of footing, e = -0.68 m
44
Resultant Pressure is acting within middle one-third of footing, so no tension in soil.
(Checked)
Maximum Pressure on soil at the base 63.042 kN/m 2 is less than safe bearing capacity of
soil 96 kN/m2 (Checked)
Minimum Pressure on soil at the base = 167.6 kN/m2. So, no tension at base (Checked)
3. Check for Sliding Stability:
Frictional Resistance, F = 575.31 kN
Sliding force, Fr = 176.849 kN
Factor of safety against sliding, FSsliding = 2.93 (Checked)
 SEISMIC EARTH PRESSURE ANALYSIS:
Fig 2.9Caption from the web application showing the Lateral Earth Pressure Coefficient (Momonobe-Okabe’s
Approach)
45
Fig 2.10 Caption from the web application showing weight & moment calculation in seismic earth pressure
analysis
1. Stability against Overturning:

Overturning moment, Mo = 1427.228 kN-m
Net moment due to lateral earth pressures about heel = 899.246 kN-m
Distance of resultant vertical force from heel = 3.334 m
Stabilizing moment (about Toe), Mr = 5880.668 kN-m
Factor of safety against overturning, FSoverturning = 5.89 (Checked)
2. Soil Pressure at Footing Base:
Eccentricity of vertical reaction from CG of footing, e = -0.3 m
Resultant Pressure is acting within middle one-third of footing, so no tension in soil.
(Checked)
Maximum Pressure on soil at the base 92.257 kN/m2 is less than safe bearing capacity
of soil 96 kN/m2 (Checked)
Minimum Pressure on soil at the base = 138.385 kN/m2. So, no tension at base (Checked)
3. Check for Sliding Stability:

Frictional Resistance, F = 575.31 kN
Sliding force, Fr = 270.167 KN
Factor of safety against sliding, FSsliding = 1.92 (Checked)
NOTE
Here no shear key is provided since the wall is stable enough against sliding.
 REINFORCEMENT DESIGN
46
Fig 2.11 Caption from the web appliaction showing reinforcementb detailing
 MANNUAL DISTRIBUTION & DETAILING OF REINFORCEMENT
IN RETAINING WALL
Table 1.3 Detailing in Retaining Wall
PARAMETRES Toe Heel Stem

Effective thickness, (mm) 722 722 738
Design shear force, (kN/m) 205.246 156.049 175.557
Nominal Shear stress, (MPa) 0.284 0.22 0.24
Design Moment, (kNm/m) 366.242 205.289 549.228
Required % of steel for shear 0.16 0.12 0.12
Requires % of steel for flexure 0.2 0.11 0.29
Area of steel required, (mm2/m) 1444 866.4 2140.2
Maximum spacing allowed, (mm) 139 232 211
a) Toe Slab:
i. Provide φ bars @ c/c at the bottom of the toe slab.
ii. The bars should extend by at least a distance L dbeyond the front face of the stem, on
both sides, as per IS 456:2000, clause 26.2.1
iii. Also provide 10 φ bars @ c/c as temperature and shrinkage reinforcement
b) Heel Slab:
i. Provide φ bars @ c/c at the top of the heel slab.
ii. The bars should extend by at least a distance Ldbeyond the rear face of the stem, on
both sides, as per IS 456:2000, clause 26.2.1
iii. Also provide 10 φ bars @ c/c as temperature and shrinkage reinforcement.
c) Stem reinforcement :
i. Provide φ bars @ c/c at the rear face of the stem.

ii. The bars should extend by at least a distance L d beyond the base of the stem as per IS
456:2000, clause 26.2.1.
iii. The distance of the shear-key (if provided) may be adjusted so that the stem
reinforcements can be extended into the shear-key. The depth of shear key may be
increased to maintain passive resistance during this adjustment
iv. Also provide 10 φ bars @ c/c as temperature and shrinkage reinforcement in the lower
half of the stem, and 10 φ bars @ c/c as temperature and shrinkage reinforcement in the
upper half of the stem.
47
Fig 2.12 Reinforcement Detailing of Retaining Wall
48
SECTION – III
DRIVEWAY RAMP&
BASEMENT
PARKING
49
I. INTRODUCTION
A commercial building is always subjected to a heavy footfall than any other building. Thus
the need of parking areas increases. Thus, for stabilising the parking demands of the footfall,
we have designed a two level underground parking system.
For availing the parking services, we have designed two driveway ramps, one for the entry
and other for the exit. These driveway ramps are 30’ wide (i.e. equivalent to 2 lane road) and
is having a gradient of 5° from the horizontal. In the driveway ramp, we have provided three
expansion joints in order to satisfy the structural aspects.
Under this heading, we have mainly focused on the design of a driveway ramp. The reason
for giving it a major priority is, we have already designed a significant part of the basement in
the design of auditorium component. Thus, to be free from monotony, we have only designed
the driveway ramp in this segment.
Keerthi Gowda B S: Ever since the 1960s, parking has turned out to be a major user of
developable land. Multi-storey car parks, underground or basement car parks, and car parks
in a multi-function building are common. Even though multi-storey car parks are mainly
found in city and town centres, they as well feature in airports, retail centres, conference
centres, hotels, housing developments, places of employment (both offices and factories),
places of entertainment, railway stations, and sports facilities. Underground parking
provides many long-term benefits such as preserving prime real estate, offering convenient,
centrally located parking, and removing parking structures from street frontage. Deep
underground basements that are integrated into urban development projects early in the
overall project design offer many inherent improvements to the overall quality and value of
the project and its surrounding community. Understanding the primary design and
construction issues is significant while planning an underground parking structure. The
current study involves the seismic behaviour of reinforced concrete buildings with multiple
underground stories. The study involves analysing the behaviour of the ramps and decks
due to single vehicle movement and multi vehicle movement and also the vehicle impact
into a column.

