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Chapter 1
1.1 The axial forces in the segments are

Pbr = 2P = 2(10) = 20 kN (C)

Pal = 2P = 2(10) = 20 kN (T)
Pst = 3P = 3(10) = 30 kN (T)

π D2 − 0.082


3 6
P = σw A 330 × 10 = 110 × 10
4
D = 0.1011 m = 101.1 mm ◭ Pbr 20 × 103
σ br = = = 50 × 106 Pa (C) ◭
Abr 400 × 10−6
Pal 20 × 103
σ al = = = 33.3 × 106 Pa (T) ◭
1.2 Aal 600 × 10−6
Pst 30 × 103
σ st = = = 100 × 106 Pa (T) ◭
Ast 300 × 10−6

Pmax = PAB = 35 kN
1.5
Pmax 35 × 103 Axial forces in the segments are (see solution of Prob.1.4)
σ max = = = 58.3 × 106 Pa
A 600 × 10−6
= 58.3 MPa ◭ Pbr = 2P (C) Pal = 2P (T) Pst = 3P (T)

Assuming that stress in bronze governs:

Pbr 2P
1.3 (σ br )w =
Abr
110 × 106 =
400 × 10−6
3
P = 22.0 × 10 N = 22.0 kN

Assuming that stress in aluminum governs:

Pal 2P
(σ al )w = 68 × 106 =
ΣFx = 0 PAC cos 45◦ − PAB cos 30◦ = 0 Aal 600 × 10−6
ΣFy = 0 PAC sin 45◦ + PAB sin 30◦ − W = 0 P = 20.4 × 103 N = 20.4 kN

The solution is Assuming that stress in steel governs:

PAC = 0.8966W PAB = 0.7321W Pst 3P

(σ st )w = 120 × 106 =
Ast 300 × 10−6
Assuming that stress in AC governs: 3
P = 12.0 × 10 N = 12.0 kN ◭
PAC 0.8966W
(σ AC )w = 150 × 106 =
AAC 200 × 10−6
W = 33 500 N = 33.5 kN ◭ 1.6
Assuming that stress in AB governs:
PAB 0.7321W
(σ AB )w = 100 × 106 =
AAB 400 × 10−6
W = 54 600 N = 54.6 kN
ΣFy = 0 Pwd − 2Pst sin 60◦ = 0
Pwd = 2Pst sin 60◦ = 2σ st Ast sin 60◦
π(10)2
1.4 = 2(600)
4
sin 60◦ = 81621 N

Pwd πd2 81621

Awd = = d = 228 mm ◭
σ wd 4 2

1
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1.5
1.7 Pz = √ P = 0.4286P
12 + 32 + 1.52

MAB = 0 2Pz (3) − W (1.5) = 0

2(0.4286P )(3) − 600 × 9.81(1.5) = 0 P = 3433.3 N
s
πd2
r
P 3433.3
σw =P d=2 =2 = 4.9 mm ◭
4 πσ w π(180)
For concrete:
P = σ co Aco = 4.5(300 × 300) = 405 000 N
For wood: 1.10
2
π(200)
P = σ wd Awd = 10 = 314 159 N ◭
4
From symmetry, the axial force in each cable is
P = 9000 N.
1.8 A=
P
=
4500
= 25 mm2 ◭
σw 180
for both cables.

1.11

For steel:
Pst 2P 1.2
= σ st = 120 × 106 ΣMC = 0 √ T (4) + T (2) − 6000(2) = 0
Ast 500 × 10−6 5.44
P = 30.0 × 103 N T = 2957 N
T 2957 2
σ = = = 11.6 N/mm ◭
For timber: A π(18)2 /4
Pwd P
= σ wd = 12 × 106
Awd 2000 × 10−6
P = 24.0 × 103 N ◭
1.12
For concrete:
Pco 5P
= σ co = 16 × 106
Aco 8000 × 10−6
P = 25.6 × 103 N
4 5
ΣFy = 0 Pwd − W = 0 Pwd = W
5 4
1.9 z
E 3
ΣFx = 0 Pwd − Pst = 0
5
1.5 m B  
3 3 5 3
Pst = Pwd = W = W
1m 1 W P
5 5 4 4
A .5
R m
x C For steel cable:
3m P y
3
2m σ st Ast = Pst 160(450) = W W = 96 000 N
D 4

