Molality and Mole Fraction

• Example 14-1: Calculate the molarity and the molality of

an aqueous solution that is 10.0% glucose, C 6H12O6. The
density of the solution is 1.04 g/mL. 10.0% glucose
solution has several medical uses. 1 mol C 6H12O6 = 180 g

? mol C 6 H 12 O 6 10 .0 g C 6 H 12 O 6 1000 g H 2 O
  
kg H 2 O 90.0 g H 2 O 1 kg H 2 O
1 mol C 6 H 12 O 6
 0 .617 m C 6 H 12 O 6
180 g C 6 H 12 O 6
This is the concentrat ion in molality .

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 Molality and Mole Fraction
• Example 14-1: Calculate the molality and the molarity of
an aqueous solution that is 10.0% glucose, C 6H12O6. The
density of the solution is 1.04 g/mL. 10.0% glucose
solution has several medical uses. 1 mol C 6H12O6 = 180 g
You calculate the molarity!

? mol C 6 H12 O 6 10.0 g C 6 H12 O 6 1.04 g sol' n

  
L H 2O 100.0 g sol' n mL sol' n
1000 mL 1 mol C 6 H12 O 6
  0.578 M C 6 H12 O 6
1L 180 g C 6 H12 O 6
2
 Molality and Mole Fraction
• Example 14-2: Calculate the molality of a solution that
contains 7.25 g of benzoic acid C6H5COOH, in 2.00 x 102
mL of benzene, C6H6. The density of benzene is 0.879
g/mL. 1 mol C6H5COOH = 122 g
You do it!
? mol C 6 H 5COOH 7.25g C 6 H 5COOH 1 mL C 6 H 6
 
kg C 6 H 6 200.0 mL C 6 H 6 0.879 g C 6 H 6
1000 g C 6 H 6 1 mol C 6 H 5COOH
  0.338m C 6 H 5COOH
1 kg C 6 H 6 122 g C 6 H 5COOH

3
 Molality and Mole Fraction
• Example 14-3: What are the mole fractions of
glucose and water in a 10.0% glucose solution
(Example 14-1)?
You do it!
In 1.00  10 g of this solution t here are
2

10.0 g of glucose and 90.0 g of water.

? mol C 6 H 12 O 6  10 .0 g C 6 H 12 O 6 
1 mol C 6 H 12 O 6
 0 .0556 mol C 6 H 12 O 6
180 g C 6 H 12 O 6
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 Molality and Mole Fraction
• Example 14-3: What are the mole fractions of glucose
and water in a 10.0% glucose solution (Example 14-1)?

1 mol H 2 O
? mol H 2O  90.0 g H 2 O   5.00 mol H 2O
18 g H 2O

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 Molality and Mole Fraction
• Now we can calculate the mole fractions.
5.00 mol H 2 O
X H 2O 
5.00 mol H 2 O + 0.0556 mol C 6 H 12 O 6
 0.989
0.0556 mol C 6 H 12 O 6
X C 6 H 12 O 6 
5.00 mol H 2 O + 0.0556 mol C 6 H 12 O 6
 0.011
1.00  0.989  0.011

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 Examples

The vapor pressure of water is 17.5 torr at 20°C.

Imagine holding the temperature constant while
adding glucose, C6H12O6, to the water so that the
resulting solution has XH2O = 0.80 and XGlu = 0.20.
What is , the vapor pressure of water over the
solution
PA  X A PA
0

PA  X P  0.80 X 17.5torr
0
A A

= 14 torr
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Glycerin, C3H8O3, is a nonvolatile nonelectrolyte with a
density of 1.26 g/mL at 25°C. Calculate the vapor
pressure at 25°C of a solution made by adding 50.0 mL
of glycerin to 500.0 mL of water. The vapor pressure
of pure water at 25°C is 23.8 torr

8
The vapor pressure of pure water at 110°C is 1070
torr. A solution of ethylene glycol and water has a
vapor pressure of 1.00 atm at 110°C. Assuming that
Raoult's law is obeyed, what is the mole fraction of
ethylene glycol in the solution? Answer: 0.290
P°H2O =1070 torr
PH2O = 1 Atm = 760 torr
PH2O
XH2O = --------- = 760 torr
--------- = 0.71028
P°H2O 1070 torr
XH2O + XEG = 1
0.7103 + XEG = 1
1- 0.7103 = XEG
XEG = 0.28972 = 0.290 9
 More Examples

Sucrose is a nonvolatile, nonionizing solute in

water. Determine the vapor pressure lowering,
at 27°C, of a solution of 75.0 grams of sucrose,
C12H22O11, dissolved in 180. g of water. The
vapor pressure of pure water at 27°C is 26.7
torr. Assume the solution is ideal.
1 mol Suc
n Suc  75.0 gSuc  0.219mol
342.3g Suc
1 mol Water
nWater  180 gWater  9.99mol
18 g Watyer
nwater 9.991
X Water    0.978541
nWater  nUc 9.991  0.2191
PWater  PWater
0
X Water  26.7 torr X 0.97854  26.13
Vapor Pressure Lowered = 26.7-26.1= 0.6 10
Solution is made by mixing 52.1 g of propyl chloride, C3H8Cl,
and 38.4 g of propyl bromide, C3H8Br. What is the vapor
pressure of propyl chloride in the solution at 25°C? The
vapor pressure of pure propyl chloride is 347 torr at 25°C
and that of pure propyl bromide is 133 torr at 25°C. Assume
that the solution is an ideal solution.
1 mol CP
nCP  52.1 g CP  0.6633
78.54 g CP
1 mol CB
nCB  38.4 g CB  0.312
122.99 g CB
n PCr 0.6633
X PC    0.67996
n PC  n PB 0.6633  0.3122

