CE4091D

ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
LABORATORY

Name : Naveen kumar

Roll No. : B170991CE

Department of Civil Engineering

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
CALICUT
Kerala, India.
 NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY CALICUT

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

CE4091D ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY

Sl.No. Name of the Experiment Page No

1 Determination of solids 1

Determination of turbidity and the optimum coagulant 5

2
dose

10
Experiment No.: DETERMINATION OF TOTAL SOLIDS Date:
01 02/11/2020

AIM
To determine Total Solids (TS), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Total Suspended Solids (TSS),
Volatile Suspended Solids (VSS) and Fixed Suspended Solids (FSS) in the given water sample.

EQUIPMENT / APPARATUS REQUIRED

 Weighing scale
 Petri dish
 Ash less filter papers
 Membrane filter holder
 Crucible
 Oven
 Vacuum pump
 Beaker
 Desiccator
 Pipette etc.

PRINCIPLE OF ANALYSIS

‘Total solids’ is the term applied to the material left in the vessel after evaporation of a
sample of water/waste water and its subsequent drying in an oven at a definite temperature.
Total solids include “total suspended solids” the portion of total solids retained by a filter and
“total dissolved solids” the portion that passes through the filter. Fixed solid is the residue
remaining after ignition for 1 hour at 550°C. The solid portion that is volatilized during ignition
is called volatile solids. It will be mostly organic matter. Waters that are low in organic matter
and total mineral content and are intended for human consumption may be examined under 103–
105°C or 179–181°C. But water containing considerable organic matter or those with pH over
9.0 should be dried at 179–181°C. In any case, the report should indicate the drying
temperature.

The sample is filtered and the filtrate evaporate in a weighed dish on a steam bath, the
residue left after evaporation is dried to constant weight in an oven at either 103–105°C or 179–
181°C. The increase in weight over that of the empty dish represents total dissolved solids and

1
includes all materials, liquid or solid, in solution or otherwise, which passes through the filter
and not volatilised during the drying process.

The difference between the total solids and the total dissolved solids will give the total
suspended solids. The dishes with the residue retained after completion of the tests for total
solids and total dissolved solids are subjected to heat for 1 hour in a muffle furnace held at
550°C. The increase in weight over that of the ignited empty vessel represents fixed solids in
each instance.

The difference between the total dissolved/total suspended solids and the corresponding
fixed solids will give volatile solids in each instance. All the quantities should be expressed in
mg/L. Settle able matter in surface and saline waters as well as domestic and industrial wastes
may be determined and reported on a volume basis as millilitre per litre.

PROCEDURE

(a) Total Suspended Solids and Total Dissolved Solids:

1. Take 50 ml of water sample in a beaker.
2. Note down the weight of crucible (W3), Petri dish and filter paper (W1).
3. Place the filter paper in the membrane filter and pour 50 ml of sample from top of filter
slowly.
4. Connect the filter to vacuum pump.
5. Take out the filter paper from the filter and allow it to dry in hot air oven at 103 0cover
night.
6. Collect the sample that passes through the filter paper in a clean crucible and allow it to
dry in hot air oven at 1150c over night.
7. Take out Petri dish and crucible from the hot air oven and allow it to cool in desiccator.
8. Take out Petri dish and crucible from the desiccator after it cools down. Then note the
final weight of the ash less filter paper (W2) and final weight of the crucible (W4).

(b) Total Solids = Total Suspended Solids + Total Dissolved Solids

(c) Fixed Suspended Solids:

1. Note down the weight of muffle pot (W5).

2. Ignite the filter paper with the solids in a muffle pot at 6000c in a muffle furnace.

3. Take out the muffle pot and allow it to cool in desiccator.

4. Take out the muffle pot from the desiccator and not down the weight of it (W6).
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(d) Volatile Suspended Solids = Total Solids – Fixed Suspended Solids

