Internal Combustion Engines

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MET 101
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Basic Mechanical Engineering
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Dr. Amit Arora

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Department of Mechanical Engineering

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Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur

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 Heat Engine
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• Heat engine is a device which derives heat from the combustion

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of fuel and converts a part of it into mechanical work

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Why partial conversion?

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• Classification of heat engines

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1. External combustion heat engines

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– Combustion of fuel takes place outside the engine cylinder

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– Example: Steam engine, steam turbine

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2. Internal combustion heat engines

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– Combustion of fuel takes place inside the engine cylinder
– Example: Gasoline engine, diesel engine
 Classification of I.C. Engines
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• Classification of Internal combustion Engines
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1. Reciprocating IC Engines

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– Combustion of fuel generates reciprocating motion

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– Example: Gasoline engine, diesel engine

2. Rotary IC Engines
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– Combustion of fuel generates rotary motion

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– Example: Gas turbine, Wenkal engine

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• Classification of reciprocating IC Engines
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• Fuel used
– Gasoline engine - Petrol
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– Diesel engine - Diesel
– Gas engine – CNG, Hydrogen
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• Thermodynamic cycle
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– Otto cycle
– Diesel cycle
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– Dual combustion cycle

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• Ignition system

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– Spark ignition (SI) engine
– Compression ignition (CI) engine
• Number of strokes per cycle
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– Two stroke engine
– Four stroke engine
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• Cooling system
– Air cooled engine
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– Water cooled engine
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• Number of cylinders

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– Single cylinder engine A
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– Multi cylinder engine

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• Engine speed

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– Low speed engine
– High speed engine
• Cylinder arrangement
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– Horizontal cylinder engine

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– Vertical cylinder engine

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– Multi cylinder in-line engine

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– Multi cylinder V-type engine

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– Multi cylinder W-type engine

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– Multi cylinder X-type engine

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– Multi cylinder radial engine

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– Opposed cylinder engine

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– Opposed piston engine

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 Anatomy of I.C. Engine
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• Main components of IC Engine
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1. Cylinder block (engine body)

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– Mono-block casting carrying

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various engine components
2. Water jacket

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– Water channel around engine
cylinder for circulating coolant

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– Exists in water cooled engines

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3. Cylinder and cylinder liner

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– Cylindrical barrel in which piston reciprocates
– One side is covered by cylinder head & other side faces crankcase
4. Cylinder head
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– Accommodates inlet valve,

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exhaust valve, and spark plug
(or fuel injector)
5. Piston

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– Cylindrical in shape

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– Transfers work, produced due
to combustion, to crankshaft

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via connecting rod

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6. Piston rings

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– Fits in the grooves provided on
the piston periphery

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– Provides gas-tight space for combustion
– Two pressure (or compression) rings and one oil scrapper ring
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7. Valves
– Inlet valve & exhaust valve
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8. Connecting rod

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– It has small end and big end

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– Connects piton to crankshaft

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8. Gudgeon pin

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– Pivots piston to the small end
of connecting rod

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9. Crankshaft

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– In association with connecting rod, it converts reciprocating
motion of the piston into rotary motion
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10. Flywheel
– It is mounted on the crankshaft
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– Maintains almost constant

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crank-shaft speed
11. Valve actuation mechanism

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– Cam-shaft and cam

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– Valve rocker, valve spring, and

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push-rod

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– Timing gear (timing belt/ chain)

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12. Crankcase
– Houses crankshaft and acts as reservoir for the lubricating oil
 Standard Engine Terminology
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• Cylinder Bore
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– Internal diameter of cylinder ‘d’
• Dead centres
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– They are extreme piston positions

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– Top (or inner) dead centre ‘TDC’

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– Bottom (or outer) dead centre ‘BDC’
• Stroke

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– Distance ‘L’ travelled by the piston

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between TDC and BDC
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• Crank throw

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– Distance b/w crankshaft & crank-pin

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– Stroke ‘L’ is twice the crank-throw

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• Swept volume (Vs)

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– Volume swept by piston b/w the

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two dead centres
 2

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 Vs  d L

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4

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– Also known as piston displacement

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• Clearance volume (Vc)
Necessary evil !

