Section-

A
1.
Identifi cati
on means
assigning
an
organism
to a
particular t
axonomic g
roup.
12.
The brown
colour of th
ese algae
results due
to dominan
ce of
xanthophyll
pigment
fucoxanthin
,which
masks the
other
pigments.
13.
(i) Aleurone
layer and
(ii) Scutellu
m.
 ½+½4.
A cementin
g layer of
pectic mate
rials
holding
together
the
primary cell
walls of
adjacent ce
lls iscalled
middle
lamella.
15.
ETS is
operative in
the inner
mitochondri
al
membrane.
1
Section-
B
6.
The four cat
egories of
bacteria ba
sed on
their shape
s are :
(i) Spherical
coccus, (ii)
Rod-shaped
bacillus, (iii)
Comma-
shaped
vibrium and
spiral
spirillum.
½×4=2
Flagellum Spirill
a CocciSpore
Vibr io
7.
(a)In
ro o t s , t he
protoxylem
lies
towards
periphery
and metaxy
lem lies
toward s the
centre.
Sucha rr a n g
e m ent of
primary xyl
em is called
exarch
condition of
xylem. ( b ) I n
s t e m s , the
protoxylem
lies toward
s the
centre and
metaxylem
lies
towa rds the
periphery.S
u c h a rr a ng
ement of pr
imary xyle
m is called
endarch
condition of
xylem.
1+1=28.
( i ) Tr i g l y c e r
ides are
glycerides
in which
the
glycerol is
esterifi ed
with
three fatty
a cids.
(ii)They
a r e the
main
constituent
s
of vegetabl
e oil and
animal fats.
(iii)Gl ycerol
is a 3C-
alcohol with
3- OH
groups that
serve as
binding
sites.
2ORHaplon
tic life cycle
(a)The
haploid
phase is
dominant a
nd the
diploid
phase is
represente
d only by
the zygote
whichunder
goes meiosi
s.
(b)Em br yo
an d
s po ro ph yte
are
a bs ent. Exa
mple –
algae
(Spirogyra).
Diplontic
life cycle
(a)The
diploid
phase is
dominant
and few
celled
gametophyt
es are the
only
haploid
phase in
thelife
cycle.
(b)Zygote
develops
into
an embryo
and then
into a
sporophyte.
Examples –
Angiosperm
s and Gymn
ospe
½×4=2
r m s .
S A M P L E Q U E S T I O N PA P E R – A
AglaSem Schools

( i ) I t r e s u l t s f r o m h y p o s e c r e t i o n o f
i n s u l i n . ( i i ) I t s s y m p t o m s s h o w h i g h
b l o o d g l u c o s e l e v e l , b r e a k d o w n o f m u s c l e
t i s s u e , l o s s o f w e i g h t a n d
t i r e d n e s s . I t r e s u l t s f r o m h y p e r s e c r e t i o n
o f i n s u l i n . I t s s y m p t o m s s h o w l o w b l o o d
g l u c o s e l e v e l , h u n g e r , s w e a t i n g ,
i r r i t a b i l i t y a n d d o u b l e vision.
½×4=2
Section-C
11. P r i m a r y m e r i s t e m S e c o n d a
r y m e r i s t em
( i ) I t d e v e lops from promeristem.
( i i ) I t i s f o r m e d i n t h e b e g i n n i n g .
( i i i ) I t r e s u l t s i n p r i m a r y g r o w t h .
( i v ) I t f o r m s p r i m a r y t i s s u e s
e x c e p t i n t r a f a s c i - c u l a r c a m b i u m . I t
d e v e l o p s f r o m p e r m a n e n t t i s s u e
t h a t r e g a i n s t h e p o w e r
o f d i v i s i on.I t i s f o r m e d i n l a t e r
s t a g e . I t r e s u l t s i n s e c o n d a r y
g r o w t h . I t f o r m s s e c o n d a r y t i s s u e s .
1+1+1=312.
