PLUMBING

- art and technique of installing pipes, fixtures, and other apparatuses

SCOURGING
- cleaning of the water closet via additional water volume and pressure

APPURTENANCE
- not classified as a fixture, fitting, or pipe

NATURE OF WATER
Inflow – adding water to the hydrological system
Outflow – removing water from the hydrological system

COMPONENTS OF FLOW
Supply Distribution Use

Source Collection

Treatment Disposal
AIR GAP
- distance between the mouth of the faucet and the rim of the sink or lavatory
- air gap for lavatory: 25mm. minimum

WATER SOURCES
Rainwater: collected from roofs of buildings
Natural Surface Water: from ponds, lakes, and rivers
Groundwater: from underground via mechanical and manual equipment

WATER QUALITIES AND CORRECTION

1. Acidity: entrance of oxygen and CO2; corrodes ferrous pipes and clogs steel pipes
- correction: raised alkaline content
2. Hardness: presence of magnesium and calcium salts; clogs pipes and impairs laundry
and cooking
- correction: boiling
3. Turbidity: silt or mud on surface; causes discoloration and bad taste
- correction: filtration
4. Color: presence of iron or manganese; causes discoloration of fixtures and laundry
- correction: oxidizing filter
5. Pollution: contamination by organic matter; causes disease
- correction: chlorination
TYPES OF WATER
Pure Water: colorless, odorless water
Natural Water
Purified Water: treated physically and chemically
Contaminated Water: with organic biological substances
Polluted Water: undesirable due to dirt, color, odor and taste
Black Water: from water closet, with fecal matter
Gray Water: from laundry and floor drains

TREATMENT AND PURIFICATION METHODS

Aeration: water through atmosphere through jets to remove noxious gases
Coagulation and Precipitation: addition of coagulants to form gelatinous mass
 Flocculation: slower combination of particles
 Coagulation: rapid mixing of dirty water
Filtration: water passes through layers of sand and gravel
Sedimentation: water passes through basins of sediment
Chlorination: injection with chlorine gas
Activated Carbon Filters: coal
Reverse Osmosis: uses pressure to clean the water; may be used for product water and
wastewater
Fluoridation: introduction of fluoride into the water
Distillation: purification through evaporation and condensation
TYPES OF WELLS
Dug Wells
Bored Wells: similar to dug well, constructed with an auger
Jetted Wells: use of extreme water pressure, also called sand-point well
Driven Wells: dug with sharp pointed hollow drill

Wells should be more than 50 ft. away from pollution sources

TOTAL DYNAMIC HEAD (TDH): static head + pipe friction + velocity head at point of
discharge
- Static Head: total discharge in elevation of water from suction level to
discharge level
- Pipe Friction: friction in suction and discharge lines
- Velocity Head: kinetic energy change from source
TYPES OF PUMPS
Rotodynamic Pump: rotating, centrifugal, and peripheral (to propel water)
Positive Displacement Pump: reciprocating (piston and plunger) and rotary
Special Pump: jet, gas lift, hydraulic ram, electromagnetic
Piston Pump: water is sucked into a sealed vacuum via piston
- Single Action Piston Pump: one motion via suction stroke and delivery
stroke
- Double Action Piston Pump: water is drawn in with either stroke
- Duplex or Twin Piston Pump
- Reciprocating Pump: piston pumps that operate at controlled speed
- Rotary Pump: piston pumps using pump driver
Centrifugal Pump
- Jet Pump: centrifugal pump used for draining water up from a well
o Deep Well Jet Pump: for high volume application
o Shallow Well Jet Pump: for residential wells
o Convertible Jet Pump: for deep wells and shallow wells
Turbine Pump
Jack Pump
Submersible Pump: fully submersible
Sump Pump: excess water must be pumped away from a particular area
TYPES OF TANKS
Overhead Tank: relies on gravity to supply water to fixtures below (gravity
supply pump)
Cistern: reinforced concrete, underground connected to pump
Pressure Tank
Hot Water Tank
- Range Boiler: small, 30 – 60cm. Ø, 180cm. maximum length, made of
G.I., copper, or stainless steel
- Storage Tank: large, 60 – 130cm. Ø, 5m. maximum length, made of
heavy duty material with rustproof point
Pneumatic Tank: centralized or per bathroom group, makes use of a pressure
relief valve which relieves pressure automatically if necessary; helps water get
to upper floors if pressure is low
VALVES
- controls water system by isolating a certain section of the distribution network

