Chapter 9

9–14 An air-standard cycle with variable specific heats is executed in a closed system
and is composed of the following four processes:
1-2 Isentropic compression from 100 kPa and 27°C to 800 kPa
2-3 v = constant heat addition to 1800 K
3-4 Isentropic expansion to 100 kPa
4-1 P =constant heat rejection to initial state
(a) Show the cycle on P-v and T-s diagrams.
(b) Calculate the net work output per unit mass.
(c) Determine the thermal efficiency.

9-14 The four processes of an air-standard cycle are described. The cycle is to be
shown on P-v and T-s diagrams, and the net work output and the thermal efficiency are
to be determined.
Assumptions 1 The air-standard assumptions are applicable. 2 Kinetic and potential
energy changes are negligible. 3 Air is an ideal gas with variable specific heats.
Properties The properties of air are given in Table A-17.
Analysis (b) The properties of air at various states are P
3
h1 = 300.19 kJ/kg
T1 = 300K ⎯
⎯→ qin
Pr1 = 1.386
2
P u = 389.22 kJ/kg
Pr 2 = 2 Pr1 =
800 kPa
(1.386) = 11.088 ⎯⎯→ 2
P1 100 kPa T2 = 539.8 K 1 4
qout
v
u 3 = 1487.2 kJ/kg
T3 = 1800 K ⎯
⎯→
Pr3 = 1310

P3v 3 P2v 2 T
= ⎯
⎯→ P3 = 3 P2 =
1800 K
(800 kPa ) = 2668 kPa T
T3 T2 T2 539.8 K 3

P4 qin
Pr 4 = Pr3 =
100 kPa
(1310) = 49.10 ⎯⎯→ h4 = 828.1 kJ/kg 2
P3 2668 kPa
4
From energy balances, 1 qout
q in = u 3 − u 2 = 1487.2 − 389.2 = 1098.0 kJ/kg
s

q out = h4 − h1 = 828.1 − 300.19 = 527.9 kJ/kg

wnet,out = q in − q out = 1098.0 − 527.9 = 570.1 kJ/kg

(c) Then the thermal efficiency becomes

wnet,out 570.1kJ/kg
η th = = = 51.9%
q in 1098.0kJ/kg
9–22 Consider a Carnot cycle executed in a closed system with 0.003 kg of air. The
temperature limits of the cycle are 300 and 900 K, and the minimum and maximum
pressures that occur during the cycle are 20 and 2000 kPa. Assuming constant specific
heats, determine the net work output per cycle.
9-22 A Carnot cycle with the specified temperature limits is considered. The net work
output per cycle is to be determined.
Assumptions Air is an ideal gas with constant specific heats.
Properties The properties of air at room temperature are cp = 1.005 kJ/kg.K, cv =
0.718 kJ/kg·K, R = 0.287 kJ/kg.K, and k = 1.4 (Table A-2).
Analysis The minimum pressure in the cycle is P3 and the maximum pressure is P1.
Then,
(k −1) / k
T2 ⎛ P2 ⎞
=⎜ ⎟ T
T3 ⎜⎝ P3 ⎟⎠
qin
900 1 2
or,
k / (k −1) 1.4/0.4
⎛T ⎞ ⎛ 900 K ⎞
P2 = P3 ⎜⎜ 2 ⎟
⎟ = (20 kPa )⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 935.3 kPa
⎝ T3 ⎠ ⎝ 300 K ⎠ 300 4 3
qout
The heat input is determined from s
©0
T2 P2
= −(0.287 kJ/kg ⋅ K )ln
935.3 kPa
s 2 − s1 = c p ln − R ln = 0.2181 kJ/kg ⋅ K
T1 P1 2000 kPa
Qin = mT H (s 2 − s1 ) = (0.003 kg )(900 K )(0.2181 kJ/kg ⋅ K ) = 0.5889 kJ
Then,
TL 300 K
η th = 1 − = 1− = 66.7%
TH 900 K
W net,out = η th Qin = (0.667 )(0.5889 kJ ) = 0.393 kJ
9–34 An ideal Otto cycle has a compression ratio of 8. At the beginning of the
compression process, air is at 95 kPa and 27°C, and 750 kJ/kg of heat is transferred to
air during the constant-volume heat-addition process. Taking into account the variation
of specific heats with temperature, determine (a) the pressure and temperature at the
end of the heataddition process, (b) the net work output, (c) the thermal efficiency, and
(d) the mean effective pressure for the cycle. Answers: (a) 3898 kPa, 1539 K, (b) 392.4
kJ/kg, (c) 52.3 percent, (d ) 495 kPa
9-34 An ideal Otto cycle with air as the working fluid has a compression ratio of 8. The
pressure and temperature at the end of the heat addition process, the net work output,
the thermal efficiency, and the mean effective pressure for the cycle are to be
determined.
Assumptions 1 The air-standard assumptions are applicable. 2 Kinetic and potential
energy changes are negligible. 3 Air is an ideal gas with variable specific heats.
Properties The gas constant of air is R = 0.287 kJ/kg.K. The properties of air are given
in Table A-17.
Analysis (a) Process 1-2: isentropic compression.
u1 = 214.07kJ/kg P
T1 = 300K ⎯
⎯→
v r1 = 621.2 3

