Turkish speakers

  #!


Distribution

OP I BP: 

 $*   # K $ * * +
#/
   
$ *$ "3$$*&$ /# 
#

Introduction
# " $ * *

"   /  +! 

/ 
 #/
 B#   &   # 
* 
#!* /# # + !$ /#"# 
$  #  # 3
   *
  # !" 
# 
#+ + ! $$
++ +! &# 4 
   &" #*#  #
 #
 &/
# $ +! &#
/$$
+! 4"# " -A'@ 
# #
&
/  !0 
 + # ! 
" 

# 
+  
" & 7 ! $ + # **$ 
  + $ * * /# !
*
  "  
! $

 4 
 " kuÈcËuÈmsenmemeliydiler )G   

   



1 "  &  $

+$$/
8
kuÈcËuÈk G 

)0 $  
 
#1
mse- G  
  
n- G

<E7
me- G * 
meli- G 

ydi- G

ler G  

#
# 
/# O    
 /  &
  /
" $
8 ) 1 !0
 
&+ !0  F" &+
 & &+ &%  )&1 # 0 &
 
 #  + #

"  
 7 ! $ +!  $ 
"" ! * K8
Yeraltl suyundan duÈsËuÈk dereceli lsl
B

  

 
 
cËlkartan lsl pompalarlndan banliyoÈlerdeki
      

'->

Learner English. Michael Swan, Bernard Smith. Cambridge University Press 2001
    

bahcËelerde kaÃrll bir bicËimde yararlanllabilir.


 
       $
 ! +$8
1    # 

   

 
 
  
    
$
  $ 
"# #/ /   
/$ + ##!
! #

 * 
"
 E/% # "
  


+07

/  !   "$  /# 

/#   /#! * $

+ /
 
#
 
#+ 0 *$
# /  $

$ # 
*$ "  #

* !*#
**
 &  
#$

! F

!&$* &$"  $* "! $7

"


Phonology

Vowels

- <i:<
   
+ " $ #  ##* <I@<  
"$

$$ &$
<I< 9 #  $    
8 <kI@< +  % 
+   # 
# / giy " 
* 7!  
*$
# <i:<
' <e<
 

+ +     &+   "#* <{<8 
+  
= <{<
   $ *

#3
 * $ 
 $*
 

&/ # <e<  <{< # +

&
 <e<8   + 
> <O:< 
+ "
<oU< $ *  "+
 &/ 

"#

 
 
#
 
"  " <O:<
""

3
+$$ + # $*# 
# <o<
. <u:< 
 &"! <U@< /# 0 $  <U<  "$

$$ &$
8 <dU@<
+
% 

 + &# 
  

 
#
 

&$  " #

""

+$$ + <j<

  
, <@< 0
 
# ; $  
# l /#"# 
#/ #*#
 
  # E" +
$$* 
#
 
+
* 


 /$
#


  $8 <InkonwInient< +

   % <eddISonal< + 



? 2# #  ##*
<eI< <aI<  <OI< ""  0 $ 
 <I<
!  & "  " /# +" ) # $
! 
  ich  #
  #  + 4"# oui  #   8
<boIC< + % <deIC< +
1
@ <e@<
  
 $$ &"!
<eI<
A <@U< 
+ # 
<oU< /# +$$ & " 0
 $! #


* $$ ! ""  &$  *$

#
 
#  # 5 
#6
+ 
 <@U<  <bU<  /#"#
! 
#
 
!

'-.

Learner English. Michael Swan, Bernard Smith. Cambridge University Press 2001
    

-( /   "

  <I<  <@< !  &"! " 

  $*#8 <stI@< + %  +  <beIsk< +
 

Consonants

- <T<  <D<   ""  

#  # * *   $ +
+0"$  
+  $ " #! & 3
  <t<  <d<

 #  + 7 ! $  &"!
<thru@< 
  + <Tru:<
' 
# <b< <d<  <dZ< $
 " /# 0 $  <g< 
 ""
0 $$8   + 
%   + 
 
= 
# <v< 
!"# ! $*#$ "$  #  # *$
#
; $  /# & " /$

"$
  *$
# <w< # 
#
$ # & 
6 "  # $   $  /
" * 
 / /#  #+

0 # /


"+
*8   +  %  + 
> <ê< $ ""
&+ <g<  <k<  
#8  + 
.    
# #
#  
+ <r<  + #!  $

   
# <r< < 
" /#  
/
, 
# #
&# 5"$ 6 <l< )

1  5 6 <l< )
 

1
/ # 
& 
 #
!
 *$
# 
!
 