TYPES OF VALVES
Gate Valve (full-way valve): completely closes or opens a line, best suited for main supply
and pump lines
- Wedge Shaped / Tapered Disc
- Double Disk Valve
Globe Valve: controls flow of water via movable spindle, can reduce water pressure
- Plug Type: for throttling
- Conventional Type: for shuttling (ball type)
- Composition Type: for steam and hot water
Check Valve: to prevent backflow and contamination
- Swing Type - Vertical Type
- Lift Type - Horizontal Type
Angle Valve: operates like a globe valve; reduces number of joints
Butterfly Valve: typically used to regulate fluid
Foot Valve (retention valve)
Safety Valve: for pipe lines with excessive pressure
Ball Valve
- Full Port: ball size = port size
- Restrictive: ball size is less than port size
FAUCETS AND BIBBS
Compression Cock: compression of soft packing
Key Cock: round tapered plug
Ball Faucet: ball connected to handle
Disk Faucet
DEFECTS IN THE WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
Water Hammer: knocking in pipes when faucets at lower level are shut off abruptly
Expansion / Contraction: pipes expand and contract due to temperature shift
Friction Head Loss: liquid flowing through pipe makes contact with pipe
enclosures, reducing speed of water flow
- commonly occurs in long pipes, small Ø pipes, and lines with high number
of valves and fittings

COLD WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS

1. Direct Feed System (Upfeed): water supply is affected during peak load hours,
eliminates extra cost
2. Air Pressure System (Pneumatic): used for inefficient pressure, uses compressed
air to push the water, supply is affected by pressure loss
Pressure Tank Types:
- Conventional Steel Pressure Tank
- Bladder/Membrane Tank
3. Downfeed (Overheadfeed) or Gravity System: water is pumped into the tank
and distributed to fixtures by means of gravity, water is subject to
contamination, high maintenance cost
HOT WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
1. Upfeed & Gravity Return System: hot water rises on its own, continuing network
of pipes provide constant circulation
2. Downfeed & Gravity Return System: hot water rises to highest point fixtures via
gravity, distribution depends on hot water expansion and gravity
3. Pump Circuit System: pumps are used for efficient circulation

MAXIMUM AND PROBABLE DEMAND

Maximum Demand: maximum water discharge for plumbing fixtures in terms
of units
MD = total fixture units
1 unit = approx. 7.5 gallons
Probable Demand: probable amount of water discharge in a given time
Lesser fixtures = greater probability of simultaneous use
STANDPIPE TYPES
1. Dry Standpipe: water conveyor from fire hose located at stairway landings
(maximum height at 1.22m); Siamese connection
2. Wet Standpipe: piping connected to main water line then to all levels, cross
connection between the fire line and water line should have 2 check valves
and 1 gate valve; Siamese connection

SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
1. Automatic Wet: lines constantly filled with water
2. Automatic Dry: equipped with activating sensor which triggers operation

SPRINKLER HEAD TYPES

1. Upright 2. Pendent

SPRINKLER SYSTEM LAYOUTS

1. Tree 2. Loop 3. Grid
PLUMBING FIXTURES
- Receptacles to provide, receive, and discharge water, liquid, and water carried wastes

