LEC -4 FEB 27/2018

SOLIDS ANALYSIS
 METHODS SOLIDS TREATMENT

TS Total Solids

Filtration
filtrate retained matter

TDS Total Dissolved Solids

TSS Total Suspended Solids

ignition

FSS Fixed S.S.

VSS Volatile S.S.

 ? WHAT ARE THE SOLIDS ARE

In environmental engineering, solids are measured in:

 Drinking water
 Polluted water
 Domestic and industrial wastewater
 Sludge's produced in treatment processes
 SOLIDS CLASSIFICATION
Several of these fractions have significance in environmental engineering
applications:
 Total Solids (TS) :All solids in water sample
 Total Suspended Solids (TSS): The amount of filterable solids in a water
sample, filters are dried and weighed.
 Total Dissolved Solids (TDS): nonfilter able solids that pass through a filter
with a pore size of 2.0 micron after filtration the liquid is dried and residue
weighed
 Volatile Solids (VS): those solids lost in heating to 500 o C.
 Fixed Solids (FS): The remaining solids after ignited volatile solids are the
Fixed (inorganic) solids
SOLIDS CLASSIFICATION

 Several of these fractions have

significance in environmental
engineering applications:
 TDS (saltiness) is important with
respect to drinking water and
irrigation;
 TSS (as turbidity) is used as a standard
for safe drinking water consumption;
 VSS (organic matter) provides a
measure of a water to consume
oxygen, its rough approximation of
the amount of organic matter
TOTAL SOLIDS
TOTAL SOLIDS
SUSPENDED VS DISSOLVED
MEASUREMENT PROCEDURE OF THE TOTAL
SUSPENDED and THE VOLATILE SUSPENDED SOLIDS

1. Insert glass 2. Seat filter 3. Dry briefly

fiber filter 4. Ignite in muffle furnace
103 deg. 550 deg. C for 15 minutes
C

5. Cool in drying oven

briefly 6. Cool in desiccator 7. Weigh crucible
to room temperature
TOTAL SUSPENDED and THE VOLATILE
MEASUREMENT PROCEDURE OF THE 9. Filter 10. Wash graduate,
with crucible, and
vacuum. filter with
distilled water.
8. Pour measured 11. Dry crucibles plus solids
volume of sample in for one hour at 103 º C.
crucible.

12. Cool in desiccator 13. Weigh crucible plus

to room temperature suspended solids.
SUSPENDED SOLIDS

14. Ignite in muffle furnace at

550 deg. C for 15 minutes

15. Cool in drying oven 16. Cool in desiccator 17. Weigh crucible
briefly to room temperature plus ash.
OTHER FILTER APPARATUS

Filter Apparatus Used is

Optional As Long As
Specified Filters Are Used
Volatile vs fixed
SOLIDS CALCULATION
: CALCULATIONS

Where:
A = weight of the filter paper, g

B = weight of the filter paper + residue dried at 105 o C

C = weight of the filter paper + residue upon ignition at 550 o C

: CALCULATIONS

Weight of solids, g = Wt. of Crucible (dish) and solids - Wt. of Crucible (dish)

Weight of volatiles, g = Wt. of Crucible (dish) and solids - Wt. of Crucible

(dish) and ash
Q1) SUSPENDED SOLIDS EXAMPLE PROBLEM

Calculate suspended and volatile suspended solids in mg/L, given the following
data:

Sample Volume = 25 mL
Weight of Crucible = 18.1450 grams
Weight of Crucible & Dry Solids = 18.1482 grams
Weight of Crucible & Ash = 18.1456 grams

1) Suspended Solids, mg/L =Wt. Dry Solids, grams X 1,000,000

Sample Volume, mL

= 18.1482 g - 18.1450 g
X 1,000,000
25 mL

0.0032 g
= X 1,000,000
25 mL

= 128 mg/L
 SUSPENDED SOLIDS EXAMPLE PROBLEM

Calculate suspended and volatile suspended solids in mg/L, given the following data:

Sample Volume = 25 mL
Weight of Crucible = 18.1450 grams
Weight of Crucible & Dry Solids = 18.1482 grams
Weight of Crucible & Ash = 18.1456 grams

Wt. Volatile Solids, grams

2) Volatile Sus. Solids, mg/L = X 1,000,000
Sample Volume, mL

= 18.1482 g - 18.1456 g
X 1,000,000
25 mL

0.0026 g
= X 1,000,000
25 mL

= 104 mg/L
Q2) SUSPENDED SOLIDS PRACTICE PROBLEMS

Calculate suspended and volatile suspended solids in mg/L, given the following data:

Weight of Crucible = 21.0256 grams

Weight of Crucible & Dry Solids = 21.0301 grams
Weight of Crucible & Ash = 21.0263 grams
Volume of Sample Filtered = 50 mL
Q2) Solution

Calculate suspended and volatile suspended solids in mg/L

given the following data:

Weight of Crucible = 21.0256 grams

Weight of Crucible & Dry Solids = 21.0301 grams
Weight of Crucible & Ash = 21.0263 grams
Volume of Sample Filtered = 50 mL

Wt. Dry Solids, grams

Suspended Solids, mg/L = X 1,000,000
Sample Volume, mL

= 21.0301 g - 21.0256 g
X 1,000,000
50 mL

0.0045 g
= X 1,000,000
50 mL

= 90 mg/L
 Q2) Solution

Calculate suspended and volatile suspended solids in mg/L

given the following data:

Weight of Crucible = 21.0256 grams

Weight of Crucible & Dry Solids = 21.0301 grams
Weight of Crucible & Ash = 21.0263 grams
Volume of Sample Filtered = 50 mL

Volatile Sus. Solids, mg/L = Wt. Volatile Solids, grams X 1,000,000

Sample Volume, mL

= 21.0301 g - 21.0263 g
X 1,000,000
50 mL

0.0038 g
= X 1,000,000
50 mL

= 76 mg/L
Q3) PRACTICE PROBLEM

Given the following data:

Weight of dish = 48.6212 g
100 ml of sample is placed in the dish and evaporated. New weight of
dish and dry solids = 48.6432 g
The dish is placed in 550 oC furnace, then cooled. New weight =
48.6300 g.
Find the total, volatile and fixed solids?
= (220) 10 -6 g/ml
= (220) 10 -3 mg/ml
= 220 mg/l
Q4) A 25 ml water sample is placed in in a dish that wt. 50g, after evaporation
and drying at 103o C, and cooling in desiccator, the dish wt. 50.02g. Then the dish
is fired at 550o C for one hour, after which it weighs 50.005g. Estimate total solids
(TS), volatile solids (VS) and fixed solids (FS) of the water sample.
3. Determine the concentration of the volatile solids (VS)

VS = Wt. of solids after evaporation - Wt. of solids after ignition

= 50.02 – 50.005

= 0.015 g = 0.015 g x 1000 mg/g = 15 mg

Conc. = 15 mg / 25 ml x 1000000

= 600 mg/L

4. Determine the concentration of the fixed solids:

FS = TS – VS

= 800 – 600 = 200 mg/l

VOLATILE SOLIDS IN WASTE WATER
VOLATILE SOLIDS IN WASTE WATER

Percentage Of Total Solids

Weight of dry solids, g = Wt. of Crucible (dish) and dry solids - Wt. of
Crucible (dish)

Weight of dry solids, g = Wt. of Crucible (dish) and dry solids - Wt. of
Crucible (dish)
 Percentage Of Volatile Solids

Weight of dry solids – weight of ash, g = Wt. of Crucible (dish) and dry
solids - Wt. of Crucible (dish) and ash
Q5) Calculate the Percent Total Solids and Percent Volatile Solids of a sludge
sample given the following data:

Wt. of Dish = 104.55 grams

Wt. of Dish and Wet Sludge = 199.95 grams
Wt. of Dish and Dry Sludge = 108.34 grams
Wt. of Dish and Ash = 106.37 grams

Wt. of Dry Solids, g X 100%

% Total Solids = Wt. of Wet Sludge, g

108.34 g - 104.55 g
=
199.95 g - 104.55 g X 100%
3.79 g
= 95.40 g X 100%

= 0.040 X 100%

= 4.0 %
 Wt. of Volatile Solids, g
% Volatile Solids = X 100%
Wt. of Dry Solids, g

108.34 g - 106.37 g
=
108.34 g - 104.55 g X 100%
1.97 g
= X 100%
3.79 g

= 0.520 X 100%

= 52.0 %
Total Solids Practice Problem

Q6) Calculate the Percent Total Solids and Percent Volatile Solids of a
sludge sample given the following data:

Wt. of Dish = 106.52 grams

Wt. of Dish and Wet Sludge = 187.16 grams
Wt. of Dish and Dry Sludge = 109.46 grams
Wt. of Dish and Ash = 107.96 grams

Work Calculations on Separate Paper

Answers Given on Next Slides
Q6) Calculate the Percent Total Solids and Percent Volatile Solids of a
sludge sample given the following data:

Wt. of Dish = 106.52 grams

Wt. of Dish and Wet Sludge = 187.16 grams
Wt. of Dish and Dry Sludge = 109.46 grams
Wt. of Dish and Ash = 107.96 grams

Wt. of Dry Solids, g X 100%

% Total Solids = Wt. of Wet Sludge, g

109.46 g - 106.52 g
=
187.16 g - 106.52 g X 100%

2.94 g
= 80.64 g X 100%

= 0.036 X 100% = 3.6 %

 Wt. of Volatile Sludge, g X 100%
% Volatile Solids = Wt. of Dry Solids, g

109.46 g - 107.96 g
=
109.46 g - 106.52 g X 100%

1.50 g
= X 100%
2.94 g

= 0.510 X 100% = 51.0 %

SETTELABLE SOLIDS
ENVIRONMENTAL SIGNIFICANCE OF SOLIDS
ENVIRONMENTAL SIGNIFICANCE OF SOLIDS
ENVIRONMENTAL SIGNIFICANCE OF SOLIDS
TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS; TDS

Summary of Method

Prepare Filter Apparatus and Evaporating Dish

Filter Measured Volume of Sample
Rinse Filter Apparatus
Transfer ALL Filtrate to Evaporating Dish
Evaporate to Dryness
Dry Residue at 180° C
Cool and Weigh
Calculate TDS, mg/L
TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS; TDS

Weight of dry solids, g = Wt. of Crucible (dish) and dried residue - Wt. of
Crucible (dish)