EXPERIMENT No 4

EXPERIMENT ON DETERMINATION OF TOTAL DISSOLVED

AND SUSPENDED SOLIDS IN WATER

Sl.No. Contents

Preamble

3.1 Aim

3.2 Introduction

3.2.1 EnvironmentalSignificance

3.3 Principle

3.4 MaterialsRequired

3.4.1 ApparatusRequired

3.5 SampleHandlingandPreservation

3.5.1 Precautions

3.6 Procedure

TestingofSampleforTotalDi
3.6.1
ssolvedSolids

TestingofSampleforTotalSu
3.6.2
spendedSolids

3.7 Calculation

3.7.1 Table

3.7.2 DataSheet

3.8 InterpretationofResults

3.9 Inference

3.10 Evaluation
 EXPERIMENT No 4

EXPERIMENT ON DETERMINATION OF TOTAL DISSOLVED

AND SUSPENDED SOLIDS IN WATER

PREAMBLE:
“Howtodeterminetotaldissolvedand
suspendedsolidsinWaterandWastewater”.
Test procedureis inaccordancetoIS:3025(Part16&Part 17).
In additionto our
IndianStandard,wealsodiscussinbriefregardingtheprocedurestatedin
(1) APHA StandardMethodsfortheExaminationofWaterandWastewater-
20thEdition.Method2540Cand2540D.

(2) MethodsforChemicalAnalysisofWaterandWastes,EPA-600/4-79-
020,USEPA,Method160.1.

3.1 AIM
Todeterminetotaldissolved andsuspendedsolidsinthegivenwater
samplewith the stipulationsasperIS: 3025(Part16&Part 17).

3.2 INTRODUCTION

Thetermtotaldissolvedsolidsrefertomaterialsthatarecompletelydissolvedinwater
.Thesesolidsarefilterableinnature.Itisdefinedasresidueuponevaporationoffiltera
blesample.Thetermtotalsuspendedsolidscanbereferredtomaterialswhicharenot
dissolvedinwaterandarenon-filterableinnature.Itisdefined
asresidueuponevaporationofnon-filterablesampleonafilter paper.

3.2.1 ENVIRONMENTALSIGNIFICANCE

 Dissolvedminerals,gasesandorganicconstituentsmayproduceaesthetical
lydispleasingcolour, taste and odour.

 Somedissolvedorganicchemicalsmaydepletethedissolvedoxygeninthere
ceivingwatersandsomemaybeinerttobiologicaloxidation,yetothershaveb
eenidentifiedas carcinogens.

 Waterwithhighersolidscontentoftenhasalaxativeandsometimestherevers
e effectuponpeoplewhosebodies arenotadjustedtothem.

 Highconcentrationofdissolvedsolidsabout3000mg/Lmayalsoproducedist
ressinlivestock.Inindustries,theuseofwaterwithhighamountof
 dissolvedsolidsmayleadtoscalinginboilers,corrosionanddegradedquality
oftheproduct.

 Estimationoftotaldissolvedsolidsisusefultodeterminewhetherthewateriss
uitablefor drinkingpurpose,agricultureandindustrialpurpose.

 Suspendedmaterialisaestheticallydispleasingandprovidesadsorptionsite
sfor chemicalandbiological agents.

 Suspendedorganicsolidswhicharedegradedanaerobicallymayreleaseobn
oxiousodours.

 Biologically active suspended solids may include disease

causingorganisms as well as organismssuchas
toxicproducingstrainsofalgae.
 The suspendedsolidsparameter is
usedtomeasurethequalityofwastewaterinfluentandeffluent.
 Suspendedsolidsdeterminationisextremelyvaluableintheanalysisofpollut
edwaters.
 Suspendedsolidsexcludelight,thusreducingthegrowthof
oxygenproducingplants.

3.3 PRINCIPLE

Awell-mixedsampleisfilteredthrougha standardglassfiberfilter,
andthefiltrateisevaporatedtodrynessinaweigheddishanddriedtoconstantweighta
t179-181 C.Theincreaseindish weight represents thetotaldissolvedsolids.
Awell-
mixedsampleisfilteredthroughaweighedstandardglassfiberfilterandtheresidueret
ainedonthefilterisdriedtoaconstantweightat103-
105 C.Theincreaseinweightofthefilterrepresentsthetotalsuspendedsolids.Ifthes
uspendedmaterialclogsthefilterandprolongsfiltration,thedifferencebetweentheto
talsolidsandtotaldissolvedsolidsmayprovideanestimateofthetotalsuspendedsoli
ds.

3.4 MATERIALSREQUIRED

3.4.1 APPARATUS REQUIRED

1. EvaporatingDish
2. WaterBath
3. Oven
4. Desiccators
5. AnalyticalBalance
6. GraduatedCylinders
7. DishTongs
8. GoochCrucibles
9. Filter
10. VacuumPumps
11. Crucibletongs
12. Forceps,Smooth -tipped
 3.5 SAMPLEHANDLING ANDPRESERVATION
Preservationofsampleisnotpractical.Becausebiologicalactivitywillcontinueafter
asamplehasbeentaken,changesmayoccur duringhandlingandstorage.