SOIL FIXTURES
1. Water Closets
a. Classifications
i. Flush Tank
1. Integral Flush Tank
2. Closed Couple Flush Tank
3. Low Flush Flush Tank
4. High Flush Flush Tank
ii. Direct Flush Valve
b. Types by Mount
i. Floor Mounted
ii. Wall Hung
c. Types by Flush Action
i. Wash Down: bulge at front, smaller standing water amount
ii. Reverse Trap: siphon flushing
iii. Siphon Jet: larger trapway
iv. Siphon Vortex: whirlpool
v. Direct Flush Valve
vi. Squat Type
vii. Washout
2. Urinals
a. Types
i. Wall Hung
ii. Stall
iii. Pedestal
iv. Through
3. Kitchen Sinks
4. Bar Sinks
5. Laundry Tubs
6. Slop Sinks
7. Lavatories
a. Types
i. Pedestal
ii. Wall Hung
iii. Through
iv. Counter
b. Mounting
i. Flush
ii. Self-rimming
iii. Under counter
8. Bathtubs / Whirlpool Baths (Jacuzzi)
9. Bidets
BATHING FIXTURES
1. Floor Drains (total area of holes = total area of tailpiece)
2. Shower Baths / Compartments

SANITARY DRAINAGE SYSTEMS

General Rules
Waste Pipe: wastewater or liquid waste ONLY
Vent Pipe: for circulation
House / Building Drain: lowest horizontal piping
House / Building Sewer: house drain to a point 0.60 m. outside face of
foundation wall; less than 150mmØ only
Trap
Stack
Branch
TRAPS AND INTERCEPTORS
- P-Trap: used in lavatories, kitchen sinks, laundry tubs, urinals; prevents pre-entry
of noxious gases
- Deep Seal P-Trap: 2x water size of P-trap, used for extreme conditions
- Stand Trap: used for slop sinks
- Running Trap: within line of house drain
- Drumtrap: fixture with large amount of wastewater discharge (e.g., bathtub)
- S-Trap: used before connection to ventilation

TRAP REQUIREMENTS
- Each shall be separately provided with waterseal trap (except those with
integral trap)
- Only one trap shall be permitted on a trap arm
- One trap may serve 3 single compartments where waste outlets are less than
0.75m. apart

CLEAN OUT REQUIREMENTS

- at upper terminal of horizontal sewer / waste line
- at every 15 m. of total developed length
- additional at horizontal line with aggregate offset angle more than 135 o
- near connection between building line and sewer
VENTILATION
- Vent Pipe: opening for air circulation in a plumbing system
o Main soil and waste vent: connected to main soil and waste stack,
and continues to SVTR where waste does not travel through
- Main Vent (Vent Stack): collecting vent line; principal artery where vent
branches are connected, relief point
- Individual Vent / Back Vent (Re Vent): pipe to vent a fixture trap; connects to
VS or directly to open air
o Ø of an individual vent shall not be less than 32 mm. (1 ¼”) nor less in
size than ½ of the Ø of the drain it is connected to
- Unit, Common, or Dual Vent: one VS serves 2 traps
- Yoke / By-Pass Vent: upward pipe from soil or waste stack below the floor to
adjacent VS above floor
- Relief Vent
- Loop Vent: stack vent
- Wet Vent: vent pipe portion where wastewater flows through
- AAV (Air Admittance Valve): cannot be substituted for relief vent
- Local Vent: shaft that conveys foul air from fixture to outer air
- Sovent
- Utility Vent
HOUSE DRAIN APPLIANCES
- Grease Trap: for fixtures where grease may be introduced
o Earth Cooled Grease Trap, Mechanical Grease Trap
- House Trap: placed in the house drain immediately inside building foundation
- Drain Tiles: prevents groundwater from seeping into the basement
- Garage Trap (Garage Catchbasin): water-filled tank under garage to collect waste
- Backflow Valve: used in house drains to prevent backflow
- Sewage Ejector: sump pump for sewage disposal at basement