"  & 7 " &+ /$
)5 6 <l< 
  + 5"$ 6 <l<

! "

1  &+ "
 
)5"$ 6 <l< 
  + 5 6 <l<

! "

1
? 2# <p< <b< <m< <f<  <v<  +$$/ & <{<  <A< *$ )$
<w<1 

8 <bwAI< + % <fwAn< + 
@ 4 $ <m< <n<  <l<   & " 
#  "
#
! 
#! +0"$  "  !  $   $$*&$
&$!


Consonant clusters

# 
# "
 

! 
 $$/  $ "$

  
/
  "$

+ ! #  # "
 
  
 

 $ $#*#
! $  /
#    $ 
* /$ )*
istasyon G 1 # " /#
 * *$
# 
 
 #
/$ + # 0
 "
 8  + % 
  + I 

Rhythm, stress and intonation

# ##!"  + *$

# /# 

"#3



$$ &$

 # 



$$ &$
/# # " /$
 
$ 

'-,

Learner English. Michael Swan, Bernard Smith. Cambridge University Press 2001
    

 +0"$ + 

#
 
 "
$    


     /# $ 
    +$$


 
!"#  ""
2


7

 
# 
 /



  # 0 $

$$ &$ & !  &3+!

9 "$ $ *  
9 #  
 $


 &
    !
$
    & 0 $$



 
$ ' , '  , '  ;
" &$ &$
!
!  &$ + *$
#  
# *  /#"# / 

"  # ! 



" & ;
 /
)
"#
kim
G  ne G  nicËin G 1  
 $$


  
# /#

#  $


  *$
# +
" $ ! #

 /#
 *
$ 
#
 
#+  
 'Where   ( +
'    'going?
 "$  
 




7 


+ $$  "#  #




$$ &$ *# /#
$*# $*#*   "
 
$

9 !"#
 *$
#   *$
# "#  "
"  +
 
# 
# 
* "#     +#*#  #/


"  !  $   # ! 




8
    
    
$
. O %       
 $
+0 1 

         $
$
 + !$  
# + $$9
 /# 
" 
+ / *
"! $

  $ "*" + +! 8

@ 

   (
'

" % 

  
 $



  $ 
     $
 
#
 
9 "$ $ ! 9 0 #
 !& 

3
* 4 $$*9
* 
 ""  
# & ! $  *

#  
*
+ "$ 

 # 0 $ "$ 
  * + $$ #
 

+ "    *$

#  # $ " + "F"
 8
%Z    " %Z   
  " %Z 

  "
%Z     $

Punctuation

# ! 

 + !
 + # "  ! 
 $ &$   3

"  $ * *
 &  
/ / 8
-  "!! 

 $$ / + #  " +
" /#"# +
# 
 & #
&F"8
C&  "     
' &  "$ 

  
 $$ !  ++ /# "!!
8
'       
      
  

'-?

Learner English. Michael Swan, Bernard Smith. Cambridge University Press 2001
    

"
 * /# # ; $ + 1 
 %   %
 
!$  7 



 "!!   # "$ ki )G
1 /#"# *

 8
C1 

"      
=  "!! +
  
/ "3  "$ 

8
+   
 "   
> "
 * /# CËuÈnkuÈ )G    7 $ * /#  #
*
&+1 ! $$
  + +$$
 
+  
$   
  

I#/
 # 
 + # +$$
   * #* "

!"#
 *$
#
. B$
 

 *$
# &  
 $$ +$$/ & "  $
$
 !3"$
 $$ 

, D
"# 
+ &/ *$
#3
$  "!!