CALCULATION

( W 2−W 1 )∗1000 ( 16.8078−16.7972 )∗1000∗1000

1. Total Suspended Solids (mg/l) =
Volume of sample
=
50
= 212

mg/l

( W 4−W 3 )∗1000 ( 38.2122−38.206 )∗1000∗1000

2. Total Dissolved Solids (mg/l) =
Volume of sample
=
50
=
123mg/l

3. Total Solids (mg/l) = TSS + TDS = 212+123 = 335 mg/l

( W 6−W 5 )∗1000 ( 38.2150−38.206 )∗1000∗1000

4. Fixed Suspended Solids (mg/l) =
Volume of sample
=
50
=
180 mg/l

5. Volatile Suspended Solids(mg/l) = TSS – FSS = 212-180= 32 mg/l

OBSERVATIONS

Volume of sample taken = 50 ml

Total Suspended Solids, (TSS):

Weight of empty petri dish + filter paper (W1) = 16.7972 g
Weight of empty petri dish + filter paper + solids (W2) = 16.8078 g
Total Suspended Solids, (TSS) = 212 mg/l

Total Dissolved Solids, (TDS):

Weight of empty crucible (W3) = 38.206 g
Weight of empty crucible + solids (W4) = 38.2122 g
Total Dissolved Solids, (TDS) = 123 mg/l

Total Solids (TS):

Total Solids = TSS + TDS = 335 mg/l

Fixed Suspended Solids, (FSS):

Weight of empty muffle pot (W5) = 38.206 g
Weight of empty muffle pot + solids (W6) = 38.2150 g
Fixed Suspended Solids, (FSS) = 180 mg/l

Volatile Suspended Solids, (VSS):

3
Total Suspended Solids (TSS) =212 mg/l
Volatile Suspended Solids (VSS) = TSS – FSS = 212-180 = 32 mg/l

RESULT
1. Total Suspended Solids (TSS) = 212 mg/l
2. Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) = 123mg/l
3. Total Solids (TS) = 335 mg/l
4. Fixed Suspended Solids (FSS) = 180 mg/l
5. Volatile Suspended Solids (VSS) = 32 mg/l

INFERENCE
Acceptable range of TDS in drinking water is less than 500 mg/l. The water sample given has
335 mg/l of Total Dissolved Solids, so it is in the BIS standards range for drinking water.

4
Experiment No.: Determination of Turbidity and the Optimum Date:
02 Coagulant Dosage 02/11/2020

2A. DETERMINATION OF TURBIDITY

AIM
To determine the Turbidity of the given water sample using Nephelometer.

EQUIPMENT / APPARATUS REQUIRED

 Nephelometer
 Nephelometer tube
 Pipette
 Beaker
 Glass rod
 Mesuring cylinder

REAGENTS
 Hydrazine sulphate
 Hexamethylenetetramine
 Distilled water

PRINCIPLE OF ANALYSIS
This method is based on a comparison of the intensity of light scattered by the sample
underdefined conditions with the intensity of light scattered by a standard reference suspension
under the same conditions. Higher the intensity of scattered light, the higher the turbidity.
100 NTU calibration standard is used as the primary standard reference suspension.

PROCEDURE

1. Take Hydrazine Sulphate in a beaker and measure it to 1 gram using the weighing scale.
2. Add 100 ml distilled water to the beaker. Then stir it with glass rod.
3. The Hexamethylenetetramine in a beaker and measure it to 10 g using the weighing scale.
4. Add 100 ml distilled water to the beaker. Then stir it with glass rod.
5. Mix 5 ml of solution 1 and 5 ml of solution 2 in a flask. Let it stand for 24 hour at 25±30c.
6. Take mixed solution in a nephelometer tube.
7. Place the sample cell with distilled water in the nephelometer. Set readings to zero by adjusting
fine and coarse knob.
8. Now place 100 NTU calibration standard in the sample holder of the nephelometer. Adjust the
5
 calibrate knob to set the readings to hundred.
9. Now measure the turbidity of water sample 1 by placing sample tube in the nephelometer.