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For wood strut:

ΣMC = 0 + 600PAB − 40(1000) = 0
5
σ wd Awd = Pwd 7.2(14400) = W W = 82944 N ◭ PAB = 66.67 kN
4
PAB 66.67
σ AB = = π = 94.3 × 103 kPa
AAB 2 2
(0.05 − 0.04 )
4
1.13 = 94.3 MPa ◭

1.16
When P is maximized, both cables are stressed to the
limiting values. The corresponding forces in the cables are
From FBD of cylinder:
PAC = (σ AC )w A = 100 × 106 (400 × 10−6 )


3 5 = 40 × 103 N = 40 kN
ΣFy = 0 N2 − M g = 0 N2 = Mg
5 3
PBD = (σ BD )w A = (50 × 106 )(400 × 10−6 )
From FBD of bar AB: = 20 × 103 N = 20 kN
 
5 5
ΣMA = 0 4 M g − 8PBC = 0 PBC = Mg
3 6

PBC (5/6)M g
σw = 50 × 106 =
ABC 100 × 10−6
6000
M g = 6000 N M= = 612 kg ◭
9.81 ΣF = 0 40 + 20 − 9.81 − P = 0 P = 50.19 kN ◭

ΣMA = 0 2(20) − 1.0(9.81) − x (50.19) = 0

1.14 x = 0.602 m = 602 mm ◭

1.17
 
4
ΣMB = 0 1.5 PCD − 1.5 (300) − 3(500) = 0
5
PCD = 1625 N From FBD of truss:
PCD 1625 ΣMA = 0 12RF − 8(30) = 0 RF = 20 kN
σ CD = = = 9.2 N/mm2 ◭
ACD π(15)2 /4

1.15 C

PAB
From FBD of joint F :
RC
3
ΣFy = 0 − PDF + 20 = 0 PDF = 33.33 kN
A 5
PDF 33.33
400 600
σ DF = = = 18.52 N/mm2 (C) ◭
A 1800
40 kN

3
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From FBD of joint D: From FBD of portion ABC:

PBD = PDF = 33.33 kN (due to symmetry) 
1


3
 ΣMD = 0 7(40) + 4(70) − 4 √ PCF =0
ΣFy = 0 2 (33.33) − PDE = 0 2
5 PCF = 198.0 kN
PDE = 40 kN PCF 198.0 × 103
PDE 40 σ CF = = = 141.4 × 106 Pa (C) ◭
σ DE = =
2
= 22.2 N/mm (T) ◭ A 1400 × 10−6
A 1800
From FBD of joint E: 

4
3 ΣMC = 0 3(40) − 3 PBD = 0 PBD = 50 kN
ΣFy = 0 40 − 30 − PCE = 0 5
5
PCE = 16.667 kN PBD 50 × 103
σ BD = = = 35.7 × 106 Pa (T) ◭
PCE 16.667 A 1400 × 10−6
σ CE = = = 9.26 N/mm2 (T) ◭
A 1800 From FBD of member AB:

ΣMD = 0 7(40) − 4PBC = 0 PBC = 70 kN

1.18 PBC 70 × 103
σ BC = = = 50.0 × 106 Pa (C) ◭
A 1400 × 10−6

1.20
By symmetry, the reaction at the support E is 140 kN ↑.
Using the FBD of the section shown:
3
ΣMG = 0 √ PCD (6) + 140(12) − 140(6) = 0
10
PCD = −147.6 kN = 147.6 kN (C)
PCD 147.6 × 103 Using the FBD of joint C:
ACD = = = 1.476 × 10−3 m2
σ comp 100 × 106
ΣFy = 0 − 150 − PCE = 0
= 1476 mm2 ◭
PCE = −150 kN = 150 kN (C)
ΣMD = 0 140(6) − PGF (4) = 0
PCE 150 000
PGF = 210 kN (T) ACE = = = 1071.4 mm2 ◭
σ comp 140
PGF 210 × 103
AGF = = = 1.500 × 10−3 m2 Using the FBD of the section:
σ tens 140 × 106
= 1500 mm2 ◭ 3
2 ΣMD = 0 150(4) − PBE (8) = 0
ΣMO = 0 √ PGD (18) + 140(12) − 140(6) = 0 5
13 PBE = 125 kN = 125 kN (T)
PGD = −84.13 kN = 84.13 kN (C) PBE 125 000
ABE = = = 625 mm2 ◭
PGD 84.13 × 103 σ tens 200
AGD = = = 0.841 × 10−3 m2
σ comp 100 × 106 3
ΣMB = 0 − 150(4) − 150(8) − PEF (8) = 0
= 841 mm2 ◭ 5
PEF = −375 kN = 375 kN (C)
PEF 375 000
AEF = = = 2678.6 mm2 ◭
σ comp 140
1.19

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1.22
PBE 62.5 × 103
ABE = = = 625 × 10−6 m2
(σ T )w 100 × 106
= 625 mm2 ◭
PBF 42.72 × 103
ABF = = = 427 × 10−6 m2 A 60 × 120
(σ T )w 100 × 106 A′ = ◦
= = 11201.2 mm2
sin 40 sin 40◦
= 427 mm2 ◭ V = P cos 40◦ = 0.7660P
|PCF | 52.5 × 103
ACF = = = 656 × 10−6 m2 V 0.7660P
(σ C )w 80 × 106 τw = 1250 = P = 18278.7 kN ◭
A′ 11201.2
= 656 mm2 ◭

1.23

1.21

A 0.05 × 0.1
A′ = = = 5.321 × 10−3 m2
cos 20◦ cos 20◦
From FBD of truss N = P cos 20◦ = 0.9397P V = P sin 20◦ = 0. 3420P

ΣMF = 0 12RA − 8(36) = 0 RA = 24 kN Assuming that compression governs:

From FBD of portion ABC N 0.9397P

σw = ′
18 × 106 =
ΣMB = 0: A 5.321 × 10−3
4(24) − 4PCE = 0 3
P = 101.9 × 10 N = 101.9 kN
ΣME = 0: Assuming that shear governs:
   
1 2 V 0. 3420P
8(24) − 4(36) + 4 √ PBD +4 √ PBD =0 τw = 4 × 106 =
5 5 A′ 5.321 × 10−3
ΣFx = 0: P = 62.2 × 103 N = 62.2 kN ◭
2 1
√ PBD + √ PBE + PCE = 0
5 2
Solution is
1.24
PCE = 24.0 kN PBD = −8.944 kN PBE = −22. 63 kN

Equivalent joint
PCE 24.0 × 103
ACE = = = 1.2 mm2 ◭
(σ T )w 20 × 103 From Eqs. (1.5):
3
|PBD | 8.944 × 10
ABD = = = 0.745 mm2 ◭ P 4000 2
(σ C )w 12 × 103 σ = cos2 θ = cos2 75◦ = 1.07 N/mm ◭
A 180 × 22.5
|PBE | 22.63 × 103 P 4000
ABE = = = 1.886 mm2 ◭ τ = sin 2θ =
2
sin 150◦ = 0.25 N/mm ◭
(σ C )w 12 × 103 2A 2(180 × 22.5)

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1.25 1.28

Assuming that tension in wood governs:

P P
(σ w )wd = 20 = P = 0.2 MN
A 0.12
P πd2 400 × 103
τ wA = (300 × 106 ) =
Assuming that tension in glue governs: 2 4 2
d = 0.0291 m = 29.1 mm ◭
P P
(σ w )gl = cos2 θ 8= cos2 50◦
A 0.12
P = 0.1936 MN

Assuming that shear in glue governs: 1.29

P P
(τ w )gl = sin 2θ 12 = sin 100◦
2A 2(0.1)2
Shear in rivet determines upper limit on P :
P = 0.244 MN

π(0.02)2
The largest allowable P is determined by tension in glue: P = τ As = 60 × 106 = 18 850 N
4
P = 193.6 kN ◭ Plate thickness is determined by bearing stress:

P = σ b Ab 18 850 = (120 × 106 )(0.02t)

t = 7.85 × 10−3 m = 7.85 mm ◭
1.26

1.30
(a)
P = τ A = τ (πd × t)
= 350 × 106 π(0.02)(0.025) = 550 × 103 N ◭ P 50 × 103


τ= = = 53.1 × 106 Pa = 53.1 MPa ◭
3A π(0.02)2
3
4
(b)
1.27
P 50 × 103
σb = = = 33.3 × 106 Pa = 33.3 MPa ◭
3td 3(0.025)(0.02)

πd2 σw d (c)
P = τA σw = τ (πd × t) = tτ
4 4 P 50 × 103
(a) d = 75 mm σ = = = 18.18 × 106 Pa
t(w − d) 0.025(0.13 − 0.02)
σw d 300 (75) = 18.18 MPa ◭
t= = = 23.4 mm ◭
4τ 4 (240)

(b) t = 7.5 mm

4tτ 4 (7.5) (240)

d= = = 24 mm ◭
σw 300

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1.31 1.34
Assuming that shear in rivets governs:
π(0.02)2
P = 3Aτ w = 3 (40 × 106 )
4
= 37.7 × 103 N = 37.7 kN ◭
Assuming that bearing stress governs: 1 1
ΣFx = 0 − √ PAB − √ PBC + F = 0
P = 3td (σ b )w = 3(0.025)(0.02)(90 × 106 ) 2 5
= 135 × 103 = 135 kN 1 2
ΣFy = 0 − √ PAB + √ PBC = 0
2 5
Assuming that tension in plates governs:
√ √
P = t(w − d)σ w = 0.025(0.13 − 0.02)(120 × 106 ) 2 2 5
PAB = F = 0.9428F PBC = F = 0.7454F
= 330 × 103 N = 330 kN 3 3

π(0.035)2
τ w A = PAB (30000) = 0.9428F
4
F = 30.6 kN ◭
1.32

1.35
T 2200
F = = = 73.33 × 103 N
r 0.03
F = τ wA 73.33 × 103 = (60 × 106 ) (0.07b)
b = 0.01746 m = 17.46 mm ◭

ΣFy = 0 By − 19.62 = 0
1.33 ΣMA = 0 6By − 8Bx − 3(19.62) = 0

Solution is

Bx = 7. 358 kN By = 19. 62 kN
p
B = 7.3582 + 19.622 = 20.95 kN
ΣMB = 0 360Ax − 1080(1000) = 0
ΣFx = 0 Ax − RB cos 45◦ = 0
B 20.95 × 103
ΣFy = 0 Ay + RB sin 45◦ − 1000 = 0 τw = 60 × 106 =
2A πd2
2
Ax = 3000 N Ay = −2000 N RB = 4242.5 N 4
p d = 14.91 × 10−3 m = 14.91 mm
RA = (3000)2 + (−2000)2 = 3605.6 N
πd2 π
A = = (0.015)2 = 1.767 × 10−4 m2
4 4
RA 3605.6
τA = = = 20.4 MPa ◭
A 1.767 × 10−4
RB 4242.6
τB = = = 24 MPa ◭
A 1.767 × 10−4