The following methods was adopted for the design of auditorium:
1) Like every other designing procedure, the initiation if the design is right from
architectural aspect. Thus we did a research in the market for making a rough draft of the
auditorium. Apart from that, we have also read some the international journals related to
the design of auditorium.
2) After making a rough draft, a final architectural drawing if the component was made.
There was also a provision of expansion joint in the auditorium.
3) After getting the final architectural drawing, we considered a suitable range of data for
making the model in STADD Pro. The assumptions were made in bearing capacity of the
50
soil, earthquake zone, materials specifications, etc. The details of the assumption are in
further headings of this section.
4) We analysed the structure in STADD Pro to obtain the following results:
a. Support Reaction
b. Area of reinforcement in Beams and Columns.
5) On getting the area of reinforcement in Beams and Columns the beams and columns are
grouped as per there area of steel in them. Grouping of the structural members is
important because they bring less complex shuttering arrangement.
6) On the other hand, the design of slab was done manually. For the design, we had already
assumed the suitable loading cases as per Indian Standards. We have preferred the plain
base raft foundation in our project.
NOTE
 The structure is designed by considering the seismic forces as per IS 1893:2002.
 The loading cases are as per IS 875:1997 (PART I) & IS 875:1997 (PART II).
 The provision of Expansion Joint is as per Euro code (i.e. provided at the interval of 30m).
Fig. 3.1 Caption of Plan of Driveway Ramp & Basement Parking (Refer to attached drawing sheet for more
detail)
51
Fig. 3.2 Elevation of Driveway Ramp (Refer to attached drawing sheet for more detail)
52
V. STAAD PRO MODEL
An expansion joint divides the whole auditorium in two components (16 &17). The rendered
view of other vital structural elements of the auditorium are presented below:
Fig. 3.3 Model of Driveway Ramp with expansion joints
VI. MATERIAL SPECIFICATION

In driveway ramp and basement parking, the use of reinforced members and steel members
are done, so the materials specification are as follows:
a) Grade of concrete for super-structure M 20

b) Grade of steel for super-structure Fe 415
DESIGN OF DRIVEWAY RAMP & BASEMENT PARKING
I. Load Cases
2) Seismic Load in X- direction
Generated for ZONE III and important building in medium dense soil in STADD Pro
3) Seismic Load in Z-direction
Generated for ZONE III and important building in medium dense soil in STADD Pro.
4) Dead Load (As per IS 875:1997 PART 1)

a) Floor Load = 6 kN/m2
b) Line Load = 13.5 kN/m
5) Live Load (As per IS 875:1997 PART 2)
Only Floor load adds up in live load as 4 kN/m2
6) Load Combination
53
The load combinations are generated by the Automatic Load Combination Tool of the
STADD Pro.
Fig. 3.4 Caption of Load Combination from STADD Pro Report
II. Calculating Area of Reinforcement In Columns As Per Stadd Pro &

Reinforcement Detailing In Columns
In STADD Pro we make the model of the building as per the idea of centre to distance of
the structural elements. The STADD Pro model of the Component 16 can be checked in
Fig. 1.4. Once the geometric model is created, we apply the suitable loading conditions as
Indian Standards and also specify the specification of the materials. SATDD Pro analyses
and designs the model as per the commands given by us. Some of the specification
provided by us are as follows:
1) Depth of clear cover for column was taken as 40 mm.

2) Maximum area of steel reinforcement was taken as 4%
54
3) Minimum and maximum diameter of the steel bar was 12 mm and 20 mm
respectively.
The following table elaborates the reinforcement distribution and grouping of columns in
the driveway ramp:
Table No. 3.1 Required area of steel in columns as per STADD Pro
COLUMN AREA OF DISTRIBUTION

COLUM DIMENSI
IDENTITY STEEL
(No. Of N ON
(in mm2) Bars#Diametre of IDENTIT
(in mm)
bars in mm) Y
57 7882 28#20 C1 600 X 460
55 8222 28#20 C1 600 X 460
53 5285 28#16 C2 460 X 460
460 X 460
47 3980 16#20 C4
460 X 460
1 5544 28#16 C2
460 X 460
2 5544 28#16 C1
460 X 460
3 5465 28#16 C2
460 X 460
4 6012 20#20 C3
460 X 460
5 5951 20#20 C3
460 X 460
6 3977 20#16 C4
460 X 460
71 3935 20#16 C4
77 9989 32#20 C6 600 X 460
79 7942 28#20 C1 600 X 460
58 7882 28#20 C1 600 X 460
56 8222 28#20 C1 600 X 460
55
54 5285 28#16 C2 460 X 460
460 X 460
46 3980 16#20 C4
460 X 460
7 5544 28#16 C2
460 X 460
8 5544 28#16 C1
460 X 460
9 5465 28#16 C2
460 X 460
10 6012 20#20 C3
460 X 460
11 5951 20#20 C3
460 X 460
12 3977 20#16 C5
460 X 460
71 3935 32#20 C5
78 9989 32#20 C6 600 X 460
80 7942 28#20 C1 600 X 460
Fig. 3.5 R/F distribution in columns of the ramp
56
III. Calculating Area of Reinforcement In Beams As Per Stadd Pro &
Reinforcement Detailing In Beams
POSITION, DIMENSION DISTRIBUTION

GRID BEAM
REFERNCE & (in mm) IDENTITY
LEVEL DISTRIBTUION DISTRIBUTION AFTER
REQUIRED GIVEN GROUPING
LEFT END 500 X 460 12#16 8#20 & 1#16 Bm 1

