A.

Aim Question
Water quality, known as the physical, biological, chemical and radiological
characteristics of water, its condition can greatly affect the health of living organisms
in it. It can be measure by different methods such as using machine or biological
indicators. Biological indicators, refers to the organisms that are sensitive to the
presence of pollutants in a specific environment. For aquatic environment, an
organism that is commonly used to measure the water quality is Artemia (Brine
Shrimp), it is a typical primitive arthropod that is very tiny and lives in salt-water
lakes. However, we don’t have advance machine to help us measure the relative
water quality of some water sources, so how can we compare and test the relative
water quality for different water source? Are there any differences between tap
water and canal water? Does bottle water really healthy? As a result, during this
experiment, we are going to use the biological indicators---Artemia to measure the
relative water quality in order to find these answers.
We are going to measure the relative water
quality of three sources of water, tap water,
canal water and bottle water. The tap water is
from the school laboratory, we will remove the
chorine before put in the artemia. The canal
water is from the river nearby our school, we will
boil it before use. The bottle water is normal
drinking water. For each water source, we are
going to add salts in order to provide a salinity aquatic environment for Artemia. For
each water source, we will measure both of the growth and hatching rate of
Artemia in it in order to assess the water quality, there will be two days for hatching
rate and two days for growth rate.

B. Hypothesis
I predict that the hatching rate of artemias in bottle water will be the highest,
because there are no bacteria or microorganism and other toxic substances such as
heavy metals, cadmium, mercury, lead present in the bottle water (Drinking water).
Also, no bacteria or microorganism present means that there aren’t other living
things would take in the oxygen in water that decrease the oxygen level for artemia
eggs. Since there are no toxic substances that might poison and affect the hatch of
artemias, no other living organisms to take away the oxygen, I assume most of the
artemias in bottle water will successfully hatched.

I predict that the growth/survive rate of artemias in canal water will be the
highest. Since the canal water that we used were already been boiled, so that the
small bacteria or other tiny planktons will become dead in canal water. Thus, their
bodies can existed as food in canal water for artemia that lives in it. As a result, there
will be more artemias have chances to survive in canal water. In the meantime,
nature artemia live in salty river, so that canal water is very suitable for the growth
of artemias.
 I predict the growth/survive rate of artemias in tap water will be similar with
canal, also very high because tap water contain a lot of microorganisms, and also
some of the single cell plant-like organisms. These plant-like organisms can do
photosynthesis inside tap water, thus take in the carbon dioxide and produce oxygen
for artemias, thus the tap water will rich in oxygen that able to let artemia survive
for a longer time. Also, the tap water that we extract from school and house were all
after many purification process, such as dechloridation, filtration, so that there won’t
be many toxic pollutants and bacteria in it.

I predict that the artemias will be least able to survive in bottle water. Since
bottle water is the drinking water for people, so there won’t be any bacteria, organic
nutrient and other tiny planktons lived in it. Thus, bottle water can’t provide food for
artemias. Also, if the bottle water contains many artemias that were hatched, this
also can justify that artemia will be least able to survive in bottle water because the
lack of oxygen level. Eventually, oxygen will be used up by these artemias. Because
we don’t have air pump, so lack of oxygen=death of artemia.

C. Variables
Independent Variable: Water source
In order to manipulate the independent variable, we are going to prepare three
different kinds of water sources, which are tap water, bottle water and canal water.
For tap water, we are going to use the water from the tap inside the laboratory, we
need to first remove the chorine in the tap water by placing the tap water under to
sunlight for approximately 2-3 days in order to let chorine water decomposed to
hydrochloric acid (HCL) and oxygen, because HCL is easy to volatized, so chorine can
be remove. Chorine is necessary to remove because its poisonous and it can possible
damage the health of artemia.
For canal water, since there are a lot of microorganisms live in it and also a lot of
pollutants might existed, so we will boiled the canal water before use as a living
environment for artemia in order to kill most of the microorganisms and deactivated
the pollutants.
For bottle water, we will use the Nong Fu Spring Water. The amount of all the water
sources will be about 10 milliliter, we will measure it by using the measure cylinder.
Besides, artemia need to survive in salt water, it has been found that most artemia
species hatch best in salt concentration of about 30g per liter. Though calculation,
30g salt per liter=0.03g salt per milliliter, we will measure 0.3g of salt by using
electric balance and pout them in each 10ml water source.