v2 T = 673.1 K
v r1 = v r1 = (621.2) = 77.65 ⎯⎯→ 2
1 1
v r2 = 750 kJ/kg 4
v1 r 8 u 2 = 491.2 kJ/kg 2
P2v 2 P1v 1 v T ⎛ 673.1 K ⎞ 1
= ⎯→ P2 = 1 2 P1 = (8)⎜⎜
⎯ ⎟⎟(95 kPa ) = 1705 kPa
T2 T1 v 2 T1 ⎝ 300 K ⎠ v
Process 2-3: v = constant heat addition.
T3 = 1539 K
q 23,in = u 3 − u 2 ⎯
⎯→ u 3 = u 2 + q 23,in = 491.2 + 750 = 1241.2 kJ/kg ⎯
⎯→
v r3 = 6.588

P3v 3 P2v 2 T ⎛ 1539 K ⎞

= ⎯→ P3 = 3 P2 = ⎜⎜
⎯ ⎟⎟(1705 kPa ) = 3898 kPa
T3 T2 T2 ⎝ 673.1 K ⎠
(b) Process 3-4: isentropic expansion.
v1 T = 774.5 K
v r4 = v r = rv r3 = (8)(6.588) = 52.70 ⎯⎯→ 4
v2 3 u 4 = 571.69 kJ/kg

Process 4-1: v = constant heat rejection.

qout = u4 − u1 = 571.69 − 214.07 = 357.62 kJ / kg

wnet,out = q in − q out = 750 − 357.62 = 392.4 kJ/kg

 wnet,out 392.4 kJ/kg
(c) η th =
q in
=
750 kJ/kg
= 52.3%

(d) v1 =
RT1
=
(
0.287kPa ⋅ m 3 /kg ⋅ K (300K ) )
= 0.906m 3 /kg = v max
P1 95kPa
v max
v min = v 2 =
r
wnet,out wnet,out 392.4 kJ/kg ⎛ kPa ⋅ m 3 ⎞
MEP = = = ⎜ ⎟ = 495.0 kPa
v1 −v 2 v 1 (1 − 1 / r ) ( )
0.906 m 3 /kg (1 − 1/8) ⎜⎝ kJ ⎟
⎠

9–47 An air-standard Diesel cycle has a compression ratio of 16 and a cutoff ratio of 2.
At the beginning of the compression process, air is at 95 kPa and 27°C. Accounting for
the variation of specific heats with temperature, determine (a) the temperature after the
heat-addition process, (b) the thermal efficiency, and (c) the mean effective pressure.
Answers: (a) 1724.8 K, (b) 56.3 percent, (c) 675.9 kPa
9-47 An air-standard Diesel cycle with a compression ratio of 16 and a cutoff ratio of 2
is considered. The temperature after the heat addition process, the thermal efficiency,
and the mean effective pressure are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 The air-standard assumptions are applicable. 2 Kinetic and potential
energy changes are negligible. 3 Air is an ideal gas with variable specific heats.
Properties The gas constant of air is R = P
2
q
3 in

0.287 kJ/kg.K. The properties of air are given

in Table A-17. 4
q out

Analysis (a) Process 1-2: isentropic compression. 1

v
u1 = 214.07kJ/kg
T1 = 300K ⎯
⎯→
v r1 = 621.2
v2 T = 862.4 K
v r = v r = (621.2 ) = 38.825 ⎯⎯→ 2
1 1
v r2 =
v 1 1 r 1 16 h2 = 890.9 kJ/kg

Process 2-3: P = constant heat addition.