HORIZONTAL
BEAM @ TOP 7#16 5#20
RAMP ALONG
REF. 14 & 28
IN COMP 4
INCLINED 500 X 460 11#10 3#20 Bm 2

BEAM @ TOP
ALONG REF. 7#10 3#16
14 &28 IN
COMP 4
INCLINED 500 X 460 3#20 3#20 Bm 2

BEAM @ TOP
14 & 28 IN
COMP 5
INCLINED 500 X 460 10#10 3#20 Bm 2

BEAM @ TOP
14 & 28 IN
COMP 6
RIGHT END 500 X 460 13#16 8#20 & 1#16 Bm 1

HORIZONTAL
BEAM @ TOP 5#20 5#20
RAMP ALONG
REF. 14 & 28
IN COMP 4
INCLINED 500 X 460 3#16 3#16 Bm 3

BEAM @
BOTTOM 4#12 3#16
ALONG REF.
14 & 28 IN
COMP 4
INCLINED 500 X 460 4#16 3#20 Bm 2

BEAM @
BOTTOM
57
14 & 28 IN
COMP 5
INCLINED 500 X 460 4#16 3#20 Bm 2

BEAM @
BOTTOM 4#12 3#16
ALONG REF.
14 & 28 IN
COMP 6
RIGHT END 500 X 460 9#20 8#20 & 1#16 Bm 1

HORIZONTAL
BEAM @ TOP 5#20 5#20
RAMP ALONG
REF. 14 & 28
IN COMP 4
Fig. 3.6 R/F distribution in beam in x-direction
Table 3.2 Reinforcement Distribution in Beams (in Z-direction)
GRID DIMENSION DISTRIBUTION

REFERNCE & BEAM
LEVEL (in mm) IDENTITY
DISTRIBTUION DISTRIBUTION AFTER
REQUIRED GIVEN GROUPING
M 600 X 460 13#20 9#20 Bm 1
7#20 7#20
600 X 460
N 15#16 10#20 Bm 4
13#16 9#20
58
600 X 460
k 7#20 10#20 Bm 4
14#16 9#20
600 X 460
l 14#10 4#20 Bm 2
12#12 7#16
600 X 460
l 14#10 4#20 Bm 2
12#12 7#16
600 X 460 Bm 1
O 19#12 9#20
22#12 7#20
600 X 460 Bm 1
t 10#16 9#20
12#16 7#20
600 X 460 Bm 1
P 10#12 9#20
13#16 7#20
600 X 460 Bm 1
m 21#12 9#20
13#16 7#20
600 X 460
n 14#10 4#20 Bm 2
17#10 7#16
600 X 460
n 14#10 4#20 Bm 2
17#10 7#16
600 X 460
Q 14#16 10#20 Bm 4
14#16 9#20
600 X 460
R 13#12 6#20 Bm 3
5#20 5#20
600 X 460
k 5#20 10#20 Bm 4
8#12 9#20
59
600 X 460
l 13#12 4#20 Bm 2
5#16 7#16
600 X 460
l 13#12 4#20 Bm 2
3#20 7#16
600 X 460 Bm 1
O 14#16 9#20
23#10 7#20
600 X 460 Bm 1
t 13#16 9#20
22#10 7#20
600 X 460 Bm 1
P 14#16 9#20
6#20 7#20
600 X 460 Bm 1
m 14#16 9#20
19#12 7#20
600 X 460
n 12#12 4#20 Bm 2
14#10 7#16
600 X 460
n 7#16 4#20 Bm 2
14#10 7#16
600 X 460
Q 15#16 10#20 Bm 4
21#12 9#20
600 X 460
R 23#10 6#20 Bm 3
17#10 5#20
600 X 460
Left Plinth Beam 15#10 4#20 Bm 5
7#10 3#16
600 X 460
Right Plinth 15#10 4#20 Bm 5
Beam
7#10 3#16
60
Fig. 3.7 R/F distribution in beam in z-direction
IV. Calculating Area of Reinforcement In Slab By Manual Approach And

Reinforcement Detailing
For limiting the scope of the project, we have picked the following types of slab for manual
designing:
Table 3.3Properties of Slab in Driveway Ramp
SLAB NATURE POSITION TYPE DIMENSION LOADING

IDENTITY
S1 HORIZONTAL END OF THE TWO LZ:9.04 DL: 6

RAMP WAY
LX: 8.86 LL: 4
S2 INCLINED INTERMIDIATE TWO LZ:8.86 DL: 6

WAY
LX: 5.86 LL: 4
S3 INCLINED INTERMEDIATE TWO LZ:8.86 DL: 6

WAY
LX: 4.62 LL: 4
The slab is designed by considering them as Restrained Slabs
a) Calculating aspect ratio and total on the slab

i. Aspect ratio = Lz/Lx
ii. Total Load = 10 kN/m2
61
b) Moment calculation as per ANNEX - D of IS 456:2000
Table 3.3Properties of Slab in Driveway Ramp
SLAB TYPES OF CO- MOMENT CO- MOMENT

IDENTITY PANNEL EFFIECIENT (AT MID EFFIECIENT (AT
(+VE SPAN) (-VE SUPPORTS)
MOMENT) (in kN-m) MOMENT)
(in kN-m)
S1 THREE X 0.043 33.75 X 0.057 44.74