&/ X  Y  !  I+ ;
*$ / 
#
 
"$
  #

) 1% #" !  $ !  &
+ &/ X  Y  ! #

9 /# *$
# !*# 3
$  
 &$   9 

#/ & "  $ $
  
"!!


Grammar

Word order


# 
5
&F"9&F"9&6 $ * * /# ; $0 "

; $0  " "

"!! 
&  "
!  &
 
+! #
 $  "!! 
"#  $$ /* $$
F" $
 #/ $* " #
&
  # ; $ +
*$
#  

+$$/ #   # ; $ +
& 3
* "F"
+$$/ # "$ 

  $ &
+$$/ $7" $ &


;"$ $  # + ! $
+ *$
# / 

$

! $
"
 & "  #  +0"$  !
"! $7
"
 # 
 +  &F"
/# #
$ &


&$!8
C%   
  

"  % 
 $
"
/# 5  
3
 *6 $
 " 
 &$8 $ 
# 
&$ 
 *  "*
"
$8
1   


  (
  
%  

'-@

Learner English. Michael Swan, Bernard Smith. Cambridge University Press 2001
    

Verbs: general

# 
# &
#/

 !& 

" " !
! $  $  

/$$ #+ &   + #

"" 
 & 7 

 #*# "# *

 & +!
 #*# #
*$
# +!
#!
$
" 
 *  +0"$ # &F" 

7 

 /# # &%  

*

To be

# 
   &    
# #
! $ " $ 


 $$ *
7 


C& 
 $
# 
# ; $ +    "  & 
 )$ # *$
#

"1 /# 0

&F"
8
C     
     )+ 
   
 1
C-  
 %

  
 "     
)+ -  
 % 
  "        1

To have

    
 


 
 #  " 
# ; $

)4 
 " # 
# + %     
$ 
$ $$
@
   1  #
& 

&*
/#
!

$ *
&$!


Questions and negatives

- , * 

 * 
 "
"  
# &

* "$  "$
 # &  
0 &# 

 # 
 +
 +0"$8
C-  
(
C%       

# 
# ; $ + *$
# ;
  *


! $   &$
7 

8
C-    


"  (

Time, tense and aspect

++"
 # " * + 
#  *$
# & +!

$ 
# +$$/* +0"$
8

'-A

Learner English. Michael Swan, Bernard Smith. Cambridge University Press 2001
    

- 
!  
 # 
 *

    $ /#

 
&

"#
  + # & $ "
8
C%    $ %     

'  
 
 

  
# 
 #/ $* #*
#  &
**   
# 
 # 
   ; $
+ 
 8
C%
 ?
    
= 
#  " &$ +0"$ /# # !$ $" +
"

#  7
  *$
# + +*  # + 4 
 " #

! $ 
 !  & 
 
  + # 

+ 
" $$ 
;

 ++
 !

  /# +*  "

 &$ "!
8
'

   ( - " %
$
C
  O   0
C) BG
>  

 
> #
 *

  # 
 "
" !  & "+
8
C%          %   
.  
  
 #
 +"
&
*  + #

! $
  "

/#
  


&*
  
+! # 
 & $* ! $
 $   * 
8
C  

  
 K44   $
C% 
   
 "  % 

     





Modal verbs


# #
"! #

 + ! $ &
/#"# 7 

!$ 
! *
 # *$
# ! $
 "$*
   +!
"
*

"

"#
%  
  , % 

    ' 


  , ' 


  
 #+ & $ + !$ 
/# # ! *
7 

 & # *$

# ! $
)#*# # ++3
"
&/ 

        " 
 +0"$1
#
# !"# "
+ # *$
# +!
 #/ /# # " "3

  $
 /$
 " 
 *   $ + &$

Conditionals

$$ # & 

 + " $
 /# #  "! $"  # 

# 

#   $ +!  + 
  $
+ #  $$
 +$0$$ &$8
C% % 
  ?
 % 

 
  )+ % %  
?
 % 

  1

''(

Learner English. Michael Swan, Bernard Smith. Cambridge University Press 2001
    

The passive voice



  ""  $ +0"$
 &
" $$ # *$
#




#
 

"$!
  #  $ $ + 

*

 7$ 

 +!  ! $ 

" + +0"$
$ *

 "+

"#
"