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1.36 1.38

MD = 0 240(30 sin 60◦ ) − 200P = 0 P = 31.18 kN ΣFx = 0 P cos 30◦ − Bx = 0

ΣMC = 0 400(P cos 30◦ ) − 480(P sin 30◦ ) − 480By = 0
ΣFx = 0 Dx − P − 30 cos 60◦ = 0 Dx = 46.18 kN
◦
ΣFy = 0 Dy − 30 sin 60 = 0 Dy = 25.98 kN Solution is
p
D = 46.182 + 25.982 = 52.99 kN Bx = 0.8660P By = 0.2217P
(a) p
B = P 0.86602 + 0.22172 = 0.8939P
P 31.18 × 103 B 0.8939P
σw = 100 × 106 = τw = 120 = P = 189.8 kN ◭
A πd2 2A π(0.030)2
2
4 4
d = 19.92 × 10−3 m = 19.92 mm ◭

(b)
1.39
3
D 52.99 × 10
τ= = = 84.3 × 106 Pa = 84.3 MPa ◭
2A π(0.02)2
2
4
ΣMB = 0

1.37 4.924(RA sin 60◦ ) − 0.8682(RA cos 60◦ ) − 2.462(10000) = 0

ΣFx = 0 RA cos 60◦ − Bx = 0

ΣFy = 0 RA sin 60◦ − 10000 + By = 0

Solution is
ΣMB = 0 150P − 50(T sin 10◦ ) = 0
RA = 6427.8 N Bx = 3213.9 N By = 4433.4 N
ΣMC = 0 200P − 50By = 0
Bx + T cos 10◦ = 0
p
ΣFx = 0 B = (3213.9)2 + (4433.4)2 = 5475.8 N

T = 17.276P Bx = −17.014P By = 4P B 5475.8

τ= = = 2.85 MPa ◭
2A π(.035)2
Assuming that cable governs: T = σ w Acab 2
4
π(0.003)2
17.276P = (140 × 106 ) P = 57.3 N
4
Assuming that pin B governs: RB = τ w Apin
p π(0.006)2
P (−17.014)2 + 42 = (28 × 106 )
4
P = 45.3 N ◭

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1.40 1.43

Strength of boards is

P = σ bd Abd = 4.2(172.5 × 52.5) × 10−6 = 38 kN Total area of the bolts is

π(0.01)2
 
For plywood: A=4 = 314.2 × 10−6 m2
4
P 38
= σ pw Apw = 7.2 × 103 (0.1725t) t = 0.015 m
2 2
30 × 103 cos 40◦


= 15 mm ◭ P
σ = = = 73.1 × 106 Pa ◭
A 314.2 × 10−6
For glue (double shear): V (30 × 103 ) sin 40◦
τ = = = 61.4 × 106 Pa ◭
P 38 A 314.2 × 10−6
= τ Agl = 0.3 × 103 (0.1725b) b = 0.367 m
2 2
= 367 mm ◭
1.44

1.41

σA = σ b Ab
π(0.02)2 π(d2 − 0.022 )
(150 × 106 ) = (13 × 106 )
P = τ As 6 × 103 = 1.8 × 106 (0.1b)

4 4
d = 0.0708 m = 70.8 mm ◭
b = = 0.0333 m = 33.3 mm ◭

6 × 103 = 5.5 × 106 (0.1a)

P = σ b Ab
a = 0.01091 mm = 10.91mm ◭ 1.45

1.42
d = 19 mm (rivet diameter); t = 6 mm for BC and t = 13
mm for BE (wall thickness). Because the gusset plate is
thicker than the members, bearing between the rivets and
the plate does not have to be considered.
First find the maximum safe shear force V in each bolt.
Assuming that bearing stress governs: (a) From FBD of joint C: PBC = 96 kN
V = σ b Ab = 90 (0.025 × 0.015) = 33.75 kN πd2 π(0.019)2
nτ = PBC n(70 × 106 ) = 96 × 103
Assuming that shear stress governs: 4 4
n = 4.84
π
V = τ As = (60) (0.025)2 = 29.45 kN
4
T = 4V r = 4(29.45)(0.105) = 12.4 kN · m ◭