Dependent Variable: Growth and hatching rate of Brine shrimp (Artemia)

In order to collect the dependent variable, we are going to count 10 artemia eggs by
using magnifier and place them in each tube of water source by using the glass rod.
Pay attention to the eggs that stuck to the side of test tube, use dropper to let them
flow into water. Since 90% of their eggs will hatch within 48 hours in salt water, so
we will use 2 days to do the hatching part. After 2 days most of the eggs that are able
to hatch were all hatched, count the number of artemia in each test tube by using the
magnifier one by one and record the result on paper, multiple the data by 10 is the
final result of hatching rate. (Specific calculations see data analyzes) Wait for one day
later, using the magnifier to count the number of artemia in each test tube again and
record. Also during the record on each time, shake the test tube carefully in order to
increase the oxygen level in water for artemia. There are two days to record the
survive situation of artemia, multiple the number of artemia survived by 10 is the
final survive rate.

Control Variables:
1. The salt concentration in water source
Why to control: Artemia need to live in a salty environment in order to survive. If
there is no salt present in water or the concentration of salt cannot reach the
artemia’s requirement, artemia will not be able to hatched or it will died very soon
after hatched. Salt water is the basic requirements to hatch artemia. Also, different
salt concentration in water might affect the health condition of artemia and result
different hatch and growth rate, so it is important to maintain the salt concentration
to be same in each test tube in every water source.
How to control: We can add the same concentration of salt in each water source.
Since it has been found that most artemia species hatch best in salt concentration of
about 30g per liter. Though calculation, 30g salt per liter=0.03g salt per milliliter, we
will measure 0.3g of salt by using an accurate electric balance and pout them in each
10ml water source.

2. The number of the artemia eggs

Why to control: Since we need to count the number of artemia in order to get the
hatching rate and growth rate of artemia, the original number of artemia eggs must
be the same in each test tube for each water source. If there are less artemia eggs in
canal water than tap water, it is unfair for canal water since this provides more
chance and possibility to let more eggs hatch in tap water. Thus make the finial data
unreliable.
How to control: We can maintain the artemia eggs in each test tube by count them
using the magnifier one by one. Count 10 artemia eggs for each test tube in each type
of water source. If we accidentally put more artemia eggs in to the test tube, we can
carefully remove them by using the dropper. Pay attention to some of the eggs might
stick on the side of the glass tube, use dropper to scour them down to the water.

3. The PH value of each water source

Why to control: Different PH value in each water source will affect the hatching rate
and survival rate of artemia. Optimal PH value for artemia to grow is about 7.5～8.5.
Too low or too high might let the artemia dead more easily and hatch more difficult.
It is important to manage the PH value in each water source be the same.
How to control: We can use the PH paper to test the PH value of each water source
before the actual experiment started. If the result shows the PH value had huge
difference between each other, or the PH value are too low or too high compare with
the optimal one, than we should add some acid or alkaline to the water source in
order to balance the PH value.

4.The oxygen level for each water source.

Why to control: Oxygen is the basic damage for artemia to stay alive in water.
However, the higher oxygen level can provide a better living environment for artemia
to survive than water source with low oxygen level. Artemia eggs under high oxygen
level are more able to hatch and also survive for a longer time. Different oxygen level
in test tubes will make the hatching and survival result unfair and unreliable.
How to control: It is very hard to maintain the oxygen level to be same in each test
tube. We can try to control the oxygen level in test tube by gently shake the test tube
in order to let the air go inside the water. After shaking, we can observe some little
bubbles appear in the water, this is the sign that oxygen is add into the water. This
method could lead more oxygen go into the water thus rise up the oxygen level in
test tube. We can carry out this little action during break between classes.

5. The temperature of water source for each test tube.

Why to control: Temperature could affect the hatching and growth rate of artemia.
Different temperature could lead to different hatching and growth rate. According to
Wikipedia, the optimal growth temperature for artemia is 25～30℃, the lower the
temperature, the lower the chance that artemia might hatched, or the hours that
require artemia to hatched might be longer. If the temperature is too high, than then
these artemia eggs might dead before hatched.
How to control: We can maintain the same temperature for all the test tubes with
different water sources by place them in shade inside the laboratory without directly
contact with sunshine in order to avoid the temperature being too high. The average
temperature inside the lab is 23 degree Celsius. We can place all the test tubes
together in one place in order to avoid the temperature difference between each test
tube.