The peculiarc h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e
p h y l u m c h o r d a t a a r e :
( i ) T h e n o t o c h o r d i s s t i ff a n d
fl e x i b l e r o d o f t i s s u e s l y i n g v e n t r a l t o
n e r v e c o r d.( i i ) A l l t h e c h o r d a t e s a r e
t r i p l o b l a s t i c , c o e l o m a t e a n d b i l a t e r a l l y
s y m m e t r i c a l .( i i i ) T h e y p o s s e s s a p o s t
a n a l t a i l a n d c l o s e d b l o o d
v a s c u l a r s y s t e m . ( i v ) P r e s e n c e o f
a d o r s a l h o l l o w n e r v e c o r d a n d p a i r e d
p h a r y n g e a l g i l l s l i t s .
1+1+1=313.
( i ) E a c h m u s c l e i s m a d e o f m a n y
l o n g , c y l i n d r i c a l fi b r e s a r r a n g e d i n
p a r a l l e l a r r a y s . T h e s e fi b r e s a r e c o m p o s e d
o f n u m e r o u s fi n e fi b r i l s , c a l l e d
m y o fi b r i l s . ( i i ) M u s c l e fi b r e s c o n t r a c t
( s h o r t e n ) i n r e s p o n s e t o s t i m u l a t i o n , t h e n
r e l a x ( l e n g t h e n ) a n d r e t u r n t o t h e i r
u n c o n t r a c t e d s t a t e i n a c o o r d i n a t e d
f a s h i o n . T h e i r a c t i o n m o v e s t h e b o d y t o
a d j u s t t o t h e c h a n g e s i n t h e
e n v i r o n m e n t a n d t o m a i n t a i n t h e
p o s i t i o n s o f t h e v a r i o u s p a r t s o f
t h e b o d y. ( i i i ) I n g e n e r a l , m u s c l e s p l a y a n
a c t i v e r o l e i n a l l t h e m o v e m e n t s o f t h e
b o d y. M u s c l e s a r e o f t h r e e t y p e s ,
s k e l e t a l , s m o o t h , a n d c a r d i a c .
1+1+1=314.
T h e v a r i o u s f u n c t i o n s o f e p i t h e l i a l
t i s s u e s a r e :
(a)Protection
– T h e e p i t h e l i a l t i s s u e p r o t e c t s t h e
u n d e r l y i n g t i s s u e f r o m i n j u r y ,
c h e m i c a l s , b a c t e r i a e t c .
(b)Sensation
– T h e s p e c i a l i z e d e p i t h e l i a l t i s s u e
c o n s i s t i n g o f s e n s o r y n e r v e e n d i n g s a r e
f o u n d i n t h e s k i n , e y e s , n o s e , e a r s a n d
t h e t o n g u e .
(c)Secretion
– T h e e p i t h e l i a l t i s s u e s e c r e t e s d e fi n i t e
c h e m i c a l s u b s t a n c e s s u c h a s
e n z y m e s , h o r m o n e s a n d
l u b r i c a t i n g fl u i d s .
(d)Absorption
– T h e e p i t h e l i a l t i s s u e l i n i n g t h e s m a l l
i n t e s t i n e a b s o r b n u t r i e n t s f r o m
t h e digestion of food.
9 . W h i t e m a t
t e r G r e y m a t
t e r
( i ) I t c o n s i s t s o f l a r g e m y e l i n a t e d
fi b r e s , s o m e u n m y e l i n a t e d fi b r e s a n d
g l i a l c e l l s . ( i i ) I t f o r m s a l a y e r b e t w e e n
t w o a r e a s o f g r e y m a t t e r i n t h e
b r a i n a n d e n c l o s e s t h e c o l u m n o f
g r e y m a t t e r i n t h e s p i n a l c o r d . I t
c o n s i s t s o f n e r v e c e l l b o d i e s a n d
t h e i r nuclei.I t f o r m s t h e s u r f a c e l a y e r
o f t h e b r a i n , r e g i o n s d e e p i n t h e b r a i n
a n d t h e c e n t r a l c o l u m n o f t h e s p i n a l
c o r d .
½×4=21 0 . H y p e r g l y c e
m i a H y p o g l y c e m i
a

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(e) Excretion
– T h e e p i t h e l i a l t i s s u e i n k i d n e y
e x c r e t e s w a s t e p r o d u c t s f r o m t h e b o d y
a n d r e a b s o r b s n e e d e d m a t e r i a l s f r o m
t h e u r i n e .