P3v 3 P2v 2 v h3 = 1910.6 kJ/kg
= ⎯→ T3 = 3 T2 = 2T2 = (2 )(862.4 K ) = 1724.8 K ⎯
⎯ ⎯→
T3 T2 v2 v r3 = 4.546

(b) q in = h3 − h2 = 1910.6 − 890.9 = 1019.7kJ/kg

Process 3-4: isentropic expansion.

v4 v
v r3 = 4 v r3 = v r3 = (4.546 ) = 36.37 ⎯⎯→ u 4 = 659.7kJ/kg
r 16
v r4 =
v3 2v 2 2 2

Process 4-1: v = constant heat rejection.

 q out = u 4 − u1 = 659.7 − 214.07 = 445.63 kJ/kg
q out 445.63 kJ/kg
η th = 1 − = 1− = 56.3%
q in 1019.7 kJ/kg
(c) wnet,out = q in − q out = 1019.7 − 445.63 = 574.07 kJ/kg

v1 =
RT1
=
(
0.287 kPa ⋅ m 3 /kg ⋅ K (300 K ) )
= 0.906 m 3 /kg = v max
P1 95 kPa
v max
v min = v 2 =
r
wnet,out wnet,out 574.07 kJ/kg ⎛ kPa ⋅ m 3 ⎞
MEP = = = ⎜ ⎟ = 675.9 kPa
v1 −v 2 v 1 (1 − 1 / r ) ( )
0.906 m 3 /kg (1 − 1/16 ) ⎜⎝ kJ ⎟
⎠

9–84 A gas-turbine power plant operates on the simple Brayton cycle between the
pressure limits of 100 and 1200 kPa. The working fluid is air, which enters the
compressor at 30°C at a rate of 150 m3/min and leaves the turbine at 500°C. Using
variable specific heats for air and assuming a compressor isentropic efficiency of 82
percent and a turbine isentropic efficiency of 88 percent, determine (a) the net power
output, (b) the back work ratio, and (c) the thermal efficiency. Answers: (a) 659 kW, (b)
0.625, (c) 0.319
9-84 A gas-turbine plant operates on the simple Brayton cycle. The net power output,
the back work ratio, and the thermal efficiency are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 The air-standard assumptions are applicable. 2 Kinetic and potential
energy changes are negligible. 3 Air is an ideal gas with variable specific heats.
Properties The gas constant of air is R = 0.287 kJ/kg·K (Table A-1).
Analysis (a) For this problem, we use
the properties from EES software. Combustion
chamber

Remember that for an ideal gas, 3

2
enthalpy is a function of temperature 1.2
only whereas entropy is functions of Compress. Turbin
both temperature and pressure.
Process 1-2: Compression 1 100 kPa 500°C 4
30°C
T1 = 30°C ⎯
⎯→ h1 = 303.60 kJ/kg
T1 = 30°C ⎫
⎬s1 = 5.7159 kJ/kg ⋅ K
P1 = 100 kPa ⎭
P2 = 1200 kPa ⎫
⎬h2 s = 617.37 kJ/kg
s 2 = s1 = 5.7159 kJ/kg.K ⎭
 h2 s − h1 617.37 − 303.60
ηC = ⎯
⎯→ 0.82 = ⎯
⎯→ h2 = 686.24 kJ/kg
h2 − h1 h2 − 303.60

Process 3-4: Expansion

T4 = 500°C ⎯
⎯→ h4 = 792.62 kJ/kg
h3 − h4 h − 792.62
ηT = ⎯
⎯→ 0.88 = 3
h3 − h4 s h3 − h4 s

We cannot find the enthalpy at state 3 directly. However, using the following lines in
EES together with the isentropic efficiency relation, we find h3 = 1404.7 kJ/kg, T3 =
1034ºC, s3 = 6.5699 kJ/kg.K. The solution by hand would require a trial-error approach.
h_3=enthalpy(Air, T=T_3)
s_3=entropy(Air, T=T_3, P=P_2)
h_4s=enthalpy(Air, P=P_1, s=s_3)
The mass flow rate is determined from
P1V&1 (100 kPa)(150/60 m 3 / s)
m& = = = 2.875 kg/s
RT1 ( )
0.287 kPa ⋅ m 3 /kg ⋅ K (30 + 273 K )

The net power output is

W& C,in = m& (h2 − h1 ) = (2.875 kg/s)(686.24 − 303.60)kJ/kg = 1100 kW

W& T,out = m& (h3 − h4 ) = (2.875 kg/s)(1404.7 − 792.62)kJ/kg = 1759 kW

W& net = W& T,out − W& C,in = 1759 − 1100 = 659 kW

(b) The back work ratio is

W& C,in 1100 kW
rbw = = = 0.625
W& T, out 1759 kW

(c) The rate of heat input and the thermal efficiency are
Q& in = m& (h3 − h2 ) = (2.875 kg/s)(1404.7 − 686.24)kJ/kg = 2065 kW
W& net 659 kW
η th = = = 0.319
&
Qin 2065 kW