Certificate

This is to certify that UMANG PARASHAR, student of

Class XII-B, BIRLA VIDYA NIKETAN has completed the
project

TO INVESTIGATE THE RELATION BETWEEN:

i) OUTPUT AND INPUT VOLTAGE
ii) NUMBER OF TURNS IN THE SECONDARY COIL
AND PRIMARY COIL
OF A SELF DESIGNED TRANSFORMER

during the academic year 20012-2013 towards partial

fulfillment of credit for the Physics practical evaluation
of CBSE 2013, and submitted satisfactory report, as
compiled in the following pages, under my supervision
and guidance.

(Mr.ASHISH BHATTACHARYA)
Department of physic
Birla Vidya Niketan
 Acknowledgements
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my Physics
teacher Mrs. Nidhi Mehra, for her vital support,
guidance and encouragement, without which this project
would not have come forth. I would also like to express
my gratitude to the staff of the Physics for their support
during the making of this project.
 INTRODUCTION
A transformer is an electrical device which is used for
changing the A.C. voltages. A transformer is most widely
used device in both low and high current circuit. As such
transformers are built in an amazing strength of sizes. In
electronic, measurement and control circuits,
transformer size may be so small that it weight only a
few tens of grams where as in high voltage power
circuits, it may weight hundred of tones.
In a transformer, the electrical energy transfer from one
circuit to another circuit takes place without the use of
moving parts.
A transformer which increases the voltages is called a
step-up transformer. A transformer which decreases the
A.C. voltages is called a step-down transformer.
Transformer is, therefore, an essential piece of apparatus
both for high and low current circuits.
 PRINCIPLE
A Transformer based on the Principle of mutual induction
according to this principle, the amount of magnetic flux
linked with a coil changing, an e.m.f is induced in the
neighbouring coil that is if a varying current is set-up in a
circuit induced e.m.f. is produced in the neighboring
circuit. The varying current in a circuit produce varying
magnetic flux which induces e.m.f. in the neighboring
circuit.

CONSTRUCTION
The transformer consists of two coils. They are
insulated with each other by insulated material and
wound on acommon core. For operation at low
frequency, we may have asoft iron. The soft iron core is
insulating by joining thin ironstrips coated with varnish to
insulate them to reduce energy losses by eddy
currents.The input circuit is called primary. And
theoutput circuit is called secondary.
THEORY AND WORKING OF A
TRANSFORMER
When an altering e.m.f. is supplied to the primary coil
p1p2, an alternating current starts falling in it. The
altering current in the primary produces a changing
magnetic flux, which induces altering voltage in the
primary as well as in the secondary. In a good-
transformer, whole of the magnetic flux linked with
primary is also linked with the secondary, then the
induced e.m.f. induced in each turn of the secondary is
equal to that induced in each turn of the primary. Thus if
Ep and Es be the instantaneous values of the e.m.f.’s
induced in the primary and the secondary and Np and
Ns are the no. of turns of the primary secondary coils of
the transformer and
Dфь / dt = rate of change of flux in each turnoff the coil at
this instant,
we have
Ep = -Np dфь/dt ----------------- (1) and
Es = -Ns dфь/dt ----------------- (2)
Since the above relations are true at every instant, so by
dividing 2 by 1, we get
Es / Ep = - Ns / Np ----------------(3)
As Ep is the instantaneous value of back e.m.f induced in
the primary coil p1, so the instantaneous current in
primary coil is due to the difference (E – Ep ) in the
instantaneous values of the applied and back e.m.f.
further if Rp is the resistance o, p1p2 coil, then
the instantaneous current Ip in the primary coil is given
by
Ip = E – Ep / Rp
E – Ep = Ip Rp
When the resistance of the primary is small, Rp Ip can be
neglected so therefore
E – Ep = 0 or Ep = E
Thus back e.m.f = input e.m.f
Hence equation 3 can be written as
Es / Ep = Es / E = output e.m.f / input e.m.f = Ns / Np = K
Where K is constant, called turn or transformation ratio.
In a step up transformer

Es > E so K > 1, hence Ns > Np

In a step down transformer

Es < E so K < 1, hence Ns < Np

If
Ip = value of primary current at the same instant t
And
Is = value of sec. current at this instant, then
Input power at the instant t = Ep Ip and
Output power at the same instant = Es Is
If there are no losses of power in the transformer, then
Input power = output power
Or
Ep Ip = Es Is
Or
 Es / Ep = Ip / Is = K

In a step up transformer

As k > 1, so Ip > Is or Is < Ip

i.e. current in sec. is weaker when secondary voltage is
higher.
Hence, whatever we gain in voltage, we lose in current in
the same ratio.
Similarly it can be shown, that in a step down
transformer, whatever we lose in voltage, we gain in
current in the same ratio.
Thus a step up transformer in reality steps down the
current & a step down transformer steps up the current.

Efficiency :-
Efficiency of a transformer is defined as the ratio of
output power to the input power. i.e.
η = output power / input power = Es Is / Ep Ip
Thus in an ideal transformer, where there is no power
losses, η = 1. But in actual practice, there are many
power losses; therefore the efficiency of transformer is
less than one.