D. Apparatus
1: 100ml Measure cylinder*1
2: 250ml Beaker*5
3: Test tube*12
4: Electric balance*1
5: Glass rod*1
6: Dropper*5
7: Test tube rack*2
8: Marker*1
9: Tissue paper*1 pack
10: Recording Pan*1
11: Recording sheet*1
12: Magnifier*1
13: 40ml tap water
14: 40ml bottle water
15: 40ml canal water
16: Sea Monkey/Brine Shrimp/Artemia*120
17: PH Paper*12
18: Tweezers*1
19: 5 grams of edible salt
20: 12 pieces of pan paper

E. Safety Precautions
1. Do not drink and taste any liquid inside the lab during the experiment, especially
those with artemia in it.
2. Be careful with the glass-made apparatus during this experiment, put them
horizontally on the desk if didn’t need to use.
3. Do not play with the artemia eggs, carefully place them inside the test tube, do
not spill them all over the ground.
4. Be careful with the test tube that contain artemia eggs in water, do not overturn
the bottles and let the water source and artemia eggs sprinkle to the ground.
5. Do not put the artemia eggs inside month.
6. Do not taste the edible salt that is used to carry out the experiment.

F. Method
1.Prepare all the appliances that will be involved in this experiment, such as the tap
water, bottle water, canal water, beaker, measuring cylinder, dropper, edible salt,
electric balance, test tube, artemia eggs, etc.
2. Using tweezers to put the PH paper in to each water source in order to test the PH
value of tap, canal and bottle water.
3. Using one measuring cylinder to measure 10 ml of tap water and pour it in to one
breaker.
4. Put a piece of pan paper on the electric balance and push the net-weight bottom.
5. Using a spatula to take some edible salt and place on the pan paper.
6. Add or take out the edible salt until the screen on the electric balance display 0.3g.
7. Pour the pan paper that contain 0.3g edible salts into the beaker that contain 10ml
of tap water.
8. Using glass rod to stir the liquid in order to mix the edible salt and tap water
together until the salt is fully dissolved, which there shall be no crystals existing.
9. Clean the glass rod by using the tissue paper after mixing one water source in
order to prevent impurities in one particular water source being brought to another
water source by the glass rod.
10. Pour the salty tap water from the beaker in to one of the test tube, hence using
marker to label the test tube and carefully put the test tube to the big test tube rack.
11. Repeat step 2 to step 8 to do other three trials of tap water.
12. Repeat step 2 to step 9 by replacing the 10ml tap water to 10ml bottle water and
10ml canal water respectively.
 13. Carefully count ten artemia eggs by using one magnifier.
14. Using the wet glass rod to stick ten artemia eggs and carefully place them to one
test tube of tap water.
15. Repeat step 13 to 14 with other eleven test tubes of tap water, canal water and
bottle water.
16: Check the side of each test tube to see if there are any artemia eggs sticks on the
test tube, using one dropper to absorb some water inside the test tube and scour the
glass side in order to let the artemia eggs go back the water part in test tube.
17: Arrange all the test tubes with artemia eggs on the test tube rack, put the test
tube with same water source side-by-side, double check the label on each test tube.
18. Wait for two days (48 hours) to see how many artemia eggs successfully hatched
in each test tube and meanwhile record the data on a sheet of paper.
19. After one day, shake each of the test tubes to allow oxygen mix with the water
and also see how many artemia still survive and meanwhile record the data.
20. Repeat step 19 for the next day.
21. After collect all the data, calculate the hatching rate by multiply the number of
hatched eggs in each test tube by 10. Calculate the growth (survive) rate by multiply
the number of survive artemia in each test tube in each day by 10.
22. Draw the finial conclusion according to the calculated result.

G. Result and Table

The Data Table:
Title: The hatching rate and survive rate of artemia.
Unite: (an)
-According to table one, (4) represent that there are 4 artemia were hatched.
*10=40% means that 40 percent of artemia are hatched.
-Similarly, according to table two, (2) represent that there are 4 artemia were
survived. *10=20% means that 20 percent of artemia are survived.