    
        
C&   

  5=34$
B! $7 +!
$ # 
 *

  
 +"


" 
 "$  +0"$8
C/ 
    
$
C& 
     

# 
+ !
"0" #  *$
#


  "8
C        
$
C%     
I$ * # "9

  
 
#  +  
 *$
#
#
!& + &
/#"# "  & 
 &#  
$ )/# #
*

&F"1   
$ )/# # 

&F"1
 %
  
 ,  
  % +   
,  

% % 

    ,   

   "


$ #
 
# 


   &
%

!  #+ 0 
"+
*  
 #
! &  &# "

  "!! !
 8
C'  

 
  
(

Participles and subordinate clauses

*$
# " $  "$ 

"
 * 
  ++$
+! # 
# ; $
  


$ * &$!
 "# + # +$$/* 7 


"


*$ "! $7
"  $ & +!  
#8
 
$ $ $
  ,
     ,

  ,  

   ,  
   
   
 
  
   

 
     ,
" # 
# +!
 
#/ 


!  #  +0"$
** 
 *#  *$
#
&  "$ 

)*  "
"#
"
"
1

''-

Learner English. Michael Swan, Bernard Smith. Cambridge University Press 2001
    

C% 

  % 
 
% 
  %  




Relative clauses

# !
 "!! 
# ; $ +  *$
# $  "$ 
 

" $ "
" $ " &+ #  # 
 $ 
  $ 
* "F"
CËalõsËtõgÏõmõz guÈnler . . . 
      $ $ $
CËalõsËtõgÏõmõz mesele . . .  
     $ $ $
CËalõsËtõgÏõmõz yer . . .  
    $ $ $
*$
# $ 
"
 #+ +0"$ + 
# $ 

# !   
* #! $*#  !   

+
!
 8
C     
  %  
   (
C%       


 9

Nominalised clauses

*$
# #
  + / 
+ ! $
* "$ 



 
 #!


&F"
 &F"
 "! $!
 
#

0 # 
 +

"

"#
# +$$/* +0"$   " &$% #  

 # 


" 
"# "

8
% 

  to go$
%  
she went$
Her going   
$
%   
 she went$
The fact that she went   
$
%   
 for her to go$
% 
 her going$

Nouns


# 
 *$

 & #
#/ !& 

 
"
 # $ $ 
$


 #   *$
# 9 "$ $ /# 

0  *"  + !&3/
 
 

$*
+! #
  $* !   " 8
C%  "    $
C%  
   
 $
C'     
$
C   

'''

Learner English. Michael Swan, Bernard Smith. Cambridge University Press 2001
    

4!  + 

+! # 
+
"# 
#*#$ *$  

# 

#  " &$ &$ /# *$
# /
+! 

Pronouns

:
 $ 
 !"# $


 #   *$
#8 #
&F"
 
7 

 $ + ! #

 "
   " #

&F"
 " /#"#  

! $$ 
*
#  *$
# &
"# *



   I&F" 

 
  $


:


 $
 ! $$ "


" # 5 

6 +! +
#  ! 
# $ 
# "$ 8
C'     

 "   $
C  
  "     %  $
C2   
 $

# #
$  #3 
 
      
"!!$ "+

      # 


   8
C& 
    


  $

Articles


# #
 0 "$ /#"# 

/"# &/ F"
  
 !     $ * *
  
 
 + +



  *  7

 $
8
C%  
$
C    $
# "#" &/ ,   
+0"$ + 
#
 


" # $ &/ " &$  " &$ 

$

#  $  /
#   *$
# 
  
  8
C% 
 
 "  

 

  
 $

# #
 0 "$ & " &F"
 ++  +!
""*  /##   #  0  ! * #

" *
$ 
   /# $$ 0 " &F"
 $ * 
!
 