PPC  PPC
0
X PC  347 X 0.679964  235.95  236Torr
11
 . At 25°C a solution consists of 0.450 mole of pentane,
C5H12, and 0.250 mole of cyclopentane, C5H10. What is the
mole fraction of cyclopentane in the vapor that is in
equilibrium with this solution? The vapor pressure of the
pure liquids at 25°C are 451 torr for pentane and 321 torr
for cyclopentane. Assume that the solution is an ideal
solution.
PPen  PPen
0
X Pen  .450 X 451  202.95

PCPen  PCPen
0
X CPen  0.250 X 321  80.25
PV PPenV PCPenV
n ; n Pen  ; nCPen 
RT RT RT
PCPenV
nCPen RT PCPen
X CPen   
nCPen  n Pen PCPenV PPenV PCPen  PPen

RT RT
80.25
PCPen   0.283
80.25  202.95
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 Boiling Point Elevation
• Example 14-4: What is the normal boiling
point of a 2.50 m glucose, C6H12O6, solution?
Tb  K b m
Tb  (0.512 0 C/ m )( 2.50m )
Tb  1.280 C
Boiling Point of the solution = 100.0 0 C + 1.280 C = 101.28 0 C

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Automotive antifreeze consists of ethylene glycol,
C2H6O2, a nonvolatile nonelectrolyte. Calculate the
boiling point of a 25.0 mass percent solution of
ethylene glycol in water.

14
Calculate the boiling point of a solution of 2.0 molal
of NaCl. Kb, water= 0.52 °C /mola.

Dt = Kbm
NaCl(aq)  Na+ + Cl-
2.0 m 2.0 m 2.0 m
2.0 m + 2.0 m = 4.0m

Dt = (0.52 °C/molal)(4.0 molal) =2.08 °C

BP = NBP +Dt = 100.00°C +2.08 °C = 102.08° C

15
 Freezing Point Depression
• Example 14-5: Calculate the freezing point of a
2.50 m aqueous glucose solution.
Tf  K f m
Tf  (1.86 C/m )( 2.50m)
0

Tf  4.650 C
Freezing Point of solution = 0.00 0 C - 4.65 0 C = - 4.650 C

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 Freezing Point Depression
• Example 14-6: Calculate the freezing point of a
solution that contains 8.50 g of benzoic acid
(C6H5COOH, MW = 122) in 75.0 g of benzene,
C6H6.
You do it!

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 Freezing Point Depression
1 . Calculate molality!
? mol C 6 H 5 COOH 8 . 50 g C 6 H 5 COOH
 
kg C 6 H 6 0.0750 kg C 6 H 6
1 mol C 6 H 5 COOH
 0 . 929 m
122 g C 6 H 5 COOH
2 . Calculate the depression for this solution.
 Tf  K f m
 T f  ( 5 . 12 0 C/ m )( 0 . 929 m )  4 . 76 0 C
0 0 0
F.P. = 5.48 C - 4.76 C = 0.72 C
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 Determination of Molecular Weight by
Freezing Point Depression

• Example 14-7: A 37.0 g sample of a new

covalent compound, a nonelectrolyte, was
dissolved in 2.00 x 102 g of water. The resulting
solution froze at -5.58oC. What is the molecular
weight of the compound?

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 Determination of Molecular Weight by
Freezing Point Depression
Tf  K f m thus the
Tf 5.580 C
m  0
 3.00m
K f 1.86 C
In this problem there are
200 mL  0.200 kg of water.
? mol compound in 0.200 kg H 2 O = 3.00 m  0.200 kg
 0.600 mol compound
37 g
Thus the molar mass is  61.7 g/mol
0.600 mol

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 Colligative Properties and Dissociation of
Electrolytes

• Example 14-9: A 0.0500 m acetic acid solution

freezes at -0.0948oC. Calculate the percent
ionization of CH3COOH in this solution.
You do it!

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Colligative Properties and Dissociation of
Electrolytes
 H + + CH COO
CH 3 COOH  -
3

 0 . 0500  x  m x m x m
m eff    0 . 0500  x   x  x  m   0 . 0500  x  m
 T f  K f  m eff
 Tf 0 . 0948 0 C
m eff   0
 0 . 0510 m
Kf 1.86 C m
m eff   0 . 0500  x  m  0 . 0510 m
x  0 . 0010 m
m ionized 0 . 0010 m
% ionized =  100 %   100 %
m original 0 . 0500 m
 2 . 0 % ionized and 98.0% unionized

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 Osmotic Pressure
• Example 14-18: A 1.00 g sample of a biological
material was dissolved in enough water to give
1.00 x 102 mL of solution. The osmotic pressure of
the solution was 2.80 torr at 25oC. Calculate the
molarity and approximate molecular weight of the
material.
You do it!

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 Osmotic Pressure

  M RT  M 
RT
1 atm
? atm = 2.80 torr   0.00368 atm = 
760 torr
0.00368 atm 4
M =  150
.  10 M
 0.0821 mol K   298 K 
L atm

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 Osmotic Pressure

  M RT  M 
RT
1 atm
? atm = 2.80 torr   0.00368 atm = 
760 torr
0.00368 atm 4
M =  150
.  10 M
 0.0821 mol K
L atm
298 K 
? g 1.00 g 1L 4 g
  4
 6.67  10 mol
mol 0.100 L 150 .  10 M
typical of small proteins
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