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– Space b/w cylinder head and piston when
the piston is at TDC (or IDC)
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 2
 Vc  d x

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4

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– ‘x’ is distance b/w cylinder head & piston

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• Cylinder volume (Vtotal)

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– Sum of swept & clearance volume

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– V = Vs + Vc

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Vc  Vs
• Compression ratio ‘r’  r 

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Vc

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– Ratio of total cylinder volume to the
clearance volume
– Always much greater than unity (r >> 1)
 4-stroke Engine
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• For continuous power generation, a heat engine operates
on a suitable thermodynamic cycle perpetually
– (1) Otto cycle (2) Diesel cycle

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• Thermodynamic cycle for a four stroke engine comprises
of four strokes of piston

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– Each cycle constitutes two revolutions of the crank

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• Four stroke engines require atleast two mechanically operated

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valves for continuous power generation

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– Inlet and exhaust valves

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• Valve actuation mechanism precisely controls the opening and
closing of the valves at appropriate instant of time
 4 stoke Petrol engine
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• Four strokes of the Otto cycle !
– Suction stroke
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Also known
– Compression stroke

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as 4-stroke

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– Expansion stroke SI engine
– Exhaust stoke

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1. Suction stroke (or intake stroke)

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– Stoke starts with piston at TDC

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– Suction valve opens and exhaust valve remains closed

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– Fresh charge is sucked in due to downward movement
of the piston, and work is drawn from the crankshaft

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– Stroke culminates when piston reaches BDC
– Show isobaric process (say 0-1) on P-V diagram !
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2. Compression stroke

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– Starts with piston at BDC, and both valves are closed

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– Upward movement of the piston causes compression
which results in rise in temperature and pressure

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– Ideally, compression process should be adiabatic

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– Show the process (say 1-2) on P-V diagram !

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Vc  Vs

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– Work is drawn from the crankshaft  r

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Vc

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– Compression ratio ‘r’ of SI engines → 5 to 10

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– Compressed charge is ignited by an electric spark just
when the piston approaches TDC

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– Combustion of charge causes nearly instantaneous rise
in temperature and pressure

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– Show the process (say 2-3) on P-V diagram !
– It is referred as isochoric heat addition process
3. Expansion stroke
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– Both valves remain closed; and high pressure gas resulted

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due to combustion tends to expand, thereby pushes the
piston outwards

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– Work is supplied to the crankshaft, accordingly this

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process is also called power stroke (or working stroke)

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– Excess work gets stored in the flywheel

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– Apparently, pressure and temperature decrease until

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piston reaches BDC

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– Expansion stroke culminates when piston reaches BDC

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– Ideally, expansion process should be adiabatic

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– Show the process (say 3-4) on P-V diagram !
– Apparently, pressure at the end of expansion stroke is
higher than the suction pressure
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4. Exhaust stroke

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– Starts with piston at BDC
– Exhaust valve opens and suction valve remains closed

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– When exhaust valve opens, gas pressure drops almost

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instantly to a value equal to atmospheric pressure

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– It is referred as isochoric heat rejection process

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– Left-out burnt gas is pushed out through the exhaust

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valve due to upward movement of the piston

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– Both stroke as well as cycle culminate when the piston

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reaches TDC

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– Show the process (say 4-1-0) on P-V diagram !

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– Work is drawn from the crankshaft
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• Four stroke cycle for SI engine on P-V diagram !

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– Isobaric suction process (0-1) Otto

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– Adiabatic compression process (1-2) cycle

– Isochoric heat addition process (2-3)

– Adiabatic expansion process (3-4)

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– Isochoric heat rejection process (4-1)

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– Isobaric heat rejection process (1-0)

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• Show Otto cycle (1-2-3-4) on T-s diagram !