(f) Diffusion
– S i m p l e e p i t h e l i u m h e l p s i n d i ff u s i n g
g a s e s , l i q u i d s , n u t r i e n t s e t c .
½×6=315.
I n p a c h y t e n e s t a g e o f p r o p h a s e I i n
M e i o s i s I , t h e b i v a l e n t c h r o m o s o m e s
c l e a r l y a p p e a r a s t e t r a d s . This stage
is characterized by the appearance of
recombination nodules, the sites at which
crossingo v e r o c c u r s b e t w e e n n o n -
s i s t e r c h r o m a t i d s o f t h e
h o m o l o g o u s c h r o m o s o m e s . C r o s s i n g o v e r i s
t h e e x c h a n g e o f g e n e t i c m a t e r i a l b e t w e e n
t w o h o m o l o g o u s c h r o m o s o m e s . Crossing
over is also an enzyme-mediated process and
the enzyme involved is called recombinase.
Significance :
C r o s s i n g o v e r l e a d s t o r e c o m b i n a t i o n o f
g e n e t i c m a t e r i a l o n t h e t w o
c h r o m o s o m e s . Re c o m b i n a t i o n b e t w e e n
h o m o l o g o u s c h r o m o s o m e s i s c o m p l e t e d b y
t h e e n d o f p a c h y t e n e , l e a v i n g t h e
c h r o m o s o m e s l i n k e d a t t h e s i t e s o f
c r o s s i n g o v e r.
1+1+116.
The chloroplasts of the green plants are
found in the mesophyll cells of the leaves.
These are lens-s h a p e d , o v a l , s p h e r i c a l ,
d i s c o i d o r e v e n r i b b o n - l i ke o r g a n e l l e s
h a v i n g v a r i a b l e l e n g t h ( 5 - 1 0
m m ) and width (2-4 mm). The chloroplasts are
double membrane bound. Of the two, the inner
chloroplastm e m b r a n e i s re la tiv e ly le s s
permeable. The space limited by the inner
m e m bra n e of the chloroplasti s c a l l e d t h e
s t r o m a . A n u m b e r o f o r g a n i z e d fl a t t e n e d
m e m b r a n o u s s a c s c a l l e d t h e t h y l a k o i d s
a r e p r e s e n t i n t h e s t r o m a ( F i g u r e ) .
T h y l a k o i d s a r e a r r a n g e d i n s t a c k s l i k e
t h e p i les of coins calledg r a n a ( s i n g u l a r :
g r a n u m ) o r t h e i n t e r - g r a n a l t h y l a k o i d s .
I n a d d i t i o n , t h e r e a r e fl a t
m e m b r a n o u s tubules called t h e s t r o m a
l a m e l l a e c o n n e c t i n g t h e t h y l a ko i d s o f t h e
d i ff e r e n t g r a n a . T h e m e m b r a n e o f t h e
t h y l a k o ids encloses a space called a lumen.
The stroma of the chloroplast c o n t a i n s
e n z y m e s r e q u i r e d f o r t h e
s y n t h e s i s o f c a r b o h y d r a t e s a n d
p r o t e i n s . I t a l s o c o n t a i n s s m a l l ,
d o u b l e - s t r a n d e d c i r c u l a r D N A m o l e c u l e s
a n d r i b o s o m e s . C h l o r o p h y l l p i g m e n t s a r e
p r e s e n t i n t h e t h y l a k o i d s . T h e ribosomes
oft h e c h l o r o p l a s t s a r e s m a l l e r ( 7 0 S ) t h a n
t h e c y t o p l a s m i c r i b o s o m e s (80S).
3
O u t e r m e m b r a n e I n n e r
m e m b r a n e S t r o m a l L a m e l l a G r a n a S t r o m a Rib
osomesS t a r c h g r a n u l e Lipid droplet
OR

O v a r y OviductCommon Oviducto r
v a g i n a C o l l a t e r i a l g l a n d s G e n i t a l
c h a m b e r Ve s t i b u l u m G e n i t a l pouchS u p e r m a t h e
c a G o n a p o p h y s i s (b)
3
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