EDGES
DISCONT-
INEOUS Z 0.035 27.47 Z 0.045 35.32
S2 TWO X 0.049 15 X 0.065 19.94

SHORT
EDGES
DISCONT- Z 0.035 10.74 Z 0.045 13.81
INEOUS
S3 TWO X 0.069 11.09 X 0.052 14.72

SHORT
EDGES
DISCONT- Z 0.035 7.47 Z 0.045 9.6
INEOUS
c) Calculation of depth of slab
i. S1 - THREE EDGES DISCONTNEOUS
So, 1.5*10*106 = 0.138*20*1000*d2
d = 155 mm
dprovided = 160 mm
ii. S2 - TWO SHORT EDGES DISCONTNEOUS (TYPE 1)
So, 1.5*10*106 = 0.138*20*1000*d2
d = 104 mm
dprovided = 105 mm
62
iii. S3 - TWO SHORT EDGES DISCONTNEOUS (TYPE 2)
So, 1.5*10*106 = 0.138*20*1000*d2
d = 89.44 mm
dprovided = 100 mm
d) Calculation of Area of Steel in slab
i. S1 - THREE EDGES DISCONTNEOUS
6
4.6∗M u∗10
As, A st =
0.5∗20
415 ( √
1− 1−
20∗1000∗d
2 )
∗1000∗d
Area of steel in z-direction = 670 mm2/m
Distribution of reinforcement
a. Along X-axis
Middle Strip (BOTTOM) = 873 mm2(Required)
Edge Strip (TOP) = 436.5 mm2 (Required)
b. Along z-axis
Middle Strip (BOTTOM)= 670 mm2(Required)

63
Edge Strip (TOP) = 335 mm2(Required)
ii. S2 - TWO SHORT EDGES DISCONTNEOUS (TYPE 1)
4.6∗M u∗106
As, A st =
415( √
0.5∗20
1− 1−
20∗1000∗d
2 )
∗1000∗d
Area of steel in z-direction = 596.57 mm2/m
a. Along x-axis
b. Along z-axis
64
iii. S3 - TWO SHORT EDGES DISCONTNEOUS (TYPE 2)
4.6∗M u∗106
As, A st =
0.5∗20
415 ( √
1− 1−
20∗1000∗d
2 )
∗1000∗d
Area of steel in z-direction = 450 mm2/m
a. Along x-axis
b. Along z-axis
65
66
67
SECTION – IV
SEWAGE
TREATMENT
PLANT
I. INTRODUCTION
Sewage Treatment Plants treat water from house hold applications like laundry, kitchen and
dish rinse water, toilet flush, car wash and other needs. As population and urbanization is
increasing at rapid phase governments all over the world are insisting on having de
centralized sewage treatment plants for individual communities, resorts, hotels, hostels,
residential and commercial complexes. Nowadays, sewage generation from big sized malls
has also been increased. Hence, the sewage must be treated and disposed-off to avoid water
and soil pollution matter. Impact of wastewater generated from malls on the environment is
increasing day by day. Hence, it is necessary to implant sewage treatment plant in every
shopping mall which produces greater volume of wastewater.if you fail to treat sewage it can
harm human health and natural environment. Hence, it is necessary to treat
68
wastewater/sewage from the shopping malls before it is reused/recycled and or discharged
into the environment.
As per the National Building Code pf India, the commercial buildings cannot dispose their
septic waste unless they treat it. Thus, the requirement of Septic Tank becomes important in a
commercial building. In this project, we have also planned a Sewage Treatment Plant in the
Western part of the building.
Thus, the sewage treatment involves the process of removing the harmful pollutants or
contaminants from sewage from commercial, residential and industrial sources to produce
liquid and solid which is suitable for discharge into the environment or for reuse.
This section only deals with the Operational design of the Sewage Treatment Plant. We have
not designed the piping distribution for the collection of septic waste from the building.
 Methods involved in sewage treatment plant
Commercial package sewage treatment plant includes physical, chemical and biological
methods.
a. Physical method: It consists of sedimentation, screening, filtration, skimming and etc.
b. Chemical method: It consists of chlorination, neutralization, coagulation, etc.
c. Biological method: It consists of aerobic (activated sludge process, tricking filters,
oxidation pond, aerated lagoons, aerobic digestion etc.,) and anaerobic (anaerobic digestion,
septic tanks etc.,) processes.
 Different levels of sewage treatment
Wastewater/sewage generated from various units of the malls flows to the commercial
sewage treatment system via sewer lines. Different levels of treatment involved during
treatment process are as follows:
1. Preliminary Treatment Level
2. Primary Treatment Level
3. Secondary Treatment Level
4. Tertiary Treatment Level
69
Fig. 4.1 Treatment Levels in Sewage Treatment Plant
70
II. LITERATURE REVIEWS
TREATMENT AND RESOURCE RECOVERY OF SHOPPING MALL
WASTEWATERIN TIMES OF DISASTER: Several corporations such as Robinsons
Land Corporation – Robinsons Malls are increasinglypracticing a new ethos called corporate
environmental governance. The underlying philosophyis: “good environmental management
makes good business sense." The corporate missionincludes provision of quality products and
services in a manner that will not unduly burden theenvironment. Global competitiveness is
now predicated also on good environmentalperformance. Corporate environmental
governance encompasses technologies and bestmanagement practices that enhance business
operations and profitability leading towards asustainable business operation. Among these
technologies and practices involve is thewastewater management and water conservation.
Operating Robinsons Malls consume a lot ofwater and produce big volume of wastewater.
Currently, water resources are scarce and costlynot only for shopping malls located in Metro
Manila, but also in other urban areas of thePhilippines. Robinsons Malls Engineering
Department has recommended for sustainablewastewater management and resource
recoveries implemented and are working effectively andefficiently in times of disaster. An
effective wastewater management and resource recovery isanchored on better management of
resources and effective management of generation ofwastes that can be translated to good
products and services. The sustainability of shoppingmalls core businesses depends a great
deal on good corporate image and improved resourcesmanagement. The environmental
management plan has lead the company to be anenvironmental cause champion, which boost
its corporate image, while generating increasedproductivity and profit.
Design Approach for Sewage Treatment Plant: A Case Study of Srikakulam Greater
Municipality, India: Srikakulam city has been a developing place due to the steady increase
in city population, which in turn resulted in the increase of domestic sewage generated, but
still there is no sewage treatment plant. So it is required to construct a sewage treatment plant
with sufficient capacity to treat the generated sewage. Sewage water treatment has challenges
to treat the excess sludge and disposal of sludge. Sewage/wastewater treatment operations are
done by various methods in order to reduce, its water and organic content, and the ultimate
goal of wastewater management is the protection of the environment in a manner
commensurate with public health and socioeconomic concerns. This paper focuses on the
sewage generation in the Srikakulam city area and sewage treatment plant is designed. In one
day the total sewage generated was estimated 22.2 MLD considering the projected population
of Srikakulam town for the next 30 years. The various components of sewage treatment plant
are screening, grit chamber, primary sedimentation tank, biological reactor, secondary
clarifier, activated sludge tank; drying beds. It is proposed to design the various components
of sewage treatment plant considering the various standards and permissible limits of treated
sewage water. The treated water will be supplied for irrigating the crops and the sludge which
is generated after the treatment will be used as manure, so it increases the fertility of soil.
Also reduce the ground water usage.
Karnataka state pollution control board, Bangalore, India (STP Guide), 2011:Over five
years ago, the Karnataka State Pollution Control Board mandated that Sewage
TreatmentPlants be built and operated in individual residential complexes having fifty or
71
more dwellings, orgenerating 50 m3/day or more of sewage. Additional conditions imposed
among others were that then treated water quality shall meet stringent
“Urban Reuse Standards”, treated water shall be reused fortoilets flushing (thus requiring
dual plumbing system in the residential complexes), for car washing, andfor irrigation use
within the campus.Fresh water is getting scarcer by the day in every part of the Globe.
Bangalore as a city finds itself ina precarious position as far as availability of water is
concerned, among other essentials for civilizedsociety. Planners and public utilities have
abdicated their duty and responsibility to provide one of thebasic needs of the citizenry of
good, clean water. In the years to come this scenario is only likely toworsen.
A large residential complex, in its sewage generation potential, may then be viewed as a
microcosm ofthe city itself; with a ready and perennial source of water right at its doorstep.
All that the complex needs to have a good, robust, well designed STP to produce water for all
its secondary needs.
III. INTRODUCTION TO SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT

The typical sewage treatment envisaged for the construction of STP looking over all
theaspects of reliability & techno economic feasibility study for the proposed building
unitwill be Sequencing Batch Reactor.Sequencing batch reactor (SBR) is the variation of
the activated sludge process. As a fill anddraw batch process, all biological treatment phases
occur in a single tank. This differs from theconventional flow through activated sludge
process in that SBR’s do not require separate tanksfor aeration and sedimentation. SBR
systems contain both two or more reactor tanks that areoperated in parallel, an equalization
tank and final treated water tank. The type of reactor tankchosen depends upon the
wastewater flow characteristics (e.g. high or low volume). Inaddition, SBR systems typically
have no primary or secondary clarifiers as settling takes placein the SBR.
There are normally five phases in the SBR treatment cycle: FILL, REACT,
SETTLE,DECANT and IDLE. In the FILL phase, raw wastewater is pumped into the
reactor where it ismixed with the settled biomass from the previous cycle. Some aeration may
occur during thisphase. Then in the react phase, the reactor is aerated, allowing oxidation and
nitrification tooccur. During the settling phase, aeration and mixing are suspended to allow
the solids tosettle. The treated wastewater is then discharged from the reactor in the decant
phase, for tertiary treatment through Pressure Sand filters, Activated Carbon Filter and
disinfected withChlorine through metering pump. In the final phase, the reactor is kept idle as
it waits for thestart of the next cycle. During this time, parts of the solids are removed from
the reactor anddisposed of as waste sludge.
Advantages of Sequencing Batch Reactors
 SBRs can consistently perform nitrification as well as denitrification and
phosphorousremoval.
 SBR’s have large operational flexibility
 Sludge bulking problem is avoided
 System requires less space than extended aeration plants of equal capacity
IV. METHOD OF TREATMENT
72
The main objective of Sewage Treatment is to stabilize Decomposition Organic Matter
presentin Sewage so as to produce an effluent and sludge union which can be disposed-off
in theenvironment without causing health hazards or nuisance.
a) Pre Treatment:
The pre-treatment is much prior to any method of treatment:

Screening: A screen is a device with openings generally of uniform size for removing
biggersuspended solids or floating solids in sewage. Screens may be of coarse, medium or
fine.Screens are installed ahead of pumping stations, as a first step. Burial, incineration
orcomposting, once can dispose-off the screenings in 10-15 days.
b) Secondary Treatment:
The Secondary methods for treatment of sewage envisaged here are discussed below:
Sequencing Batch Reactors (SBRs).
 SBR systems combine biological treatment and sedimentation in a single basin. Thedesign
considerations for SBRs include the same factors commonly used for a flowthrough
activated sludge system.
 The principal operating stages of an SBR system include:
 Static fill—influent flow is introduced to an idle basin.
 Mixed fill—influent flow continues and mixing by diffused aeration begins.
 React fill—influent flow continues, mixing continues, and mechanical aeration begins.
 React—influent flow is stopped and mixing and aeration continues.
 Settle—mixing and aeration are stopped and clarification begins.
 Decant—clear supernatant is decanted.
 Waste sludge—optional sludge wasting may occur.
 Idle—basin is on standby to restart the process. The excess sludge production is minimum
V. DESIGN PROCEDURE
The design process contains the following steps:

 Water consumption details
 Waste water reuse
 Wastewater quantity & quality
 Design of sewage treatment units
1) Water Consumption Details:
The water consumption estimated for the commercial building according to Indian
standard code IS- 1172:1993 and average footfall per day with emergency conditions like
fire demand comes as 300KLD.
If we take 10000 persons per day @ 30lpcd,
73
So, 10000*30 = 300000 litres (Say 300 KLD)
2) Waste water reuse:
Wastewater reuse would be only for the Commercial Building
 For landscape
 Cooling Towers
 For flushing
3) Wastewater quantity & quality:
Waste water generated would be 90% of total water consumption,
So, 90% of 3000000 = 270000 litres
Hence, the plant would be designed for 270 KLD.
The primary & secondary treatment units are designed for 300KLD. The raw effluent and
treated effluent quality as per norms are listed below:
Table 4.1 Water Quality Parameters
BEFORE AFTER
PARAMETER
TREATMENT TREATMENT
LESS THAN 10
BOD 300 – 350 mg/lit
mg/lit
PH 7.0 – 7.5 7.0-7.5
SUSPENDED LESS THAN 10