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• Otto cycle is also referred as constant volume heat engine cycle

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• Air standard efficiency of Otto cycle 1
   1

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 1
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• Apparently, efficiency is a direct function of compression ratio ‘r’
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• Animation of the four strokes of a four-stroke petrol engine

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Cam, cam-shaft, valves, valve spring

Timing gear

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and belt

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Flywheel
and r
crankshaft
Valve Timing diagram 4-stroke SI engine
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• Sequence of valve actuation & engine firing w.r.t. crank position

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 4 stoke Diesel engine
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• Four strokes of the diesel cycle !
– Suction stroke
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Also known
– Compression stroke

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as 4-stroke

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– Expansion stroke CI engine
– Exhaust stoke

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1. Suction stroke (or intake stroke)

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– Starts with piston at TDC

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– Suction valve opens and exhaust valve remains closed

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– Fresh air alone is sucked in due to downward movement
of the piston, and work is drawn from the crankshaft

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– Stroke culminates when piston reaches BDC
– Show the process (say 0-1) on P-V diagram !
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2. Compression stroke

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– Starts with piston at BDC, and both valves are closed

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– Upward movement of the piston causes compression
which results in rise in temperature and pressure

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– Ideally, the compression process should be adiabatic

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– Show the process (say 1-2) on P-V diagram !

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– Work is drawn from the crankshaft

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– Compression ratio ‘r’ of CI engines → 14 to 20

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– Once piston reaches TDC, fine spray of diesel is injected
into the cylinder over a small but finite time

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– Accordingly, pressure remains constant during the
course of combustion Point ‘3’ is cut-off point Cut  off ratio

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– Show the process (say 2-3) on P-V diagram !
– It is referred as isobaric heat addition process

3
2
3. Expansion stroke
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– Both valves remain closed; and high pressure gas resulted

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due to combustion tends to expand, thereby pushes the
piston outwards

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– Work is supplied to the crankshaft, accordingly this

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process is also called power stroke (or working stroke)

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– Excess work gets stored in the flywheel

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– Apparently, pressure and temperature decrease until

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piston reaches BDC

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– Expansion stroke culminates when piston reaches BDC

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– Ideally, the expansion process should be adiabatic

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– Show the process (say 3-4) on P-V diagram !
– Apparently, pressure at the end of expansion stroke is
higher than the suction pressure
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4. Exhaust stroke

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– Starts with piston at BDC

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– Exhaust valve opens and suction valve remains closed

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– When exhaust valve opens, gas pressure drops instantly

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to a value nearly equal to atmospheric pressure

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– Show the process (say 4-1) on P-V diagram !

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– It is referred as isochoric heat rejection process

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– Left-out burnt gas is pushed out through the exhaust
valve due to upward movement of the piston

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– Both stroke & cycle culminate when piston reaches TDC

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– Work is drawn from the crankshaft
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Diesel
• Four stroke cycle for CI engine on P-V diagram ! cycle

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– Isobaric suction process (0-1)

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– Adiabatic compression process (1-2)

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– Isobaric heat addition process (2-3)
– Adiabatic expansion process (3-4)

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– Isochoric heat rejection process (4-1)

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– Isobaric heat rejection process (1-0)

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• Air standard efficiency of diesel cycle

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1    1 
   1   1  

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r   (  1) 

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• At fixed ‘ρ’, efficiency is a direct function of compression ratio ‘r’
• At fixed ‘r’, diesel engine efficiency increases with decreasing ‘ρ’
• At fixed ‘r’, efficiency of diesel engine is lower than petrol engine
Valve Timing diagram 4-stroke CI engine
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Instantaneous
fuel injection

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 Petrol Engine vs Diesel Engine
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Petrol Engine
Cycle & fuel !

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Diesel Engine

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• Constant pressure heat addition

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• Constant volume heat addition

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• Mixture of fuel & air is inducted • Only air is inducted during

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during suction stroke suction, and fuel is injected at

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the end of compression stroke

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• Charge is ignited by a spark • Charge gets auto-ignited due to

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high temperature

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• Compression ratio, 5 < r < 10 • Compression ratio, 14 < r < 20

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• Easy starting, low cranking effort • Harder starting, high cranking
effort
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Petrol Engine
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Diesel Engine

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• Light weight construction • Heavier construction

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• High speed engine • Lower speed engine

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• Low initial cost • Higher initial cost

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• Lower thermal efficiency (<25 %) • High thermal efficiency (<40 %)

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• Application: Light duty vehicles • Application: Heavy duty vehicles

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