SEPTIC TANK: watertight covered receptacle designed to receive sewage discharge

- Sludge: solid organic matter
- Scum: lighter organic material/matter
- Effluent: liquid content of sewage

SEWERS
- Combination Public Sewers: storm + sanitary
- Storm Sewers
- Sanitary Sewers: regular sanitary waste only, terminates in a disposal plant for treatment
o Intercepting Sewers (collecting sewers): termination point of tributary sewers,
with 1:50 slope (2%)
o Tributary Sewers: termination of individual units

CESS POOL: non-watertight lined excavation which receives sanitary system discharge
SEEPAGE UNITS: circular pit, termination of septic tank
PRIVY: oldest form of organic waste disposal

WASTE PIPE TYPES

- Indirect Waste Pipe: pipe that does not connect directly to the drainage system
- Direct Waste Pipe: pipe that connects directly to the drainage system

WASTE PIPE PROBLEMS

- Trap Seal Loss: inadequate ventilation of traps
- Siphonage
- Back Pressure
- Capillary Action
- Evaporation: extreme temperature, idleness
- Wind effects: strong winds blow the trap seal
- Retardation of flow: atmospheric pressure or gravity
- Deterioration of materials: formation of acids
PIPES AND FITTINGS
- Cast Iron Pipe: most common for structures less than 25 storeys
o SV Type (general), XV Type (heavy duty and underground)
o Standard pipe, single hub pipe, double hub pipe, hubless pipe
- Acid Resistant Cast Iron: cast iron + silicon, for chemistry labs
- Asbestos: asbestos fibers + Portland cement, joined by tar soak or cement
mortar
- Lead: oldest pipe, highly acid-resistant, poisonous
- G.I.: 15 to 20 year life, subject to mineral deposits leading to friction head loss
- Galvanized Wrought Iron Pipe: acid waste resistant
- Copper Pipe: durable, corrosion-resistant, installed by solder or flaring
o K Type: heaviest, underground; green
o L Type: lighter, residential water supply line; blue
o M type: lightest, small water supply line; red
- Brass Pipe: most expensive, 15% zinc + 85% copper, acid resistant
- Plastic / Synthetic Pipe: rust and corrosion resistant
o Rigid:
 PVC
 CPVC: Chlorinated PVC
 UPVC: Unplasticized PVC
 PP: Polypropylene
  ABS: Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene
 SR: Styrene Rubber Plastic
o Flexible (tubing):
 PE: Polyethylene  coil form, for gas
 PB: Polybutadiene  coil form, for chemicals and water
supply
- Bituminous Fiber Sewer Pipe: cheapest pipe, for house sewers
- Vitrified Clay Pipe: oldest material, public sewers
- Galvanized Steel: from mild steel
FIXTURE UNIT VALUES

WASHBASIN
LAVATORY/

BATHROOM
SLOP SINK
LAUNDRY

SHOWER
BATHTUB

KITCHEN

CLOSET
URINAL
FLOOR

WATER

GROUP
DRAIN

BATH
SINK

TUB
PUBLIC 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 5 6 8
PRIVATE 1 2 2 2 2 3 4
WSFU (Water System Fixture Unit) = corresponding pipe Ø
WSFU x 7.5 = gallons per minute

for maximum trap loading:

32 mm (1¼”) 38 mm (1½”) 51 mm (2”) 76 mm (3”) 102 mm (4”)
FIXTURE
1 3 4 6 8
UNITS
PUBLIC 2 2 2 6 6
PRIVATE 1 1 1 4 4
Lavatory: 0.45L / sec (28.3L / min)
Minimum slope: 2% or 20mm / m. (1/4” per foot)
for pipes:
MAX
FIXTURE 1 8 24 48 84 256 600 1380
UNIT
PIPE SIZE 32 38 51 65 76 102 127 152
MAX
LENGTH 14 18 37 55 65 91 119 155
(m)