250 – 400 mg/lit
SOLIDS mg/lit
E- COLI 106 – 108 NONE
LESS THAN 2
TURBIDITY 30
NTU
LESS THAN
RESIDUAL Cl -
1mg/lit
DESIGN OF
SEWAGE
TREATMENT UNITS
The designed capacity for the Sewage Treatment Plant is 300 KLD- SBR Treatment units.
PRE-TREATMENT
74
a) Solid Screening: Bar Screen Chamber:
Provide a chamber of size 1.2 m X 0.6 m and depth to suit sewer gradient,
accommodate an inclined bar screen with opening less than 10mm. Provide a barscreen of
20X6 mm flats with 10 mm spacing in between.
b) Equalization Tank:
The sewage from the Bar Screen will be taken to the equalization tank, of minimum 8-hrs
capacity. This tank is provided to even out the flow variation, and to provide continuous
feed in to the secondary biological treatment units.
Design Flow : 300 m3/day or 12.5 cum/hr

Holding Capacity Proposed : 8 Hrs
Proposed Volume of the tank : 100 m3
Mode of Mixing : Coarse bubble diffused aerationfor pre
Aeration.
Provide side water depth of the Tank : 3 m
Area of tank : 5.7 x 5.8 x 3 (0.5 free board)
Method of construction : RCC designed as water
retaining structure
c) Raw Effluent Pumps:

It is proposed to pump the raw sewage from the equalization tank into Aeration Tank
Pump – 2 Nos : One working and one stand by
Capacity : 30 – 50 m3/HR @ 20-25 m head
Type : Open impeller non-clog pumps
SECONDARY TREATMENT
o) Sequencing Batch Reactor with Diffused Aeration:
Table 4.2 Calculated parameters of STP
STP capacity 300 KLD

BOD in sewage 350 mg/lit= 0.000350 kg/lit
Total BOD load /day 105 kg/day
Considering F/M ratio 0.12
Design MLSS 4000 mg/lit =4 kg/m3
Therefore, In general as per SBR,
Vol. of the aeration tank = 218 m3.
As we are providing SBR, the design will be for 2 cycles per day, considering 12 hrsper
cycle (one hour for filling from ET to SBR, Six Hours for Aeration, One hour forSettling
and one hour for decanting to PFT), the volume of SBR required will be, 218m3 of 1 nos.
75
Hence size of 1 SBR will be = 7.8 x 7.9 x 3.5 metre (0.5 FB)
Flow = 300 KLD.
Oxygen required in Kg/day = 210 kg/day (2 kg of Oxygen is required for every Kg ofBOD
to be removed)
% of Oxygen in air = 0.21 Density of air = 1.2

% Oxygen transfer at 3.25 Mt SWD = 0.2
Therefore, air requirement in Cumec / Hr = 413 Cumec / Hr.
Consider 40% excess considering the air required in the equalization tank.
Total air required = 165 + 413 = 578 Cumec. / Hr.
Provide two blowers of 290 Cumec /hr.

One as standby with an operating pressure of 4.0 KSC.
Transfer rate of oxygen in 1 m Long membrane diffusers =10 Cumec. /hr.
Therefore, total no. of membranes required = 35+26 nos. (including fine and Coarse
respectively).
p) Sludge Transfer & clarifier water Pumps:

Provide 3 & 2 No. pumps : one/two working and one stand by
Type : Open impeller Non clog pumps
Duty : To pump the excess Biological sludge from
the settling tank to the Sludge drying beds
for dewatering and return sludge to aeration
tank.
q) Pre filtration tank:
Design Flow : 300 m3/day or 12.5 m3/hr

Holding Capacity Proposed : 10 Hrs
Proposed Volume of the tank : 125m3
Provide side water depth of the Tank : 3.0 m
Area of tank : 6.4 x 6.5 x 3.0 m (0.5 FB)
Method of construction : RCC designed as water retaining
structure
r) Filter Feed Pumps:
Provide 2 no. Pumps to pump the clarified water into the Activated Carbon Filter and
Pressure sand filter
Pumps – 2 Nos.: One working & one stand by
Capacity: each 45-55 cu m /hr @ 30 – 55 m head
Type: Open impeller non clog pumps
Duty: To pump the clarified water into the Pressure sand &
76
Activated Carbon Filter for further polishing of the
secondary treated effluent.
s) Pressure Sand & Activated Carbon Filter:
Design Flow: 300 m3/day or 12.5 cum/hr
Hours of working: 10
Filtration rate: 1.25 m3/hr
Loading Rate on filters: 13 m3/sq.m/day =0.54 m3/sq.m/hr
Area of filter: 1.25/0.54 = 2.3 sq.m
Diameter of filter: 1.85 meters
Size of filter: 1.85 m dia. X 2.0 m HOS
Provide 1 No. each of pressure sand & Activated Carbon Filter of 1.85 m dia with media
over layer, under drainpipe, laterals, face-piping etc.
t) Filtered Water Sump/Final holding tank:

The treated filtered effluent of 300 KLD will be stored in this tank of minimum of 8 hours’
storage capacity i.e., 100 m3.
Tank Dimension: 5.77 x 5.77 x 3.0 metres (0.5 FB)
u) Treated Effluent / Distribution Feed Pumps:

Provide 2 nos. of pumps to pump the treated effluent in to the Final Storage OHT for
flushing, gardening.
Pumps – 2 nos.: One working & one stand by
Capacity: each 100-155 cu m /hr @ 30 – 55 m head
Type: Semi open impeller non clog pumps
v) Sludge Holding Tank:

The excess sludge is sent to the sludge holding tank of size as below for filter feed purpose
to dewater the excess sludge.
Volume: 20 m3
Tank Size:2.58 x 2.58 x 3.0 metres (0.5 FB)
Filter Press: To dry the excess sludge generated from the above
treatment, it is proposed to filter press for sludge
de-watering. The filtrate will be connected in to the
screen chamber.
Assumed type of sludge: Organic
Design of sludge flow: 5000 litres/day
Concentration of solid: 1%
Specific gravity: 1.2
Minimum dry solids allowable in sludge cake: 25-30 %
w) Sludge cake characteristics:

Cake thickness: 32 mm
Wet cake density: 1280 kg/m3
Operating time
77
4 hrs/day: 6 days/week
Cycle time feed: 20 mins
Compression: 15 mins
Cake discharge: 25 mins
Total: 60 mins
x) Daily sludge solids generation:

Rate: 5000*.01*1.2 =60 kgs/day
Quantity of Sludge load on filter: 60*3 (three days in a week operation)
= 180 kg/day
Assuming sludge holding capacity as 40 kg/m2
So,
The size of the filter press required = 180/40 =1.8 m2
Let the size of each plate be (0.61 *0.16 m) = 0.37m2
Therefore, the number of such chambers required will be = 1.8/0.37 = 4.9 nos.
However, provide 8 chambers filter press of size 0.61 m *0.16 m with collection try,
filtrate with hydraulic /manual/power packed mechanism.
y) Chlorination:
The filtered effluent contains disease causing pathogens should be disinfected by injecting
chlorine solution to the filler out let through electronic type constant solutiondosing
system. The dosing system comprising of solution storage tank and electronicdosing pump
with assembly. The capacity of chlorinator at the peak flow depends onset flow value.
The set dosage quantity is = 30 mg/litres.
The maximum daily requirement of chlorine is = 30 mg/m3* 300 m3/day
= 9000grams or 9 kgs of Chlorine is required per day and 0.2-0.3 mg/litre of
residualchlorine is maintained for 10-20 mins after treatment.
z) Piping and valves:

All the inter unit pipe size pipe shall be minimum 4” dia. PVC with 6 KSC pressure and
same size of sluice type pressure valves shell be provided.
aa) Electrical:
The electrical includes control panel comprising of switches, interplant cabling for all
power all power connections.
78
SECTION – V
EMERGENCY
STAIRCASE
79
I. INTRODUCTION
It is not needed to define the need of staircases in any building. Not only in commercial
building but in every construction where one has to access the higher levels, stairs are
used.
In this project, we have planned four emergency staircases, in which two of them are runs
in the main structure and two of them in the basement area. Apart from that we have also
planned some common staircases, e.g. the staircases in the atrium area and staircases for
parking are also planned.
In order to limit the scope of the project, we have only designed the straight emergency
staircase. The staircase is Longitudinal Span Type Staircase.

This paper discusses an evaluation of stairway designs featured in Architectural Record,
a leading architectural professional journal, over a thirteen-year publication period (2000
To 2012). Images of stairways were classified as either hazard-free or hazard(s)-present.
Using a hazard identification checklist, and the frequency of visible Design Hazards was
tabulated.
A total of 578 stairways were scanned in articles and advertisements, of which 78

(13.5%)were product advertisements. Sixty-one percent of the stairways had at least one
visible design hazard including nearly half (47%) in product advertisements. The three
mostcommon hazards in stairways were inadequate handrails (161, 27.8%), excessive
length ofstairway flights (74, 12.8%), and low visual contrast on tread edges (73, 12.
6%).
The highprevalence of stairway design hazards in the professional literature indicatesa

need for improved professional education and attention to safe stairway design.
III. DESIGN PROCEDURE

The staircase is designed manually and the steps involved in the design are briefly
discussed below-
1) Study of architectural design to check the suitable position of staircase.

2) Once the suitability is checked, we decide the type of staircase to be given in the
project.
3) For the given condition in the project, we have decided the Longitudinal Span
Staircase.
4) Load Calculation are done as per IS 875:1997 (I & II)
5) Once the load calculation is done, reinforcement calculation as Limit State Design
Approach.
80
Fig. 5.1 Caption showing the proposed area of Staircase
V. DESIGN OF STAIRCASE
a) Staircase Parameter
 Height of flight = 6’ = 1.8 m
 Height of riser = 6” = 15 cm
 Length of tread = 10” = 25 cm
 No. of risers in one flight = 12
 No. of treads in one flight = 11
 Horizontal distance of flight = 2.75 m
b) Material Specification
 Grade of Concrete = M 20
 Grade of Steel = Fe 415
81
c) Calculation of effective span
Effective Span = Length of flight (Horizontally Resolved) + Length of

Landing + Length of support for supporting the landing
= 2.75 + 1.8 + .230
= 4.78 m
d) Computation of Loading
Let, the thickness of waist slab = 200 mm

So, weight of slab (w’) = (200 * 25000)/1000
= 5000 N/m
Now, dead load on horizontal surface= ½* R* T* 25000
= 1875 N/m
So, Total loading due to staircase;
Total Dead Load = 7705 N/m