"#
8
C* 


    $
C%
  @
 $

Adjectives

B!  
  $/ 
!   
#8
C+  

 $

''=

Learner English. Michael Swan, Bernard Smith. Cambridge University Press 2001
    

Quantifiers

# 5* < 

6 
"    ,    

, 



&
  
# /#
# " &$<" &$ 
" 
 ,



C%     
# ++"
&/     
%
  
  %
  
  
  +0"$ + 
#3
 *



+ # $ 

     "!!$ "+
8
C   "     
$

Adverbs

&
#  !+ &
 
 $$ " $  +!  F"


#8
C1   

  
$
1     "  & 
 
#8
C1    
 $
C 
   (

0
 &$!  8 cËok sogÏuk  

 ""* 
"7   

 

   

 " 
*

 "+
 #
*$
# +!


Conjunctions

!* # "F"

#  " 

" $ +0"$ + 
#

 
           $ $ $  I+ #
!

# / "

&#  "F"    
 
*$
# $ *  "+
 &/ + 
 " 
 

 %    
 %      
 %    #

 
  $ $ $  
 
I# *
+ /
/#"# !  # 
*$ 
# ; $

)" 
* "+
  "  "7
 *$
#1 8 
   %

 
     %     
 
B3  "$ 

 + F7 
 /# "F" 

 
# $ * $ 
  
   8
C D
 '

"   
 $
C D
 % " %    $

''>

Learner English. Michael Swan, Bernard Smith. Cambridge University Press 2001
    

Prepositions

: 

#  " 
 "+
 "$ ,,% ,% ,%
,% 
,    ,     ,   , %  ,   ,  
C +
 
 ?
    

 
C%      
&
$
C% 
   



$


!!
$   #  
 $*#   
#/
 * !  $$
C1     

   $
C+   /  
$

Vocabulary

# $ $7" $ "!! * &/ *$

#  
# 

& + &/*
+! 4"#
"#
en¯asyon )G I1 kalite
)G ;
1 ! + #
 /
 + $
 +
9 + 
 " sempatik
)G "1 kontrol )G  1  $ &$ " 
 * +! &! &$
  * 
# $ "
; $
+ !  *$
# &
 "

  *
+ 3;3
!
*$
# /

"#

     

  + #   
# "  !

" $$ "!! "+

8

,
,,


,


, # 
, 


,


, 
,
 ,
 

, 

 
,
, 

 
, 


, 
,
 

,   
, , C #D
 
#  

&$  #* #
%   "

% 
 )+ $1   7 !%  
/$   "!  %
  "  /  %    )
!
1  ! #    % 
   $$

 F"    

''.

Learner English. Michael Swan, Bernard Smith. Cambridge University Press 2001
    

The language classroom

"  


#    $$ & + $ #  
   !   "#* !
 /#  # 7&  #
 "#
  7 "  & *#  $ 
7 "  "#*  &

"   # #  
"  # 
+ *  $ + 
$ *
!!
/# 
+0"   ! *  $$
! #

!  &    $ " 
# $ 
 * $ 
&  ! 
!



 #*# #   # 
*
/ 

+ $ * *   
 $$
#   + 
"+$ 
7 

* $  /# $$ $ * * B!!"   "#

 $ * *  "#* !  "!

 
 &  
 $$ 
 #

" $$ /# #  
 &"!
 
#


  " #  
 $   "# $$ !  "
 "! !
 I""
 $$ # !  ""

"
+ # #!3
$   
$"
 & #  "#
#$  F  # ""
! +
# 
#  !
  $    #*#$

  #
/$6
  + #! # / ! !! $   /#
#/

 
  #    
$ * *

 # *  ++"
&/ # / $ * *
 !



$  
  *$
#   
 
 *$
# !  &$
/$$  * !  $ /# !"# &
 " " &$  

+03
"$ 2 "! 
 
+  
" #  !
 

"! $7 "
"
#  "  & +$

  
"# 
&" 
 "! 
 !   #  & 5
6  #!

'',

Learner English. Michael Swan, Bernard Smith. Cambridge University Press 2001