PROCEDURE
i) Demonstrating the principle of transformer by
winding primary and secondary coil on a steel rod

1. Take a soft iron rod of cm and cm diameter.

Wrap thick paper on it.
2. Wind a coil P of enameled copper wire 200 turns.
3. Wind another coil S of thick enameled copper wire
with 400 turns.
4. Both coils are wound over same length of the rod,
so that almost the entire flux produced by current in
one is linked to the other.
5. Connect the coil S with an AC voltmeter. Connect an
identical voltmeter across P also.
6. Switch on the current in P and note voltage across
the two coils
7. Find the ratio Vp to Vs
 OBSERVATIONS
1. We will find that ratio of Vp and Vs across the two
coils is equal to the ratio of number of turns in the
coil P to that in the coil S.i.e.,

Vp/Vs = Np/Ns ---------------(1)

2. The coil P (to which AC voltage is applied) is

Called the primary and coil S (in which AC is
induced) is called the secondary.

3.Since coil S is placed very close to the coil P,the

power in the primary is transferred into the
secondary through mutual induction.

4. It is clear from equation 1, that by appropriate

choice of the turn ratio i.e., Np/Ns, we can obtain a
 higher voltage or lower voltage in S compared to
that in P.

ENERGY LOSSES:-
Following are the major sources of energy loss in a
transformer:
1. Copper loss: is the energy loss in the form of heat in
the copper coils of a transformer. This is due to joule
heating of conducting wires.
2. Iron loss: is the energy loss in the form of heat in the
iron core of the transformer. This is due to formation of
eddy currents in iron core. It is minimized by taking
laminated cores.
3. Leakage of magnetic flux: occurs inspite of best
insulations. Therefore, rate of change of magnetic flux
linked with each turn of S1S2 is less than the rate of
change of magnetic flux linked with each turn of P1P2.
4. Hysteretic loss: is the loss of energy due to repeated
magnetization and demagnetization of the iron core
when A.C. is fed to it.
5. Magneto striation: humming noise of a transformer.

USES OF TRANSFORMER
A transformer is used in almost all a.c. operations
 In voltage regulator for T.V., refrigerator,
computer, air conditioner etc.
 A step down transformer is used for welding
purposes.
 A step down transformer is used for obtaining
large current.
 A step up transformer is used for the production
of X-Rays and NEON advertisement.
 Transformers are used in voltage regulators and
stabilized power supplies.
 Transformers are used in the transmissions of
a.c. over long distances.
  Small transformers are used in Radio sets,
telephones, loud speakers and electric bells etc.

DIFFERENT TYPES OF TRANSFORMERS

Instrument transformers
Instrument transformers are used for measuring voltage
and current in electrical power systems, and for power
system protection and control. Where a voltage or
current is too large to be conveniently used by an
instrument, it can be scaled down to a standardized low
value. Instrument transformers isolate measurement,
protection and control circuitry from the high currents or
voltages present on the circuits being measured or
controlled.
A current transformer is a transformer designed to
provide a current in its secondary coil proportional to the
current flowing in its primary coil.[88]
Voltage transformers (VTs), also referred to as "potential
transformers" (PTs), are designed to have an accurately
known transformation ratio in both magnitude and
phase, over a range of measuring circuit impedances. A
voltage transformer is intended to present a negligible
load to the supply being measured. The low secondary
voltage allows protective relay equipment and measuring
instruments to be operated at a lower voltages.[89]
Both current and voltage instrument transformers are
designed to have predictable characteristics on
overloads. Proper operation of over-currentprotective
relays requires that current transformers provide a
predictable transformation ratio even during a short-
circuit.

RF transformers
There are several types of transformers used in radio
frequency (RF) work. Steel laminations are not suitable
for RF.
Air-core transformers
These are used for high frequency work. The lack of a
core means very low inductance. Such transformers may
be nothing more than a few turns of wire soldered onto
a printed circuit board.
Ferrite-core transformers
Widely used in intermediate frequency (IF) stages
in superheterodyne radio receivers. are mostly tuned
transformers, containing a threaded ferrite slug that is
screwed in or out to adjust IF tuning. The transformers
are usually canned for stability and to reduce
interference.
Transmission-line transformers
For radio frequency use, transformers are sometimes
made from configurations of transmission line,
sometimes bifilar or coaxial cable, wound
around ferrite or other types of core. This style of
transformer gives an extremely wide bandwidth but only
a limited number of ratios (such as 1:9, 1:4 or 1:2) can be
achieved with this technique.
The core material increases the inductance dramatically,
thereby raising its Q factor. The cores of such
transformers help improve performance at the lower
frequency end of the band. RF transformers sometimes
used a third coil (called a tickler winding) to
inject feedback into an earlier (detector) stage
in antique regenerative radio receivers.

Baluns
Baluns are transformers designed specifically to connect
between balanced and unbalanced circuits. These are
sometimes made from configurations of transmission
line and sometimes bifilar orcoaxial cable and are similar
to transmission line transformers in construction and
operation.