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nσ b (td) = PBC n(140 × 106 )(0.006 × 0.019) = 96 × 103 1.47

n = 6.02

Use 7 rivets ◭

(b) From FBD of portion ABC:

 
3
ΣMA = 0 8 PBE − 4(96) = 0 PBE = 80 kN
5

πd2 π(0.019)2
nτ = PBE n(70 × 106 ) = 80 × 103
4 4
n = 4.03 From FBD of truss:
ΣMA = 0 10RF − 4(100) − 7(200) = 0
6 3
nσ b (td) = PBE n(140 × 10 )(0.013 × 0.019) = 80 × 10 RF = 180 kN
n = 2.31 From FBD of joint F:
Use 5 rivets ◭ 4
ΣFy = 0 PDF + 180 = 0 PDF = −225 kN
5
From FBD of portion EDF:

1.46 ΣMD = 0 4PCE − 3(180) = 0 PCE = 135 kN

Repeat Prob. 1.45 with d = 22 mm. ΣMD = 0

   
3 2
4 √ PBD +3 √ PBD + 6(180) − 3(200) = 0
(a) PBC = 96 kN (from solution of Prob. 1.45) 13 13

PBD = −96.15 kN
π(0.022)2
nτ As = PBC n(70 × 106 ) = 96 × 103 PDF 225 × 103
4 σ DF = =− = −187.5 × 106 Pa
n = 3.61 A 1200 × 10−6
= 187.5 MPa (C) ◭
PCE 135 × 103
nσ b Ab = PBC n(140 × 106 )(0.006 × 0.022) = 96 × 103 σ CE = =− = 112.5 × 106 Pa
A 1200 × 10−6
n = 5.19
= 112.5 MPa (T) ◭
Use 6 rivets ◭ PDF 96.15 × 103
σ BD = =− = −80.1 × 106 Pa
A 1200 × 10−6
(b) PBE = 80 kN (from solution of Prob. 1.45) = 80.1 MPa (C) ◭

π(0.022)2
nτ As = PBE n(70 × 106 ) = 80 × 103
4
n = 3.01
1.48
nσ b Ab = PBE n(140 × 106 )(0.013 × 0.022) = 80 × 103
n = 2.00
πd2
 
3 6
Use 4 rivets ◭ P = σw A 45 × 10 = (300 × 10 ) 2
4
d = 9.77 × 10−3 m = 9.77 mm ◭

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1.49 1.52
Maximum axial force equals weight of cable:
PAB = 24000 − 14000 = 10000 N PBC = 14000 N (T) Pmax
Pmax = ρgAL σ max = = ρgL
A

P

10000 390 × 106 = 2700(9.81)L
σ AB = = π 
AAB (0.0452 − 0.03752) L = 14 720 m = 14.72 km ◭
4
= 20.6 MPa (C) ◭ Result is independent of diameter of cable.
 
P 14000
σ BC =
A BC
=
(π/4) (0.02252 )
= 35.2 MPa (T) ◭ 1.53

1.50 π(24)2 π(37.52 − 302 )

σ st Ast = σ al Aal 72 = σ al
4 4
= 81.9 MPa ◭

1.54
Assuming that stress in steel column governs:

156(1202 − 1052 ) × 10−6

P = σ st Ast =
4
= 131.6 kN (a) Largest bearing stress is between pin and 12-mm
thick member.
Assuming that bearing stress on concrete governs:
P 25 × 103
2 −6
σb = = = 166.7 × 106 Pa ◭
P = σ b Apl = 7.2(210) × 10 = 317.5 kN ◭ td 0.012(0.0125)

(b) Pin is in double shear.