Boththecharacteristics andtheamountofsolids maychange.

Toreducethischangeinsamplestakenfor solidsdeterminations,keepallsamples
at40C.
Do notallowsamplestofreeze.

Analysisshouldbeginas soonaspossible.

3.5.1PRECAUTIONS

Thefollowingprecautions shouldbeobservedwhileperformingtheexperiment:
 WaterorWastewatersampleswhichcontainhighconcentrationsofcalcium,
chloride,magnesiumorsulfatecanrapidlyabsorbmoisturefromtheair.

 Suchsamplesmayneedtobedriedforalongerperiodoftime,cooledunderpro
perdesiccationandweighedrapidlyinordertoachieveareasonable
constantweight.

 Weshouldbeawareprolongeddryingmayresultinlossofconstituents,partic
ularlynitrates andchlorides.

 Volumeofsampleshouldbeadjustedtohaveresidueleftafterdryingas100
to200mg. It ismainlytoprevent
largeamountofresidueinentrappingwaterduringevaporation.

 Sampleswithhighconcentrationsorbicarbonaterequireadditionaldryingat
180ºCtoensurethat all of thebicarbonateis convertedtocarbonate.

3.6 PROCEDURE
3.6.1 TESTING OFSAMPLEFOR TOTALDISSOLVEDSOLIDS

Tomeasuretotaldissolvedsolids,takeacleanporcelaindishwhichhas
beenwashedanddriedinahotair ovenat1800C foronehour.
 Nowweightheemptyevaporatingdishinanalyticalbalance.Let’sdenotethe
weight measuredasW1=………g.

 Mixsample well
andpourintoafunnelwithfilterpaper.Filterapproximately80 -
100mLofsample.
  Usingpipettetransfer75mLofunfilteredsampleintheporcelaindish.
 Switchontheovenandallowedtoreach105°C.Checkandregulateovenandf
urnacetemperaturesfrequentlytomaintainthedesiredtemperaturerange.

 Placeitinthehotairovenandcareshouldbetakentopreventsplatteringofsam
pleduringevaporationor boiling.

 Drythesampletogetconstantmass.Dryingforlongdurationusually1to2
hoursisdonetoeliminatenecessityofcheckingfor constantmass.

 Coolthecontainerinadesiccator.Desiccatorsaredesignedtoprovideanenvi
ronmentofstandarddryness.Thisismaintainedbythedesiccantfoundinside
.Don'tleavethelidoffforprolongedperiodsorthedesiccantwillsoonbeexhau
sted.Keepdesiccatorcovergreasedwiththeappropriatetypeoflubricantinor
dertosealthedesiccatorandpreventmoisturefromenteringthedesiccatoras
thetestglasswarecools.
 Weshouldweighthedishassoonasithascooledtoavoidabsorptionofmoistu
reduetoitshygroscopicnature.Samplesneedtobemeasuredaccurately,
weighedcarefully, and driedandcooledcompletely.

 Notetheweight withresidueasW 2=…….g.

3.6.2 TESTINGOFSAMPLEFORTOTALSUSPENDEDSOLIDS

 Placefiltration apparatus with weighedfilter infilterflask.

 Mixsamplewellandpourintoagraduatedcylindertotheselectedvolume.

 Applysuctiontofilterflaskandseatfilterwithasmallamountofdistilledwater.

 Pourselectedvolumeintofiltrationapparatus.

 Drawsamplethroughfilterintofilterflask.

 Rinsegraduatedcylinderintofiltrationapparatuswiththreesuccessive10mL
portionsofdistilledwater,allowingcompletedrainagebetweeneachrinsing.

 Continuesuctionforthreeminutesafterfiltrationoffinalrinseiscompleted.

 Dryfilterinanoven at103-105°Cforat least1hour.

  Coolfilterindesiccatorto roomtemperature.
 Whencool, weigh thefilter and support.

3.7 CALCULATION

3.7.1TABLE

TotalDissolvedSolids

Description Weight(g)
Weight of thecleanporcelainevaporatingdish (g) W1

Weight of thedishandtheresidue(g) W2

Weightofresidue(g) W

VolumeoftheSample(mL) V

TotalDissolvedSolids(mg/L) TDS

TabulationforTotalDissolvedSolids(TDS):

Weightof thecleanporcelain evaporatingdish

(g)W 1=…….Weight of thedishandthe residue(g)W 2=……….

Weightofresidue(g)W=………..

The volumeof thesample(mL)V =………

TotalSuspendedSolids

Description Weight(g)
Weight of thecleanfilterpaper(g) W1

Weight of thefilterpaperandtheresidue(g) W2

Weightofresidue(g) W

VolumeoftheSample(mL) V

TotalSuspendedSolids(mg/L) TSS

TabulationforTotalSuspendedSolids(TSS)

Weightof thecleanfilterpaper(g)W 1=……….