OBSERVATIONS

The Turbidity of water sample 1 = 41.6 NTU

The Turbidity of water sample 2= 0.02 NTU

RESULT

The Turbidity of water sample 1 = 41.6 NTU

The Turbidity of water sample 2 = 0.02 NTU

INFERENCE

Acceptable limit for Turbidity in drinking water is below 1 NTU (as per IS 10500:2012).
The water sample 1 taken has a Turbidity = 41.6 NTU which is greater than the acceptable limit,
so it is not suitable for drinking.
The water sample 2 taken has a Turbidity = 0.02 NTU which is in the acceptable limit, so it is
suitable for drinking.

2B. DETERMINATION OF OPTIMUM COAGULANT DOSAGE

AIM
To find the optimum amount of coagulant required to treat turbid water by Jar test.

EQUIPMENT / APPARATUS REQUIRED

 Nephelometer
 Nephelometer tube
 Pipette
 Glass beakers
 Stirrer
 Measuring cylinder etc.

REAGENTS
 Alum solution
 Distilled water

PRINCIPLE OF ANALYSIS

6
 The presence of fine charged particles increases the turbidity of the water, which is
undesirable, and hence these impurities are to be removed. In the current experiment we are
using "Alum" [Al2(SO4)3.18H20] as the clarifying agent.

Coagulation removes not only turbidity, but also colour, odour producing substance,
microorganisms, algae, phosphate and taste. Molecules dissociate to yield SO 42- and Al3+ when
alum solution is added to water. In order to neutralize the charge these charged species combine
with the charged colloidal particles. A complete description of the charge removal can be found
in the web which will be based on two basic definitions "Stern potential" and "Zeta Potential".

Through the slow mixing or so called "Flocculation" a process known as agglomeration

occurs which combines the charged particles into a compact whole and helps in the settling of
the particle. Excess dosage of alum may give excess aluminium in water and increases turbidity.
Due to less dosage of alum, all dissolved solids may not get coagulated. Hence it is essential to
have an optimal dosage so the turbidity is not increased due to alum.

Jar Test:
Jar test is a common laboratory method used to determine the optimum operating
conditions for water or wastewater treatment. The jar testing apparatus consists of six paddles,
which stir the contents of six one-litre containers. One container act as a controller while the
operating conditions can be varied among the residual five containers. The paddles can be
rotated with varying speed with the help of a motor and regulator. Samples will be taken in jars
or beakers and varying dose of coagulant will be added simultaneously to all the jars. The
paddles will be rotated at 100 rpm for 1 minute and at 30 rom for 29 minutes, corresponding to
the flash mixing and slow mixing in the flocculator of the treatment plant. After 10 minutes
settling, supernatant will be taken carefully from all the jars to measure turbidity. The dose,
which gives the least turbidity, is taken as the optimum coagulant dose.

PROCEDURE
1. Take 500 ml of water in six beakers using measuring cylinder.
2. Add different dosages (0ml, 1ml, 2ml, 3ml, 4ml, 5ml) of alum solution to the six beakers with
one as blank.
3. Stir the mixture thoroughly at 100 rpm for one minute and at 30 rpm for twenty-nine minutes.
4. Take the nephelometer tube and fill it with the sample in the beaker.
5. Take the sample cell with distilled water in the Nephelometer. Set readings to zero by adjusting
coarse and fine knob.
6. Now place 100 NTU calibration standard in the sample holder of the nephelometer. Adjust the
7
 calibrate knob to set the readings to hundred.
7. Measure the turbidity of samples by placing sample tube in the nephelometer.

OBSERVATIONS

Sample No. Alum solution (ml) Alum dosage(mg/l) Turbidity (NTU)

0 0 0 66.4

1 1 10 60.5

2 2 20 21.8

3 3 30 12.8

4 4 40 18.6

5 5 50 43

CHARACTERISTIC CURVES

8
RESULT
Optimum Chlorine dosage= 31.5mg/l

INFERENCE

The optimum quantity of Alum required for the given sample with turbidity 12.63NTU is 31.5
mg/l.