Table one:
Hatching rate for 48 hours
(%)
Types of water/tube Tube 1 Tube 2 Tube 3 Tube 4 Average
Tap water (4)*10=40% (5) *10=50% (5) *10=50% (3) *10=30% (4) *10=40%
Canal water (4)*10=40% (2) *10=20% (2) *10=20% (4) *10=40% (3) *10=30%
Bottle water (2)*10=20% (3) *10=30% (2) *10=20% (1) *10=10% (2) *10=20%
Table two:
Survival rate for 24 hours
(%)
Types of water/tube Tube 1 Tube 2 Tube 3 Tube 4 Average
Tap water (2) *10=20% (2) *10=20% (1) *10=0% (0) *10=0% (1) *10=10%
Canal water (3) *10=30% (1) *10=10% (2) *10=20% (3) *10=30% (2) *10=20%
Bottle water (1) *10=10% (1) *10=10% (0) *10=0% (0) *10=0% (1) *10=10%
Table three:
Survival rate for 48 hours
(%)
Types of water/tube Tube 1 Tube 2 Tube 3 Tube 4 Average
Tap water (2) *10=20% (0) *10=0% (0) *10=0% (0) *10=0% (0) *10=0%
Canal water (1) *10=10% (1) *10=10% (0) *10=0% (2) *10=20% (1) *10=10%
Bottle water (0) *10=0% (0) *10=0% (0) *10=0% (0) *10=0% (0) *10=0%

Column Graph
Graph One:

The hatching rate for Artemia eggs in 48 hours

Hatching Rate for Artemia eggs

60
Tap water
50
Canal water
40
Bottle water
(%)

30

20

10

0
tube 1 tube 2 tube 3 tube 4 average
different water source (no units)

*Blue column= Tap water, Red column=Canal water, Green column= Bottle water
There are four tubes for each water source.
Calculation for hatching rate: 4 artemia in 10 artemia eggs are hatched, since
10*10=100%, so 4*10=40%, so there are 40% of artemia were hatched in tube 1 in tap
water. (This is only in simple terms, the real calculation process will be discussed in the
data analyzes part)
Graph Two:

Average hatching rate of artemia eggs in 48 hours

50

40
Average hatching rate (%)

30

20

10

0
tap water canal water bottle water
Different types of water source ( no units)

Graph Three:
 The survival rate for Artemia in 24 hours
35
survival rate for artemia in 24
30

25

20
hours(%)

Tap water
15
Canal water
10

5 Bottle water

0
tube 1 tube 2 tube 3 tube 4 average
Different water source (no units)

Graph Four:

The avarge survival rate for Artemia in 24 hours

25
Average survival rate (%)

20

15

10

0
tap water canal water bottle water
Different types of water source ( no units)

Graph Five:

The survival rate for Artemia in 48 hours

survival rate for artemia in

25

20
48 hours(%)

Tap water
15
Canal water
10
Bottle water
5

0
tube 1 tube 2 tube 3 tube 4 average
Different types of water source ( no units )

*No green column= no artemia in bottle water survived.

Graph Six
 The avarge survival rate for Artemia in 48 hours
12
Average survival rate (%)
10

0
tap water canal water bottle water
Different types of water source ( no units)

H. Data Analyze:
According to the column graph one and graph two, we can easily find out that tap
water has the highest hatching rate for artemia, which there were 40% of artemia
hatched in tap water in average. From opposite, bottle water has the lowest
hatching rate for artemia, which there were only 20% of artemia hatched in bottle
water. Canal water has a medium rate that is high to 30%.

In simple terms, the hatching rate is calculated by using the original number of
hatched artemia multiply by 10.
For deeper calculation process, for example, there are five artemia in ten eggs were
hatched in tap water.
Because the fraction was written as 5/10, which means 5÷10＝0.5.
Next step, we need to convert number into percentage, so we need to use
0.5*100%=50%.
As a result, there are 50% of artemia were hatched.

For Graph Two, the average hatching rate for each specific water source is calculate
by add the data that collect in four test tube together and divide by four.
For example for the average hatching rate of canal water, first we add the data in
four test tube, the sum of the hatched artemia in four test tubes is given by:
4+2+2+3=11 artemia were hatched in four test tube.
Than, we can use 11÷4=2.75 artemia were hatched in each test tube
Finally, we can use round the result to the nearest whole number, which 2.75 will
become 3.
Using the percentage calculation process before, 3/10. 3÷10=0.3, 0.3*100%=30%,
we can get that there are 30% of artemia in canal water were hatched in average.

According to the column graph three and graph four, we can conclude that
artemia has the highest survive rate in canal water, which there are 20% of artemia
successfully survive. 3+1+2+3=9(artemia in total), 9÷4=2.25, 2.25≈2. (Average No.
Of artemia survive in each test tube.) 2/10, 2÷10＝0.2, 0.2*100%=20%. From
opposite, bottle water and tap water contain artemia that has lowest survival rate,
which both are only 10%.