1.51 P 25 × 103
τ= 2
= = 101.9 × 106 Pa ◭
2 (πd /4) 2π(0.0125)2/4

(c) Largest normal stress is in 12-mm thick member at

section m-n.
2475
A= = 2530.3 mm2 (inclined cross-sectional area) P 25 × 103
cos 12◦ σ= = = 166.7 × 106 Pa ◭
t (b − d) 0.012(0.025 − 0.0125)
2
(a) σ = 72 MPa = 72 N/mm
1.55
N P cos 12◦
σ= 72 = P = 186.3 kN ◭
A 2530.3
Assuming that shear stress in rivets governs:
(b)
πd2 π
V P sin 12◦ 186.3 × 103 sin 12◦ P = 4τ = 4(84) (0.0302 ) = 237.5 kN ◭
τ= = = = 15.3 MPa ◭ 4 4
A A 2530.3
Assuming that bearing stress governs:
P = 4σ b (td) = 4(84) (0.035 × 0.030) = 352.8 kN

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1.56 1.59

Assuming that normal stress in wood governs: ΣFx = 0 + ← PAC sin 30◦ + PBC sin 70◦ = 0
ΣFy = 0 + ↓ PAC cos 30◦ − PBC cos 70◦ + P = 0
P = σ(tb) = 4.8 (60 × 120) = 34.56 kN

Assuming that bearing stress on wood governs: PAC = −0.9542P = 0.9542P (C) PBC = 0.5077P (T)
Boom in compression:
P = σ b (td) = 9 (60 × 22.5) = 12.15 kN ◭
σ w A = PAC 108(1202 − 1052 ) = 0.9542P
P = 382 kN

1.57 Cable in tension:

π(11.25)2
σ w A = PBC 150 = 0.5077P
4
P = 29.4 kN

Pin in double shear:

N is carried by surface between cast iron pieces; V is (15)2
carried by key. 2τ w A = PAC 2(81.6)π = 0.9542P
4
V = 360 sin 55◦ = 294.9 kN P = 30.2 kN

The largest safe load is P = 29.4 kN determined by cable

V = τ (wb) 294.9 = 300(75b) b = 13.1 mm ◭ tension. ◭
   
h h
V = σb w 294.9 = 240 75
2 2
h = 32.8 mm ◭ C1.1

1.58
From FBD of joint A:
h P
ΣFy = 0 PAC √ − =0
b 2 + h2 2

h
By symmetry, the reaction at the support A is 10 kN ↑. ΣFx = 0 PAC √ + PAB = 0
b + h2
2
Using the FBD of the section shown: √
b 2 + h2 b b
ΣME = 0 − 10(2L/ tan 50o ) − PBC (L) = 0 PAC =P (T) PAB = −P =P (C)
2h 2h 2h
PBC = −20/ tan 50o = −16.78 kN
PBC 16 780
σ BC = = = 4.4 MPa (C) ◭
ABC 3780
ΣFy = 0 10 − PBE sin 50o = 0 PBE = 13 050 kN
PBE 13 050
σ BE = = = 3.5 MPa (T) ◭
ABE 3780

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Computations:
C1.1 MathCad worksheet √ Axial forces
b 2 + h2 b
Given: PAC (h) := P · PAB (h) := P · (from
2·h 2 · h equilibrium)
P := 120 · 103 · N b :=6· m
2 2
σ t : = 18 · 103 · N/m σ c : = 12 · 103 · N/m Required
PAC (h) PAB (h) cross-
Computations: AAC (h) := AAB (h) :=
σc σt sectional
√ Axial forces
b 2 + h2 b areas
PAC (h) := P · PAB (h) := P · (from
2·h 2·h equilibrium) √ Volume of
V (h) := 2 · AAC (h) · b2 + h2 + 2 · AAB (h) · b
material
Required
PAC (h) PAB (h) cross- Plot range
AAC (h) := AAB (h) :=
σt σc sectional h := 0.5 · b, 0.52 · b..4 · b and
areas increment
√ Volume of 2
V (h) := 2 · AAC (h) · b2 + h2 + 2 · AAB (h) · b
material
1.8
Plot range