Weight of

thecleanfilterpaperandtheresidue(g)W 2=……..Weightofresidue

(g)W=………..

Volumeofthesample(mL)V=………
3.7.2 DATASHEET

DETERMINATIONOFTOTALDISSOLVEDSOLID
SDATASHEET

DateTested :
TestedBy :

SampleNumber :
SampleLocation :
SampleDescription:Surfacewater

Weigh
Description
t(g)
Weightofthecleanporcelainevaporatingdish(g) W1
Weightofthedishandthe residue(g) W2
Weightofresidue(g) W
VolumeoftheSample(mL) V
TotalDissolvedSolids(mg/L) TDS

ModelCalculation:
W1 =………..g
W2 =……….g
V =……….mL
Weightofresidue(g)W =W 2-W 1
=……..-………
=………..g

Weightofresidue inmg (ToconvertW(g)toW(mg),multiply

W(g)with1000)W(mg) =……….x1000
=………mg
Multiplytheweightofthedrysolids(inmg)by1,000mL/LtoconvertthesamplesizefrommLtoL.

TotalDissolvedSolids(mg/L)
V=Volumeofthe sample(mL) (Toconvert mLtoL,multiplyby1000)
=…….mg/……mL=……mg/mL
=…….mg/mLx1,000mL/L=…….mg/L
 DETERMINATIONOFTOTALSUSPENDEDSOLID
SDATASHEET

DateTested :
TestedBy :

SampleNumber :
SampleLocation :
SampleDescription :Surfacewater

Weigh
Description
t(g)
Weightofthecleanfilterpaper(g) W1
Weightofthefilterpaperandtheresidue(g) W2
Weightofresidue(g) W
VolumeoftheSample(mL) V
TotalSuspendedSolids TSS
(mg/L)
ModelCalculation:
W1 =……….g
W2 =………g
V =………mL
Weightofresidue(g)W =W 2-W 1
=……….-………
=……….g

Weightofresidue inmg
(ToconvertW(g)toW(mg),multiplyW(g)with1000)W(mg)
=……….x1000
=……….mg
Multiplytheweightofthedrysolids(inmg)by1,000mL/LtoconvertthesamplesizefrommLtoL.

TotalSuspendedSolids(mg/L)
V=Volumeofthesample(mL)(ToconvertmLtoL,multiplyby1000)
=……….mg/100mL=……..mg/mL
=……….mg/mLx1,000mL/L=………mg/L
3.8 INTERPRETATIONOFRESULTS

In thegivensample, totaldissolvedsolidisto……….mg/Landtotal
suspendedsolidis to………mg/L.

3.9 INFERENCE

Watercanbe classified bytheamount ofTDS perlitre:

 freshwater<1500mg/LTDS
 brackishwater1500to5000mg/LTDS
 salinewater>5000mg/L TDS

ThefollowingchartsgivesomecommonrangesforTSSresultsandpossibleremoval
efficienciesforvarious types oftreatment.

Sample CommonRanges,mg/L

Influent Weak<150 400+Strong

PrimaryEffluent Weak<60 150+Strong

SecondaryEffluent Good10 - 60+Bad

TertiaryEffluent Lessthan3

ActivatedSludge

MixedLiquor (MLSS) 1,000-5,000

Returnorwastesludge 2,000-12,000

DigesterSupernatant 3,000-10,000

Sludge 20,000-60,000

3.10 EVALUATION

1. The poresizeofthefilterpaper usedforfiltrationis

a) 2.0µmorsmaller
b) 2.0µmorbigg
erc) 2.0µm
d) 20.0µm
2. The typeof crucibleusedfortheexperiment ismadeof .

a) Porcelain
b) Clay
c) Silver
d) Iron

3. TotalSuspendedSolidsaremostlyresponsiblefor

a) Turbidity.
b) colour
c) Odour
d) Taste

4. Thechemical substanceusedinthedesiccatorsis _.

a) CalciumChloride
b) CalciumCarbonate
c) Sodium Chloride
d) Sodium Hydroxide

5. Alwaysthe TotalSuspendedSolids valuewillbe

a) LessthanTotalDissolvedSolids
b) GreaterthanTotalDissolved Solids
c) LessthanTotalSolids
d) GreaterthanTotalSolids

6. Hightotal dissolvedsolidsindicatelowerlevel of hardness.

a) True
b) False

7. Theconcentrationofdissolvedsolidsinwater
canbedeterminedbyspecificconductance.
a) True
b) False
8. Thesettleablesuspendedsolidswithdiameter0.3to0.2mmaregenerally

a) inorganic
b) Organic
c) algae
d) fungi

9. ThedissolvedsolidsthatimposeBOD are .

a) volatilesolids
b) nonvolatilesolids
c) inorganicsolids
d) totalsolids

10. AsperIS CodetheacceptableTDS valueis

a) 250ppm
b) 500ppm
c) 750ppm
d) 900ppm