According to the column graph five and graph six, we can find out that all the
artemia that lived in bottle water were all fail to survive after 48 hours, and there
are only 20% of artemia survived in one test tube of tap water. But for canal water,
most of the artemia were survived in each test tube of canal water expect test tube 3,
and the average survival rate of artemia in canal water were up to 10%.

*The number of artemia that had hatched or survived were all on the low side,
which there were no one single test tube for any water source contain more than 5
hatched/survived artemia. I think there might be three reasons for this phenomenon.
First, this might due to the water quality, which the water quality is unable to
provide a comfortable environment for many artemia to survive. Second, this might
due to the egg quality. Sometimes the egg is dead before hatched, the egg might be
damage or cannot develop into a artemia, in this way, the egg will never hatched no
matter how suitable and how good the water quality is. Also, these eggs were easy
to stick on the side of glass rather than in the water. This could cause anomalous
result that eggs not in the water could never have hatched. This almost happened in
each test tube, especially in canal water. Thus, if I successfully clean all the artemia
eggs that stuck on the glass side back to canal water, the hatching rate and survival
rate of artemia will increase.

*According to the dose response curve, even there might be some heavy metals in
the tap water that are not been filtered, and some in the canal water due to the
water pollution, because the dose of these heavy metals were not high enough to
affect the indicators, so there aren’t be any observable effect on indicators.

I. Conclusion:
During this scientific investigation, the result from my experiment is not in one
hundred percentage same as my hypothesis. The summery of my result was:
Artemia eggs had the highest hatching rate in tap water, highest survival/growth
rate in canal water, lowest hatching rate and lowest survival/growth rate in bottle
water.
For tap water, it is the water that produced by the purification and disinfection
process in water treatment plant in order to reach relevant standards for people’ life
and usage. It is mainly from rivers, lakes, groundwater or surface water. It will go
though precipitation, disinfection, filtration and other technological processes
before reach the pumping station and finally transport to each user. Generally, it
does not have many harmful pollutants such as heavy metals, cadmium, lead, or
mercury since it need to be safe for people to use. However, there are one substance
in the tap water that are poisonous and could affect the health of both artemia and
people---chorine. Chorine is added during the process of tap water purification, the
purpose is to resist and kill bacteria in the water. But chorine is poisonous and it
could affect the health of living things, so we remove the chorine in the tap water by
placing the tap water under to sunlight for approximately 2-3 days. Tap water
without chlorine is a good place for the hatching of artemia since there weren’t many
poisonous substances and pollutants present in it, there were only some single
celled plant-like organisms left. These plant-like organisms have tenacious vitality,
and they could do photosynthesis that take in carbon dioxide and produce oxygen,
thus the artemia eggs can hatch very effectively in this oxygen-rich environment.
This can prove the first result of my experiment is reasonable.

For canal water, artemia is most adept to survival in it. According to the Wikipedia
for brine shrimp (Artemia), artemia usually live in salty river in nature, so salty canal
water is the real living condition for artemia, which is very suitable for them to
survive. Also, we boiled the canal water before the experiment, so that most of the
bacteria and living organisms that will absorbed oxygen were gone, there were no
other living things would “rob” the oxygen level from artemia. Besides, the dead
bodies of these microorganisms can act as the food for artemia to eat, thus more
artemia would able to survive. Also as same as the tap water, there will be some
plant-like organisms that own tenacious vitality can carry out photosynthesis to
produce more oxygen for artemia. Overall, artemia have the highest survival rate in
canal water due to the high level of oxygen and abundant food supply.

For bottle water, it has the lowest hatching rate and lowest survival rate. This is
different from my hypothesis. Since there are no any microorganisms present in
bottle water, so that the artemia living in bottle water didn’t have any food supply,
which this is one of the reason that it has such low survival rate. Besides, we didn’t
shake the test tube for bottle water during the two days hatching, we only shake
after the artemia was hatched, so there were no oxygen goes into the water. Also,
there are no plant-like organisms that are able to do the photosynthesis and provide
extra oxygen for artemia, so the oxygen level in bottle water will only eventually ran
off instead of increase, that is not good for both hatching and survival.