Floor Finish Load = 100 N/m
Live Load = 4000 N/m
Total Load = 11805 N/m

Design Load = 17707.5 N/m
e) Moment Calculation
Mu = w*l2/8
Mu = 17707.5*4.782/8
= 50.572 * 106 N–mm
f) Depth of waist slab
Mu
d=
√ Ru b
Now, d = 136.83 mm or 140 mm
So, for a nominal cover of 20 mm, we provide a total depth of waist slab as 155 mm
g) Area of reinforcement & Distribution of steel in waist slab
4.6∗M u∗106
A st =
0.5∗20
415 ( √
1− 1−
20∗1000∗d
2 )
∗1000∗d
Ast = 1222.50 mm
Distribution in longitudinal direction = (113*1000)/ 1222.5
82
= 92.43 or 90 mm
Area of steel in lateral direction = Nominal reinforcement will be
Provided.
= .12 % of Cross-sectional area
= .12 * 155 * 1000/100
= 186 mm2
Distribution in Lateral direction = (78.53*1000)/186

= 422.2 mm or 400 mm
Fig. 5.1 R/F distribution in flight of staircase
83
CONCLUSION
On a conclude note, we just want to state that the design and analysis of structures are
probably the most interesting part of Civil Engineering. In the process of doing the research,
making architectural drawing and analysing and designing structures, we come through
various challenges. On struggling with the challenges, we inferred that on following certain
guidelines during designing, really helps and make the design procedure easy.
Apart from that, environmental safety is also very important which construction of any
project. The construction of Sewage Treatment Plant was an example of treating the
wastewater which was an example of considering environmental degradation due to direct
disposal.
Over all, for excellent execution of project in the real world, these structural and
architectural drawings are not sufficient. The stuffs that make the execution excellent is
clarity in Site Engineering and perception of the people involved in the project.
REFERENCES
84
1) Special Publication 34 (Handbook on Reinforcement & Detailing)
2) IS 456:2000
3) IS 800:2007
4) R.C.C. Design by Dr. B.C. Punamia, Er. Ashok Kr. Jain, Dr. Arun K. Jain.
5) Limit State Design by A.K. Jain
6) Illustrated Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures by Dr. V.L. Shah & S.R. Karve
7) Basic & Applied Soil Mechanics by Gopal Ranjan Rao & S. R. Rao
8) Web Application for checking the suitability of Retaining Wall by Aniket Jain of IIT
Guwahati.
85

Engineering A Commercial Building: Bachelor of Technology Civil Engineering

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A project on

ENGINEERING A COMMERCIAL BUILDING

HASAN ADNAN (1636100801)

Under the guidance of

R. R. INSTITUTE OF MODERN TECHNOLOGY

Hasan Adnan Roll No.1636100801

Mr. Shailendra Mani Tripathi

Furthermore, we would also like to acknowledge with much appreciation the

Sr. No. TOPIC PAGE

11) SECTION – III DRIVEWAY RAMP & BASEMENT PARKING 49

12) SECTION – IV SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANTINTRODUCTION 67

13) SECTION – V EMERGENCY STAIRCASE 78

14) ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING SHEET-1 83

Table 1.1 Required area of steel in columns as per STADD Pro

Studying the present commercial building in

Preparation of Architectural Drawing on Autodesk AutoCAD

Modeling various components on STADD Pro. V8i.

Considering the results of STADD Pro.V8i and making it

Once the structural elements are grouped, a detailed

II. LITERATURE REVIEW

III. BRIEF INTRODUCTION OF DESIGN PROCEDURE

IV. ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING

Fig. 1.3 Model of Component 17 of the auditorium

Fig 1.4 Model of Component 16 of the auditorium

VI. MATERIAL SPECIFICATION

Fig. 1.7 Definition of Seismic Parameters in STADD Pro

3) Dead Load (As per IS 875:1997 PART 1)

b) Beam Loads (UDL)

4) Live Load (As per IS 875:1997 PART 2)

Fig. 1.14 Defining Load Combination in STADD Pro

II. Support & Support Reactions

Fig. 1.16 Fixed supports in the structure

III. Calculating area of reinforcement in columns as per STADD

1) Depth of clear cover for column was taken as 40 mm.

COLUMN AREA OF STEEL DISTRIBUTION

COLUMN ELEMENTS OF THE GROUP AREA OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF

C1 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 16, 7, 18, 19 1693 16#12

C3 10,14 5840 20#20

C5 12,20 1424 8#16

Fig. 1.20 Reinforcement Detailing of the Column of Component 16 (PLAN)

Fig. 1.20 Reinforcement Detailing of the Column of Component 16 (ELEVATION)

 The detailing of the columns was done as per SP 34:1987.

GRID REFERNCE & DIMENSION DISTRIBUTION

DISTRIBTUION AT END DISTRIBUTUION AT MID

12@-3.66 600 X 460 T: 5#20 T: 5#20

12@-3.66 500 X 460 T: 4#20 & 1#12 T: 4#20 & 1#12

11@-3.66 600 X 460 T: 8#20 & 1#12 T: 8#20 & 1#12

11@-3.66 500 x 460 T: 5#20 T: 5#20

24@-3.66 600 x 460 T: 9#20 T: 9#20

24@-3.66 500 X 460 T: 5#20 T: 5#20

23@-3.66 600 X 460 T: 9#20 T: 9#20

23@-3.66 500 X 460 T: 5#20 T: 5#20

10@-3.66 600 X 460 T: 5#20 & 2#10 T: 5#20 & 2#10

10@-3.66 500 X 460 T: 5#20 T: 5#20

12@0.00 600 X 460 T: 7#16 T: 7#16

12@0.00 500 X 460 T: 7#16 T: 7#16

11@0.00 600 X460 T: 7#20 T: 7#20

11@0.00 500 X460 T: 7#16 T: 7#16

24@0.00 600 X 460 T: 7#20 T: 7#20

24@0.00 500 X 460 T: 5#20 T: 5#20

23@0.00 600X460 T: 7#20 T: 7#20

23@0.00 500 X 460 T: 5#20 T: 5#20

10@0.00 600 X 460 T: 5#20 T: 5#20