Volume (cu.m)
h := 0.5 · b, 0.52 · b..4 · b and 1.6
increment
1.4
1.6
1.2
1.4
Volume (cu.m)

1
0 5 10 15 20
1.2 h (m)
Find optimal value of h:
1 h := 3 · b (initial value used in solution)
d
Given V (h) = 0 hopt := Find(h) hopt = 7.746 m
0.8 dh
0 5 10 15 20
h (m)
Find optimal value of h: C1.3
h := 3 · b (initial value used in solution)
d
Given V (h) = 0 hopt := Find(h) hopt = 9.487 m
dh

From FBD of joint A:

C1.2 ΣFx = 0 − PAB cos θ − PAC cos α = 0

The forces computed in the solution of Prob. C1.1 are ΣFy = 0 − PAB sin θ + PAC sin α − P = 0
reversed. Thus P P
√ PAB = − = (C)
b 2 + h2 b cos θ tan α + sin θ cos θ tan α + sin θ
PAC = P (C) PAB = P (T) P
2h 2h PAC = (T)
cos α tan θ + sin α
C1.2 MathCad worksheet C1.3 MathCad worksheet
Given: Given:
P := 120 · 103 · N b :=6· m P := 530 · 103 · N b := 1.8 · m α := 30 · deg
2 2
σ t := 18 · 103 · N/m σ c := 12 · 103 · N/m σ t := 125 · 106 · Pa2 6
σ c := 85 · 10 · Pa

13
c 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

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Computations: 6·107
P
PAB (θ) := Axial forces
cos(θ) · tan(α) + sin(θ)
P (from
PAC (θ) := 5.5·107
equilibrium
cos(α) · tan(θ) + sin(α)

P (N)
Required
PAB (θ) PAC (θ) cross-
AAB (θ) := AAC (θ) := 5·107
σc σt sectional
areas

b b Volume of 4.5·107
V (θ) := AAB (θ) · + AAC (θ) · 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
cos(θ) cos(α) material Theta (deg)
Plot range
θ := 0 · deg, 1 · deg..75 · deg and
increment
C1.5 MathCad worksheet
0.045
Given:
0.04
L := 360 · m t := 1.5 · m γ := 150 · N/m3
Volume (cu.m)

0.035
d(x) : 20 · m − 0.1 · x + (0.35 · 10−3 m−1 ) · x2
0.03
Computations:
0.025 π
A(x) := [d(x)2 − (d(x) − 2 · t)2 ] Cross-sectional area
4 Z x
0.02 γ
0 20 40 60 80 σ(x) := · A(ξ)dξ Axial stress
A(x) 0
theta (deg)
Find optimal value of h: x := 0, 0.01 · L.. L Plotting range and
increment
θ := 40 · deg (initial value used in solution)
d 250
Given V (θ) = 0 θopt := Find(θ) θ opt = 42.59 deg
dθ
200

C1.4 MathCad worksheet

Stress (Pa)

150

Given: 100
2 2 2
A := 400 mm σ w := 3500 · N/mm τ w := 1800 · N/mm
50
Computations:
Allowable P if 0
σw · A 0 100 200 300
PN (θ) := normal
cos(θ)2 stress governs x (m)
Find x where stress is maximum:
τw · A Allowable P if shear
PS (θ) := x := 0.6 · L (initial value used in solution)
sin(θ) · cos(θ) stress governs

 P (θ) if PN (θ) < PS (θ) d
Allowable P is the Given σ(x) = 0 xmax := Find(x)
P (θ) :=  N dx
PS (θ) otherwise smaller of the two xmax := 239.3 m
Plotting range and σ max := σ(xmax ) σ max = 225.4 Pa
θ := 0 · deg, 0.5 · deg..60 · deg
and increment

14
c 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

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