J. Improvements and Extension

Validity of Method:
During the process of experiment, our group also made several mistakes.
First of all, there were anomalous results for the artemia eggs as some eggs were
stuck to the side of glass rather than the water. This decrease the amount of eggs that
have chance to hatched because the eggs that didn’t stay in water could never have
hatched. Take an example from canal water, originally there are 10 eggs should stay
in water and waiting for hatch, but 3 eggs stuck on the test tube side, as a result
there are only 7 eggs stay in water. This is a serious mistake and might make the
hatching rate unreliable. However, I realize this during the experiment, but it is really
very hard to fix. After we use dropper to force the eggs back to water, any tiny
shaking of the test tube will result the eggs stuck on the side again.
Secondly, we didn’t control the amount of salt properly. During the experiment
while we are measuring the amount of salt, sometimes we accidentally pour the salt
out of the pan paper while transfer them to the beaker contain the water source
since the pan paper was to thin and smooth, which is hard to hold the salt. This make
we loss some of the salt in water thus will affect the salt concentration.
Thirdly, we forget to clean the glass rod after mixing and directly use it to mix other
water source, same as for measuring cylinder and beaker. This might result some of
the impurities on the pervious water source go into the next water source, which
might let the data become unreliable. However during this experiment, this amount
of impurities is very small that will not affect the result of the experiment. (As we get
the same result as others) But this mistakes remind me that we should be careful
with any steps in the experiment, especially clean every apparatus after use in order
to avoid the impurities, if the amount of impurities is large, it has high possibility to
greatly affect the final result.
Fourth, we didn’t maintain the amount of water in each test tube to be the same.
Because we want to carry our the experiment more efficiently, so we choose to do
two water source together by one person using the measuring cylinder to measure
the amount of water and the other member use beaker. However, the scale of beaker
is inaccurate. But we didn’t know there are errors between the scales for measuring
cylinder and beaker, so this lead to the final amount of water in test tube have
slightly difference with each other. Luckily, this didn’t lead to serious consequences
since the amount of water will not affect the water quality.

Things that we done well: However, apart of these mistakes and errors during the
process of experiment, our group also did some parts very valid.
First, we remember to shake the test tube during measuring the survival rate for
each water source during every lunch period and sometimes during break in order
the let the oxygen go into the water. This is a very important step that could allow
more oxygen go into the water for artemia to use.
Second, we control the temperature of the water source by placing the test tube
inside the shade of the laboratory and avoid directly contract with the sunshine. This
make the temperature keep constant during hatching, which will not affect the
normal hatching rate of artemia.
Third, we also maintain the PH value for each water source, each water source has a
PH value around 6 and 7, which is suitable for the hatching and survival of artemia.
Fourth, our method for this experiment allows us to collect sufficient collection of
data. We use four test tubes to do four trails for each water source during this
experiment and we calculate the average hatching and growth rate for each water
source by adding the sum of hatched/survived artemia in each test tube for each
water source together and divide the amount of test tube. This makes the result and
our data more reliable and referable than only do one single trail for each water
source. Also, we choose to use large sample sizes of artemia in each test tube. We
had 10 artemia eggs in each test tube for each water source, which is a simple size
that is large enough to give trustable result.

Improvements and Extension:

For the first improvements, we should try out best to scour the artemia eggs that
stuck on the side of test tube back to the water. Even this is difficult, but we can let
one member hold the test tube and the other one use the dropper to absorb some
water in test tube and scour down the egg. After one member scour down all the
eggs the member that hold the test tube can carefully put the test tube into test tube
with out shift enormously. In this way, we can make sure that all the eggs were inside
the water.
For the second improvements, we should transfer the salt more carefully. Since the
pan paper is too thin and difficult to hold the salt, we can replace the pan paper by
using beaker. We can place a 250ml beaker on the electronic balance and push the
net-weight bottom, than add salt inside the beaker as the screen on the electronic
balance display to 0.3 grams. Thus we can pour the salt from the beaker to the water
source. This method can prevent the salt being poured out during transfer.
For the third improvements, we should use the tissue paper to clean the glass rod
after use it to mix the water source with salt together in order to remove all the
impurities that stuck on it, same as for beaker and measuring cylinder.
For the fourth improvements, we should use the same type of measurements for all
the measure process in order to avoid the different between the amounts. In the
meantime, we should also using the measuring cylinder to measure the amount of
liquid instead of beaker, since measuring cylinder is more reliable and accurate than
beaker.

-END-
Water Quality Lab
Name: Apple Chen
Class: MYP 9(4)
Number: 20129401